VOLUME XII, SLICE II

Gloss to Gordon, Charles

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

GLOSS, GLOSSARY GOLDBEATING GLOSSOP GOLDBERG GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF GOLD COAST GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE GOLDEN GLOUCESTER, HUMPHREY GOLDEN BULL GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE GOLDEN-EYE GLOUCESTER, ROBERT GOLDEN FLEECE GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK GOLDEN HORDE GLOUCESTER (city of England) GOLDEN ROD GLOUCESTER (Massachusetts, U.S.A.) GOLDEN ROSE GLOUCESTER CITY GOLDEN RULE GLOUCESTERSHIRE GOLDFIELD GLOVE GOLDFINCH GLOVER, SIR JOHN HAWLEY GOLDFISH GLOVER, RICHARD GOLDFUSS, GEORG AUGUST GLOVERSVILLE GOLDIE, SIR GEORGE DASHWOOD TAUBMAN GLOW-WORM GOLDING, ARTHUR GLOXINIA GOLDINGEN GLUCINUM GOLDMARK, KARL GLUCK, CHRISTOPH WILLIBALD GOLDONI, CARLO GLÜCKSBURG GOLDS GLÜCKSTADT GOLDSBORO GLUCOSE GOLDSCHMIDT, HERMANN GLUCOSIDE GOLDSMID GLUE GOLDSMITH, LEWIS GLUTARIC ACID GOLDSMITH, OLIVER GLUTEN GOLDSTÜCKER, THEODOR GLUTTON GOLDWELL, THOMAS GLYCAS, MICHAEL GOLDZIHER, IGNAZ GLYCERIN GOLETTA GLYCOLS GOLF GLYCONIC GOLIAD GLYPH GOLIARD GLYPTODON GOLIATH GLYPTOTHEK GOLITSUIN, BORIS ALEKSYEEVICH GMELIN GOLITSUIN, DMITRY MIKHAILOVICH GMÜND GOLITSUIN, VASILY VASILEVICH GMUNDEN GOLIUS, JACOBUS GNAT GOLLNOW GNATHOPODA GOLOSH GNATIA GOLOVIN, FEDOR ALEKSYEEVICH GNEISENAU, AUGUST WILHELM ANTON GOLOVKIN, GAVRIIL IVANOVICH GNEISS GOLOVNIN, VASILY MIKHAILOVICH GNEIST, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH VON GOLTZ, BOGUMIL GNESEN GOLTZ, COLMAR GNOME, and GNOMIC POETRY GOLTZIUS, HENDRIK GNOMES GOLUCHOWSKI, AGENOR GNOMON GOMAL GNOSTICISM GOMARUS, FRANZ GNU GOMBERVILLE, MARIN LE ROY GO GOMER GOA GOMERA GOAL GOMEZ, DIOGO GOALPARA GOMEZ DE AVELLANEDA, GERTRUDIS GOAT GOMM, SIR WILLIAM MAYNARD GOATSUCKER GOMPERS, SAMUEL GOBAT, SAMUEL GOMPERZ, THEODOR GOBEL, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH GONAGUAS GOBELIN GONÇALVES DIAS, ANTONIO GOBI GONCHAROV, IVAN ALEXANDROVICH GOBLET, RENÉ GONCOURT, DE GOBLET GONDA GOBY GONDAL GOCH GONDAR GOD GONDOKORO GODALMING GONDOMAR, DIEGO SARMIENTO DE ACUÑA GODARD, BENJAMIN LOUIS PAUL GONDOPHARES GODAVARI (river of India) GONDWANA GODAVARI (district of India) GONFALON GODEFROY GONG GODESBERG GÓNGORA Y ARGOTE, LUIS DE GODET, FRÉDÉRIC LOUIS GONIOMETER GODFREY, SIR EDMUND BERRY GONTAUT, MARIE JOSÉPHINE LOUISE GODFREY OF BOUILLON GONVILE, EDMUND GODFREY OF VITERBO GONZAGA GODHRA GONZAGA, THOMAZ ANTONIO GODIN, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRÉ GONZÁLEZ-CARVAJAL, TOMAS JOSÉ GODIVA GONZALO DE BERCEO GODKIN, EDWIN LAWRENCE GOOCH, SIR DANIEL GODMANCHESTER GOOD, JOHN MASON GÖDÖLLÖ GOOD FRIDAY GODOLPHIN, SIDNEY GODOLPHIN GOODMAN, GODFREY GODOY, ALVAREZ DE FARIA, MANUEL DE GOODRICH, SAMUEL GRISWOLD GODROON GOODRICH, THOMAS GODWIN, FRANCIS GOODSIR, JOHN GODWIN, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT GOODWILL GODWIN, WILLIAM GOODWIN, JOHN GODWIN-AUSTEN, ROBERT CLOYNE GOODWIN, NATHANIEL CARL GODWINE GOODWIN, THOMAS GODWIT GOODWIN, WILLIAM WATSON GOEBEN, AUGUST KARL VON GOODWIN SANDS GOEJE, MICHAEL JAN DE GOODWOOD GOES, DAMIÃO DE GOODYEAR, CHARLES GOES, HUGO VAN DER GOOGE, BARNABE GOES GOOLE GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON GOOSE (bird) GOETZ, HERMANN GOOSE (game) GOFFE, WILLIAM GOOSEBERRY GOFFER GOOTY GOG GOPHER GOGO GÖPPINGEN GOGOL, NIKOLAI VASILIEVICH GORAKHPUR GOGRA GORAL GOHIER, LOUIS JÉRÔME GORAMY GÖHRDE GÖRBERSDORF GOITO GORBODUC GOITRE GORCHAKOV GOKAK GORDIAN GOKCHA GORDIUM GOLCONDA GORDON GOLD GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY GOLD AND SILVER THREAD GORDON, ALEXANDER GOLDAST AB HAIMINSFELD, MELCHIOR GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE

GLOSS, GLOSSARY, &c. The Greek word [Greek: glôssa] (whence our "gloss"), meaning originally a tongue, then a language or dialect, gradually came to denote any obsolete, foreign, provincial, technical or otherwise peculiar word or use of a word (see Arist. _Rhet._ iii. 3. 2). The making of collections and explanations[1] of such [Greek: glôssai] was at a comparatively early date a well-recognized form of literary activity. Even in the 5th century B.C., among the many writings of Abdera was included a treatise entitled [Greek: Peri Homêrou ê orthoepeiês kai glôsseôn]. It was not, however, until the Alexandrian period that the [Greek: glôssographoi], glossographers (writers of glosses), or glossators, became numerous. Of many of these perhaps even the names have perished; but Athenaeus the grammarian alone (c. A.D. 250) alludes to no fewer than thirty-five. Among the earliest was Philetas of Cos (d. c. 290 B.C.), the elegiac poet, to whom Aristarchus dedicated the treatise [Greek: Pros Philptan]; he was the compiler of a lexicographical work, arranged probably according to subjects, and entitled [Greek: Hatakta] or [Greek: Glôssai] (sometimes [Greek: Ataktoi glôssai]). Next came his disciple Zenodotus of Ephesus (c. 280 B.C.), one of the earliest of the Homeric critics and the compiler of [Greek: Glôssai Homêrikai]; Zenodotus in turn was succeeded by his greater pupil Aristophanes of Byzantium (c. 200 B.C.), whose great compilation [Greek: Peri lexeôn] (still partially preserved in that of Pollux), is known to have included [Greek: Attikai lexeis, Lakônikai glôssai], and the like. From the school of Aristophanes issued more than one glossographer of name,--Diodorus, Artemidorus ([Greek: Glôssai], and a collection of [Greek: lexeis opsartutikai]), Nicander of Colophon ([Greek: Glôssai], of which some twenty-six fragments still survive), and Aristarchus (c. 210 B.C.), the famous critic, whose numerous labours included an arrangement of the Homeric vocabulary ([Greek: lexeis]) in the order of the books. Contemporary with the last named was Crates of Mallus, who, besides making some new contributions to Greek lexicography and dialectology, was the first to create at Rome a taste for similar investigations in connexion with the Latin idioms. From his school proceeded Zenodotus of Mallus, the compiler of [Greek: Ethnikai lexeis] or [Greek: glôssai], a work said to have been designed chiefly to support the views of the school of Pergamum as to the allegorical interpretation of Homer.[2] Of later date were Didymus (Chalcenterus, c. 50 B.C.), who made collections of [Greek: lexeis tragôdoumenai kômikai], &c.; Apollonius Sophista (c. 20 B.C.), whose Homeric Lexicon has come down to modern times; and Neoptolemus, known distinctively as [Greek: ho glôssographos]. In the beginning of the 1st century of the Christian era Apion, a grammarian and rhetorician at Rome during the reigns of Tiberius and Claudius, followed up the labours of Aristarchus and other predecessors with [Greek: Glôssai Homêrikai], and a treatise [Greek: Peri tês Hrômaïkês dialekton]; Heliodorus or Herodorus was another almost contemporary glossographer; Erotian also, during the reign of Nero, prepared a special glossary for the writings of Hippocrates, still preserved. To this period also Pamphilus, the author of the [Greek: Leimôn], from which Diogenian and Julius Vestinus afterwards drew so largely, most probably belonged. In the following century one of the most prominent workers in this department of literature was Aelius Herodianus, whose treatise [Greek: Peri monêrous lexeôs] has been edited in modern times, and whose [Greek: Epimerismoi] we still possess in an abridgment; also Pollux, Diogenian ([Greek: Lexis pantodapê]), Julius Vestinus ([Greek: 'Epitomê tôn Pamphilou glôssôn]) and especially Phrynichus, who flourished towards the close of the 2nd century, and whose _Eclogae nominum et verborum Atticorum_ has frequently been edited. To the 4th century belongs Ammonius of Alexandria (c. 389), who wrote [Greek: Peri Homoiôn kai diaphorôn lexeôn], a dictionary of words used in senses different from those in which they had been employed by older and approved writers. Of somewhat later date is the well-known Hesychius, whose often-edited [Greek: Lexikon] superseded all previous works of the kind; Cyril, the celebrated patriarch of Alexandria, also contributed somewhat to the advancement of glossography by his [Greek: Sunagôgê tôn pros diaphoron sêmasian diaphorôs tonoumenôn lexeôn]; while Orus, Orion, Philoxenus and the two Philemons also belong to this period. The works of Photius, Suidas and Zonaras, as also the _Etymologicum magnum_, to which might be added the _Lexica Sangermania_ and the _Lexica Segueriana_, are referred to in the article DICTIONARY.

To a special category of technical glossaries belongs a large and important class of works relating to the law-compilations of Justinian. Although the emperor forbade under severe penalties all commentaries ([Greek: hupomnêmata]) on his legislation (_Const. Deo Auctore_, sec. 12; _Const. Tanta_, sec. 21), yet indices ([Greek: indikes]) and references ([Greek: paratitla]), as well as translations ([Greek: ermêneiai kata poda]) and paraphrases ([Greek: hermêneiai eis platos]), were expressly permitted, and lavishly produced. Among the numerous compilers of alphabetically arranged [Greek: lexeis Rhômaïkai] or [Greek: Lateinikai], and [Greek: glôssai nomikai] (glossae nomicae), Cyril and Philoxenus are particularly noted; but the authors of [Greek: paragraphai], or [Greek: sêmeiôseis], whether [Greek: exôthen] or [Greek: esôthen keimenai], are too numerous to mention. A collection of these [Greek: paragraphai tôn palaiôn], combined with [Greek: neai paragraphai] on the revised code called [Greek: ta basilika], was made about the middle of the 12th century by a disciple of Michael Hagiotheodorita. This work is known as the _Glossa ordinaria_ [Greek: tôn basilikôn].[3]

In Italy also, during the period of the Byzantine ascendancy, various glossae (glosae) and scholia on the Justinian code were produced[4]; particularly the Turin gloss (reprinted by Savigny), to which, apart from later additions, a date prior to 1000 is usually assigned. After the total extinction of the Byzantine authority in the West the study of law became one of the free arts, and numerous schools for its cultivation were instituted. Among the earliest of these was that of Bologna, where Pepo (1075) and Irnerius (1100-1118) began to give their expositions. They had a numerous following, who, besides delivering exegetical lectures ("ordinariae" on the _Digest_ and _Code_, "extraordinariae" on the rest of the _Corpus juris civilis_), also wrote Glossae, first interlinear, afterwards marginal.[5] The series of these glossators was closed by Accursius (q.v.) with the compilation known as the _Glossa ordinaria_ or _magistralis_, the authority of which soon became very great, so that ultimately it came to be a recognized maxim, "Quod non agnoscit glossa, non agnoscit curia."[6] For some account of the glossators on the canon law, see CANON LAW.

In late classical and medieval Latin, _glosa_ was the vulgar and romanic (e.g. in the early 8th century Corpus Glossary, and the late 8th century Leiden Glossary), _glossa_ the learned form (Varro, _De ling. Lat._ vii. 10; Auson. _Epigr_. 127. 2 (86. 2), written in Greek, Quint, i. 1. 34). The diminutive _glossula_ occurs in Diom. 426. 26 and elsewhere. The same meaning has _glossarium_ (Gell. xviii. 7. 3 _glosaria_ = [Greek: glôssarion]), which also occurs in the modern sense of "glossary" (Papias, "unde _glossarium_ dictum quod omnium fere partium glossas contineat"), as do the words _glossa_, _glossae_, _glossulae_, _glossemata_ (Steinmeyer, _Alth. Gloss._ iv. 408, 410), expressed in later times by _dictionarium_, _dictionarius_, _vocabularium_, _vocabularius_ (see DICTIONARY). _Glossa_ and _glossema_ (Varro vii. 34. 107; Asinius Gallus, ap. Suet. _De gramm._ 22; Fest. 166^b. 8, 181^a. 18; Quint. i. 8. 15, &c.) are synonyms, signifying (a) the word which requires explanation; or (b) such a word (called _lemma_) together with the interpretation (_interpretamentum_); or (c) the interpretation alone (so first in the _Anecd. Helv._).

Latin, like Greek glossography, had its origin chiefly in the practical wants of students and teachers, of whose names we only know a few. No doubt even in classical times collections of glosses ("glossaries") were compiled, to which allusion seems to be made by Varro (_De ling. Lat._