Part 1

Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not inserted.

(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek letters.

(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

ARTICLE KIU-KIANG FU: "Unfortunately, however, it stands above instead of below the outlet of the Po-yang lake, and this has proved to be a decided drawback to its success as a commercial port." ''commercial'' amended from ''commerical''.

ARTICLE KLONDIKE: "Gold is practically the only economic product of the Klondike, though small amounts of tin ore occur, and lignite coal has been mined lower down on the Yukon." ''practically'' amended from ''practially''.

ARTICLE KNARESBOROUGH: "In 1317 John de Lilleburn, who was holding the castle of Knaresborough for Thomas duke of Lancaster against the king, surrendered under conditions to William de Ros of Hamelak ..." ''Knaresborough'' amended from ''Knaresburgh''.

ARTICLE KNUTSFORD: "... on the Cheshire Lines and London & North-Western railway. Pop. of urban district (1901), 5172." ''Cheshire'' amended from ''Chesire''.

ARTICLE KOREA: "Buddhism, a forceful civilizing element, reached Hiaksai in A.D. 384, and from it the sutras and images of northern Buddhism were carried to Japan, as well as Chinese letters and ethics." ''Buddhism'' amended from ''Buddism''.

ARTICLE KUEN-LUN: "... have the appearance of comparatively gentle swellings of the earth's surface rather than of well-defined mountain ranges." ''surface'' amended from ''service''.

ARTICLE KURDISTAN: "... like another Saladin, the bey ruled in patriarchal state, surrounded by an hereditary nobility, regarded by his clansmen with reverence and affection, and attended by a bodyguard of young Kurdish warriors ..." ''patriarchal'' amended from ''partriarchal''..

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XV, SLICE VIII

Kite-Flying to Kyshtym

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

KITE-FLYING KOSTER, LAURENS KIT-FOX KOSTROMA (government of Russia) KITTO, JOHN KOSTROMA (town of Russia) KITTUR KÖSZEG KITZINGEN KOTAH KIU-KIANG FU KOTAS KIUSTENDIL KOTKA KIVU KOTRI KIWI KOTZEBUE, AUGUST FRIEDRICH VON KIZILBASHES KOTZEBUE, OTTO VON KIZIL IRMAK KOUMISS KIZLYAR KOUMOUNDOUROS, ALEXANDROS KIZYL-KUM KOUSSO KJERULF, HALFDAN KOVALEVSKY, SOPHIE KJERULF, THEODOR KOVNO (government of Russia) KLADNO KOVNO (town of Russia) KLAFSKY, KATHARINA KOVROV KLAGENFURT KOWTOW KLAJ, JOHANN KOZLOV KLAMATH KRAAL KLAPKA, GEORG KRAFFT, ADAM KLAPROTH, HEINRICH JULIUS KRAGUYEVATS KLAPROTH, MARTIN HEINRICH KRAKATOA KLÉBER, JEAN BAPTISTE KRAKEN KLEIN, JULIUS LEOPOLD KRALYEVO KLEIST, BERND HEINRICH VON KRANTZ, ALBERT KLEIST, EWALD CHRISTIAN VON KRASNOVODSK KLERKSDORP KRASNOYARSK KLESL, MELCHIOR KRASZEWSKI, JOSEPH IGNATIUS KLINGER, FRIEDRICH VON KRAUSE, KARL CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH KLINGER, MAX KRAWANG KLIPSPRINGER KRAY VON KRAJOVA, PAUL KLONDIKE KREMENCHUG KLOPP, ONNO KREMENETS KLOPSTOCK, GOTTLIEB FRIEDRICH KREMS KLOSTERNEUBURG KREMSIER KLOTZ, REINHOLD KREUTZER, KONRADIN KNARESBOROUGH KREUTZER, RUDOLPH KNAVE KREUZBURG KNEBEL, KARL LUDWIG VON KREUZNACH KNEE KRIEGSPIEL KNELLER, SIR GODFREY KRIEMHILD KNICKERBOCKER, HARMEN JANSEN KRILOFF, IVAN ANDREEVICH KNIFE KRISHNA KNIGGE, ADOLF FRANZ FRIEDRICH KRISHNAGAR KNIGHT, CHARLES KRISTIANSTAD KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY KRIVOY ROG KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON KROCHMAL, NAHMAN KNIGHTHOOD and CHIVALRY KRONENBERG KNIGHT-SERVICE KRONSTADT KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN CIRCLE KROONSTAD KNIPPERDOLLINCK, BERNT KROPOTKIN, PETER ALEXEIVICH KNITTING KROTOSCHIN KNOBKERRIE KRÜDENER, BARBARA JULIANA KNOLLES, RICHARD KRUG, WILHELM TRAUGOTT KNOLLES, SIR ROBERT KRUGER, STEPHANUS JOHANNES PAULUS KNOLLYS KRUGERSDORP KNOT (bird) KRUMAU KNOT (loop of rope) KRUMBACHER, CARL KNOUT KRUMEN KNOWLES, SIR JAMES KRUMMACHER, FRIEDRICH ADOLF KNOWLES, JAMES SHERIDAN KRUPP, ALFRED KNOW NOTHING PARTY KRUSENSTERN, ADAM IVAN KNOX, HENRY KRUSHEVATS KNOX, JOHN KSHATTRIYA KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE KUBAN (river of Russia) KNOXVILLE KUBAÑ (province of Russia) KNUCKLE KUBELIK, JAN KNUCKLEBONES KUBERA KNUTSFORD KUBLAI KHAN KOALA KUBUS KOBDO KUCHAN KOBELL, WOLFGANG XAVER FRANZ KUCH BEHAR KOCH, ROBERT KUDU KOCH (tribe) KUENEN, ABRAHAM KOCK, CHARLES PAUL DE KUEN-LUN KODAIKANAL KUFA KODAMA, GENTARO KUHN, FRANZ FELIX ADALBERT KODUNGALUR KÜHNE, WILLY KOENIG, KARL DIETRICH EBERHARD KUKA KOESFELD KU KLUX KLAN KOHAT KUKU KHOTO KOHAT PASS KULJA KOHISTAN KULM KOHL KULMBACH KOHLHASE, HANS KULMSEE KOKOMO KULP KOKO-NOR KULU KOKSHAROV, NIKOLAÍ VON KUM KOKSTAD KUMAIT IBN ZAID KOLA KUMAON KOLABA KUMASI KOLAR KUMISHAH KOLBE, ADOLPHE WILHELM HERMANN KUMQUAT KOLBERG KUMTA KÖLCSEY, FERENCZ KUMYKS KOLDING KUNAR KOLGUEV KUNBIS KOLHAPUR KUNDT, AUGUST ADOLPH EDUARD EBERHARD KOLIN KUNDUZ KOLIS KUNENE KÖLLIKER, RUDOLPH ALBERT VON KUNERSDORF KOLLONTAJ, HUGO KUNGRAD KOLOMEA KUNGUR KOLOMNA KUNKEL VON LOWENSTJERN, JOHANN KOLOZSVÁR KUNLONG KOLPINO KUNZITE KOLS KUOPIO (province of Finland) KOLYVAÑ KUOPIO (city of Finland) KOMÁROM KUPRILI KOMATI KURAKIN, BORIS IVANOVICH KOMOTAU KURBASH KOMURA, JUTARO KURDISTAN (country) KONARAK KURDISTAN (province of Persia) KONG KURGAN KONGSBERG KURIA MURIA ISLANDS KONIA KURILES KONIECPOLSKI, STANISLAUS KURISCHES HAFF KÖNIG, KARL RUDOLPH KURNOOL KÖNIGGRÄTZ KUROKI, ITEI KÖNIGINHOF KUROPATKIN, ALEXEI NIKOLAIEVICH KÖNIGSBERG KURO SIWO KÖNIGSBORN KURRAM KÖNIGSHÜTTE KURSEONG KÖNIGSLUTTER KURSK (government of Russia) KÖNIGSMARK, MARIA AURORA KURSK (town of Russia) KÖNIGSMARK, PHILIPP CHRISTOPH KURTZ, JOHANN HEINRICH KÖNIGSSEE KURUMAN KÖNIGSTEIN KURUMBAS and KURUBAS KÖNIGSWINTER KURUNEGALA KONINCK, LAURENT GUILLAUME DE KURUNTWAD KONINCK, PHILIP DE KURZ, HERMANN KONITZ KUSAN KONKAN KUSHALGARH KONTAGORA KUSHK KOORINGA KUSTANAISK KÖPENICK KÜSTENLAND KOPISCH, AUGUST KUTAIAH KOPP, HERMANN FRANZ MORITZ KUTAIS (government of Russia) KOPRÜLÜ KUTAIS (town of Russia) KORA KUT-EL-AMARA KORAN KUTENAI KORAT KUTTALAM KORDOFAN KUTTENBERG KOREA (country) KUTUSOV, MIKHAIL LARIONOVICH KOREA (Indian tributary state) KUWET KORESHAN ECCLESIA, THE KUZNETSK KORIN, OGATA KVASS KORKUS KWAKIUTL KÖRMÖCZBÁNYA KWANGCHOW BAY KÖRNER, KARL THEODOR KWANG-SI KORNEUBURG KWANG-TUNG KOROCHA KWANZA KORSÖR KWEI-CHOW KORTCHA KYAUKPYU KORYAKS KYAUKSE KOSCIUSCO KYD, THOMAS KOSCIUSZKO, TADEUSZ BONAWENTURA KYFFHÄUSER KÖSEN KYNASTON, EDWARD KOSHER KYNETON KÖSLIN KYOSAI, SHO-FU KOSSOVO KYRIE KOSSUTH, FERENCZ LAJOS AKOS KYRLE, JOHN KOSSUTH, LAJOS KYSHTYM

KITE-FLYING, the art of sending up into the air, by means of the wind, light frames of varying shapes covered with paper or cloth (called kites, after the bird--in German _Drache_, dragon), which are attached to long cords or wires held in the hand or wound on a drum. When made in the common diamond form, or triangular with a semicircular head, kites usually have a pendulous tail appended for balancing purposes. The tradition is that kites were invented by Archytas of Tarentum four centuries before the Christian era, but they have been in use among Asiatic peoples and savage tribes like the Maoris of New Zealand from time immemorial. Kite-flying has always been a national pastime of the Koreans, Chinese, Japanese, Tonkinese, Annamese, Malays and East Indians. It is less popular among the peoples of Europe. The origin of the sport, although obscure, is usually ascribed to religion. With the Maoris it still retains a distinctly religious character, and the ascent of the kite is accompanied by a chant called the kite-song. The Koreans attribute its origin to a general, who, hundreds of years ago, inspirited his troops by sending up a kite with a lantern attached, which was mistaken by his army for a new star and a token of divine succour. Another Korean general is said to have been the first to put the kite to mechanical uses by employing one to span a stream with a cord, which was then fastened to a cable and formed the nucleus of a bridge. In Korea, Japan and China, and indeed throughout Eastern Asia, even the tradespeople may be seen indulging in kite-flying while waiting for customers. Chinese and Japanese kites are of many shapes, such as birds, dragons, beasts and fishes. They vary in size, but are often as much as 7 ft. in height or breadth, and are constructed of bamboo strips covered with rice paper or very thin silk. In China the ninth day of the ninth month is "Kites' Day," when men and boys of all classes betake themselves to neighbouring eminences and fly their kites. Kite-fighting is a feature of the pastime in Eastern Asia. The cord near the kite is usually stiffened with a mixture of glue and crushed glass or porcelain. The kite-flyer manoeuvres to get his kite to windward of that of his adversary, then allows his cord to drift against his enemy's, and by a sudden jerk to cut it through and bring its kite to grief. The Malays possess a large variety of kites, mostly without tails. The Sultan of Johor sent to the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893 a collection of fifteen different kinds. Asiatic musical kites bear one or more perforated reeds or bamboos which emit a plaintive sound that can be heard for great distances. The ignorant, believing that these kites frighten away evil spirits, often keep them flying all night over their houses.

There are various metaphorical uses of the term "kite-flying," such as in commercial slang, when "flying a kite" means raising money on credit (cf. "raising the wind"), or in political slang for seeing "how the wind blows." And "flying-kites," in nautical language, are the topmost sails.

Kite-flying for scientific purposes began in the middle of the 18th century. In 1752 Benjamin Franklin made his memorable kite experiment, by which he attracted electricity from the air and demonstrated the electrical nature of lightning. A more systematic use of kites for scientific purposes may, however, be said to date from the experiments made in the last quarter of the 19th century. (E. B.)

_Meteorological Use._--Many European and American meteorological services employ kites regularly, and obtain information not only of the temperature, but also of the humidity and velocity of the air above. The kites used are mostly modifications of the so-called box-kites, invented by L. Hargrave. Roughly these kites may be said to resemble an ordinary box with the two ends removed, and also the middle part of each of the four sides. The original Hargrave kite, the form generally used, has a rectangular section; in Russia a semicircular section with the curved part facing the wind is most in favour; in England the diamond-shaped section is preferred for meteorological purposes owing to its simplicity of construction. Stability depends on a multitude of small details of construction, and long practice and experience are required to make a really good kite. The sizes most in use have from 30 to 80 sq. ft. of sail area. There is no difficulty about raising a kite to a vertical height of one or even two miles on suitable days, but heights exceeding three miles are seldom reached. On the 29th of November 1905 at Lindenberg, the Prussian Aeronautical Observatory, the upper one of a train of six kites attained an altitude of just four miles. The total lifting surface of these six kites was nearly 300 sq. ft., and the length of wire a little over nine miles. The kites are invariably flown on a steel wire line, for the hindrance to obtaining great heights is not due so much to the weight of the line as to the wind pressure upon it, and thus it becomes of great importance to use a material that possesses the greatest possible strength, combined with the smallest possible size. Steel piano wire meets this requirement, for a wire of 1/32 in. diameter will weigh about 16 lb. to the mile, and stand a strain of some 250-280 lb. before it breaks. Some stations prefer to use one long piece of wire of the same gauge throughout without a join, others prefer to start with a thin wire and join on thicker and thicker wire as more kites are added. The process of kite-flying is as follows. The first kite is started either with the self-recording instruments secured in it, or hanging from the wire a short distance below it. Wire is then paid out, whether quickly or slowly depends on the strength of the wind, but the usual rate is from two to three miles per hour. The quantity that one kite will take depends on the kite and on the wind, but roughly speaking it may be said that each 10 sq. ft. of lifting surface on the kite should carry 1000 ft. of 1/32 in. wire without difficulty. When as much wire as can be carried comfortably has run out another kite is attached to the line, and the paying out is continued; after a time a third is added, and so on. Each kite increases the strain upon the wire, and moreover adds to the height and makes it more uncertain what kind of wind the upper kites will encounter; it also adds to the time that is necessary to haul in the kites. In each way the risk of their breaking away is increased, for the wind is very uncertain and is liable to alter in strength. Since to attain an exceptional height the wire must be strained nearly to its breaking point, and under such conditions a small increase in the strength of the wind will break the wire, it follows that great heights can only be attained by those who are willing to risk the trouble and expense of frequently having their wire and train of kites break away. The weather is the essential factor in kite-flying. In the S.E. of England in winter it is possible on about two days out of three, and in summer on about one day out of three. The usual cause of failure is want of wind, but there are a few days when the wind is too strong. (For meteorological results, &c., see METEOROLOGY.) (W. H. Di.)

_Military Use._--A kite forms so extremely simple a method of lifting anything to a height in the air that it has naturally been suggested as being suitable for various military purposes, such as signalling to a long distance, carrying up flags, or lamps, or semaphores. Kites have been used both in the army and in the navy for floating torpedoes on hostile positions. As much as two miles of line have been paid out. For purposes of photography a small kite carrying a camera to a considerable height may be caused to float over a fort or other place of which a bird's-eye view is required, the shutter being operated by electric wire, or slow match, or clockwork. Many successful photographs have been thus obtained in England and America.

The problem of lifting a man by means of kites instead of by a captive balloon is a still more important one. The chief military advantages to be gained are: (1) less transport is required; (2) they can be used in a strong wind; (3) they are not so liable to damage, either from the enemy's fire or from trees, &c., and are easier to mend; (4) they can be brought into use more quickly; (5) they are very much cheaper, both in construction and in maintenance, not requiring any costly gas.

Captain B. F. S. Baden-Powell, of the Scots Guards, in June 1894 constructed, at Pirbright Camp, a huge kite 36 ft. high, with which he successfully lifted a man on different occasions. He afterwards improved the contrivance, using five or six smaller kites attached together in preference to one large one. With this arrangement he frequently ascended as high as 100 ft. The kites were hexagonal, being 12 ft. high and 12 ft. across. The apparatus, which could be packed in a few minutes into a simple roll, weighed in all about 1 cwt. This appliance was proved to be capable of raising a man even during a dead calm, the retaining line being fixed to a wagon and towed along. Lieut. H. D. Wise made some trials in America in 1897 with some large kites of the Hargrave pattern (Hargrave having previously himself ascended in Australia), and succeeded in lifting a man 40 ft. above the ground. In the Russian army a military kite apparatus has also been tried, and was in evidence at the manoeuvres in 1898. Experiments have also been carried out by most of the European powers. (B. F. S. B.-P.)

KIT-FOX (_Canis [Vulpes] velox_), a small fox, from north-western America, measuring less than a yard in length, with a tail of nearly a third this length. There is a good deal of variation in the colour of the fur, the prevailing tint being grey. A specimen in the Zoological Gardens of London had the back and tail dark grey, the tail tipped with black, and a rufous wash on the cheeks, shoulders, flanks and outer surface of the limbs, with the under surface white. The specific name was given on account of the extraordinary swiftness of the animal. (See CARNIVORA.)

KITTO, JOHN (1804-1854), English biblical scholar, was the son of a mason at Plymouth, where he was born on the 4th of December 1804. An accident brought on deafness, and in November 1819 he was sent to the workhouse, where he was employed in making list shoes. In 1823 a fund was raised on his behalf, and he was sent to board with the clerk of the guardians, having his time at his own disposal, and the privilege of making use of a public library. After preparing a small volume of miscellanies, which was published by subscription, he studied dentistry with Anthony Norris Groves in Exeter. In 1825 he obtained congenial employment in the printing office of the Church Missionary Society at Islington, and in 1827 was transferred to the same society's establishment at Malta. There he remained for eighteen months, but shortly after his return to England he accompanied Groves and other friends on a private missionary enterprise to Bagdad, where he obtained personal knowledge of Oriental life and habits which he afterwards applied with tact and skill in the illustration of biblical scenes and incidents. Plague broke out, the missionary establishment was broken up, and in 1832 Kitto returned to England. On arriving in London he was engaged in the preparation of various serial publications of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, the most important of which were the _Pictorial History of Palestine_ and the _Pictorial Bible_. The _Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature_, edited under his superintendence, appeared in two volumes in 1843-1845 and passed through three editions. His _Daily Bible Illustrations_ (8 vols. 1849-1853) received an appreciation which is not yet extinct. In 1850 he received an annuity of £100 from the civil list. In August 1854 he went to Germany for the waters of Cannstatt on the Neckar, where on the 25th of November he died.

See Kitto's own work, _The Lost Senses_ (1845); J. E. Ryland's _Memoirs of Kitto_ (1856); and John Eadie's _Life of Kitto_ (1857).

KITTUR, a village of British India, in the Belgaum district of Bombay; pop. (1901), 4922. It contains a ruined fort, formerly the residence of a Mahratta chief. In connexion with a disputed succession to this chiefship in 1824, St John Thackeray, an uncle of the novelist, was killed when approaching the fort under a flag of truce; and a nephew of Sir Thomas Munro, governor of Madras, fell subsequently when the fort was stormed.

KITZINGEN, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Bavaria on the Main, 95 m. S.E. of Frankfort-on-Main by rail, at the junction of the main-lines to Passau, Würzburg and Schweinfurt. Pop. (1900), 8489. A bridge, 300 yards long, connects it with its suburb Etwashausen on the left bank of the river. A railway bridge also spans the Main at this point. Kitzingen is still surrounded by its old walls and towers, and has an Evangelical and two Roman Catholic churches, two municipal museums, a town-hall, a grammar school, a richly endowed hospital and two old convents. Its chief industries are brewing, cask-making and the manufacture of cement and colours. Considerable trade in wine, fruit, grain and timber is carried on by boats on the Main. Kitzingen possessed a Benedictine abbey in the 8th century, and later belonged to the bishopric of Würzburg.