Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Husband" to "Hydrolysis" Volume 14, Slice 1
VOLUME XIV, SLICE I
Husband to Hydrolysis
ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:
HUSBAND HYADES HUSBAND AND WIFE HYATT, ALPHEUS HUSHI HYBLA HUSKISSON, WILLIAM HYBRIDISM HUSS HYDANTOIN HUSSAR HYDE (17th century English family) HUSSITES HYDE, THOMAS HUSTING HYDE (market town) HUSUM HYDE DE NEUVILLE, JEAN GUILLAUME HUTCHESON, FRANCIS HYDE PARK HUTCHINSON, ANNE HYDERABAD (city of India) HUTCHINSON, JOHN (puritan soldier) HYDERABAD (state of India) HUTCHINSON, JOHN (theological writer) HYDERABAD (capital of Hyderabad) HUTCHINSON, SIR JONATHAN HYDER ALI HUTCHINSON, THOMAS HYDRA (island of Greece) HUTCHINSON (Kansas, U.S.A.) HYDRA (legendary monster) HUTTEN, PHILIPP VON HYDRA (constellation) HUTTEN, ULRICH VON HYDRACRYLIC ACID HUTTER, LEONHARD HYDRANGEA HUTTON, CHARLES HYDRASTINE HUTTON, JAMES HYDRATE HUTTON, RICHARD HOLT HYDRAULICS HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY HYDRAZINE HUY HYDRAZONE HUYGENS, CHRISTIAAN HYDROCARBON HUYGENS, SIR CONSTANTIJN HYDROCELE HUYSMANS (Flemish painters) HYDROCEPHALUS HUYSMANS, JORIS KARL HYDROCHARIDEAE HUYSUM, JAN VAN HYDROCHLORIC ACID HWANG HO HYDRODYNAMICS HWICCE HYDROGEN HYACINTH (flower) HYDROGRAPHY HYACINTH (gem-stone) HYDROLYSIS HYACINTHUS
INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.
A. Ba. ADOLFO BARTOLI (1833-1894).
Formerly Professor of Literature at the Istituto di studi superiori at Florence. Author of Storia della letteratura Italiana; &c.
Italian Literature (_in part_).
A. Bo.* AUGUSTE BOUDINHON, D.D., D.C.L.
Professor of Canon Law at the Catholic University of Paris. Honorary Canon of Paris. Editor of the _Canoniste contemporain_.
Index Librorum Prohibitorum; Infallibility.
A. Cy. ARTHUR ERNEST COWLEY, M.A., LITT.D.
Sub-Librarian of the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Fellow of Magdalen College.
Ibn Gabirol; Inscriptions: _Semitic_.
A. C. G. ALBERT CHARLES LEWIS GOTTHILF GÜNTHER, M.A., M.D., PH.D., F.R.S.
Keeper of Zoological Department, British Museum, 1875-1895. Gold Medallist, Royal Society, 1878. Author of _Catalogues of Colubrine Snakes, Batrachia Salientia, and Fishes in the British Museum_; _Reptiles of British India_; _Fishes of Zanzibar_; _Reports on the "Challenger" Fishes_; &c.
Ichthyology (_in part_).
A. E. G.* REV. ALFRED ERNEST GARVIE, M.A., D.D.
Principal of New College, Hampstead. Member of the Board of Theology and the Board of Philosophy, London University. Author of _Studies in the inner Life of Jesus_; &c.
Immortality; Inspiration.
A. E. H. L. AUGUSTUS EDWARD HOUGH LOVE, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S.
Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Oxford. Hon. Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford; formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. Secretary to the London Mathematical Society.
Infinitesimal Calculus.
A. F. C. ALEXANDER FRANCIS CHAMBERLAIN, A.M., PH.D.
Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts. Member of American Antiquarian Society; Hon. Member of American Folk-lore Society. Author of _The Child and Childhood in Folk Thought_.
Indians, North American.
A. G. MAJOR ARTHUR GEORGE FREDERICK GRIFFITHS (d. 1908).
H.M. Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Author of _The Chronicles of Newgate_; _Secrets of the Prison House_; &c.
Identification.
A. Ge. SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, LL.D.
See the biographical article, GEIKIE, SIR A.
Hutton, James.
A. Go.* REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.
Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.
Illuminati.
A. G. G. SIR ALFRED GEORGE GREENHILL, M.A., F.R.S.
Formerly Professor of Mathematics in the Ordnance College, Woolwich. Author of _Differential and Integral Calculus with Applications_; _Hydrostatics_; _Notes on Dynamics_; &c.
Hydromechanics.
A. H.-S. SIR A. HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, C.I.E.
General in the Persian Army. Author of _Eastern Persian Irak_.
Isfahan (_in part_).
A. M. C. AGNES MARY CLERKE.
See the biographical article, CLERKE, A. M.
Huygens, Christiaan.
A. N. ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.
See the biographical article, NEWTON, ALFRED.
Ibis; Icterus.
A. So. ALBRECHT SOCIN, PH.D. (1844-1899).
Formerly Professor of Semitic Philology in the Universities of Leipzig and Tübingen. Author of _Arabische Grammatik_; &c.
Irak-Arabi (_in part_).
A. S. Wo. ARTHUR SMITH WOODWARD, LL.D., F.R.S.
Keeper of Geology, Natural History Museum, South Kensington. Secretary of the Geological Society, London.
Ichthyosaurus; Iguanodon.
A. W. H.* ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.
Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of Gray's Inn, 1900.
Imperial Cities; Instrument of Government.
A. W. Po. ALFRED WILLIAM POLLARD, M.A.
Assistant Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum. Fellow of King's College, London. Hon. Secretary Bibliographical Society. Editor of _Books about Books_ and _Bibliographica_. Joint-editor of The Library. Chief Editor of the "Globe" _Chaucer_.
Incunabula.
A. W. R. ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A., LL.B.
Puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of _Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_.
Inebriety, Law of; Insanity: _Law_.
C. F. A. CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.
Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold Harbour_.
Infantry; Italian Wars.
C. G. COLONEL CHARLES GRANT.
Formerly Inspector of Military Education in India.
India: _Costume_.
C. H. Ha. CARLTON HUNTLEY HAYES, A.M., PH.D.
Assistant Professor of History at Columbia University, New York City. Member of the American Historical Association.
Innocent V., VIII.
C. Ll. M. CONWAY LLOYD MORGAN, LL.D., F.R.S.
Professor of Psychology at the University of Bristol. Principal of University College, Bristol, 1887-1909. Author of _Animal Life and Intelligence_; _Habit and Instinct_.
Instinct; Intelligence in Animals.
C. R. B. CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.G.S., F.R.HIST.S.
Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford; and University Lecturer in the History of Geography. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1889. Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of _Henry the Navigator_; _The Dawn of Modern Geography_; &c.
Ibn Batuta (_in part_); Idrisi.
C. S.* CARLO SALVIONI.
Professor of Classical and Romance Languages, University of Milan.
Italian Language (_in part_).
C. T. L. CHARLTON THOMAS LEWIS, PH.D. (1834-1904).
Formerly Lecturer on Life Insurance, Harvard and Columbia Universities, and on Principles of Insurance, Cornell University. Author of _History of Germany_; _Essays_; _Addresses_; &c.
Insurance (_in part_).
C. We. CECIL WEATHERLY.
Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple.
Infant Schools.
D. B. Ma. DUNCAN BLACK MACDONALD, M.A., D.D.
Professor of Semitic Languages, Hartford Theological Seminary, U.S.A. Author of _Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutional Theory_; _Selection from Ibn Khaldum_; _Religious Attitude and Life in Islam_; &c.
Imam.
D. G. H. DAVID GEORGE HOGARTH, M.A.
Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Excavated at Paphos, 1888; Naucratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905; Assiut, 1906-1907; Director, British School at Athens, 1897-1900; Director, Cretan Exploration Fund, 1899.
Ionia (_in part_); Isauria.
D. H. DAVID HANNAY.
Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of _Short History of Royal Navy, 1217-1688_; _Life of Emilio Castelar_; &c.
Impressment.
D. F. T. DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY.
Author of _Essays in Musical Analysis_; comprising _The Classical Concerto_, _The Goldberg Variations_, and analyses of many other classical works.
Instrumentation.
D. S. M. DUGALD SUTHERLAND MACCOLL, M.A., LL.D.
Keeper of the National Gallery of British Art (Tate Gallery). Lecturer on the History of Art, University College, London; Fellow of University College, London. Author of Nineteenth Century Art; &c.
Impressionism.
E. A. M. EDWARD ALFRED MINCHIN, M.A., F.Z.S.
Professor of Protozoology in the University of London. Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford; and Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy in the University of Oxford. Author of "Sponges and Sporozoa" in Lankester's _Treatise on Zoology_; &c.
Hydromedusae; Hydrozoa.
E. Br. ERNEST BARKER, M.A.
Fellow and Lecturer in Modern History, St John's College, Oxford. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven Scholar, 1895.
Imperial Chamber.
E. Bra. EDWIN BRAMWELL, M.B., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. (Edin.).
Assistant Physician, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh.
Hysteria (_in part_).
E. C. B. RIGHT REV. EDWARD CUTHBERT BUTLER, O.S.B., D.LITT.
Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath. Author of "The Lausiac History of Palladius" in _Cambridge Texts and Studies_.
Imitation of Christ.
E. C. Q. EDMUND CROSBY QUIGGIN, M.A.
Fellow, Lecturer in Modern History, and Monro Lecturer in Celtic, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
Ireland: _Early History_.
E. F. S. EDWARD FAIRBROTHER STRANGE.
Assistant Keeper, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. Member of Council, Japan Society. Author of numerous works on art subjects. Joint-editor of Bell's "Cathedral" Series.
Illustration: _Technical Developments_.
E. F. S. D. LADY DILKE.
See the biographical article: DILKE, SIR C. W., BART.
Ingres.
E. G. EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D.
See the biographical article, GOSSE, EDMUND.
Huygens, Sir Constantijn; Ibsen; Idyl.
E. Hü. EMIL HÜBNER.
See the biographical article, HÜBNER, EMIL.
Inscriptions: _Latin_ (_in part_).
E. H. B. SIR EDWARD HERBERT BUNBURY, BART., M.A., F.R.G.S. (d. 1895).
M.P. for Bury St Edmunds, 1847-1852. Author of a _History of Ancient Geography_; &c.
Ionia (_in part_).
E. H. M. ELLIS HOVELL MINNS, M.A.
Lecturer and Assistant Librarian, and formerly Fellow, Pembroke College, Cambridge University Lecturer in Palaeography.
Iazyges; Issedones.
E. H. P. EDWARD HENRY PALMER, M.A.
See the biographical article, PALMER, E. H.
Ibn Khaldun (_in part_).
E. K. EDMUND KNECHT, PH.D., M.SC.TECH.(Manchester), F.I.C.
Professor of Technological Chemistry, Manchester University. Head of Chemical Department, Municipal School of Technology, Manchester. Examiner in Dyeing, City and Guilds of London Institute. Author of _A Manual of Dyeing_; &c. Editor of J_ournal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists_.
Indigo.
E. L. H. THE RIGHT REV. THE BISHOP OF LINCOLN (EDWARD LEE HICKS).
Honorary Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Formerly Canon Residentiary of Manchester. Fellow and Tutor of Corpus Christi College. Author of _Manual of Greek Historical Inscriptions_; &c.
Inscriptions: Greek (_in part_).
Ed. M. EDUARD MEYER, PH.D., D.LITT.(Oxon.), LL.D.
Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author of _Geschichte des Alterthums_; _Geschichte des alten Aegyptens_; _Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme_.
Hystaspes; Iran.
E. M. T. SIR EDWARD MAUNDE THOMPSON, G.C.B., I.S.O., D.C.L., LITT.D., LL.D.
Director and Principal Librarian, British Museum, 1898-1909. Sandars Reader in Bibliography, Cambridge, 1895-1896. Hon. Fellow of University College, Oxford. Correspondent of the Institute of France and of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences. Author of _Handbook of Greek and Latin Palaeography_. Editor of _Chronicon Angliae_. Joint-editor of publications of the Palaeographical Society, the New Palaeographical Society, and of the Facsimile of the Laurentian Sophocles.
Illuminated MSS.
E. O.* EDMUND OWEN, M.B., F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.SC.
Consulting Surgeon to St Mary's Hospital, London, and to the Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street; late Examiner in Surgery at the Universities of Cambridge, Durham and London. Author of _A Manual of Anatomy for Senior Students_.
Hydrocephalus.
F. A. F. FRANK ALBERT FETTER, PH.D.
Professor of Political Economy and Finance, Cornell University. Member of the State Board of Charities. Author of _The Principles of Economics_; &c.
Interstate Commerce.
F. C. C. FREDERICK CORNWALLIS CONYBEARE, M.A., D.TH.(Giessen).
Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Author of _The Ancient Armenian Texts of Aristotle_; _Myth, Magic and Morals_; &c.
Iconoclasts; Image Worship.
F. G. M. B. FREDERICK GEORGE MEESON BECK, M.A.
Fellow and Lecturer in Classics, Clare College, Cambridge.
Hwicce.
F. J. H. FRANCIS JOHN HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A.
Camden Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford. Fellow of Brasenose College. Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Censor, Student, Tutor and Librarian of Christ Church, Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1906-1907. Author of Monographs on Roman History, especially Roman Britain; &c.
Icknield Street.
F. Ll. G. FRANCIS LLEWELLYN GRIFFITH, M.A., PH.D., F.S.A.
Reader in Egyptology, Oxford University. Editor of the Archaeological Survey and Archaeological Reports of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Fellow of Imperial German Archaeological Institute.
Hyksos; Isis.
F. P.* FREDERICK PETERSON, M.D., PH.D.
Professor of Psychiatry, Columbia University. President of New York State Commission in Lunacy, 1902-1906. Author of _Mental Diseases_; &c.
Insanity: _Hospital Treatment._
F. S. P. FRANCIS SAMUEL PHILBRICK, A.M., PH.D.
Formerly Fellow of Nebraska State University, and Scholar and Resident Fellow of Harvard University. Member of American Historical Association.
Independence, Declaration of.
F. Wa. FRANCIS WATT, M.A.
Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Author of _Law's Lumber Room_.
Inn and Innkeeper.
F. W. R.* FREDERICK WILLIAM RUDLER, I.S.O., F.G.S.
Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London, 1879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, 1887-1889.
Hyacinth Iolite.
F. Y. P. FREDERICK YORK POWELL, D.C.L., LL.D.
See the biographical article, POWELL, FREDERICK YORK.
Iceland: _History_, and _Ancient Literature_.
G. A. B. GEORGE A. BOULENGER, F.R.S., D.SC., PH.D.
In charge of the collections of Reptiles and Fishes, Department of Zoology, British Museum. Vice-President of the Zoological Society of London.
Ichthyology (_in part_).
G. A. Gr. GEORGE ABRAHAM GRIERSON, C.I.E., PH.D., D.LITT.(Dublin).
Member of the Indian Civil Service, 1873-1903. In charge of Linguistic Survey of India, 1898-1902. Gold Medallist, Royal Asiatic Society, 1909. Vice-President of the Royal Asiatic Society. Formerly Fellow of Calcutta University. Author of _The Languages of India_; &c.
Indo-Aryan Languages.
G. A. J. C. GRENVILLE ARTHUR JAMES COLE.
Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Professor of Geology, Royal College of Science for Ireland, Dublin. Author of _Aids in Practical Geology_; &c.
Ireland: _Geology_.
G. B. SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER MOLESWORTH BIRDWOOD, K.C.I.E.
See the biographical article, BIRDWOOD, SIR G. C. M.
Incense.
G. F. H.* GEORGE FRANCIS HILL, M.A.
Assistant in Department of Coins and Medals, British Museum. Author of _Sources for Greek History 478-431_ B.C.; _Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins_; &c.
Inscriptions: Greek (_in part_).
G. G. Co. GEORGE GORDON COULTON, M.A.
Birkbeck Lecturer in Ecclesiastical History, Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of _Medieval Studies_; _Chaucer and his England_; &c.
Indulgence.
G. H. C. GEORGE HERBERT CARPENTER, B.SC. (Lond.).
Professor of Zoology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin. Author of _Insects: their Structure and Life_.
Hymenoptera; Ichneumon-Fly; Insect.
G. I. A. GRAZIADIO I. ASCOLI.
Senator of the Kingdom of Italy. Professor of Comparative Grammar at the University of Milan. Author of _Codice Islandese_; &c.
Italian Language (_in part_).
G. J. GEORGE JAMIESON, C.M.G., M.A.
Formerly Consul-General at Shanghai, and Consul and Judge of the Supreme Court, Shanghai.
Hwang Ho.
G. K. GUSTAV KRÜGER, PH.D.
Professor of Church History in the University of Giessen. Author of _Das Papstthum_; &c.
Irenaeus.
G. P. M. GEORGE PERCIVAL MUDGE, A.R.C.S., F.Z.S.
Lecturer on Biology, London Hospital Medical College, and London School of Medicine for Women, University of London. Author of _A Text Book of Zoology_; &c.
Incubation and Incubators.
G. W. K. VERY REV. GEORGE WILLIAM KITCHIN, M.A., D.D., F.S.A.
Dean of Durham, and Warden of the University of Durham. Hon. Student of Christ Church, Oxford. Fellow of King's College, London. Dean of Winchester, 1883-1894. Author of _A History of France_; &c.
Hutten, Ulrich von.
G. W. T. REV. GRIFFITHES WHEELER THATCHER, M.A., B.D.
Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford. Author of a _Commentary on Judges_; _An Arabic Grammar_; &c.
Ibn 'Abd Rabbihi; Ibn 'Arabi; Ibn Athir; Ibn Duraid; Ibn Faradi; Ibn Farid; Ibn Hazm; Ibn Hisham; Ibn Ishaq; Ibn Jubair; Ibn Khaldun (_in part_); Ibn Khallikan; Ibn Qutaiba; Ibn Sa'd; Ibn Tufail; Ibn Usaibi'a; Ibrahim Al-Mausili.
H. Ch. HUGH CHISHOLM, M.A.
Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor the 11th edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; Co-editor of the 10th edition.
Iron Mask; Ismail.
H. C. R. SIR HENRY CRESWICKE RAWLINSON, BART., K.C.B.
See the biographical article, RAWLINSON, SIR HENRY CRESWICKE.
Isfahan: _History_.
H. L. H. HARRIET L. HENNESSY, M.D., (Brux.) L.R.C.P.I., L.R.C.S.I.
Infancy; Intestinal Obstruction.
H. M. H. HENRY MARION HOWE, A.M., LL.D.
Professor of Metallurgy, Columbia University. Author of _Metallurgy of Steel_; &c.
Iron and Steel.
H. N. D. HENRY NEWTON DICKSON, M.A., D.SC., F.R.G.S.
Professor of Geography, University College, Reading. Author of _Elementary Meteorology_; _Papers on Oceanography_; &c.
Indian Ocean.
H. O. HERMANN OELSNER, M.A., PH.D.
Taylorian Professor of the Romance Languages in University of Oxford. Member of Council of the Philological Society. Author of _A History of Provencal Literature_; &c.
Italian Literature (_in part_).
H. St. HENRY STURT, M.A.
Author of _Idola Theatri_; _The Idea of a Free Church_; and _Personal Idealism_.
Induction.
H. T. A. REV. HERBERT THOMAS ANDREWS.
Professor of New Testament Exegesis, New College, London. Author of the "Commentary on Acts" in the _Westminster New Testament_; _Handbook on the Apocryphal Books_ in the "Century Bible."
Ignatius.
H. Y. SIR HENRY YULE, K.C.S.I., C.B.
See the biographical article, YULE, SIR HENRY.
Ibn Batuta (_in part_).
I. A. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M.A.
Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature in the University of Cambridge. Formerly President, Jewish Historical Society in England. Author of _A Short History of Jewish Literature_; _Jewish Life in the Middle Ages_; &c.
Ibn Tibbon; Immanuel Ben Solomon.
J. A. F. JOHN AMBROSE FLEMING, M.A., F.R.S., D.SC.
Pender Professor of Electrical Engineering in the University of London. Fellow of University College, London. Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, and Lecturer on Applied Mechanics in the University. Author of _Magnets and Electric Currents_.
Induction Coil.
J. Bs. JAMES BURGESS, C.I.E., LL.D., F.R.S.(Edin.), F.R.G.S., HON.A.R.I.B.A.
Formerly Director General of Archaeological Survey of India. Author of _Archaeological Survey of Western India_. Editor of Fergusson's _History of Indian Architecture_.
Indian Architecture.
J. B. T. SIR JOHN BATTY TUKE, KT., M.D., F.R.S.(Edin.), D.SC., LL.D.
President of the Neurological Society of the United Kingdom. Medical Director of New Saughton Hall Asylum, Edinburgh. M.P. for the Universities of Edinburgh and St Andrews, 1900-1910.
Hysteria (_in part_); Insanity: _Medical._
J. C. H. RIGHT REV. JOHN CUTHBERT HEDLEY, O.S.B., D.D.
R.C. Bishop of Newport. Author of _The Holy Eucharist_; &c.
Immaculate Conception.
J. C. Van D. JOHN CHARLES VAN DYKE.
Professor of the History of Art, Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N.J. Formerly Editor of _The Studio and Art Review_. Author of _Art for Art's Sake_; _History of Painting_; _Old English Masters_; &c.
Inness, George.
J. C. W. JAMES CLAUDE WEBSTER.
Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple.
Inns of Court.
J. D. B. JAMES DAVID BOURCHIER, M.A., F.R.G.S.
King's College, Cambridge. Correspondent of _The Times_ in South-Eastern Europe. Commander of the Orders of Prince Danilo of Montenegro and of the Saviour of Greece, and Officer of the Order of St Alexander of Bulgaria.
Ionian Islands.
J. F. F. JOHN FAITHFULL FLEET, C.I.E., PH.D.
Commissioner of Central and Southern Divisions of Bombay, 1891-1897. Author of _Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings_; &c.
Inscriptions: _Indian_.
J. F.-K. JAMES FITZMAURICE-KELLY, LITT.D., F.R.HIST.S.
Gilmour Professor of Spanish Language and Literature, Liverpool University. Norman McColl Lecturer, Cambridge University. Fellow of the British Academy. Member of the Royal Spanish Academy. Knight Commander of the Order of Alphonso XII. Author of A History of Spanish Literature; &c.
Isla, J. F. de.
J. G. K. JOHN GRAHAM KERR, M.A., F.R.S.
Regius Professor of Zoology in the University of Glasgow. Formerly Demonstrator in Animal Morphology in the University of Cambridge. Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, 1898-1904. Walsingham Medallist, 1898. Neill Prizeman, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1904.
Ichthyology (_in part_).
J. G. Sc. SIR JAMES GEORGE SCOTT, K.C.I.E.
Superintendent and Political Officer, Southern Shan States. Author of _Burma, a Handbook_; _The Upper Burma Gazetteer_; &c.
Irrawaddy.
J. H. A. H. JOHN HENRY ARTHUR HART, M.A.
Fellow, Theological Lecturer and Librarian, St John's College, Cambridge.
Hyrcanus.
J. H. Mu. JOHN HENRY MUIRHEAD, M.A., LL.D.
Professor of Philosophy in the University of Birmingham. Author of _Elements of Ethics_; _Philosophy and Life_; &c. Editor of _Library of Philosophy_.
Idealism.
J. H. Be. VERY REV. JOHN HENRY BERNARD, M.A., D.D., D.C.L.
Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. Archbishop King's Professor of Divinity and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. Joint-editor of the Irish _Liber Hymnorum_; &c.
Ireland, Church of.
J. H. van't H. JACOBUS HENRICUS VAN'T HOFF, LL.D., D.SC., D.M.
See the biographical article VAN'T HOFF, JACOBUS HENRICUS.
Isomerism.
J. L. M. JOHN LYNTON MYRES, M.A., F.S.A., F.R.G.S.
Wykeham Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford. Formerly Gladstone Professor of Greek and Lecturer in Ancient Geography, University of Liverpool. Lecturer in Classical Archaeology in University of Oxford.
Iberians; Ionians.
J. Mn. JOHN MACPHERSON, M.D.
Formerly Inspector-General of Hospitals, Bengal.
Insanity: _Medical_ (_in part_).
J. M. A. de L. JEAN MARIE ANTOINE DE LANESSAN.
See the biographical article, LANESSAN, J. M. A. DE.
Indo-China, French (_in part_).
J. M. M. JOHN MALCOLM MITCHELL.
Sometime Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Lecturer in Classics, East London College (University of London). Joint-editor of Grote's _History of Greece_.
Hyacinthus.
J. P. E. JEAN PAUL HIPPOLYTE EMMANUEL ADHÉMAR ESMEIN.
Professor of Law in the University of Paris. Officer of the Legion of Honour. Member of the Institute of France. Author of _Cours élémentaire d'histoire du droit français_; &c.
Intendant.
J. P. Pe. REV. JOHN PUNNETT PETERS, PH.D., D.D.
Canon Residentiary, Cathedral of New York. Formerly Professor of Hebrew in the University of Pennsylvania. Director of the University Expedition to Babylonia, 1888-1895. Author of _Nippur, or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates_.
Irak-Arabi (_in part_).
J. S. Bl. JOHN SUTHERLAND BLACK, M.A., LL.D.
Assistant Editor of the 9th edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_. Joint-editor of the _Encyclopaedia Biblica_.
Huss, John.
J. S. Co. JAMES SUTHERLAND COTTON, M.A.
Editor of the _Imperial Gazetteer of India_. Hon. Secretary of the Egyptian Exploration Fund. Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of Queen's College, Oxford. Author of _India_; &c.
India: _Geography and Statistics (in part); History (in part)_; Indore.
J. S. F. JOHN SMITH FLETT, D.SC., F.G.S.
Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on Petrology in Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society of London.
Itacolumite.
J. T. Be. John Thomas Bealby.
Joint-author of Stanford's _Europe_. Formerly Editor of the _Scottish Geographical Magazine_. Translator of Sven Hedin's _Through Asia, Central Asia and Tibet_; &c.
Irkutsk (_in part_).
J. V.* JULES VIARD.
Archivist at the National Archives, Paris. Officer of Public Instruction. Author of _La France sous Philippe VI. de Valois_; &c.
Isabella of Bavaria.
Jno. W. JOHN WESTLAKE, K.C., LL.D.
Professor of International Law, Cambridge, 1888-1908. One of the Members for the United Kingdom of International Court of Arbitration under the Hague Convention, 1900-1906. Bencher of Lincoln's Inn. Author of _A Treatise on Private International Law, or the Conflict of Laws: Chapters on the Principles of International Law_, pt. i. "Peace," pt. ii. "War."
International Law: _Private_.
L. COUNT LÜTZOW, LITT.D. (OXON.), PH.D. (PRAGUE), F.R.G.S.
Chamberlain of H.M. the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia. Hon. Member of the Royal Society of Literature. Member of the Bohemian Academy; &c. Author of _Bohemia, a Historical Sketch_; _The Historians of Bohemia_ (Ilchester Lecture, Oxford, 1904); _The Life and Times of John Hus_; &c.
Hussites.
L. C. B. LEWIS CAMPBELL BRUCE, M.D., F.R.C.P.
Author of _Studies in Clinical Psychiatry_.
Insanity: _Medical_ (_in part_).
L. Ho. LAURENCE HOUSMAN.
See the biographical article, HOUSMAN, L.
Illustration (_in part_).
L. J. S. LEONARD JAMES SPENCER, M.A.
Assistant in Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. Formerly Scholar of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness Scholar. Editor of the _Mineralogical Magazine_.
Hypersthene; Ilmenite.
L. T. D. SIR LEWIS TONNA DIBDIN, M.A., D.C.L., F.S.A.
Dean of the Arches; Master of the Faculties; and First Church Estates Commissioner. Bencher of Lincoln's Inn. Author of _Monasticism in England_; &c.
Incense: _Ritual Use._
M. Ha. MARCUS HARTOG, M.A., D.SC., F.L.S.
Professor of Zoology, University College, Cork. Author of "Protozoa" in _Cambridge Natural History_; and papers for various scientific journals.
Infusoria.
M. Ja. MORRIS JASTROW, JUN., PH.D.
Professor of Semitic Languages, University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Author of _Religion of the Babylonians and Assyrians_; &c.
Ishtar.
M. O. B. C. MAXIMILIAN OTTO BISMARCK CASPARI, M.A.
Reader in Ancient History at London University. Lecturer in Greek at Birmingham University, 1905-1908.
Irene (752-803).
N. M. NORMAN MCLEAN, M.A.
Fellow, Lecturer and Librarian of Christ's College, Cambridge. University Lecturer in Aramaic. Examiner for the Oriental Languages Tripos and the Theological Tripos at Cambridge.
Isaac of Antioch.
O. J. R. H. OSBERT JOHN RADCLIFFE HOWARTH, M.A.
Christ Church, Oxford. Geographical Scholar, 1901. Assistant Secretary of the British Association.
Ireland: _Geography_.
P. A. PAUL DANIEL ALPHANDÉRY.
Professor of the History of Dogma, École pratique des hautes études, Sorbonne, Paris. Author of _Les Idées morales chez les hétérodoxes latines au début du XIII^e. siècle_.
Inquisition.
P. A. K. PRINCE PETER ALEXEIVITCH KROPOTKIN.
See the biographical article, KROPOTKIN, PRINCE P. A.
Irkutsk (_in part_).
P. C. M. PETER CHALMERS MITCHELL, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., D.SC., LL.D.
Secretary to the Zoological Society of London. University Demonstrator in Comparative Anatomy and Assistant to Linacre Professor at Oxford, 1888-1891. Examiner in Zoology to the University of London, 1903. Author of _Outlines of Biology_; &c.
Hybridism.
P. Gi. PETER GILES, M.A., LL.D., LITT.D.
Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and University Reader in Comparative Philology. Formerly Secretary of the Cambridge Philological Society. Author of _Manual of Comparative Philology_; &c.
I; Indo-European Languages.
P. Sm. PRESERVED SMITH, PH.D.
Rufus B. Kellogg Fellow, Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.
Innocent I., II.
R. THE RIGHT HON. LORD RAYLEIGH.
See the biographical article, RAYLEIGH, 3RD BARON.
Interference of Light.
R. A. S. M. ROBERT ALEXANDER STEWART MACALISTER, M.A., F.S.A.
St John's College, Cambridge. Director of Excavations for the Palestine Exploration Fund.
Idumaea.
R. Ba. RICHARD BAGWELL, M.A., LL.D.
Commissioner of National Education for Ireland. Author of _Ireland under the Tudors_; _Ireland under the Stuarts_.
Ireland: _Modern History_.
R. C. J. SIR RICHARD CLAVERHOUSE JEBB, D.C.L., LL.D.
See the biographical article, JEBB, SIR RICHARD CLAVERHOUSE.
Isaeus; Isocrates.
R. G. RICHARD GARNETT. LL.D.
See the biographical article, GARNETT, RICHARD.
Irving, Washington.
R. H. C. REV. ROBERT HENRY CHARLES, M.A., D.D., D.LITT.
Grinfield Lecturer, and Lecturer in Biblical Studies, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Professor of Biblical Greek, Trinity College, Dublin. Author of _Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life_; _Book of Jubilees_; &c.
Isaiah, Ascension of.
R. L.* RICHARD LYDEKKER, F.R.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S.
Member of the Staff of the Geological Survey of India 1874-1882. Author of _Catalogues of Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds in the British Museum_; _The Deer of all Lands_; &c.
Hyracoidea; Ibex (_in part_); Indri; Insectivora.
R. P. S. R. PHENÉ SPIERS, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.
Formerly Master of the Architectural School, Royal Academy, London. Past President of Architectural Association. Associate and Fellow of King's College, London. Corresponding Member of the Institute of France. Editor of Fergusson's _History of Architecture_. Author of _Architecture; East and West_; &c.
Hypaethros.
R. S. C. ROBERT SEYMOUR CONWAY, M.A., D.LITT.(CANTAB.).
Professor of Latin and Indo-European Philology in the University of Manchester. Formerly Professor of Latin in University College, Cardiff; and Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Author of _The Italic Dialects_.
Iguvium; Iovilae.
S. THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF SELBORNE.
See the biographical article, SELBORNE, 1ST EARL OF.
Hymns.
R. Tr. ROLAND TRUSLOVE, M.A.
Formerly Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford. Dean, Fellow and Lecturer in Classics at Worcester College, Oxford.
Indo-China, French (_in part_).
S. A. C. STANLEY ARTHUR COOK, M.A.
Lecturer in Hebrew and Syriac, and formerly Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Editor for Palestine Exploration Fund. Author of _Glossary of Aramaic Inscriptions_; _The Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi_; _Critical Notes on Old Testament History_; _Religion of Ancient Palestine_; &c.
Ishmael.
S. Bl. SIGFUS BLÖNDAL.
Librarian of the University of Copenhagen.
Iceland: _Recent Literature_.
T. As. THOMAS ASHBY, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.).
Director of British School of Archaeology at Rome. Formerly Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford. Craven Fellow, 1897. Conington Prizeman, 1906. Member of the Imperial German Archaeological Institute.
Interamna Lirenas; Ischia.
T. A. I. THOMAS ALLAN INGRAM, M.A., LL.D.
Trinity College, Dublin.
Illegitimacy; Insurance (_in part_).
T. Ba. SIR THOMAS BARCLAY, M.P.
Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the Supreme Council of the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Problems of International Practice and Diplomacy_; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910.
Immunity; International Law.
T. F. REV. THOMAS FOWLER, M.A., D.D., LL.D. (1832-1904).
President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1881-1904. Honorary Fellow of Lincoln College. Professor of Logic, 1873-1888. Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, 1899-1901. Author of _Elements of Deductive Logic_; _Elements of Inductive Logic_; _Locke_ ("English Men of Letters"); _Shaftesbury and Hutcheson_ ("English Philosophers"); &c.
Hutcheson, Francis (_in part_).
T. F. C. THEODORE FREYLINGHUYSEN COLLIER, PH.D.
Assistant Professor of History, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., U.S.A.
Innocent IX.-XIII.
T. H. H.* COLONEL SIR THOMAS HUNGERFORD HOLDICH, K.C.M.G., K.C.I.E., HON.D.SC.
Superintendent, Frontier Surveys, India, 1892-1898. Gold Medallist, R.G.S., London, 1887. Author of _The Indian Borderland_; _The Countries of the King's Award_; _India_; _Tibet_; &c.
Indus.
T. K. C. REV. THOMAS KELLY CHEYNE, D.D.
See the biographical article, CHEYNE, T. K.
Isaiah.
Th. T. THORVALDUR THORODDSEN.
Icelandic Expert and Explorer. Honorary Professor in the University of Copenhagen. Author of _History of Icelandic Geography_; _Geological Map of Iceland_; &c.
Iceland: _Geography and Statistics_.
W. A. B. C. REV. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BREVOORT COOLIDGE, M.A., F.R.G.S., PH.D.(Bern).
Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English History, St David's College, Lampeter, 1880-1881. Author of _Guide du Haut Dauphiné_; _The Range of the Tödi_; _Guide to Grindelwald_; _Guide to Switzerland_; _The Alps in Nature and in History_; &c. Editor of _The Alpine Journal_, 1880-1881; &c.
Hyères; Innsbruck; Interlaken; Iseo, Lake of; Isère (_River_); Isère (_Department_).
W. A. P. WALTER ALISON PHILLIPS, M.A.
Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Senior Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Author of _Modern Europe_; &c.
Innocent III., IV.
W. C. U. WILLIAM CAWTHORNE UNWIN, LL.D., F.R.S., M.INST.C.E., M.INST.M.E., A.R.I.B.A.
Emeritus Professor, Central Technical College, City and Guilds of London Institute. Author of _Wrought Iron Bridges and Roofs_; _Treatise on Hydraulics_; &c.
Hydraulics.
W. F. C. WILLIAM FEILDEN CRAIES, M.A.
Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. Lecturer on Criminal Law, King's College, London. Editor of Archbold's _Criminal Pleading_ (23rd edition).
Indictment.
W. F. Sh. WILLIAM FLEETWOOD SHEPPARD, M.A.
Senior Examiner in the Board of Education, London. Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Senior Wrangler, 1884.
Interpolation.
W. G. WILLIAM GARNETT, M.A., D.C.L.
Educational Adviser to the London County Council. Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of St John's College, Cambridge. Principal and Professor of Mathematics, Durham College of Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Author of _Elementary Dynamics_; &c.
Hydrometer.
W. Go. WILLIAM GOW, M.A., PH.D.
Secretary of the British and Foreign Marine Insurance Co. Ltd., Liverpool. Lecturer on Marine Insurance at University College, Liverpool. Author of _Marine Insurance_; &c.
Insurance: _Marine_.
W. H. F. SIR WILLIAM HENRY FLOWER, F.R.S.
See the biographical article, FLOWER, SIR W. H.
Ibex (_in part_).
W. H. Po. W. HALDANE PORTER.
Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple.
Ireland: _Statistics and Administration_.
W. Ma. SIR WILLIAM MARKBY, K.C.I.E.
See the biographical article, MARKBY, SIR WILLIAM.
Indian Law.
W. McD. WILLIAM MCDOUGALL, M.A.
Wilde Reader in Mental Philosophy in the University of Oxford. Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.
Hypnotism.
W. M. L. WALLACE MARTIN LINDSAY, M.A., LITT.D., LL.D.
Professor of Humanity, University of St Andrews. Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. Author of _Handbook of Latin Inscriptions_; _The Latin Language_; &c.
Inscriptions: _Latin_ (_in part_).
W. M. Ra. SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL RAMSAY, LITT.D., D.C.L.
See the biographical article, RAMSAY, SIR W. MITCHELL.
Iconium.
W. R. So. WILLIAM RITCHIE SORLEY, M.A., LITT.D., LL.D.
Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Cambridge. Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow of Trinity College. Author of _The Ethics of Naturalism_; _The Interpretation of Evolution_; &c.
Iamblichus.
W. T. T.-D. SIR WILLIAM TURNER THISELTON-DYER, F.R.S., K.C.M.G., C.I.E., D.SC., LL.D., PH.D., F.L.S.
Hon. Student of Christ Church, Oxford. Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1885-1905. Botanical Adviser to Secretary of State for Colonies, 1902-1906. Joint-author of _Flora of Middlesex_. Editor of _Flora Capenses_ and _Flora of Tropical Africa_.
Huxley.
W. Wn. WILLIAM WATSON, D.SC., F.R.S., A.R.C.S.
Assistant Professor of Physics, Royal College of Science, London. Vice-President of the Physical Society. Author of _A Text Book of Practical Physics_; &c.
Inclinometer.
W. W. H. SIR WILLIAM WILSON HUNTER.
See the biographical article. HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON.
India: _History (in part); Geography and Statistics (in part)._
PRINCIPAL UNSIGNED ARTICLES
Husband and Wife. Image. Ink. Hyacinth. Impeachment. Inkerman. Hyderabad. Income Tax. International, The. Hydrogen. Indiana. Intestacy. Hydropathy. Indian Mutiny. Inverness-shire. Hydrophobia. Indicator. Investiture. Ice. Infant. Iodine. Ice-Yachting. Infanticide. Iowa. Idaho. Infinite. Ipecacuanha. Illinois. Influenza. Iris. Illumination. Inheritance. Iron. Illyria. Injunction. Irrigation.
FOOTNOTE:
[1] A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in the final volume.
ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA
ELEVENTH EDITION