VOLUME XI, SLICE I

Franciscans to French Language

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

FRANCISCANS FREDERICK I. (king of Prussia) FRANCK FREDERICK II. (king of Prussia) FRANCK, CESAR FREDERICK III. (king of Prussia) FRANCK, SEBASTIAN FREDERICK III. (king of Sicily) FRANCKE, AUGUST HERMANN FREDERICK I. (elector of Brandenburg) FRANCKEN FREDERICK I. (elector of the Rhine) FRANCO-GERMAN WAR FREDERICK II. (elector of the Rhine) FRANCOIS DE NEUFCHATEAU, LOUIS FREDERICK III. (elector of the Rhine) FRANCONIA FREDERICK IV. (elector of the Rhine) FRANCS-ARCHERS FREDERICK V. (elector of the Rhine) FRANCS-TIREURS FREDERICK I. (duke of Saxony) FRANEKER FREDERICK II. (duke of Saxony) FRANK, JAKOB FREDERICK III. (elector of Saxony) FRANK-ALMOIGN FREDERICK (Maryland, U.S.A.) FRANKEL, ZECHARIAS FREDERICK AUGUSTUS I. FRANKENBERG FREDERICK AUGUSTUS II. FRANKENHAUSEN FREDERICK CHARLES (KARL NIKOLAUS) FRANKENSTEIN FREDERICK HENRY FRANKENTHAL FREDERICK LOUIS FRANKENWALD FREDERICK WILLIAM I. FRANKFORT (Indiana, U.S.A.) FREDERICK WILLIAM II. FRANKFORT (Kentucky, U.S.A.) FREDERICK WILLIAM III. FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN FREDERICK WILLIAM IV. FRANKFORT-ON-ODER FREDERICK WILLIAM (of Brandenburg) FRANKINCENSE FREDERICK-LEMAITRE, ANTOINE PROSPER FRANKING FREDERICKSBURG FRANKL, LUDWIG AUGUST FREDERICTON FRANKLAND, SIR EDWARD FREDONIA FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN FREDRIKSHALD FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN FREDRIKSTAD FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL FREE BAPTISTS FRANKLIN (district of Canada) FREEBENCH FRANKLIN (Massachusetts, U.S.A.) FREE CHURCH FEDERATION FRANKLIN (New Hampshire, U.S.A.) FREE CHURCH OF ENGLAND FRANKLIN (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) FREE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND FRANKLIN (Tennessee, U.S.A.) FREEDMEN'S BUREAU FRANKLIN (freeman) FREEHOLD (New Jersey, U.S.A.) FRANKLINITE FREEHOLD (law) FRANK-MARRIAGE FREELAND FRANKPLEDGE FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON FREEMAN FRANKS FREEMASONRY FRANZ, ROBERT FREEPORT FRANZEN, FRANS MIKAEL FREE PORTS FRANZENSBAD FREE REED VIBRATOR FRANZ JOSEF LAND FREESIA FRANZOS, KARL EMIL FREE SOIL PARTY FRASCATI FREE-STONE FRASER, ALEXANDER CAMPBELL FREETOWN FRASER, JAMES FREE TRADE FRASER, JAMES BAILLIE FREGELLAE FRASER, SIR WILLIAM AUGUSTUS FREIBERG FRASER (river) FREIBURG FRASERBURGH FREIBURG IM BREISGAU FRASERVILLE FREIDANK FRATER FREIENWALDE FRATERNITIES, COLLEGE FREIESLEBENITE FRATICELLI FREIGHT FRAUD FREILIGRATH, FERDINAND FRAUENBURG FREIND, JOHN FRAUENFELD FREINSHEIM, JOHANN FRAUENLOB FREIRE, FRANCISCO JOSE FRAUNCE, ABRAHAM FREISCHUeTZ FRAUNHOFER, JOSEPH VON FREISING FRAUSTADT FREJUS FRAYSSINOUS, DENIS ANTOINE LUC FRELINGHUYSEN, FREDERICK THEODORE FRECHETTE, LOUIS HONORE FREMANTLE FREDEGOND FREMIET, EMMANUEL FREDERIC, HAROLD FREMONT, JOHN CHARLES FREDERICIA FREMONT (Nebraska, U.S.A.) FREDERICK (name) FREMONT (Ohio, U.S.A.) FREDERICK I. (Roman emperor) FREMY, EDMOND FREDERICK II. (Roman emperor) FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER FREDERICK III. (Roman emperor) FRENCH, NICHOLAS FREDERICK III. (German king) FRENCH CONGO FREDERICK II. (king of Denmark) FRENCH GUINEA FREDERICK III. (king of Denmark) FRENCH LANGUAGE FREDERICK VIII. (king of Denmark)

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. B. R. ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S., F.L.S.

Keeper, Department of Botany, British Museum. Author of _Text Book on Classification of Flowering Plants_; &c.

Fruit.

A. B. W. K. SIR ALEXANDER BLACKIE WILLIAM KENNEDY, LL.D., F.R.S.

Emeritus Professor of Engineering, University College, London. Consulting Engineer to Board of Ordnance.

Friction.

A. Ca. ARTHUR CAYLEY, LL.D., F.R.S.

See the biographical article, CAYLEY, ARTHUR.

Gauss.

A. E. H. L. AUGUSTUS EDWARD HOUGH LOVE, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S.

Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Oxford. Hon. Fellow of Queen's College; formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. Secretary to the London Mathematical Society.

Function: _Functions of Real Variables_.

A. E. S. ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S.

Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Reader in Zoology, Cambridge University. Joint-editor of the _Cambridge Natural History_.

Gastrotricha.

A. Ge. SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, LL.D.

See the biographical article, GEIKIE, SIR A.

Geology.

A. Go.* REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, MA.

Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.

Franck, Sebastian; Gallars.

A. G. B.* HON. ARCHIBALD GRAEME BELL, M.INST.C.E.

Director of Public Works and Inspector of Mines, Trinidad. Member of Executive and Legislative Councils, Inst.C.E.

Georgetown, British Guiana.

A. G. D. ARTHUR GEORGE DOUGHTY, C.M.G., M.A., LITT.D., F.R., HIST.S.

Dominion Archivist of Canada. Member of the Geographical Board of Canada. Author of _The Cradle of New France_; &c. Joint-editor of _Documents relating to the Constitutional History of Canada_.

Frontenac et Palluau.

A. H. Sm. ARTHUR HAMILTON SMITH, M.A., F.S.A.

Keeper of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum. Member of the Imperial German Archaeological Institute. Author of _Catalogue of Greek Sculpture in the British Museum_; &c.

Gem: II. (_in part_).

A. M.* REV. ALLEN MENZIES, D.D.

Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism, University of St Andrews. Author of _History of Religion_; &c. Editor of _Review of Theology and Philosophy_.

Free Church of Scotland (_in part_).

A. M. C. AGNES MARY CLERKE.

See the biographical article, CLERKE, AGNES M.

Galileo.

A. N. ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.

See the biographical article, NEWTON, ALFRED.

Frigate-Bird; Gadwall; Gannet; Gare Fowl.

A. N. B. ALFRED NEAVE BRAYSHAW, LL.B.

Author of _Bible Notes on the Hebrew Prophets_.

Friends, Society of.

A. N. W. ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S.

Fellow and Lecturer in Mathematics, Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of _A Treatise on Universal Algebra_; &c.

Geometry: VI. (_in part_) and VII.

A. R. C. ALEXANDER ROSS CLARKE, C.B., F.R.S.

Colonel, Royal Engineers. Royal Medallist, Royal Society, 1887. In charge of the trigonometrical operations of the Ordnance Survey, 1854-1881.

Geodesy (_in part_).

A. S. M. ALEXANDER STUART MURRAY, LL.D.

See the biographical article, MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART.

Gem: II. (_in part_).

A. W. H.* ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.

Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of Gray's Inn, 1900.

Frederick II., _Roman Emperor_; French Revolution: _Republican Calendar_; Germany: _History (in part) and Bibliography_.

A. W. W. ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, LITT.D., LL.D.

See the biographical article, WARD, A. W.

Garrick, David (_in part_).

B. A. W. R. HON. BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM RUSSELL, M.A., F.R.S.

Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of _Foundations of Geometry; Principles of Mathematics; &c._

Geometry: VI. (_in part_).

B. S. P. BERTHA SURTEES PHILPOTTS, M.A. (Dublin).

Formerly Librarian of Girton College, Cambridge.

Germany: _Archaeology_.

C. B.* CHARLES BEMONT, LITT.D. (Oxon.).

See the biographical article, Bemont, C.

Fustel De Coulanges; Gascony.

C. D. W. HON. CARROLL DAVIDSON WRIGHT.

See the biographical article, WRIGHT, HON. CARROLL DAVIDSON.

Friendly Societies: _United States_.

C. E.* CHARLES EVERITT, M.A., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S.

Sometime Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford.

Geometry: _History_.

C. F. A. CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.

Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold Harbour_.

Franco-German War (_in part_); French Revolutionary Wars: _Military Operations_; Germany: _Army_; Gibraltar: _History_.

C. H. Ha. CARLTON HUNTLEY HAYES, M.A., PH.D.

Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University, New York City. Member of the American Historical Association.

Gelasius II.

C. K. S. CLEMENT KING SHORTER.

Editor of _The Sphere_. Author of _Sixty Years of Victorian Literature_; _Immortal Memories_; _The Brontes, Life and Letters_; &c.

Gaskell, Elizabeth.

C. Mi. CHEDOMILLE MIJATOVICH.

Senator of the Kingdom of Servia. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the King of Servia to the Court of St James's, 1895-1900 and 1902-1903.

Garashanin.

C. M. K. SIR CHARLES MALCOLM KENNEDY, K.C.M.G., C.B. (1831-1908).

Head of Commercial Department, Foreign Office, 1872-1893. Lecturer on International Law, University College, Bristol. Commissioner in the Levant, 1870-1871, at Paris, 1872-1886. Plenipotentiary, Treaty of the Hague, 1882. Editor of Kennedy's _Ethnological and Linguistic Essays_; _Diplomacy and International Law_.

Free Ports.

C. Pf. CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D.-ES.-L.

Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Etudes sur le regne de Robert le Pieux_; _Le Duche merovingien d'Alsace et la legende de Sainte-Odile_.

Franks; Fredegond; Germanic Laws, Early.

C. R. B. CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.G.S., F.R.HIST.S.

Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer in the History of Geography. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1889. Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of _Henry the Navigator_; _The Dawn of Modern Geography_; &c.

Gerard of Cremona.

C. R. C. CLAUDE REGNIER CONDER, LL.D.

Colonel, Royal Engineers. Formerly in command of Survey of Palestine. Author of _The City of Jerusalem_; _The Bible and the East_; _The Hittites and their Language_; &c.

Galilee (_in part_); Galilee, Sea of (_in part_).

C. T.* REV. CHARLES TAYLOR, M.A., D.D., LL.D. (1840-1908).

Formerly Master of St John's College, Cambridge. Vice-Chancellor, Cambridge University, 1887-1888. Author of _Geometrical Conies_; &c.

Geometrical Continuity.

C. We. CECIL WEATHERLY.

Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law.

Gate.

C. W. W. SIR CHARLES WILLIAM WILSON, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S. (1836-1907).

Major-General, Royal Engineers. Secretary to the North American Boundary Commission, 1858-1862. British Commissioner on the Servian Boundary Commission. Director-General of the Ordnance Survey, 1886-1894. Director-General of Military Education, 1895-1898. Author of _From Korti to Khartoum_; _Life of Lord Clive_; &c.

Galilee, Sea of (_in part_).

D. C. DUGALD CLERK, M.INST.C.E., F.R.S.

Director of the National Gas Engine Co., Ltd. Inventor of the Clerk Cycle Gas Engine.

Gas Engine.

D. F. T. DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY.

Balliol College, Oxford. Author of _Essays in Musical Analysis_, comprising _The Classical Concerto_, _The Goldberg Variations_, and analyses of many other classical works.

Fugue.

D. H. DAVID HANNAY.

Formerly British Vice-consul at Barcelona. Author of _Short History of Royal Navy, 1217-1688_; _Life of Emilio Castelar_; &c.

French Revolutionary Wars: _Naval Operations_.

E. Br. ERNEST BARKER, M.A.

Fellow of, and Lecturer in Modern History at, St John's College, Oxford. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven Scholar, 1895.

Fulk, King of Jerusalem.

E. B. El. EDWIN BAILEY ELLIOTT, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S.

Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics, and Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Formerly Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford. President of London Mathematical Society, 1896-1898. Author of _Algebra of Quantics_; &c.

Geometry, IV.

E. C. B. RIGHT REV. EDWARD CUTHBERT BUTLER; O.S.B., D.LITT. (Dublin).

Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath. Author of "The Lausiac History of Palladius" in _Cambridge Texts and Studies_.

Franciscans; Friar.

E. E. LADY EASTLAKE.

See the biographical article, EASTLAKE, SIR C. L.

Gibson, John.

E. G. EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D.

See the biographical article, GOSSE, EDMUND.

Fryxell; Garland, John.

E. J. D. EDWARD JOSEPH DENT, M.A., MUS.BAC.

Formerly Fellow of King's College, Cambridge.

Galuppi.

E. O.* EDMUND OWEN, M.B., F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.SC.

Consulting Surgeon to St Mary's Hospital, London, and to the Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street; late Examiner in Surgery at the Universities of Cambridge, Durham and London. Author of _A Manual of Anatomy for Senior Students_.

Gastric Ulcer.

E. Pr. EDGAR PRESTAGE.

Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of Manchester. Commendador Portuguese Order of S. Thiago. Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences and Lisbon Geographical Society; &c.

Garcao; Garrett,

E. W. B. SIR EDWARD WILLIAM BRABROOK, C.B., F.S.A.

Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn. Chief Registrar of Friendly Societies, 1891-1904. Author of _Building Societies_; _Provident Societies and Industrial Welfare_; _Institutions of Thrift_; &c.

Friendly Societies.

F. C. C. FREDERICK CORNWALLIS CONYBEARE, M.A., D.TH. (Geissen).

Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Author of _The Ancient Armenian Texts of Aristotle_; _Myth, Magic and Morals_; &c.

Funeral Rites.

F. C. M. FRANCIS CHARLES MONTAGUE, M.A.

Astor Professor of European History, University College, London. Formerly Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. Author of _Limits of Individual Liberty_; chapters in _Cambridge Modern History_; &c.

French Revolution.

F. F.* SIR JAMES FORTESCUE-FLANNERY, BART., M.P., M.INST.C.E.

Ex-President of the Institute of Marine Engineers. M.P. for the Maldon Division of Essex, 1910. M.P. for the Shipley Division of Yorkshire, 1895-1906.

Fuel: _Liquid_.

F. G. M. B. FREDERICK GEORGE MEESON BECK, M.A.

Fellow and Lecturer in Classics, Clare College, Cambridge.

Germany: _Ethnography and Early History_.

F. H. B. FRANCIS HENRY BUTLER, M.A.

Worcester College, Oxford. Associate of Royal School of Mines.

Frankincense; Galls.

F. J. H. FRANCIS JOHN HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A.

Camden Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford. Fellow of Brasenose College. Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Censor, Student, Tutor and Librarian of Christ Church, Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1906-1907. Author of Monographs on Roman History, especially Roman Britain; &c.

Gaul.

F. N. M. COLONEL FREDERIC NATUSCH MAUDE, C.B.

Lecturer in Military History, Manchester University. Author of _War and the World's Policy_; _The Leipzig Campaign_; _The Jena Campaign_.

Franco-German War (_in part_).

F. R. C. FRANK R. CANA.

Author of _South Africa from the Great Trek to the Union_.

French Congo; German East Africa; German South-West Africa.

F. R. H. FRIEDRICH ROBERT HELMERT, PH.D., D.ING.

Professor of Geodesy, University of Berlin.

Geodesy (_in part_).

F. S. FRANCIS STORR.

Editor of the _Journal of Education_, London. Officer d'Academie (Paris).

Games, Classical.

F. W. R.* FREDERICK WILLIAM RUDLER, I.S.O., F.G.S.

Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London, 1879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, 1887-1889.

Garnet; Gem: I.

G. E. REV. GEORGE EDMUNDSON, M.A., F.R.HIST.S.

Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1909.

Gelderland (_Duchy_).

G. L. GEORG LUNGE.

See the biographical article. LUNGE, G.

Fuel: _Gaseous_; Gas: _Manufacture_, II.

G. Sa. GEORGE SAINTSBURY, D.C.L., LL.D.

See the biographical article, SAINTSBURY, G.

French Literature; Gautier.

G. W. T. REV. GRIFFITHS WHEELER THATCHER, M.A., B.D.

Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford.

Ghazali.

H. B. HILARY BAUERMANN, F.G.S. (d. 1909).

Formerly Lecturer on Metallurgy at the Ordnance College, Woolwich. Author of _A Treatise on the Metallurgy of Iron_.

Fuel: _Solid_.

H. B. W. HORACE BOLINGBROKE WOODWARD, F.R.S., F.G.S.

Late Assistant Director, Geological Survey of England and Wales. Wollaston Medallist, Geological Society. Author of _The History of the Geological Society of London_; &c.

Gaudry.

H. Ch. HUGH CHISHOLM, M.A.

Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor of the 11th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica; Co-editor of the 10th edition.

Gambetta; Garnett, Richard; George IV. (_in part_).

H. C. L. HON. HENRY CABOT LODGE.

See the biographical article, LODGE, HENRY CABOT.

Gallatin.

H. F. Ba. HENRY FREDERICK BAKER, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S.

Fellow and Lecturer of St John's College, Cambridge. Cayley Lecturer in Mathematics in the University. Author of _Abel's Theorem and the Allied Theory_; &c.

Function: _Functions of Complex Variables_.

H. L. C. HUGH LONGBOURNE CALLENDAR, F.R.S., LL.D.

Professor of Physics, Royal College of Science, London. Formerly Professor of Physics in MacGill College, Montreal, and in University College, London.

Fusion.

H. M.* HUGH MITCHELL.

Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple.

Gibraltar (_in part_).

H. M. W. H. MARSHALL WARD, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S. (d. 1905).

Formerly Professor of Botany, Cambridge. President of the British Mycological Society. Author of _Timber and Some of its Diseases_; _The Oak_; _Sach's Lectures on the Physiology of Plants_; _Diseases in Plants_; &c.

Fungi (_in part_).

H. N. HENRY NICOL.

French Language (_in part_).

H. R. M. HUGH ROBERT MILL, D.SC., LL.D.

Director of British Rainfall Organization. Editor of _British Rainfall_. Formerly President of the Royal Meteorological Society. Hon. Member of Vienna Geographical Society. Hon. Corresponding Member of Geographical Societies of Paris, Berlin, Budapest, St Petersburg, Amsterdam, &c. Author of _The Realm of Nature_; _The International Geography_; &c.

Geography.

H. W. C. D. HENRY WILLIAM CARLESS DAVIS, M.A.

Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, 1895-1902. Author of _England under the Normans and Angevins_; _Charlemagne_.

Geoffrey, _Archbishop of York_; Geoffrey of Monmouth; Gerard; Gervase of Canterbury; Gervase of Tilbury.

H. W. S. H. WICKHAM STEED.

Correspondent of _The Times_ at Rome (1897-1902) and Vienna.

Garibaldi.

I. A. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M.A.

Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature in the University of Cambridge. Formerly President, Jewish Historical Society of England. Author of _A Short History of Jewish Literature_; _Jewish Life in the Middle Ages_; _Judaism_; &c.

Frank, Jakob; Frankel, Zecharias; Frankl, Ludwig A.; Friedmann, Meir; Gaon; Geiger (_in part_); Gersonides.

J. A. F. JOHN AMBROSE FLEMING, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S.

Pender Professor of Electrical Engineering in the University of London. Fellow of University College, London. Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, and Lecturer on Applied Mechanics in the University. Author of _Magnets and Electric Currents_.

Galvanometer.

J. A. H. JOHN ALLEN HOWE, B.SC.

Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London. Author of _The Geology of Building Stones_.

Fuller's Earth.

J. B. B. JOHN BAGNALL BURY, LL.D., D.C.L.

See the biographical article, BURY, J. B.

Gibbon, Edward.

J. B. McM. JOHN BACH MCMASTER, LL.D.

Professor of American History in the University of Pennsylvania. Author of _A History of the People of the United States_; &c.

Garfield, James Abram.

J. Ga. JAMES GAIRDNER, LL.D., C.B.

See the biographical article, GAIRDNER, J.

Gardiner, Stephen.

J. G. C. A. JOHN GEORGE CLARK ANDERSON, M.A.

Censor and Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford. Formerly Fellow of Lincoln College; Craven Fellow, Oxford, 1896. Conington Prizeman, 1893.

Galatia.

J. G. R. JOHN GEORGE ROBERTSON, M.A., PH.D.

Professor of German, University of London. Author of _History of German Literature_; _Schiller after a Century_; &c.

Freiligrath; German Literature.

J. Hn. JUSTUS HASHAGEN, PH.D.

Privat-dozent in Medieval and Modern History, University of Bonn. Author of _Das Rheinland und die franzoesische Herrschaft_.

Frederick Augustus I. and II.; Frederick William I.

J. H. Gr. JOHN HILTON GRACE, M.A., F.R.S.

Lecturer in Mathematics at Peterhouse and Pembroke College, Cambridge. Fellow of Peterhouse.

Geometry, V.

J. H. H. JOHN HENRY HESSELS, M.A.

Author of _Gutenberg: an Historical Investigation_.

Fust.

J. H. R. JOHN HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D. (Edin.).

Author of _Feudal England_; _Studies in Peerage and Family History_; _Peerage and Pedigree_; &c.

Geoffrey De Montbray.

J. Hl. R. JOHN HOLLAND ROSE, M.A., LITT.D.

Christ's College, Cambridge. Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local Lectures Syndicate. Author of _Life of Napoleon I._; _Napoleonic Studies_; _The Development of the European Nations_; _The Life of Pitt_; &c.

Gardane.

J. Mt. JAMES MOFFATT, M.A., D.D.

Jowett Lecturer, London, 1907. Author of _Historical New Testament_; &c.

Galatians, Epistle to the.

J. P.-B. JAMES GEORGE JOSEPH PENDEREL-BRODHURST.

Editor of the _Guardian_ (London).

Furniture.

J. Si. JAMES SIME, M.A. (1843-1895).

Author of _A History of Germany_; &c.

Frederick the Great (_in part_).

J. S. Bl. JOHN SUTHERLAND BLACK, M.A., LL.D.

Assistant Editor 9th edition _Encyclopaedia Britannica_. Joint-editor of the _Encyclopaedia Biblica_.

Free Church of Scotland (_in part_).

J. S. F. JOHN SMITH FLETT, D.SC., F.G.S.

Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on Petrology in Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society of London.

Fulgurite; Gabbro.

J. T. Be. JOHN T. BEALBY.

Joint-author of Stanford's _Europe_. Formerly Editor of the _Scottish Geographical Magazine_. Translator of Sven Hedin's _Through Asia, Central Asia and Tibet_; &c.

Georgia (Russia), (_in part_).

J. T. C. JOSEPH THOMAS CUNNINGHAM, M.A., F.Z.S.

Lecturer on Zoology at the South-Western Polytechnic, London. Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Assistant Professor of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh. Naturalist to the Marine Biological Association.

Gastropoda.

J. V. B. JAMES VERNON BARTLET, M.A., D.D. (St. Andrews).

Professor of Church History, Mansfield College, Oxford. Author of _The Apostolic Age_; &c.

Frommel.

J. Ws. JOHN WEATHERS, F.R.H.S.

Lecturer on Horticulture to the Middlesex County Council. Author of _Practical Guide to Garden Plants_; _French Market Gardening_; &c.

Fruit and Flower Farming (_in part_).

J. W. He. JAMES WYCLIFFE HEADLAM, M.A.

Staff Inspector of Secondary Schools under the Board of Education. Formerly Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Professor of Greek and Ancient History at Queen's College, London. Author of _Bismarck and the Foundation of the German Empire_; &c.

Frederick III. of Prussia; Germany: _History (in part)_.

K. S. KATHLEEN SCHLESINGER.

Author of _The Instruments of the Orchestra_; &c. Editor of the _Portfolio of Musical Archaeology_.

Free Reed Vibrator; Geige.

L. D. LOUIS DUCHESNE.

See the biographical article, DUCHESNE, L. M. O.

Gelasius I.

L. H.* LOUIS HALPHEN, D.-ES.-L.

Principal of the course of the Faculty of Letters in the University of Bordeaux. Author of _Le Comte d'Anjou au XI^e siecle; Recueil des actes angevines_; &c.

Fulk Nerra; Geoffrey, Count of Anjou; Geoffrey Plantaganet.

L. J. S. LEONARD JAMES SPENCER, M.A.

Assistant in Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. Formerly Scholar of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness Scholar. Editor of the _Mineralogical Magazine_.

Galena.

L. V. LINDA MARY VILLARI.

See the biographical article, VILLARI, PASQUALE.

Frederick III. King of Sicily.

M. G. MOSES GASTER, PH.D.

Chief Rabbi of the Sephardic communities of England. Vice-President, Zionist Congress, 1898, 1899, 1900. Ilchester Lecturer at Oxford on Slavonic and Byzantine Literature, 1886 and 1891. President, Folk-lore Society of England. Vice-President, Anglo-Jewish Association. Author of _History of Rumanian Popular Literature_; _A New Hebrew Fragment of Ben-Sira_; _The Hebrew Version of the Secretum Secretorum of Aristotle_.

Ghica.

M. N. T. MARCUS NIEBUHR TOD, M.A.

Fellow and Tutor of Oriel College, Oxford. University Lecturer in Epigraphy. Joint-author of _Catalogue of the Sparta Museum_.

Gerousia.

O. Ba. OSWALD BARRON, F.S.A.

Editor of The Ancestor, 1902-1905. Hon. Genealogist to Standing Council of the Honourable Society of the Baronetage.

Genealogy: _Modern_.

O. H. OLAUS MAGNUS FRIEDRICH HENRICI, PH.D., LL.D., F.R.S.

Professor of Mechanics and Mathematics in the Central Technical College of the City and Guilds of London Institute. Author of _Vectors and Rotors_; _Congruent Figures_; &c.

Geometry, I., II., and III.

P. A. PAUL DANIEL ALPHANDERY.

Professor of the History of Dogma, Ecole pratique des hautes etudes, Sorbonne, Paris. Author of _Les Idees morales chez les heterodoxes latines au debut du XIII^e siecle_.

Fraticelli.

P. A. A. PHILIP A. ASHWORTH, M.A., DOC.JURIS.

New College, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Translator of H. R. von Gneist's _History of the English Constitution_.

Germany: _Geography_.

P. Gi. PETER GILES, M.A., LL.D., LITT.D.

Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and University Reader in Comparative Philology. Formerly Secretary of the Cambridge Philological Society. Author of _Manual of Comparative Philology_; &c.

G.

P. La. PHILIP LAKE, M.A., F.G.S.

Lecturer on Physical and Regional Geography in Cambridge University. Formerly of the Geological Survey of India. _Author of Monograph of British Cambrian Trilobites_. Translator and editor of Kayser's _Comparative Geology_.

Germany: _Geology_.

P. M. PAUL MEYER.

See the biographical article, MEYER, M. P. H.

French Language (_in part_).

R. Ad. ROBERT ADAMSON, LL.D.

See the biographical article. ADAMSON, ROBERT.

Gassendi (_in part_).

R. A. S. M. ROBERT ALEXANDER STEWART MACALISTER, M.A., F.S.A.

St John's College, Cambridge. Director of Excavations for the Palestine Exploration Fund.

Gadara; Galilee (_in part_); Galilee, Sea of (_in part_); Gerasa; Gerizim; Gezer; Gibeon.

R. Ca. ROBERT CARRUTHERS, LL.D. (1799-1878).

Editor of the _Inverness Courier_, 1828-1878. Part-editor of Chambers's _Cyclopaedia of English Literature_; Lecturer at the Philosophical Institution, Edinburgh. Author of _History of Huntingdon_; _Life of Pope_.

Garrick, David (_in part_).

R. H. Q. REV. ROBERT HEBERT QUICK, M.A., (1831-1891).

Formerly Lecturer on Education, University of Cambridge. Author of _Essays on Educational Reformers_.

Froebel.

R. L.* RICHARD LYDEKKER, F.R.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S.

Member of the Staff of the Geological Survey of India, 1874-1882. Author of Catalogues of _Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds in British Museum_; _The Deer of all Lands_; &c.

Galago; Galeopithecus; Ganodonta; Gelada; Gibbon.

R. N. B. ROBERT NISBET BAIN (d. 1909).

Assistant Librarian, British Museum, 1883-1909. Author of _Scandinavia, the Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, 1513-1900_; _The First Romanovs, 1613 to 1725_; _Slavonic Europe, the Political History of Poland and Russia from 1469 to 1796_; &c.

Frederick II. and III. of Denmark and Norway; Gedymin.

R. Pr. ROBERT PRIEBSCH, PH.D.

Professor of German Philology, University of London. Author of _Deutsche Handschriften in England_; &c.

German Language.

R. P. S. R. PHENE SPIERS, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.

Formerly Master of the Architectural School, Royal Academy, London. Past President of Architectural Association. Associate and Fellow of King's College, London. Corresponding Member of the Institute of France. Editor of Fergusson's _History of Architecture_. _Author of Architecture: East and West_; &c.

Garnier, J.

R. We. RICHARD WEBSTER, M.A. (Princeton).

Formerly Fellow in Classics, Princeton University. Editor of _The Elegies of Maximianus_; &c.

Franklin, Benjamin.

S. A. C. STANLEY ARTHUR COOK, M.A.

Editor for Palestine Exploration Fund. Lecturer in Hebrew and Syriac, and formerly Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Examiner in Hebrew and Aramaic, London University, 1904-1908. Council of Royal Asiatic Society, 1904-1905. Author of _Glossary of Aramaic Inscriptions_; _The Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi_; _Critical Notes on Old Testament History_; _Religion of Ancient Palestine, &c._

Genealogy: _Biblical_; Genesis.

St. C. VISCOUNT ST CYRES.

See the biographical article, IDDESLEIGH, 1ST EARL OF.

Gallicanism.

S. R. G. SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, LL.D., D.C.L.

See the biographical article, GARDINER, S. R.

George I., II., III.; George IV. (_in part_).

T. As. THOMAS ASHBY, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.).

Director of British School of Archaeology at Rome. Formerly Scholar at Christ Church, Oxford. Craven Fellow, 1897, Conington Prizeman, 1906. Member of the Imperial German Archaeological Institute.

Frascati Fregellae; Frascati; Fregellae; Fucino,Lago Di; Fulginiae; Fusaro, Lago; Gabii; Gaeta; Gallipoli (Italy); Gela; Genoa.

T. Ba. SIR THOMAS BARCLAY, M.P.

Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the Supreme Council of the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Problems of International Practice and Diplomacy_; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910.

Geneva Convention.

T. C. H. THOMAS CALLAN HODSON.

Registrar, East London College, University of London. Late Indian Civil Service. Author of _The Metheis_; &c.

Genna.

T. E. H. THOMAS ERSKINE HOLLAND, K.C., D.C.L., LL.D.

Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. Professor of International Law and Diplomacy in the University of Oxford, 1874-1910. Fellow of the British Academy. Bencher of Lincoln's Inn. Author of _Studies in International Law_; _The Elements of Jurisprudence_; _Alberici Gentilis de jure belli_; _The Laws of War on Land_; _Neutral Duties in a Maritime War_; &c.

Gentili.

T. G. S. THOMAS GASKELL SHEARMAN (d. 1900).

Author of _The Single Tax_; _Natural Taxation_; _Distribution of Wealth_; &c.

George, Henry.

T. H. H.* COLONEL SIR THOMAS HUNGERFORD HOLDICH, K.C.M.G., K.C.I.E., D.SC.

Superintendent Frontier Surveys, India, 1892-1898. Gold Medallist, R.G.S. (London), 1887. Author of _The Indian Borderland_; _The Countries of the King's Award_; _India_; _Tibet_; &c.

Ganges.

T. M. L. REV. THOMAS MARTIN LINDSAY, D.D.

Principal and Professor of Church History, United Free Church College, Glasgow. Author of _Life of Luther_; &c.

Gerson (_in part_).

V. B. L. VIVIAN BYAM LEWES, F.I.C., F.C.S.

Professor of Chemistry, Royal Naval College, Greenwich. Chief Superintending Gas Examiner to City of London.

Gas: _Manufacture_, I.

V. H. B. VERNON HERBERT BLACKMAN, M.A., D.SC.

Professor of Botany in the University of Leeds. Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.

Fungi (_in part_).

W. A. B. C. REV. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BREVOORT COOLIDGE, M.A., F.R.G.S., PH.D. (Bern).

Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English History, St David's College, Lampeter, 1880-1881. Author of _Guide du Haut Dauphine_; _The Range of the Toedi_; _Guide to Grindelwald_; _Guide to Switzerland_; _The Alps in Nature and in History_; &c. Editor of _The Alpine Journal_, 1880-1881; &c.

Frauenfeld; Frejus; Fribourg; Gap; Garda, Lake of; Gemmi Pass; Geneva; Geneva, Lake of.

W. A. P. WALTER ALISON PHILLIPS, M.A.

Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Senior Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Author of _Modern Europe_; &c.

Frederick II. of Prussia (_in part_); Gentleman; Gentz, Friedrich; Germany: _History_ (_in part_)

W. Ba. WILLIAM BACHER, PH.D.

Professor of Biblical Science at the Rabbinical Seminary, Budapest.

Gamaliel.

W. Be. SIR WALTER BESANT.

See the biographical article, BESANT, SIR W.

Froissart.

W. C. SIR WILLIAM CROOKES, F.R.S.

See the biographical article, CROOKES, SIR WILLIAM.

Gem, Artificial.

W. Cu. THE VEN. WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM, M.A., D.D.

Archdeacon of Ely. Birkbeck Lecturer in Ecclesiastical History, Trinity College, Cambridge. Fellow of the British Academy. Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of _Growth of English Industry and Commerce_; &c.

Free Trade.

W. E. D. WILLIAM ERNEST DALBY, M.A., M.INST.C.E., M.I.M.E.

Professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at the City and Guilds of London Institute Central Technical College, South Kensington. Formerly University Demonstrator in the Engineering Department of Cambridge University. Author of _The Balancing of Engines_; _Valves and Valve Gear Mechanism_; &c.

Friction (_in part_).

W. Fr. WILLIAM FREAM, LL.D. (d. 1906).

Formerly Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, University of Edinburgh, and Agricultural Correspondent of The Times.

Fruit and Flower Farming (_in part_).

W. F. C. WILLIAM FEILDEN CRAIES, M.A.

Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. Lecturer on Criminal Law, King's College, London. Editor of Archbold's _Criminal Pleading_ (23rd edition).

Game Laws; Gaming and Wagering.

W. Hu. REV. WILLIAM HUNT, M.A., LITT.D.

President of the Royal Historical Society 1905-1909. Author of _History of English Church_, 597-1066; _The Church of England in the Middle Ages_; _Political History of England, 1760-1801_; &c.

Freeman, Edward A.; Froude; Gardiner, Samuel Rawson.

W. J. H.* WILLIAM JAMES HUGHAN.

Past S.G.D. of the Grand Lodge of England. Author of _Origin of the English Rite of Freemasonry_.

Freemasonry.

W. L. F. WALTER LYNWOOD FLEMING, M.A., PH.D.

Professor of History in Louisiana State University. Author of _Documentary History of Reconstruction_; &c.

Freedmen's Bureau.

W. L. G. WILLIAM LAWSON GRANT, M.A.

Professor of Colonial History, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada. Formerly Beit Lecturer in Colonial History, Oxford University. Editor of _Acts of the Privy Council_ (Canadian Series).

Gait, Sir Alexander T.

W. M. R. WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI.

See the biographical article, ROSSETTI, DANTE G.

Fuseli; Gaddi; Gainsborough; Ghirlandajo, Domenico; Ghirlandajo, Ridolfo.

W. R. B.* WILLIAM RAIMOND BAIRD, LL.D.

Author of _Manual of American College Fraternities_; &c. Editor of _The Beta Theta Pi_.

Fraternities, College.

W. S. P. WALTER SUTHERLAND PARKER.

Deputy Chairman, Fur Section, London Chamber of Commerce.

Fur.

PRINCIPAL UNSIGNED ARTICLES

Franz Josef Land. Galicia. Geraniaceae. Free Church Federation. Galway. Geranium. French Guinea. Gambia. German Baptist Brethren. French West Africa. Gawain. German Catholics. Friedland. Gelatin. Gettysburg. Frisian Islands. Genius. Geyser. Frisians. Gentian. Ghazni. Fronde, The. Gentianaceae. Ghent. Fuero. George, Saint. Ghor. Furnace. George Junior Republic. Giant. Galapagos Islands. Georgia (U.S.A.).

FOOTNOTE:

[1] A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in the final volume.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION