VOLUME X, SLICE I
Evangelical Church Conference to Fairbairn, Sir William
ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:
EVANGELICAL CHURCH CONFERENCE EXPULSION EVANGELICAL UNION EXTENSION EVANS, CHRISTMAS EXTENUATING CIRCUMSTANCES EVANS, EVAN HERBER EXTERRITORIALITY EVANS, SIR GEORGE DE LACY EXTORTION EVANS, SIR JOHN EXTRACT EVANS, OLIVER EXTRADITION EVANSON, EDWARD EXTRADOS EVANSTON EXTREME UNCTION EVANSVILLE EYBESCHUTZ, JONATHAN EVARISTUS EYCK, VAN EVARTS, WILLIAM MAXWELL EYE (English town) EVE EYE (organ) EVECTION EYEMOUTH EVELETH EYLAU EVELYN, JOHN EYRA EVERDINGEN, ALLART VAN EYRE, EDWARD JOHN EVEREST, SIR GEORGE EYRE, SIR JAMES EVEREST, MOUNT EYRIE EVERETT, ALEXANDER HILL EZEKIEL EVERETT, CHARLES CARROLL EZRA EVERETT, EDWARD EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF EVERETT (Massachusetts, U.S.A.) EZRA, FOURTH BOOK OF EVERETT (Washington, U.S.A.) EZRA AND NEHEMIAH, BOOKS OF EVERGLADES EZZO EVERGREEN EZZOLIED EVERLASTING F EVERSLEY, CHARLES SHAW LEFEVRE FABBRONI, ANGELO EVESHAM FABER EVIDENCE FABER, BASIL EVIL EYE FABER, FREDERICK WILLIAM EVOLUTION FABER, JACOBUS EVORA FABER, JOHANN EVREUX FABERT, ABRAHAM DE EWALD, GEORG HEINRICH AUGUST VON FABIAN, SAINT EWALD, JOHANNES FABIUS EWART, WILLIAM FABIUS PICTOR, QUINTUS EWE FABLE EWELL, RICHARD STODDERT FABLIAU EWING, ALEXANDER FABRE, FERDINAND EWING, JULIANA HORATIA ORR FABRE D'EGLANTINE, FRANCOIS NAZAIRE EWING, THOMAS FABRETTI, RAPHAEL EXAMINATIONS FABRIANI, SEVERINO EXARCH FABRIANO EXCAMBION FABRICIUS, GAIUS LUSCINUS EXCELLENCY FABRICIUS, GEORG EXCHANGE FABRICIUS, HIERONYMUS EXCHEQUER FABRICIUS, JOHANN ALBERT EXCISE FABRICIUS, JOHANN CHRISTIAN EXCOMMUNICATION FABRIZI, NICOLA EXCRETION FABROT, CHARLES ANNIBAL EXECUTION FABYAN, ROBERT EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS FACADE EXEDRA FACCIOLATI, JACOPO EXELMANS, RENE JOSEPH ISIDORE FACE EXEQUATUR FACTION EXETER, EARL, MARQUESS & DUKE OF FACTOR EXETER (England) FACTORY ACTS EXETER (New Hampshire, U.S.A.) FACULA EXETER BOOK FACULTY EXHIBITION FAED, THOMAS EXHUMATION FAENZA EXILARCH FAEROE EXILE FAESULAE EXILI FAFNIR EXMOOR FOREST FAGGING EXMOUTH, EDWARD PELLEW FAGGOT EXMOUTH FAGNIEZ, GUSTAVE CHARLES EXODUS, BOOK OF FAGUET, EMILE EXODUS, THE FA-HIEN EXOGAMY FAHLCRANTZ, CHRISTIAN ERIK EXORCISM FAHRENHEIT, GABRIEL DANIEL EXORCIST FAIDHERBE, LOUIS LEON CESAR EXOTIC FAIENCE EXPATRIATION FAILLY, PIERRE LOUIS CHARLES DE EXPERT FAIN, AGATHON JEAN FRANCOIS EXPLOSIVES FAIR EXPRESS FAIRBAIRN, ANDREW MARTIN EXPROPRIATION FAIRBAIRN, SIR WILLIAM
INITIALS USED IN VOLUME X. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.
A. B. R. ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, M.A., D.SC, F.R.S., F.L.S. Keeper, Department of Botany, British Museum. Author of _Text Book on Classification of Flowering Plants_; &c.
Flower.
A. D. AUSTIN DOBSON, LL.D. See the biographical article: DOBSON, H. AUSTIN.
Fielding, Henry.
A. F. B. ALDRED FARRER BARKER, M.SC. Professor of Textile Industries at Bradford Technical College.
Felt.
A. F. P. ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC. Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the _Dictionary of National Biography_, 1893-1901. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1892; Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of _England under Protector Somerset_; _Henry VIII._; _Life of Thomas Cranmer_; &c.
Ferrar, Bishop; Fox, Edward; Fox, Richard.
A. G. MAJOR ARTHUR GEORGE FREDERICK GRIFFITHS (d. 1908). H.M. Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Author of _The Chronicles of Newgate_; _Secrets of the Prison House_; &c.
Finger Prints.
A. Go.* REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A. Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.
Faber, Basil, Jacobus and Johann; Familists; Farel, G.; Flacius.
A. H.-S. SIR A. HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, C.I.E. General in the Persian Army. Author of _Eastern Persian Irak_.
Fars; Firuzabad.
A. L. ANDREW LANG. See the biographical article: LANG, ANDREW.
Fairy; Family.
A. L. B. ALFRED LYS BALDRY. Art Critic of the _Globe_, 1893-1908. Author of _Modern Mural Decoration_ and biographies of Albert Moore, Sir H. von Herkomer, R.A., Sir J. E. Millais, P.R.A., Marcus Stone, R.A., and G. H. Boughton, R.A.
Fortuny.
A. N. ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S. See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED.
Falcon; Fieldfare; Finch; Flycatcher; Fowl.
A. S. ARTHUR SMITHELLS, F.R.S. Professor of Chemistry in the University of Leeds. Author of Scientific Papers on Flame and Spectrum Analysis.
Flame.
A. M. C. AGNES MARY CLERKE. See the biographical article: CLERKE, A. M.
Flamsteed.
A. W. ARTHUR WATSON. Secretary in the Academic Department, University of London.
Examinations (_in part_).
A. W. R. ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A., LL.B. Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of _Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_.
Fixtures; Flat.
A. W. W. ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, D.LITT., LL.D. See the biographical article: WARD, A. W.
Foote, Samuel; Ford, John.
C. El. SIR CHARLES NORTON EDGCUMBE ELIOT, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L. Vice-Chancellor of Sheffield University. Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford. H.M.'s Commissioner and Commander-in-Chief for the British East Africa Protectorate; Agent and Consul-General at Zanzibar; Consul-General for German East Africa, 1900-1904.
Finno-Ugrian.
C. F. B. CHARLES FRANCIS BASTABLE, M.A., LL.D. Regius Professor of Laws and Professor of Political Economy in the University of Dublin. Author of _Public Finance_; _Commerce of Nations_; _Theory of International Trade_; &c.
Finance.
C. F. C. C. F. CROSS, B.SC. (Lond.), F.C.S. F.I.C. Analytical and Consulting Chemist.
Fibres.
C. F. R. CHARLES FRANCIS RICHARDSON, A.M., PH.D. Professor of English at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Author of _A Story of English Rhyme_; _A History of American Literature_; &c.
Fiske, John.
C. H. T.* CRAWFORD HOWELL TOY, A.M. See the biographical article: TOY, CRAWFORD HOWELL.
Ezekiel.
C. J. CHARLES JOHNSON, M.A. Clerk in H.M. Public Record Office. Joint Editor of the _Domesday Survey_ for the _Victoria County History: Norfolk_.
Exchequer (_in part_).
C. J. B. M. CHARLES JOHN BRUCE MARRIOTT, M.A. Clare College, Cambridge. Secretary of the Rugby Football Union.
Football: _Rugby_ (_in part_).
C. J. N. F. CHARLES JAMES NICOL FLEMING. H.M. Inspector of Schools, Scotch Education Department.
Football: _Rugby_ (_in part_).
C. L. K. CHARLES LETHBRIDGE KINGSFORD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC., F.S.A. Assistant Secretary to the Board of Education. Author of _Life of Henry V._ Editor of _Chronicles of London_ and Stow's _Survey of London_.
Fabyan; Fastolf.
C. P. I. SIR COURTENAY PEREGRINE ILBERT, K.C.B., K.C.S.I., C.I.E. Clerk of the House of Commons. Chairman of Statute Law Committee. Parliamentary Counsel to the Treasury, 1899-1901. Legal Member of Council of Governor-General of India, 1882-1886; President, 1886. Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Author of _The Government of India_; _Legislative Method and Forms_.
Evidence.
C. W. A. CHARLES WILLIAM ALCOCK. (d. 1907). Formerly Secretary of the Football Association, London.
Football: _Association_ (_in part_).
D. H. DAVID HANNAY. Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of _Short History of the Royal Navy_; _Life of Emilio Castelar_; &c.
First of June, Battle of the; Fox, Charles James.
D. Mn. REV. DUGALD MACFADYEN, M.A. Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Director of the London Missionary Society.
Excommunication.
D. N. P. DIARMID NOEL PATON, M.D., F.R.C.P. (Edin.). Regius Professor of Physiology in the University of Glasgow. Formerly Superintendent of Research Laboratory of Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh. Biological Fellow of Edinburgh University, 1884. Author of _Essentials of Human Physiology_; &c.
Fever.
D. S. M.* DAVID SAMUEL MARGOLIOUTH, M.A., D.LITT. Laudian Professor of Arabic, Oxford. Fellow of New College. Author of _Arabic _Papyri of the Bodleian Library_; _Mohammed and the Rise of Islam_; _Cairo, Jerusalem_ and Damascus_.
Fatimites.
E. B. EDWARD BRECK, M.A., PH.D. Formerly Foreign Correspondent of the _New York Herald_ and the _New York Times_. Author of _Fencing_; _Wilderness Pets_; _Sporting in Nova Scotia_; &c.
Foil-fencing; Football: _American_ (_in part_).
E. Ca. EGERTON CASTLE, M.A., F.S.A. Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of _Schools and Masters of Fence_; &c.
Fencing.
Ed. C.* THE HON. EDWARD EVAN CHARTERIS. Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple.
Fair (_in part_).
E. C. B. RT. REV. EDWARD CUTHBERT BUTLER, O.S.B., M.A., D.LITT. Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath. Author of "The Lausiac History of Palladius," in _Cambridge Texts and Studies_, vol. vi.
Fontevrault; Francis of Assisi, St; Francis of Paola, St.
E. C. Q. EDMUND CROSBY QUIGGIN, M.A. Fellow and Lecturer in Modern Languages and Monro Lecturer in Celtic, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
Finn mac Cool.
E. D. R. LIEUT.-COLONEL EMILIUS C. DELME RADCLIFFE. Author of _Falconry: Notes on the Falconidae used in India in Falconry_.
Falconry.
E. E. A. ERNEST E. AUSTEN. Assistant in Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, South Kensington.
Flea.
E. E. H. REV. EDWARD EVERETT HALE. See the biographical article: HALE, E. E.
Everett, Edward.
E. G. EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D. See the biographical article: GOSSE, EDMUND.
Ewald, Johannes; Fabliau; Fabre, Ferdinand; Feuillet; Finland: _Literature_; FitzGerald, Edward; Flaubert; Flemish Literature; Forssell.
E. H. P. EDWARD HENRY PALMER, M.A. See the biographical article: PALMER, E. H.
Firdousi (_in part_).
E. K. EDMUND KNECHT, PH.D., M.SC.TECH. (Manchester), F.I.C. Professor of Technological Chemistry, Manchester University. Head of Chemical Department, Municipal School of Technology, Manchester. Examiner in Dyeing, City and Guilds of London Institute. Author of _A Manual of Dyeing_; &c. Editor of _Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists_.
Finishing.
E. M. Ha. ERNEST MAES HARVEY. Partner in Messrs. Allen Harvey & Ross, Bullion Brokers, London.
Exchange.
E. O.* EDMUND OWEN, M.B., F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.SC. Consulting Surgeon to St Mary's Hospital, London, and to the Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Late Examiner in Surgery at the University of Cambridge, London and Durham. Author of _A Manual of Anatomy for Senior Students_.
Fistula.
E. O. S. EDWIN OTHO SACHS, F.R.S. (Edin.), A.M.INST.M.E. Chairman of the British Fire Prevention Committee. Vice-President, National Fire Brigades Union. Vice-President, International Fire Service Council. Author of _Fires and Public Entertainments_; &c.
Fire and Fire Extinction.
E. Pr. EDGAR PRESTAGE. Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature at the University of Manchester. Commendador, Portuguese Order of S. Thiago. Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences and Lisbon Geographical Society.
Falcao; Ferreira.
E. Re. ELISEE RECLUS. See the biographical article: RECLUS, J. J. E.
Fire.
E. Tn. REV. ETHELRED LEONARD TAUNTON, (d. 1907). Author of _The English Black Monks of St Benedict_; _History of the Jesuits in England_.
Feckenham; Fisher, John.
E. W. H. ERNEST WILLIAM HOBSON, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. Fellow and Tutor in Mathematics, Christ's College, Cambridge. Stokes Lecturer in Mathematics in the University.
Fourier's Series.
F. C. C. FREDERICK CORNWALLIS CONYBEARE, M.A., D.TH. (Giessen). Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Author of _The Ancient Armenian Texts of Aristotle_; _Myth, Magic and Morals_; &c.
Extreme Unction.
F. G. P. FREDERICK GYMER PARSONS, F.R.C.S., F.Z.S., F.R.ANTHROP.INST. Vice-President, Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Lecturer on Anatomy at St Thomas's Hospital and the London School of Medicine for Women. Formerly Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons.
Eye: _Anatomy_.
F. J. H. FRANCIS JOHN HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A. Camden Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford. Fellow of Brasenose College. Ford's Lecturer, 1906-1907. Fellow of the British Academy. Author of Monographs on Roman History, especially Roman Britain; &c.
Fosse.
F. J. W. FREDERICK JOSEPH WALL, F.C.S. Secretary to the Football Association.
Football: _Association_ (_in part_).
F. R. C. FRANK R. CANA. Author of _South Africa from the Great Trek to the Union_.
France: _Colonies_.
F. S. FRANCIS STORR, M.A. Editor of the _Journal of Education_, London. Officier d'Academie, Paris.
Fable.
G. A. B. GEORGE A. BOULENGER, D.SC., PH.D., F.R.S. In charge of the Collections of Reptiles and Fishes, Department of Zoology, British Museum. Vice-President of the Zoological Society of London.
Flat-fish.
G. A. Be. GEORGE ANDREAS BERRY, M.B., F.R.C.S., F.R.S. (Edin.). Hon. Surgeon Oculist to His Majesty in Scotland. Formerly Senior Ophthalmic Surgeon, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, and Lecturer on Ophthalmology in the University of Edinburgh. Vice-President, Ophthalmological Society. Author of _Diseases of the Eye_; _The Elements of Ophthalmoscopic Diagnosis_; _Subjective Symptoms in Eye Diseases_; &c.
Eye: _Diseases_.
G. B. A. GEORGE BURTON ADAMS, A.M., B.D., PH.D., LITT.D. Professor of History, Yale University. Editor of _American Historical Review_. Author of _Civilization during the Middle Ages_; _Political History of England_, 1066-1216; &c.
Feudalism.
G. C. L. GEORGE COLLINS LEVEY, C.M.G. Member of Board of Advice to Agent-General of Victoria. Formerly Editor and Proprietor of the _Melbourne Herald_. Secretary, Colonial Committee of Royal Commission to Paris Exhibition, 1900. Secretary, Adelaide Exhibition, 1887. Secretary, Royal Commission, Hobart Exhibition, 1894-1895. Secretary to Commissioners for Victoria at the Exhibitions in London, Paris, Vienna, Philadelphia and Melbourne, 1873, 1876, 1878, 1880-1881.
Exhibition.
G. E. REV. GEORGE EDMUNDSON, M.A., F.R.HIST.S. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1909. Hon. Member, Dutch Historical Society, and Foreign Member, Netherlands Association of Literature.
Flanders.
G. F. Z. GEORGE FREDERICK ZIMMER, A.M.INST.C.E. Author of _Mechanical Handling of Material_.
Flour and Flour Manufacture.
G. G. P.* GEORGE GRENVILLE PHILLIMORE, M.A., B.C.L. Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple.
Fishery, Law of.
G. P. GIFFORD PINCHOT, A.M., D.SC., LL.D. Professor of Forestry, Yale University. Formerly Chief Forester, U.S.A. President of the National Conservation Association. Member of the Society of American Foresters, Royal English Arboricultural Society, &c. Author of _The White Pine_; _A Primer of Forestry_; &c.
Forests and Forestry: _United States_.
G. W. T. REV. GRIFFITHS WHEELER THATCHER, M.A., B.D. Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford.
Fairuzabadi; Fakhr ud-Din Razi; Farabi; Farazdaq.
H. B. S. REV. HENRY BARCLAY SWETE, M.A., D.D., LITT.D. Regius Professor of Divinity, Cambridge University. Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Fellow of King's College, London. Fellow of British Academy. Hon. Canon of Ely Cathedral. Author of _The Holy Spirit in the New Testament_; &c.
Fathers of the Church.
H. Ch. HUGH CHISHOLM, M.A. Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor of the 11th Edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; Co-Editor of the 10th edition.
Forster.
H. De. HIPPOLYTE DELEHAYE, S.J. Assistant in the compilation of the Bollandist publications: _Analecta Bollandiana_ and _Acta Sanctorum_.
Fiacre, Saint; Florian, Saint.
H. F. G. HANS FRIEDRICH GADOW, F.R.S., PH.D. Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Zoology in the University of Cambridge. Author of "Amphibia and Reptiles," in the _Cambridge Natural History_.
Flamingo.
H. L. S. H. LAWRENCE SWINBURNE (d. 1909).
Flag.
H. St. HENRY STURT, M.A. Author of _Idola Theatri_; _The Idea of a Free Church_; _Personal Idealism_.
Fechner; Feuerbach, Ludwig A.
H. W. C. D. HENRY WILLIAM CARLESS DAVIS, M.A. Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford, 1895-1902. Author of _England under the Normans and Angevins_; _Charlemagne_.
Fitz Neal; Fitz Peter, Geoffrey; Fitz Stephen, William; Fitz Thedmar; Flambard; Florence of Worcester.
H. W. S. H. WICKHAM STEED. Correspondent of _The Times_ at Vienna. Correspondent of _The Times_ at Rome, 1897-1902.
Fabrizi.
I. A. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M.A. Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of Cambridge. President, Jewish Historical Society of England. Author of _A Short History of Jewish Literature_; _Jewish Life in the Middle Ages_.
Exilarch; Eybeschutz.
J. A. C. SIR JOSEPH ARCHER CROWE, K.C.M.G. See the biographical article: CROWE, SIR JOSEPH A.
Eyck, Van.
J. A. H. JOHN ALLEN HOWE, B.SC. Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London. Author of _The Geology of Building Stones_.
France: _Geology_.
J. A. S. JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS, LL.D. See the biographical article: SYMONDS, JOHN A.
Ficino; Filelfo.
J. B.* JOSEPH BURTON. Partner in Pilkington's Tile and Pottery Co., Clifton Junction, Manchester.
Firebrick (_in part_).
J. B. P. JAMES BELL PETTIGREW, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.C.P. (Edin.) (1834-1908). Chandos Professor of Medicine and Anatomy, University of St Andrews, 1875-1908. Author of _Animal Locomotion_; &c.
Flight and Flying (_in part_).
J. Bt. JAMES BARTLETT. Lecturer on Construction, Architecture, Sanitation, Quantities, &c., at King's College, London. Member of Society of Architects. Member of Institute of Junior Engineers.
Foundations.
J. C. M. JAMES CLERK MAXWELL, LL.D. See the biographical article: MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK.
Faraday.
J. E. C. B. JOHN EDWARD COURTENAY BODLEY, M.A. Balliol College, Oxford. Corresponding Member of the Institute of France. Author of _France_; _The Coronation of Edward VII._; &c.
France: _History_, 1870-1910.
J. E. P. W. JOHN EDWARD POWER WALLIS, M.A. Puisne Judge, Madras. Vice-Chancellor of Madras University. Inns of Court Reader in Constitutional Law, 1892-1897. Formerly Editor of _State Trials_.
Extradition.
J. F. St. JOHN FREDERICK STENNING, M.A. Dean and Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. University Lecturer in Aramaic. Lecturer in Divinity and Hebrew at Wadham College.
Exodus, Book of.
J. G. H. JOSEPH G. HORNER, A.M.I.MECH.E. Author of _Plating and Boiler Making_; _Practical Metal Turning_; &c.
Forging; Founding.
J. G. R. JOHN GEORGE ROBERTSON, M.A., PH.D. Professor of German at the University of London. Formerly Lecturer on the English Language, Strassburg University. Author of _History of German Literature_; &c.
Fouque, Baron.
J. H. P.* JOHN HUNGERFORD POLLEN, M.A. (d. 1908). Formerly Professor of Fine Arts in Catholic University of Dublin. Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. Cantor Lecturer, Society of Arts, 1885. Author of _Ancient and Modern Furniture and Woodwork_; _Ancient and Modern Gold and Silversmith's Work_; _The Trajan Column_; &c.
Fan.
J. Hl. R. JOHN HOLLAND ROSE, M.A., LITT.D. Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local Lectures Syndicate. Author of _Life of Napoleon I._; _Napoleonic Studies_; _The Development of the European Nations_; _The Life of Pitt_; chapters in the _Cambridge Modern History_.
Fouche.
J. H. R. JOHN HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D. (Edin.). Author of _Feudal England_; _Studies in Peerage and Family History_; _Peerage and Pedigree_; &c.
Ferrers: _Family_; Fitzgerald: _Family_.
J. I. JULES ISAAC. Professor of History at the Lycee of Lyons.
Francis I. of France.
J. K. L. SIR JOHN KNOX LAUGHTON, M.A., LITT.D. Professor of Modern History, King's College, London. Secretary of the Navy Records Society. Served in the Baltic, 1854-1855; in China, 1856-1859. Mathematical and Naval Instructor, Royal Naval College, Portsmouth, 1866-1873; Greenwich, 1873-1885. President, Royal Meteorological Society, 1882-1884. Honorary Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Fellow, King's College, London. Author of _Physical Geography in its Relation to the Prevailing Winds and Currents_; _Studies in Naval History_; _Sea Fights and Adventures_; &c.
Farragut; Fitzroy.
J. L. B. JULIAN LEVETT BAKER, F.I.C. Analytical and Consulting Chemist. Examiner in Brewing to the City and Guilds of London Institute, Department of Technology. Hon. Secretary of the Institute of Brewing. Author of _The Brewing Industry_; &c.
Fermentation.
J. Ma. JOHN MACDONALD.
Fair (_in part_).
J. M. S. JAMES MONTGOMERY STUART. Author of _The History of Free Trade in Tuscany_; _Reminiscences and Essays_.
Foscolo.
J. Pa. JAMES PATON, F.L.S. Superintendent of Museums and Art Galleries of Corporation of Glasgow. Assistant in Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh, 1861-1876. President of Museums Association of United Kingdom, 1896. Editor and part-author of _Scottish National Memorials_, 1890.
Feather (_in part_).
J. P. E. JEAN PAUL HIPPOLYTE EMMANUEL ADHEMAR ESMEIN. Professor of Law in the University of Paris. Officer of the Legion of Honour. Member of the Institute of France. Author of _Cours elementaire d'histoire du droit francais_; &c.
France: _Law and Institutions_.
J. R. C. JOSEPH ROGERSON COTTER, M.A. Assistant to the Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy, Trinity College, Dublin. Editor of 2nd edition of Preston's _Theory of Heat_.
Fluorescence.
J. R. F.* JOSEPH R. FISHER. Editor of the _Northern Whig_, Belfast. Author of _Finland and the Tsars_; _Law of the Press_; &c.
Finland.
J. R. J. J. JULIAN ROBERT JOHN JOCELYN. Colonel, R.A. Formerly Commandant, Ordnance College; Member of Ordnance Committee; Commandant, Schools of Gunnery.
Fireworks: _History_.
J. S. Bl. REV. JOHN SUTHERLAND BLACK, M.A., LL.D. Assistant Editor, 9th edition, _Encyclopaedia Britannica_. Joint Editor of the _Encyclopaedia Biblica_. Translated Ritschl's _Critical History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification and Reconciliation_.
Fasting; Feasts and Festivals.
J. S. F. JOHN SMITH FLETT, D.SC, F.G.S. Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on Petrology in Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society of London.
Felsite; Flint.
J. S. K. JOHN SCOTT KELTIE, LL.D., F.S.S.. F.S.A. (Scot.). Secretary, Royal Geographical Society. Knight of Swedish Order of North Star. Commander of the Norwegian Order of St Olaf. Hon. Member, Geographical Societies of Paris, Berlin, Rome, &c. Editor of _Statesman's Year Book_. Editor of the _Geographical Journal_.
Finland (_in part_); Flinders.
J. T. Be. JOHN T. BEALBY. Joint Author of Stanford's _Europe_. Formerly Editor of the _Scottish Geographical Magazine_. Translator of Sven Hedin's _Through Asia, Central Asia and Tibet_; &c.
Fens; Ferghana (_in part_).
K. S. KATHLEEN SCHLESINGER. Author of _The Instruments of the Orchestra_.
Fiddle; Fife; Flageolet; Flute (_in part_).
L. D.* LOUIS DUCHESNE. See the biographical article: DUCHESNE, L. M. O.
Formosus.
L. F. S. LESLIE FREDERIC SCOTT, M.A., K.C.C. Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple.
Factor.
L. J. LIEUT.-COLONEL LOUIS CHARLES JACKSON, R.E., C.M.G. Assistant Director of Fortifications and Works, War Office. Formerly Instructor in Fortification, R.M.A., Woolwich. Instructor in Fortification and Military Engineering, School of Military Engineering, Chatham
Fortification and Siegecraft.
L. V.* LUIGI VILLARI. Italian Foreign Office (Emigration Dept.). Formerly Newspaper Correspondent in east of Europe. Italian Vice-Consul in New Orleans, 1906; Philadelphia, 1907; Boston, U.S.A., 1907-1910. Author of _Italian Life in Town and Country_; _Fire and Sword in the Caucasus_; &c.
Faliero; Fanti, Manfredo; Farini, Luigi Carlo; Farnese: _Family_; Ferdinand I. and IV. of Naples; Ferdinand II. of the Two Sicilies; Fiesco; Filangieri, C.; Florence; Foscari; Fossombroni; Francis II. of the Two Sicilies; Francis IV. and V. of Modena.
M. Ha. MARCUS HARTOG, M.A., D.SC, F.L.S. Professor of Zoology, University College, Cork. Author of "Protozoa," in _Cambridge Natural History_; and papers for various scientific journals.
Flagellate; Foraminifera.
N. W. T. NORTHCOTE WHITBRIDGE THOMAS, M.A. Government Anthropologist to Southern Nigeria. Corresponding Member of the Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris. Author of _Thought Transference_; _Kinship and Marriage in Australia_; &c.
Faith Healing; Fetishism; Folklore.
O. H.* OTTO HEHNER, F.I.C., F.C.S. Public Analyst. Formerly President of Society of Public Analysts. Vice-President of Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. Author of works on Butter Analysis; Alcohol Tables; &c.
Food Preservation.
O. M. DAVID ORME MASSON, M.A., D.SC, F.R.S. Professor of Chemistry, Melbourne University. Author of papers on chemistry in the transactions of various learned societies.
Fireworks: _Modern_.
P. A. PAUL DANIEL ALPHANDERY. Professor of the History of Dogma, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne, Paris. Author of _Les Idees morales chez les heterodoxes latines au debut du XIII^e siecle_.
Flagellants.
P. A. K. PRINCE PETER ALEXEIVITCH KROPOTKIN. See the biographical article: KROPOTKIN, P. A.
Ferghana (_in part_); Finland (_in part_).
P. C. Y. PHILIP CHESNEY YORKE, M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford.
Falkland; Fanshaw; Fawkes, Guy; Fell, John; Fortescue, Sir John.
P. C. M. PETER CHALMERS MITCHELL, F.R.S., F.Z.S., D.SC, LL.D. Secretary to the Zoological Society of London. University Demonstrator in Comparative Anatomy and Assistant to Linacre Professor at Oxford, 1881-1891. Examiner in Zoology to the University of London, 1903. Author of _Outlines of Biology_; &c.
Evolution.
P. G. K. PAUL GEORGE KONODY. Art Critic of the _Observer_ and the _Daily Mail_. Formerly Editor of _The Artist_. Author of _The Art of Walter Crane_; _Velasquez, Life and Work_; &c.
Fiorenzo di Lorenzo; Fragonard.
P. J. H. PHILIP JOSEPH HARTOG, M.A., L. ES SC. (Paris). Academic Registrar of the University of London. Author of _The Writing of English_, and articles in the Special Reports on educational subjects of the Board of Education.
Examinations (_in part_).
P. W. PAUL WIRIATH. Director of the Ecole Superieure Pratique de Commerce et d'Industrie, Paris.
France: _History to_ 1870.
R. Ad. ROBERT ADAMSON, LL.D. See the biographical article: ADAMSON, R.
Fichte; Fourier, F. C. M.
R. A. S. M. ROBERT ALEXANDER STEWART MACALISTER, M.A., F.S.A. St John's College, Cambridge. Director of Excavations for the Palestine Exploration Fund.
Font.
R. H. C. REV. ROBERT HENRY CHARLES, M.A., D.D., D.LITT. (Oxon.). Grinfield Lecturer and Lecturer in Biblical Studies, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Senior Moderator of Trinity College, Dublin. Author and Editor of _Book of Enoch_; _Book of Jubilees_; _Apocalypse of Baruch_; _Assumption of Moses_; _Ascension of Isaiah_; _Testaments of the XII. Patriarchs_; &c.
Ezra: _Third and Fourth Books of_.
R. J. M. RONALD JOHN MCNEILL, M.A. Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Formerly Editor of the _St James's Gazette_, London.
Fenians; Fitzgerald, Lord Edward; Flood, Henry.
R. L.* RICHARD LYDEKKER, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S. Member of the Staff of the Geological Survey of India, 1874-1882. Author of _Catalogue of Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds in British Museum_; _The Deer of all Lands_; _The Game Animals of Africa_; &c.
Flying-Squirrel; Fox.
R. N. B. ROBERT NISBET BAIN (d. 1909). Assistant Librarian, British Museum, 1883-1909. Author of _Scandinavia: the Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, 1513-1900_; _The First Romanovs, 1613-1725_; _Slavonic Europe: the Political History of Poland and Russia from 1469 to 1796_; &c.
Fersen, Counts von.
R. Po. RENE POUPARDIN, D. ES L. Secretary of the Ecole des Chartes. Honorary Librarian at the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. Author of _Le Royaume de Provence sous les Carolingiens_; _Recueil des chartes de Saint-Germain_; &c.
Franche-Comte.
R. P. S. R. PHENE SPIERS, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. Formerly Master of the Architectural School, Royal Academy, London. Past President of Architectural Association. Associate and Fellow of King's College, London. Corresponding Member of the Institute of France. Editor of Fergusson's _History of Architecture_. Author of _Architecture: East and West_; &c.
Flute: _Architecture_.
R. S. C. ROBERT SEYMOUR CONWAY, M.A., D.LITT. (Cantab.). Professor of Latin and Indo-European Philology in the University of Manchester. Formerly Professor of Latin in University College, Cardiff; and Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Author of _The Italic Dialects_.
Falisci.
R. Tr. ROLAND TRUSLOVE, M.A. Formerly Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford. Fellow, Dean and Lecturer in Classics at Worcester College, Oxford.
France: _Statistics_.
S. A. C. STANLEY ARTHUR COOK, M.A. Editor for Palestine Exploration Fund. Lecturer in Hebrew and Syriac, and formerly Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Examiner in Hebrew and Aramaic, London University, 1904-1908. Author of _Glossary of Aramaic Inscriptions_; _The Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi_; _Critical Notes on Old Testament History_; _Religion of Ancient Palestine_; &c.
Exodus, The; Ezra and Nehemiah, Books of.
S. C. SIDNEY COLVIN, LL.D. See the biographical article: COLVIN, S.
Fine Arts; Finiguerra; Flaxman.
St C. VISCOUNT ST CYRES. See the biographical article: IDDESLEIGH, 1ST EARL OF
Fenelon.
S. E. B. HON. SIMEON EBEN BALDWIN, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Constitutional and Private International Law in Yale University. Director of the Bureau of Comparative Law of the American Bar Association. Formerly Chief Justice of Connecticut. Author of _Modern Political Institutions_; _American Railroad Law_; &c.
Extradition: U.S.A.
S. E. S.-R. STEPHEN EDWARD SPRING-RICE, M.A., C.B. (1856-1902). Formerly Principal Clerk, H.M. Treasury, and Auditor of the Civil List. Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.
Exchequer (_in part_).
T. A. I. THOMAS ALLAN INGRAM, M.A., LL.D. Trinity College, Dublin.
Explosives: _Law_.
T. As. THOMAS ASHBY, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.), F.S.A. Director of British School of Archaeology at Rome. Formerly Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford. Craven Fellow, 1897. Corresponding Member of the Imperial German Archaeological Institute. Author of the _Classical Topography of the Roman Campagna_; &c.
Faesulae; Falerii; Falerio; Fanum Fortunae; Ferentino; Fermo; Flaminia Via; Florence: _Early History_; Fondi; Fonni; Forum Appii.
T. Ba. SIR THOMAS BARCLAY, M.P. Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the Supreme Council of the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Problems of International Practice and Diplomacy_; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910.
Exterritoriality.
T. H. H.* SIR THOMAS HUNGERFORD HOLDICH, K.C.M.G., K.C.I.E., D.SC., F.R.G.S. Colonel in the Royal Engineers. Superintendent, Frontier Surveys, India, 1892-1898. Gold Medallist, R.G.S., London, 1887. H.M. Commissioner for the Persia-Beluch Boundary, 1896. Author of _The Indian Borderland_; _The Gates of India_; &c.
Everest, Mount.
T. K. C. REV. THOMAS KELLY CHEYNE, D.D. See the biographical article: CHEYNE, T. K.
Eve (_in part_).
T. Se. THOMAS SECCOMBE, M.A. Lecturer in History, East London and Birkbeck Colleges, University of London. Stanhope Prizeman, Oxford, 1887. Formerly Assistant Editor of _Dictionary of National Biography_, 1891-1901. Joint-author of _The Bookman History of English Literature_. Author of _The Age of Johnson_; &c.
Fawcett, Henry.
T. Wo. THOMAS WOODHOUSE. Head of Weaving and Textile Designing Department, Technical College, Dundee.
Flax.
V. M. VICTOR CHARLES MAHILLON. Principal of the Conservatoire Royal de Musique at Brussels. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.
Flute (_in part_).
W. A. B. C. REV. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BREVOORT COOLIDGE, M.A., F.R.G.S., Ph.D. (Bern). Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English History, St David's College, Lampeter, 1880-1881. Author of _Guide to Switzerland_; _The Alps in Nature and in History_; &c. Editor of the _Alpine Journal_, 1880-1889.
Feldkirch.
W. A. P. WALTER ALISON PHILLIPS, M.A. Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Senior Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Author of _Modern Europe_; &c.
Excellency; Faust; Febronianism.
W. B.* WILLIAM BURTON, M.A., F.C.S. Chairman, Joint Committee of Pottery Manufacturers of Great Britain. Author of _English Stoneware and Earthenware_; &c.
Firebrick (_in part_).
W. Ca. WALTER CAMP, A.M. Member of Yale University Council. Author of _American Football_; _Football Facts and Figures_; &c.
Football: _American_ (_in part_).
W. Ga. WALTER GARSTANG, M.A., D.SC. Professor of Zoology at the University of Leeds. Scientific Adviser to H.M. Delegates on the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 1901-1907. Formerly Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford. Author of _The Races and Migrations of the Mackerel_; _The Impoverishment of the Sea_; &c.
Fisheries.
W. He. WALTER HEPWORTH. Formerly Commissioner of the Council of Education, Science and Art Department, South Kensington.
Fool.
W. M. R. WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI. See the biographical article: ROSSETTI, DANTE G.
Ferrari, Gaudenzio; Fielding, Copley; Franceschi, Piero; Francia.
W. P. P. WILLIAM PLANE PYCRAFT, F.Z.S. Assistant in the Zoological Department, British Museum. Formerly Assistant Linacre Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Oxford. Vice-President of the Selborne Society. Author of _A History of Birds_; &c.
Feather (_in part_).
W. N. S. WILLIAM NAPIER SHAW, M.A., LL.D., D.SC, F.R.S. Director of the Meteorological Office. Reader in Meteorology in the University of London. President of Permanent International Meteorological Committee. Member of Meteorological Council, 1897-1905. Hon. Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Fellow of Emmanuel College, 1877-1899; Senior Tutor, 1890-1899. Joint Author of _Text Book of Practical Physics_; &c.
Fog.
W. P. R. HON. WILLIAM PEMBER REEVES. Director of London School of Economics. Agent-General and High Commissioner for New Zealand, 1896-1909. Minister of Education, Labour and Justice, New Zealand, 1891-1896. Author of _The Long White Cloud, a History of New Zealand_; &c.
Fox, Sir William.
W. R. S. WILLIAM ROBERTSON SMITH, LL.D. See the biographical article: SMITH, W. R.
Eve (_in part_).
W. R. E. H. WILLIAM RICHARD EATON HODGKINSON, PH.D., F.R.S. Professor of Chemistry and Physics, Ordnance College, Woolwich. Formerly Professor of Chemistry and Physics, R.M.A., Woolwich. Part Author of Valentin-Hodgkinson's _Practical Chemistry_; &c.
Explosives.
W. Sch. SIR WILHELM SCHLICH, K.C.I.E., M.A., PH.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. Professor of Forestry at the University of Oxford. Hon. Fellow of St John's College. Author of _A Manual of Forestry_; _Forestry in the United Kingdom_; _The Outlook of the World's Timber Supply_; &c.
Forests and Forestry.
W. W. F.* WILLIAM WARDE FOWLER, M.A. Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford. Sub-rector, 1881-1904. Gifford Lecturer, Edinburgh University, 1908. Author of _The City-State of the Greeks and Romans_; _The Roman Festivals of the Republican Period_; &c.
Fortuna.
W. W. R.* WILLIAM WALKER ROCKWELL, LIC. THEOL. Assistant Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York. Author of _Die Doppelehe des Landgrafen Philipp von Hessen_.
Ferrara-Florence, Council of.
Principal Unsigned Articles
Evil Eye. Fault. Fig. Fontenoy. Excise. Federal Government. Filigree. Foot and Mouth Execution. Federalist Party. Fir. Disease. Executors and Fehmic Courts. Fives. Forest Laws. Administrators. Felony. Fleurus. Forfarshire. Exeter. Fez. Florida. Forgery. Exile. Fezzan. Foix. Formosa. Eylau. Fictions. Fold. Foundling Famine. Fife. Fontenelle. Hospitals. Fountain.
FOOTNOTE:
[1] A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in the final volume.
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
ELEVENTH EDITION