VOLUME XV, SLICE I

Italy to Jacobite Church

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

ITALY JABLONSKI, DANIEL ERNST ITEM JABORANDI ITHACA (Greece) JACA ITHACA (New York, U.S.A.) JACAMAR ITINERARIUM JAÇANÁ ITIUS PORTUS JACINI, STEFANO ITO, HIROBUMI JACK ITRI JACKAL ITURBIDE, AUGUSTIN DE JACKDAW ITZA JACKSON, ANDREW ITZEHOE JACKSON, CYRIL IUKA JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE IULUS JACKSON, HELEN MARIA IVAN JACKSON, MASON IVANGOROD JACKSON, THOMAS IVANOVO-VOZNESENSK JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN IVARR, BEINLAUSI JACKSON, WILLIAM IVIZA JACKSON (Michigan, U.S.A.) IVORY, SIR JAMES JACKSON (Mississippi, U.S.A.) IVORY JACKSON (Tennessee, U.S.A.) IVORY COAST JACKSONVILLE (Florida, U.S.A.) IVREA JACKSONVILLE (Illinois, U.S.A.) IVRY-SUR-SEINE JACOB IVY JACOB, JOHN IWAKURA, TOMOMI JACOB BEN ASHER IXION JACOB OF EDESSA IXTACCIHUATL JACOB OF JÜTERBOGK IYRCAE JACOB OF SERUGH IZBARTA JACOBA IZHEVSK JACOBABAD IZMAIL JACOBEAN STYLE IZU-NO-SHICHI-TO JACOBI, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH J JACOBI, JOHANN GEORG JA'ALIN JACOBI, KARL GUSTAV JACOB JABIRU JACOBINS, THE JABLOCHKOV, PAUL JACOBITE CHURCH

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. A. M. Arthur Anthony Macdonell, M.A., Ph.D.

Boden Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Oxford. Keeper of the Indian Institute. Fellow of Balliol College; Fellow of the British Academy. Author of _A Vedic Grammar_; _A History of Sanskrit Literature_; _Vedic Mythology_; &c.

Kalidasa.

A. B. D. Rev. Andrew B. Davidson, D.D.

See the biographical article: DAVIDSON, A. B.

Job (_in part_).

A. C. S. Algernon Charles Swinburne.

See the biographical article: SWINBURNE, A. C.

Keats (_in part_).

A. D. Henry Austin Dobson, LL.D.

See the biographical article: DOBSON, H. AUSTIN.

Kauffmann, Angelica.

A. E. S. Arthur Everett Shipley, M.A., F.R.S., D.Sc.

Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Reader in Zoology, Cambridge University. Joint-editor of the _Cambridge Natural History_.

Kinorhyncha.

A. F. P. Albert Frederick Polìard, M.A., F.R.Hist.Soc.

Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the _Dictionary of National Biography_, 1893-1901. Lothian Prizeman (Oxford), 1892; Arnold prizeman, 1898. Author of _England under the Protector Somerset_; _Henry VIII._; _Life of Thomas Cranmer_; &c.

Jewel, John.

A. G. Major Arthur George Frederick Griffiths (d. 1908).

H.M. Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Author of _The Chronicles of Newgate_; _Secrets of the Prison House_; &c.

Juvenile Offenders (_in part_).

A. Go.* Rev. Alexander Gordon, M.A.

Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.

Joris; Knipperdollinck.

A. G. D. Arthur George Doughty, C.M.G., M.A., Litt.D., F.R.S.(Canada), F.R.Hist.S.

Dominion Archivist of Canada. Member of the Geographical Board of Canada. Author of _The Cradle of New France_; &c. Joint-editor of _Documents relating to the Constitutional History of Canada_.

Joly de Lotbinière.

A. H. S. Rev. Archibald Henry Sayce, Litt.D., LL.D.

See the biographical article: SAYCE, A. H.

Kassites.

A. H.-S. Sir A. Houtum-Schindler. C.I.E.

General in the Persian Army. Author of _Eastern Persian Irak_.

Karun; Kerman; Khorasan; Kishm.

A. H. Sm. Arthur Hamilton Smith, M.A., F.S.A.

Keeper of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum. Member of the Imperial German Archaeological Institute. Author of _Catalogue of Greek Sculpture in the British Museum_; &c.

Jewelry.

A. M. C. Agnes Mary Clerke.

See the biographical article: CLERKE, A. M.

Kepler.

A. Ml. Alfred Ogle Maskell, F.S.A.

Superintendent of the Picture Galleries, Indian and Colonial Exhibition, 1887. Cantor Lecturer, 1906. Founder and first editor of the _Downside Review_. Author of _Ivories_; &c.

Ivory.

A. N. Alfred Newton, F.R.S.

See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED.

Jabiru; Jacamar; Jaçana; Jackdaw; Jay; Kakapo; Kestrel; Killdeer; King-Bird; Kingfisher; Kinglet; Kite; Kiwi; Knot.

A. T. I. Alexander Taylor Innés, M.A., LL.D.

Scotch advocate. Author of _John Knox_; _Law of Creeds in Scotland_; _Studies in Scottish History_; &c.

Knox, John.

A. W. H.* Arthur William Holland.

Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of Gray's Inn, 1900.

Jacobites.

A. W. W. Adolphus William Ward, LL.D., D.Litt.

See the biographical article: WARD, A. W.

Jonson, Ben.

B. F. S. B.-P. Major Baden F. S. Baden-Powell, F.R.A.S., F.R.Met.S.

Inventor of man-lifting kites. Formerly President of Aeronautical Society. Author of _Ballooning as a Sport_; _War in Practice_; &c.

Kite-flying (_in part_).

B. W. B. Rev. Benjamin Wisner Bacon, A.M., D.D., Litt.D., LL.D.

Professor of New Testament Criticism and Exegesis in Yale University. Formerly Director of American School of Archaeology, Jerusalem. Author of _The Fourth Gospel in Research and Debate_; _The Founding of the Church_; &c.

James, Epistle of; Jude, The General Epistle of.

C. D. G. Rev. Christian David Ginsburg, LL.D.

See the biographical article: GINSBURG, C. D.

Kabbalah (_in part_).

C. El. Sir Charles Norton Edgcumbe Eliot, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L.

Vice-Chancellor of Sheffield University. Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford. H.M.'s Commissioner and Commander-in-Chief for the British East Africa Protectorate; Agent and Consul-General at Zanzibar; Consul-General for German East Africa, 1900-1904.

Kashgar (_in part_); Khazars (_in part_); Khiva (_in part_).

C. E. D. B. C. E. D. Black.

Formerly Clerk for Geographical Records, India Office, London.

Kashgar (_in part_).

C. H. Ha. Carlton Huntley Hayes, A.M., Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University, New York City. Member of the American Historical Association.

John XXI.; Julius II.

C. H. T.* Crawford Howell Toy.

See the biographical article: TOY, CRAWFORD HOWELL.

Job (_in part_).

C. J. J. Charles Jasper Joly, F.R.S., F.R.A.S. (1864-1906).

Royal Astronomer of Ireland, and Andrews Professor of Astronomy in the University of Dublin, 1897-1906. Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. Secretary of the Royal Irish Academy.

Kaleidoscope.

C. J. L. Sir Charles James Lyall, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., LL.D. (Edin.).

Secretary, Judicial and Public Department, India Office. Fellow of King's College, London. Secretary to Government of India in Home Department, 1889-1894. Chief Commissioner, Central Provinces, India, 1895-1898. Author of _Translations of Ancient Arabic Poetry_; &c.

Kabir.

C. L. K. Charles Lethbridge Kingsford, M.A., F.R.Hist.Soc., F.S.A.

Assistant Secretary to the Board of Education. Author of _Life of Henry V._ Editor of _Chronicles of London_, and Stow's _Survev of London_.

Kempe.

C. Mi. Chedomille Mijatovich.

Senator of the Kingdom of Servia. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the King of Servia to the Court of St James's, 1895-1900, and 1902-1903.

Karageorge; Karajich.

C. M. W. Sir Charles Moore Watson, K.C.M.G., C.B.

Colonel, Royal Engineers. Deputy-Inspector-General of Fortifications, 1896-1902. Served under General Gordon in the Sudan, 1874-1875.

Jerusalem (_in part_).

C. R. B. Charles Raymond Beazley, M.A., D.Litt., F.R.G.S., F.R.Hist.S.

Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer in the History of Geography. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1889. Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of _Henry the Navigator_; _The Dawn of Modern Geography_, &c.

Jordanus.

C. S. C. Caspar Stanley Clark.

Assistant in Indian Section, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington.

Kashi (_in part_).

C. We. Cecil Weatherly.

Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple.

Knighthood: _Orders of_.

C. W. W. Sir Charles William Wilson, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S. (1836-1907).

Major-General, Royal Engineers. Secretary to the North American Boundary Commission, 1858-1862. British Commissioner on the Servian Boundary Commission. Director-General of the Ordnance Survey, 1886-1894. Director-General of Military Education, 1895-1898. Author of _From Korti to Khartoum_; _Life of Lord Clive_; &c.

Jerusalem (_in part_); Jordan (_in part_); Kurdistan (_in part_).

D. G. H. David George Hogarth, M.A.

Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Excavated at Paphos, 1888; Naucratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905; Assiut, 1906-1907. Director, British School at Athens, 1897-1900. Director, Cretan Exploration Fund, 1899.

Jebell; Jordan (_in part_); Karamania; Kharput; Konia.

D. H. David Hannay.

Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of _Short History of the Royal Navy, 1217-1688_; _Life of Emilio Castelar_; &c.

Junius; Kanaris; Keith, Viscount; Keppel, Viscount.

E. B. Edward Breck, M.A., Ph.D.

Formerly Foreign Correspondent of the _New York Herald_ and the _New York Times_. Author of _Fencing_; _Wilderness Pets_; _Sporting in Nova Scotia_; &c.

Kite-flying (_in part_).

E. Br. Ernest Barker, M.A.

Fellow and Lecturer in Modern History, St John's College, Oxford. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven Scholar, 1895.

Jordanes (_in part_).

E. F. S. Edward Fairbrother Strange.

Assistant Keeper, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. Member of Council, Japan Society. Author of numerous works on art subjects; Joint-editor of Bell's "Cathedral" Series.

Japan: _Art_ (_in part_); Korin, Ogata; Kyosai, Sho-Fu.

E. G. Edmund Gosse, LL.D.

See the biographical article: GOSSE, EDMUND.

Jacobsen, Jens Peter; Kalewala; Kyd, Thomas.

E. Gr. Ernest Arthur Gardner, M.A.

See the biographical article: _Gardner, Percy_.

Ithaca.

E. He. Edward Heawood, M.A.

Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Librarian of the Royal Geographical Society, London.

Kenya; Kilimanjaro.

E. H. B. Sir Edward Herbert Bunbury, Bart., M.A., F.R.G.S. (d. 1895).

M.P. for Bury St Edmunds, 1847-1852. Author of _A History of Ancient Geography_; &c.

Italy: _Geography_ (_in part_).

E. H. M. Ellis Hovell Minns, M.A.

University Lecturer in Palaeography, Cambridge. Lecturer and Assistant Librarian at Pembroke College, Cambridge. Formerly Fellow of Pembroke College.

Iyrcae; Kashubes.

Ed. M. Eduard Meyer, Ph.D., D.Litt. (Oxon.), LL.D.

Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author of _Geschichte des Alterthums_; _Geschichte des alten Aegyptens_; _Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme_.

Kavadh.

E. O.* Edmund Owen, M.B., F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.Sc.

Consulting Surgeon to St Mary's Hospital, London, and to the Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street; late Examiner in Surgery in the Universities of Cambridge, Durham and London. Author of _A Manual of Anatomy for Senior Students_.

Joints: _Diseases and Injuries_; Kidney Diseases (_in part_).

E. Tn. Rev. Ethelred Luke Taunton (d. 1907).

Author of _The English Black Monks of St Benedict_; _History of the Jesuits in England_.

Jesuits (_in part_).

F. By. Captain Frank Brinkley, R.N.

Foreign Adviser to Nippon Yusen Kaisha, Tokyo. Correspondent of _The Times_ in Japan. Editor of the Japan Mail. Formerly Professor of Mathematics at Imperial Engineering College, Tokyo. Author of _Japan_; &c.

Japan.

F. C. C. Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, M.A., D.Th. (Giessen).

Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Author of The _Ancient Armenian Texts of Aristotle_; _Myth, Magic and Morals_; &c.

Jacobite Church.

F. G. M. B. Frederick George Meeson Beck, M.A.

Fellow and Lecturer in Classics, Clare College, Cambridge.

Kent, Kingdom of.

F. G. P. Frederick Gymer Parsons, F.R.C.S., F.Z.S., F.R.Anthrop.Inst.

Vice-President, Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Lecturer on Anatomy at St Thomas's Hospital and the London School of Medicine for Women. Formerly Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons.

Joints: _Anatomy_.

F. L. L. Lady Lugard.

See the biographical article: LUGARD, SIR F. J. D.

Kano; Katagum.

F. LI. G. Francis Llewellyn Griffith, M.A., Ph.D. (Leipzig), F.S.A.

Reader in Egyptology, Oxford University. Editor of the Archaeological Survey and Archaeological Reports of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Fellow of Imperial German Archaeological Institute.

Karnak.

F. R. C. Frank R. Cana.

Author of _South Africa from the Great Trek to the Union_.

Kharga.

Fr. Sy. Friedrich Sciiwally.

Professor of Semitic Philology in the University of Giessen.

Koran (_in part_).

F. S. P, Francis Samuel Philbrick, A.M., Ph.D.

Formerly Teaching Fellow of Nebraska State University, and Scholar and Fellow of Harvard University. Member of American Historical Association.

Jefferson, Thomas.

F. v. H. Baron Friedrich von Hügel.

Member of Cambridge Philological Society; Member of Hellenic Society. Author of _The Mystical Element of Religion_; &c.

John: _The Apostle_; John, Gospel of St.

F. W. R.* Frederick William Rudler, I.S.O., F.G.S.

Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London, 1879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, 1887-1889.

Jade; Jargoon; Jasper; Kaolin.

G. A. Gr. George Abraham Grierson, C.I.E., Ph.D., D.Litt.

Member of the Indian Civil Service, 1873-1903. In charge of the Linguistic Survey of India, 1898-1902. Gold Medallist, Royal Asiatic Society, 1909. Vice-President of the Royal Asiatic Society. Formerly Fellow of Calcutta University. Author of _The Languages of India_; &c.

Kashmiri.

G. E. Rev. George Edmundson, M.A., F.R.Hist.S.

Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1909. Hon. Member, Dutch Historical Society, and Foreign Member, Netherlands Association of Literature.

Jacoba.

G. F. Mo. Rev. George Foot Moore.

See the biographical article: MOORE, GEORGE FOOT.

Jehovah.

G. G. Co. George Gordon Coulton, M.A.

Birkbeck Lecturer in Ecclesiastical History, Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of _Medieval Studies_; _Chaucer and his England_; _From St Francis to Dante_; &c.

Knighthood and Chivalry.

G. H. Bo. Rev. George Herbert Box, M.A.

Rector of Sutton Sandy, Beds. Formerly Hebrew Master, Merchant Taylors' School, London. Lecturer in Faculty of Theology, University of Oxford, 1908-1909. Author of _Translation of Book of Isaiah_; &c.

John the Baptist; Joseph (_New Testament_); Jubilee, Year of (_in part_).

G. K. Gustav Krüger.

Professor of Church History in the University of Giessen. Author of _Das Papsttum_; &c.

Justin Martyr.

G. Mi. Rev. George Milligan, D.D.

Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism in the University of Glasgow. Author of _The Theology of the Epistle to the Hebrews_; _Lectures from the Greek Papyri_; &c.

James (_New Testament_); Judas Iscariot.

G. Sa. George Saintsbury, LL.D., D.C.L.

See the biographical article: SAINTSBURY, G. E. B.

Joinville.

G. S. L. George Somes Layard.

Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. Author of _Charles Keene_; _Shirley Brooks_; &c.

Keene, Charles S.

G. S. R. Sir George Scott Robertson, K.C.S.I., D.C.L., M.P.

Formerly British Agent in Gilgit. Author of _The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush_; _Chitral: the Story of a Minor Siege_. M.P. Central Division, Bradford.

Kafiristan.

G. W. T. Rev. Griffithes Wheeler Thatcher, M.A., B.D.

Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford.

Jahiz; Jarir Ibn 'Atiyya ul-Khatfl; Jauhari; Jawaliqì; Jurjani; Khalil Ibn Ahmad; Khansa; Kindi; Kumait Ibn Zaid.

H. A. W. Hugh Alexander Webster.

Formerly Librarian of University of Edinburgh. Editor of the _Scottish Geographical Magazine_.

Java (_in part_).

H. Ch. Hugh Chisholm, M.A.

Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor of the 11th edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; Co-editor of the 10th edition.

Joan of Arc (_in part_).

H. Cl. Sir Hugh Charles Clifford, K.C.M.G.

Colonial Secretary, Ceylon. Fellow of the Royal Colonial Institute. Formerly Resident, Pahang. Colonial Secretary, Trinidad and Tobago, 1903-1907. Author of _Studies in Brown Humanity_; _Further India_; &c. Joint-author of _A Dictionary of the Malay Language_.

Johor.

H. C. H. Horace Carter Hovey, A.M., D.D.

Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Geological Society of America, National Geographic Society and Société de Spéléologie (France). Author of _Celebrated American Caverns_; _Handbook of Mammoth Cave of Kentucky_, &c.

Jacobs Cavern.

H. C. R. Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Bart.

See the biographical article: RAWLINSON, SIR H. C.

Kurdistan (_in part_).

H. De. Hippolyte Delehaye, S.J.

Assistant in the compilation of the Bollandist publications: _Analecta Bollandiana_ and _Acta sanctorum_.

Januarius, St; Kilian, St.

H. M. C. Hector Munro Chadwick, M.A.

Librarian and Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge. Reader in Scandinavian, Cambridge University. Author of _Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions_.

Jutes.

H. M. R. Hugh Munro Ross.

Formerly Exhibitioner of Lincoln College, Oxford. Editor of _The Times Engineering Supplement_. Author of _British Railways_.

Kelvin, Lord (_in part_).

H. M. V. Herbert M. Vaughan, F.S.A.

Keble College, Oxford. Author of _The Last of the Royal Stuarts_; _The Medici Popes_; _The Last Stuart Queen_.

James: _the Pretender_; King's Evil.

H. W. C. D. Henry William Carless Davis, M.A.

Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford, 1895-1902. Author of _England under the Normans and Angevins_; _Charlemagne_.

John, King of England; John of Hexham.

H. W. S. H. Wickham Steed.

Correspondent of _The Times_ at Vienna. Correspondent of _The Times_ at Rome, 1897-1902.

Italy: _History_ (_F._).

H. Y. Sir Henry Yule, K.C.S.I., C.B.

See the biographical article: YULE, SIR HENRY.

Kublai Khan.

I. A. Israel Abrahams, M.A.

Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature in the University of Cambridge Formerly President, Jewish Historical Society of England. Author of _A Short History of Jewish Literature_; _Jewish Life in the Middle Ages_; _Judaism_; &c.

Jacob ben Asher; Jellinek; Jews: _Dispersion to Modern Times_; Joel; Johanan Ben Zaceia; Josippon; Kalisch, Marcus; Krochmal.

I. L. B. Isabella L. Bishop.

See the biographical article: BISHOP, ISABELLA.

Korea (_in part_).

J. A. H John Allen Howe.

Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London. Author of _The Geology of Building Stones_.

Joints (_Geology_); Jurassic; Keuper; Kimeridgian.

J. A. R. Very Rev. Joseph Armitage Robinson, D.D.

Dean of Westminster. Fellow of the British Academy. Hon. Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, and Norrisian Professor of Divinity in the University. Author of _Some Thoughts on the Incarnation_; &c.

Jesus Christ.

J. A. S. John Addington Symonds, LL.D.

See the biographical article, SYMONDS, JOHN ADDINGTON.

Italy: _History_ (C.).

J. Br. Right Hon. James Bryce, D.C.L., D.Litt.

See the biographical article: BRYCE, JAMES.

Justinian I.

J. Bt. James Bartlett.

Lecturer on Construction, Architecture, Sanitation, Quantities, &c., at King's College, London. Member of Society of Architects. Member of Institute of Junior Engineers.

Joinery.

J. B. A. Joseph Beavington Atkinson.

Formerly art-critic of the _Saturday Review_. Author of _An Art Tour in the Northern Capitals of Europe_; _Schools of Modern Art in Germany_.

Kaulbach.

J. F.-K. James Fitzmaurice-Kelly, Litt.D., F.R.Hist.S.

Gilmour Professor of Spanish Language and Literature, Liverpool University. Norman McColl Lecturer, Cambridge University. Fellow of the British Academy. Member of the Royal Spanish Academy. Knight Commander of the Order of Alphonso XII. Author of _A History of Spanish Literature_; &c.

Juan Manuel, Don.

J. G. C. A. John George Clark Anderson, M.A.

Censor and Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford. Formerly Fellow of Lincoln College; Craven Fellow, Oxford, 1896. Conington Prizeman, 1893.

Kastamuni.

J. G. Sc. Sir James George Scott, K.C.I.E.

Superintendent and Political Officer, Southern Shan States. Author of _Burma_; _The Upper Burma Gazetteer_.

Karen; Karen-Ni; Keng Tung.

J. Hn. Justus Hashagen, Ph.D.

Privatdozent in Medieval and Modern History, University of Bonn. Author of _Das Rheinland unter die französische Herrschaft_.

John, King of Saxony.

J. H. A. H. John Henry Arthur Hart, M.A.

Fellow, Theological Lecturer and Librarian, St John's College, Cambridge.

Jews: _Greek Domination_; Josephus.

J. H. F. John Henry Freese, M.A.

Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.

Janus; Julian (_in part_).

J. H. R. John Horace Round, M.A., LL.D. (Edin.).

Author of _Feudal England_; _Studies in Peerage and Family History_, _Peerage and Pedigree_.

Knight-Service.

J. Hl. R. John Holland Rose, M.A., Litt.D.

Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local Lectures Syndicate. Author of _Life of Napoleon I._; _Napoleonic Studies_; _The Development of the European Nations_; _The Life of Pitt_; &c.

Italy: _History_ (D.); Josephine; Junot.

J. Ja. Joseph Jacobs, Litt.D.

Professor of English Literature in the Jewish Theological Seminary, New York. Formerly President of the Jewish Historical Society of England. Corresponding Member of the Royal Academy of History, Madrid. Author of _Jews of Angevin England_; _Studies in Biblical Archaeology_, &c.

Jew, The Wandering.

J. J. L,* Rev. John James Lias, M.A.

Chancellor of Llandaff Cathedral. Formerly Hulsean Lecturer in Divinity and Lady Margaret Preacher, University of Cambridge.

Ketteler, Baron von.

J. Mt. James Moffatt, M.A., D.D.

Jowett Lecturer, London, 1907. Author of _Historical New Testament_; &c.

John, Epistles of.

J. N. K. John Neville Keynes, M.A., D.Sc.

Registrary of the University of Cambridge. University Lecturer in Moral Science. Secretary to the Local Examinations and Lectures Syndicate. Formerly Fellow of Pembroke College. Author of _Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic_; &c.

Jevons, William Stanley.

J. P. P. John Percival Postgate, M.A., Litt.D.

Professor of Latin in the University of Liverpool. Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Fellow of the British Academy. Editor of the _Classical Quarterly_. Editor-in-Chief of the _Corpus Poetarum Latinorum_; &c.

Juvenal (_in part_).

J. P. Pe. Rev. John Punnett Peters, Ph.D., D.D.

Canon Residentiary, P.E. Cathedral of New York. Formerly Professor of Hebrew in the University of Pennsylvania. Director of the University Expedition to Babylonia, 1888-1895. Author of _Nippur, or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates_.

Kerbela; Kerkuk; Khorsabad.

J. R. B. John Rose Bradford, M.D., D.Sc., F.R.C.P., F.R.S.

Physician to University College Hospital. Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, University College, London. Secretary of the Royal Society. Formerly Member of Senate, University of London.

Kidney Diseases (_in part_)

J. T. Be. John Thomas Bealby.

Joint-author of Stanford's Europe. Formerly Editor of the _Scottish Geographical Magazine_. Translator of Sven Hedin's _Through Asia, Central Asia and Tibet_; &c.

Kalmuck; Kaluga; Kamchatka; Kara-Kum; Kars; Kazañ; Kerch; Khingan; Khiva; Khokand; Khotan; Kiev; Kronstadt; Kubañ; Kuen-Lun; Kursk; Kutais.

J. T. S.* James Thomson Shotwell, Ph.D.

Professor of History in Columbia University, New York City.

Joan of Arc (_in part_).

J. V.* Jules Viard.

Archivist at the National Archives, Paris. Officer of Public Instruction. Author of _La France sous Philippe VI. de Valois_; &c.

Jacquerie, The.

J. W. He. James Wycliffe Headlam, M.A.

Staff Inspector of Secondary Schools under the Board of Education. Formerly Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Professor of Greek and Ancient History at Queen's College, London. Author of _Bismarck and the Foundation of the German Empire_; &c.

Kossuth.

K. Baron Dairoku Kikuchi, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D.

President of the Imperial University of Kyoto. President of Imperial Academy of Japan. Emeritus Professor, Imperial University, Tokio. Author of _Japanese Education_; &c.

Japan: _The Claim of Japan_.

K. S. Kathleen Schlesinger.

Editor of the _Portfolio of Musical Archaeology_. Author of _The Instruments of the Orchestra_; &c.

Jew's Harp; Kettledrum; Keyboard.

L. Count Lützow, Litt.D. (Oxon.), D.Ph. (Prague), F.R.G.S.

Chamberlain of H.M. the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia. Hon. Member of the Royal Society of Literature. Member of the Bohemian Academy, &c. Author of _Bohemia, a Historical Sketch_; _The Historians of Bohemia_ (Ilchester Lecture, Oxford, 1904); _The Life and Times of John Hus_; &c.

Jerome of Prague.

L. F. V.-H. Leveson Francis Vernon-Harcourt, M.A., M.Inst.C.E. (1839-1907).

Formerly Professor of Civil Engineering at University College, London. Author of _Rivers and Canals_; _Harbours and Docks_; _Civil Engineering as applied in Construction_; &c.

Jetty.

L. J. S. Leonard James Spencer, M.A.

Assistant in the Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. Formerly Scholar of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness Scholar. Editor of the _Mineralogical Magazine_.

Jarosite.

L. C. Rev. Lewis Campbell, D.C.L., LL.D.

See the biographical article: CAMPBELL, LEWIS.

Jowett.

L. D.* Louis Duchesne.

See the biographical article: DUCHESNE, L. M. O.

John XIX.; Julius I.

L. V.* Luigi Villari.

Italian Foreign Office (Emigration Department). Formerly Newspaper Correspondent in east of Europe. Italian Vice-Consul in New Orleans, 1906; Philadelphia, 1907; Boston, U.S.A., 1907-1910. Author of _Italian Life in Town and Country_; _Fire and Sword in the Caucasus_; &c.

Italy: _History_ (E. _and_ G.).

M. Lord Macaulay.

See the biographical article: MACAULAY, BARON.

Johnson, Samuel.

M. Br. Margaret Bryant.

Keats (_in part_).

M. F. Sir Michael Foster, K.C.B., D.C.L., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S.

See the biographical article: FOSTER, SIR M.

Kölliker.

M. M. Bh. Sir Mancherjee Merwanjee Bhownaggree.

Fellow of Bombay University. M.P. for N.E. Bethnal Green, 1895-1906. Author of _History of the Constitution of the East India Company_; &c.

Jeejeebhoy.

M. O. B. C. Maximilian Otto Bismarck Caspari, M.A.

Reader in Ancient History at London University. Lecturer in Greek at Birmingham University, 1905-1908.

Justin II.

M. P.* Leon Jacques Maxime Prinet.

Formerly Archivist to the French National Archives. Auxiliary of the Institute of France (Academy of Moral and Political Sciences).

Joinville (_Family_); Joyeuse; Juge, Boffille de.

N. M. Norman McLean, M.A.

Lecturer in Aramaic, Cambridge University. Fellow and Hebrew Lecturer, Christ's College, Cambridge. Joint-editor of the larger _Cambridge Septuagint_.

Jacob of Edessa; Jacob of Serugh; Joshua the Stylite.

N. V. Joseph Marie Noel Valois.

Member of Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris. Honorary Archivist at the Archives Nationales. Formerly President of the Société de l'Histoire de France and the Société de l'École de Chartes. Author of _La France et le grand schisme d'Occident_; &c.

John XXIII.

O. H.* Otto Hehner, F.I.C., F.C.S.

Public Analyst. Formerly President of Society of Public Analysts. Vice-President of Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. Author of works on butter analysis; _Alcohol Tables_; &c.

Jams and Jellies.

O. J. R. H. Osbert John Radcliffe Howarth, M.A.

Christ Church, Oxford. Geographical Scholar, 1901. Assistant Secretary of the British Association.

Java (_in part_); Korea (_in part_).

P. A. Paul Daniel Alphandéry.

Professor of the History of Dogma, École pratique des Hautes Études, Sorbonne, Paris. Author of _Les Idées morales chez les hétérodoxes latines au début du XIII^e siècle_.

Joachim of Floris; John XXII.

P. A. A. Philip A. Ashworth, M.A., Doc.Juris.

New College, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Translator of H. R. von Gneist's _History of the English Constitution_.

Jhering.

P. A. K. Prince Peter Alexeivitch Kropotkin.

See the biographical article: KROPOTKIN, P. A.

Kalmuck; Kaluga; Kamchatka; Kara-Kum; Kazañ; Kerch; Khingan; Khokand; Kiev; Kronstadt; Kubañ; Kuen-Lun; Kursk; Kutais.

P. Gi. Peter Giles, M.A., LL.D., Litt.D.

Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and University Reader in Comparative Philology. Formerly Secretary of the Cambridge Philological Society. Author of _Manual of Comparative Philology_.

J. K.

P. G. T. Peter Guthrie Tait.

See the biographical article: TAIT, PETER GUTHRIE.

Knot.

P. La. Philip Lake, M.A., F.G.S.

Lecturer on Physical and Regional Geography in Cambridge University. Formerly of the Geological Survey of India. Author of _Monograph of British Cambrian Trilobites_. Translator and Editor of Kayser's _Comparative Geology_.

Japan: _Geology_.

P. L. G. Philip Lyttelton Gell, M.A.

Sometime Scholar of Balliol College, Oxford. Secretary to the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1884-1897. Fellow of King's College, London.

Khazars (_in part_).

P. Vi. Paul Vinogradoff, D.C.L., LL.D.

See the biographical article: VLNOGRADOFF, PAUL.

Jurisprudence, Comparative.

R. A.* Robert Anchel.

Archivist to the Département de l'Eure.

Kersaint.

R. Ad. Robert Adamson, LL.D.

See the biographical article: ADAMSON, ROBERT.

Kant (_in part_).

R. A. S. M. Robert Alexander Stewart Macalister, M.A., F.S.A.

St John's College, Cambridge. Director of Excavations for the Palestine Exploration Fund.

Joppa; Kerak.

R. A. W. Robert Alexander Wahab, C.B., C.M.G., C.I.E.

Colonel, Royal Engineers. Formerly H.M. Commissioner, Aden Boundary Delimitation, and Superintendent, Survey of India. Served with Tirah Expeditionary Force, 1897-1898; Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission, Pamirs, 1895; &c.

Kuwet.

R. F. L. Rev. Richard Frederick Littledale, M.A., LL.D., D.C.L. (1833-1890).

Author of _Religious Communities of Women in the Early Church_; _Catholic Ritual in the Church of England_; _Why Ritualists do not become Roman Catholics_.

Jesuits (_in part_).

R. G. Richard Garnett, LL.D.

See the biographical article: GARNETT, RICHARD.

Krazewski.

R. H. C. Rev. Robert Henry Charles, M.A., D.D., D.Litt. (Oxon.).

Grinfield Lecturer and Lecturer in Biblical Studies, Oxford and Fellow of Merton College. Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Senior Moderator of Trinity College, Dublin. Author and Editor of _Book of Enoch_; _Book of Jubilees_; _Assumption of Moses_; _Ascension of Isaiah_; _Testaments of the XII. Patriarchs_; &c.

Jeremy, Epistle of; Jubilees, Book of; Judith, The Book of.

R. I. P. Reginald Innes Pocock, F.Z.S.

Superintendent of the Zoological Gardens, London.

King-Crab.

R. J. M. Ronald John McNeill, M.A.

Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Formerly Editor of the _St James's Gazette_, London.

Jeffreys, 1st Baron; Keith: _Family_.

R. K. D. Sir Robert Kennaway Douglas.

Formerly Keeper of Oriental Printed Books and MSS. at the British Museum, and Professor of Chinese, King's College, London. Author of _The Language and Literature of China_; &c.

Jenghiz Khan; Julien.

R. L.* Richard Lydekker, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.

Member of the Staff of the Geological Survey of India, 1874-1882. Author of _Catalogue of Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds in the British Museum_; _The Deer of all Lands_; _The Game Animals of Africa_; &c.

Jerboa; Kangaroo (_in part_).

R. N. B. Robert Nisbet Bain (d. 1909).

Assistant Librarian, British Museum, 1883-1909. Author of _Scandinavia, the Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, 1513-1900_; _The First Romanovs, 1613-1725_; _Slavonic Europe, the Political History of Poland and Russia from 1469 to 1796_; &c.

Ivan I.-VI.; Jellaehieh; John III.: _Sobieski_; Juel, Jens; Juel, Neils; Kármán; Kemeny, Baron; Kisfaludy; Kollontaj; Koniecpolski; Kosciuszko; Kurakin, Prince.

R. Po. René Poupardin, D. Ès L.

Secretary of the École des Chartes. Honorary Librarian at the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Author of _Le Royaume de Provence sous les Carolingiens_; _Recueil des chartes de Saint-Germain_; &c.

John, Duke of Burgundy.

R. P. S. R. Phené Spiers, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.

Formerly Master of the Architectural School, Royal Academy, London. Past President of Architectural Association. Associate and Fellow of King's College, London. Corresponding Member of the Institute of France. Editor of Fergusson's _History of Architecture_. Author of _Architecture: East and West_; &c.

Jacobean Style.

R. S. C. Robert Seymour Conway, M.A., D.Litt. (Cantab.).

Professor of Latin and Indo-European Philology in the University of Manchester. Formerly Professor of Latin in University College, Cardiff; and Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Author of _The Italic Dialects_.

Italy: _History_ (A.).

S. A. C. Stanley Arthur Cook, M.A.

Lecturer in Hebrew and Syriac, and formerly Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Editor for Palestine Exploration Fund. Examiner in Hebrew and Aramaic, London University, 1904-1908. Author of _Glossary of Aramaic Inscriptions_; _The Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi_; _Critical Notes on Old Testament History_; _Religion of Ancient Palestine_; &c.

Jacob; Jehoiakim; Jehoram; Jehoshaphat; Jehu; Jephthah; Jerahmeel; Jeroboam; Jews: _Old Testament History_; Jezebel; Joab; Joash; Joseph: _Old Testament_; Joshua; Josiah; Judah; Judges, Book of; Kabbalah (_in part_); Kenites; Kings, Books of.

St. C. Viscount St Cyres.

See the biographical article: IDDESLEIGH, 1ST EARL OF.

Jansen; Jansenism.

S. N. Simon Newcomb, D.Sc., D.C.L.

See the biographical article: NEWCOMB, SIMON.

Jupiter: _Satellites_.

T. As. Thomas Ashby, M.A., D.Litt. (Oxon.).

Director of British School of Archaeology at Rome. Formerly Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford. Craven Fellow, 1897. Conington Prizeman, 1906. Member of the Imperial German Archaeological Institute.

Italy: _Geography and Statistics_; _History_ (B.); Ivrea.

T. A. I. Thomas Allan Ingram, M.A., LL.D.

Trinity College, Dublin.

Juvenile Offenders (_in part_).

T. A. J. Thomas Athol Joyce, M.A.

Assistant in Department of Ethnography, British Museum. Hon. Sec., Royal Anthropological Institute.

Kavirondo.

T. F. C. Theodore Freylinghuysen Collier, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of History, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., U.S.A.

Julius III.

T. H. Thomas Hodgkin, D.C.L., LL.D.

See the biographical article: HODGKIN, T.

Jordanes (_in part_).

T. H. H.* Sir Thomas Hungerford Holdich, K.C.M.G., K.C.I.E., D.Sc., F.R.G.S.

Colonel in the Royal Engineers. Superintendent Frontier Surveys, India, 1892-1898. Gold Medallist, R.G.S. (London), 1887. H.M. Commissioner for the Perso-Beluc Boundary, 1896. Author of _The Indian Borderland_; _The Gates of India_; &c.

Kabul; Kalat; Kandahar; Kashmir; Khyber Pass; Kunar; Kushk.

T. K. Thomas Kirkup, M.A., LL.D.

Author of _An Inquiry into Socialism_; _Primer of Socialism_; &c.

Julian (_in part_).

T. K. C. Rev. Thomas Kelly Cheyne, D.D.

See the biographical article: CHEYNE, T. K.

Jeremiah; Joel (_in part_); Jonah.

Th. N. Theodor Nöldeke, Ph.D.

See the biographical article: NÖLDEKE, THEODOR.

Koran (_in part_).

T. Se. Thomas Seccombe, M.A.

Balliol College, Oxford. Lecturer in History, East London and Birkbeck Colleges, University of London. Stanhope Prizeman, Oxford, 1887. Assistant Editor of _Dictionary of National Biography_, 1891-1901. Author of _The Age of Johnson_. Joint-author of _Bookman History of English Literature_; &c.

Johnson, Samuel.

T. Wo. Thomas Woodhouse.

Head of the Weaving and Textile Designing Department, Technical College, Dundee.

Jute.

T. W. R. D. Thomas William Rhys Davids, LL.D., Ph.D.

Professor of Comparative Religion, Manchester. Professor of Pali and Buddhist Literature, University College, London, 1882-1904. President of the Pali Text Society. Fellow of the British Academy. Secretary and Librarian of Royal Asiatic Society, 1885-1902. Author of _Buddhism_; _Sacred Books of the Buddhists_; _Early Buddhism_; _Buddhist India_; _Dialogues of the Buddha_; &c.

Jains; Jataka; Kanishka.

W. An. William Anderson, F.R.C.S

Formerly Chairman of Council of the Japan Society. Author of _The Pictorial Arts of Japan_; _Japanese Wood Engravings_; _Catalogue of Chinese and Japanese Pictures in the British Museum_; &c.

Japan: _Art_ (_in part_).

W. A. B. C. Rev. William Augustus Brevoort Coolidge, M.A., F.R.G.S., Ph.D. (Bern).

Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English History, St David's. College, Lampeter, 1880-1881. Author of _Guide to Switzerland_; _The Alps in Nature and in History_, &c. Editor of _The Alpine Journal_, 1880-1889.

Jenatsch, Georg; Jungfrau; Jura.

W. A. P. Walter Alison Phillips, M.A.

Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Senior Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Author of _Modern Europe_; &c.

Jacobins; King; Kriemhild; Krüdener, Baroness von.

W. B.* William Burton, M.A., F.C.S.

Chairman, Joint Committee of Pottery Manufacturers of Great Britain. Author of _English Stoneware and Earthenware_; &c.

Kashi (_in part_).

W. Ba. William Bacher, Ph.D.

Professor of Biblical Studies at the Rabbinical Seminary, Buda-Pest.

Jonah, Rabbi; Kimhi.

W. Be. Sir Walter Besant.

See the biographical article: BESANT, SIR WALTER.

Jefferies.

W. F. C. William Feilden Craies, M.A.

Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. Lecturer on Criminal Law at King's College, London. Editor of Archbold's _Criminal Pleading_, 23rd ed.

Jury.

W. F. D. William Frederick Denning, F.R.A.S.

Gold Medal, R.A.S. President, Liverpool Astronomical Society, 1877-1878. Corresponding Fellow of Royal Astronomical Society of Canada; &c. Author of _Telescopic Work for Starlight Evenings_; _The Great Meteoric Shower_; &c.

Jupiter.

W. G. William Garnett, M.A., D.C.L.

Educational Adviser to the London County Council. Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of St John's College, Cambridge. Principal and Professor of Mathematics, Durham College of Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Author of _Elementary Dynamics_; &c.

Kelvin, Lord.

W. G. S. William Graham Sumner.

See the biographical article: SUMNER, WILLIAM GRAHAM.

Jackson, Andrew.

W. H. Be. William Henry Bennett, M.A., D.D., D.Litt.(Cantab.).

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis in New and Hackney Colleges, London. Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. Lecturer in Hebrew at Firth College, Sheffield. Author of _Religion of the Post-Exilic Prophets_; &c.

Japheth.

W. H. Di. William Henry Dines, F.R.S.

Director of Upper Air Investigation for the English Meteorological Office.

Kite-flying (_in part_).

W. H. F. Sir William H. Flower, LL.D.

See the biographical article: FLOWER, SIR W. H.

Kangaroo (_in part_).

W. L. F. Walter Lynwood Fleming, A.M., Ph.D.

Professor of History in Louisiana State University. Author of _Documentary History of Reconstruction_; &c.

Knights of the Golden Circle; Ku Klux Klan.

W. L.-W. Sir William Lee-Warner, M.A., K.C.S.I.

Member of Council of India. Formerly Secretary in the Political and Secret Department of the India Office. Author of _Life of the Marquis of Dalhousie_; _Memoirs of Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wylie Norman_; &c.

Jung Bahadur, Sir.

W. M. R. William Michael Rossetti.

See the biographical article: ROSSETTI, DANTE G.

Kneller.

W. M. Ra. Sir William Mitchell Ramsay, LL.D., D.C.L.

See the biographical article, RAMSAY, SIR W. M.

Jupiter (_in part_).

W. P. J. William Price James.

Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. High Bailiff, Cardiff County Court. Author of _Romantic Professions_; &c.

Kipling, Rudyard.

W. R. S. William Robertson Smith, LL.D.

See the biographical article: SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON.

Joel (_in part_); Jubilee, Year of (_in part_).

W. W. F.* William Warde Fowler, M.A.

Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford. Sub-rector, 1881-1904. Gifford Lecturer, Edinburgh University, 1908. Author of _The City-State of the Greeks and Romans_; _The Roman Festivals of the Republican Period_; &c.

Juno; Jupiter (_in part_).

W. W. R.* William Walker Rockwell, Lic.Theol.

Assistant Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York.

Jerusalem, Synod of.

W. Y. S. William Young Sellar, LL.D.

See the biographical article: SELLAR, W. Y.

Juvenal (_in part_).

PRINCIPAL UNSIGNED ARTICLES

Ivy. Jumping. Kansas. Ketones. Jamaica. Juniper. Kent. Kildare. Janissaries. Jurisprudence. Kentucky. Kilkenny. Jaundice. Kaffirs. Kerry. Know Nothing Party. Ju-Jutsu.

FOOTNOTE:

[1] A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in the final volume.

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION