Part 45

Quite recently much additional light has been thrown upon our knowledge of these parasites, including a new one, _E. jacquemeti_. Moroff (1906) has shown that not one but many megagametes are formed, and fertilized by the microgametes. For this reason he regards them as Gregarines rather than Coccidia. Further, Léger and Duboscq (1906) have found that the characteristic coelomic parasites (_Aggregata_) of Crustacea, generally regarded as gymnosporous Gregarines (i.e. Gregarines in which the sporozoites are naked) constitute in reality nothing more or less than a schizogonous generation of these Cephalopodan parasites, which have thus an alternation of true hosts. The ripe sporocysts from the Cephalopod are eaten by a particular crab (e.g. _Portunus_ or _Inachus_, according to the parasite), the sporozoites are liberated and traverse the mucous membrane of the intestine, coming to rest in the surrounding lymphatic layer. Here a large "cyst" is formed, projecting into the body-cavity, the contents of which give rise to a great number of merozoites. On the crab being devoured by the right species of Cephalopod, the merozoites doubtless give rise to the sexual generation again.

As the name _Aggregata_ is much the older, and as, moreover, there is no longer any reason to retain that of _Eucoccidium_, these parasites must in future receive the former generic appellation. With regard to the various specific names, however, they remain quite unsettled until the life-history is properly worked out in different cases (see also GREGARINES).

It seems to the writer a much more open question than Moroff and Léger and Duboscq apparently suppose, whether these parasites are to be relegated to the Gregarines. For undoubtedly they have many Coccidian features, and on the other hand they differ in many ways from Gregarines. The chief feature of agreement with the latter order is the possession of many female gametes. As already said, there can be little doubt that this was the condition in the Coccidian ancestor, and it is by no means impossible that one or two forms existing at the present day remain primitive in that respect. On the other hand, the advanced character of the parasitism (the parasites remaining intracellular up to and including gamete-formation); the entire lack of the characteristic feature of association; the schizogony, which is only a very rare occurrence in Gregarines, and which, in the present case, strongly suggests the process in _Caryotropha_ and _Klossiella_; and, last but not least, the varying number of the sporozoites (3 in one form, 10-15 in others), which is very different from the almost constant number (8) in Gregarines, are all characters in which these forms agree with Coccidia and not with Gregarines. Having regard to these points, the writer is inclined, for the present, to consider _Aggregata_ as an offshoot rather from the Coccidian than from the Gregarine branch of the Ectosporan tree.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--The following are some of the important papers dealing with the order:--G. Bonnet-Eymard, "Sur l'Évolution de l'_Eimeria nova_, Schneider," _C.R. Soc. Biol._ 52, p. 659, 1900; L. Brasil, "Sur une Coccidie nouvelle, &c.," _C.R.Ac. Sci._ 139, p. 645, 1904; L. Cuénot, "_Légerella testiculi_ n. sp., &c.," _Arch. Zool. exp._ (N. et R.), (3) 10, p. 49, 6 figs., 1902; M. Jacquemet, "Sur la systématique des Coccidies des Céphalopodes," _Arch. Protistenk._ 2 p., 190, 1903; A. Labbé, "Recherches zoologiques, cytologiques et biologiques sur les Coccidies," _Arch. zool. exp._ (3), 4, p. 517, 3 pls., 1897; A. Laveran, "Sur les modes de réproduction d'_Isospora lacazei_," _C.R. Soc. Biol_. 50, p. 1139, 1898; A. Laveran and F. Mesnil, "Sur deux Coccidies intestinales de la _Rana esculenta_," op. cit. 54, p. 857, 9 figs., 1902; A. Laveran and F. Mesnil, "Sur la Coccidie trouvée dans le rein de la _Rana esculenta_, &c.," _C.R.Ac. Sci._ 135, p. 82, 10 figs., 1902; A. Laveran and F. Mesnil, "Sur quelques Protozoaires parasites d'une tortue, &c." _t. c._ p. 609, 14 figs., 1902; L. Léger, "Sur une nouvelle Coccidie à microgamètes ciliés," op. cit., 127, p. 418, 1898; L. Léger, "Sur la morphologie et le développement des microgamètes des Coccidies," _Arch. zool. exp._ (N. et R.) (3), 6, 1898; L. Léger, "Essai sur la classification des Coccidies, &c.," _Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist._, Marseille (2), Bull. i. p. 71, 4 pls., 1898; L. Léger "Sur la présence d'une Coccidie coelomique chez Olocrates, &c.," _Arch. zool. exp_. (N. et R.) (3), 8, p. i., 1900; L. Léger, "Sur le genre _Eimeria_ et la classification des Coccidies," _C.R. Soc. Biol._ 52, p. 575, 1900; L. Léger and O. Duboscq, "Recherches sur les Myriapodes de Corse et leurs parasites," _Arch. zool. exp._ (4), 1, p. 307, 24 figs., 1903; L. Léger and O. Duboscq, "Sur l'évolution des Grégarines gymnosporées des Crustacés," _C.R.Ac. Sci._ 142, p. 1225, 1906; L. Léger and O. Duboscq, "L'Évolution d'une _Aggregata_ de la seiche chez le _Portunus depurator_," _C.R. Soc. Biol_. 6o, p. 1001, 1906; M. Lühe, "Über Geltung und Bedeutung der Gattungsnamen _Eimeria_ und _Coccidium_," C.B. Bakter (1) 31 Orig, p. 771, 1902; C.B. Bakter, "Die Coccidien-Literatur der letzten vier Jahre," _Zool. Centrlbl._ 10, 45 pp., 1903; F. Mesnil, "Sur la conservation du nom générique _Eimeria_, &c.," _C.R. Soc. Biol._ 52, p. 603, 1900; F. Mesnil, "Les Travaux récents sur les Coccidies," _Bull. Inst. Pasteur_, i. pp. 473, 505, 1903; R. Metzner, "Untersuchungen an Coccidium cuniculi," _Arch. Protistenk._ 2, p. 13, pl. ii. 1903; G. Moussu and G. Marotel, "La Coccidiose du mouton et son parasite," _Arch. Parasitol._ 6, p. 82, 10 figs., 1902; T. Moroff, "Sur l'évolution des prétendues Coccidies des Céphalopodes," _C.R.Ac. Sci._ 142, p. 652, 1906; C. Perez, "Le Cycle évolutif de l'Adelea mesnili, &c.," _Arch. Protistenk._ 2, p. 1, pl. 1, 1903; F. Schaudinn, "Untersuchungen über den Generationswechsel bei Coccidien," _Zool. Jahrbücher_ (Anat.) 13, p. 197, 4 pls., 1900; F. Schaudinn, "Studien über krankheitserregende Protozoen--I. _Cyclospora caryolytica_, &c.," _Arb. kais. Gesundh.-amte_, 18, p. 378, 2 pls., 1902; M. Siedlecki, "Réproduction sexuée ... chez ... _Coccidium proprium_," _C.R. Soc. Biol._ 50, p. 664, figs., 1898; M. Siedlecki, "Étude cytologique ... de la Coccidie de la seiche, &c.," _Ann. Inst. Pasteur_, 12, p. 799, 3 pls., 1898; M. Siedlecki, "Étude cytologique ... de Adelea ovata," op. cit. 13, p. 169, 3 pls., 1899; M. Siedlecki, "Cycle évolutif de la _Caryotropha mesnilii_, &c.," _Bull. Ac. Cracovie_, p. 561, 5 figs., 1902; T. Smith and H. P. Johnson, "On a Coccidian (_Klossiella muris_, gen. et spec. nov.), &c.," _J. exp. Med_. 6, p. 303, 3 pls., 1902; H.M. Woodcock, "Notes on Sporozoa, I. On _Klossiella muris_, &c.," _Q.J. micr. Sci._ 48, p. 153, 2 figs., 1904. (H. M. Wo.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] A curious organism, parasitic in a gregarine, has lately been described by Dogiel as a coccidian, and termed _Hyalosphaera_.

[2] It is important to note that in schizogony there is never any cyst or cyst-membrane formed around the parasite.

[3] The merozoites are frequently arranged like the staves of a barrel--whence the term _barillet_, which is frequently used.

[4] In _Cyclospora_, Schaudinn (1902) has noted certain abnormal cases of the persistence and further multiplication of the "reduction-nuclei" of the female element (i.e. the nuclear portions given off during maturation), followed by multiple fertilization. This occurrence points strongly to the conclusion that there were originally many female gametes (cf. also the sporoblasts of Gregarines).

[5] The remarkable forms parasitic in Cephalopods (of late known as _Eucoccidium_), if still ranked with the Coccidia, furnish an exception (see below).

[6] Again with the exception of _Eucoccidium_.

[7] Purists in systematic nomenclature maintain that this name should be relinquished in favour of _Eimeria_, since the latter was the first legitimate generic name given to a Coccidian. But one reason against the use of _Eimeria_ has been stated already (it should be used for _E. (Légerella) nova_, if anywhere); and in addition, the word _Coccidium_ and its important derivatives are now so universally established that it would be little short of ridiculous to displace them.

COCCULUS INDICUS, the commercial name for the dried fruits of _Anamirta Cocculus_ (natural order Menispermaceae), a large climbing shrub, native to India. It contains a bitter poisonous principle, _picrotoxin_, used in small doses to control the night sweats of phthisis. It was formerly known as Levant nut and Levant shell, owing to the fact that it was brought to Europe by way of the Levant.

COCHABAMBA, a central department of Bolivia, occupying the eastern angle of the great Bolivian plateau, bounded N. by the department of El Beni, E. by Santa Cruz, S. by Chuquisaca and Potosi, and W. by Potosi, Oruro and La Paz. Area, 23,328 sq. m.; pop. (1900) 328,163. Its average elevation is between 8000 and 10,000 ft., and its mean temperature ranges from 50° to 60° F., making it one of the best climatic regions in South America. The rainfall is moderate and the seasons are not strongly marked, the difference being indicated by rainfall rather than by temperature. The rainy season is from November to February. Cochabamba is essentially an agricultural department, although its mineral resources are good and include deposits of gold, silver and copper. Its temperate climate favours the production of wheat, Indian corn, barley and potatoes, and most of the fruits and vegetables of the temperate zone. Coca, cacáo, tobacco and most of the fruits and vegetables of the tropics are also produced. Its forest products include rubber and cinchona. Lack of transportation facilities, however, have been an insuperable obstacle to the development of any industry beyond local needs except those of cinchona and rubber. Sheep and cattle thrive in this region, and an experiment with silkworms gave highly successful results. The population is chiefly of the Indian and _mestizo_ types, education is in a backward state, and there are no manufactures other than those of the domestic stage, the natives making many articles of wearing apparel and daily use in their own homes. Rough highways and mule-paths are the only means of communication, but a projected railway from Cochabamba (city) to Oruro, 132 m., promises to bring this isolated region into touch with the commercial world. The department is divided into nine provinces, but there is no effective local government outside the municipalities. The capital is Cochabamba; other important towns are Punata, Tarata, Totora, Mizque and Sacába.

COCHABAMBA, a city of Bolivia, capital of the department of the same name and of the province of Cercado, situated on the Rocha, a small tributary of the Guapay river, in lat. 17° 27' S. and long. 65° 46' W. Pop. (1900) 21,886, mostly Indians and _mestizos_. The city stands in a broad valley of the Bolivian plateau, 8400 ft. above sea-level, overshadowed by the snow-clad heights of Tunari and Larati, 291 m. north-north-west of Sucre and 132 m. east-north-east of Oruro, with both of which places it is connected by rough mountain roads. A subsidized stage-coach line runs to Oruro. A contract for a railway between the two cities was made in 1906, connecting with the Antofagasta and Arica lines. The climate is mild and temperate, and the surrounding country fertile and cultivated. Cochabamba is often described as the most progressive city of Bolivia, but it has been held back by its isolated situation. The warehouses of the city are well supplied with foreign goods, and trade is active in spite of high prices. The city is provided with telegraphic communication via Oruro, and enjoys a large part of the Amazon trade through some small river ports on tributaries of the Mamoré. The city is regularly laid out, and contains many attractive residences surrounded by gardens. It is an episcopal city (since 1847), containing many churches, four conventual establishments, and a missionary college of the "Propaganda Fide" for the conversion of Indians. The city has a university and two colleges, but they are poorly equipped and receive very little support from the government. Cochabamba was founded in the 16th century, and for a time was called Oropesa. It took an active part in the "war of independence," the women distinguishing themselves in an attack on the Spanish camp in 1815, and some of them being put to death in 1818 by the Spanish forces. In 1874 the city was seized and partly destroyed by Miguel Aguirre, but in general its isolated situation has been a protection against the disorders which have convulsed Bolivia since her independence.

COCHEM, a town of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine province on the Mosel, and 30 m. W. of Coblenz by the railway to Trier, which above the town enters the longest tunnel (2½ m.) in Germany. Pop. 3500. It is romantically situated in the deep and winding valley of the Mosel, at the foot of a hill surrounded by a feudal castle dating from 1051, which has been restored in its former style. There is a considerable trade in wines.

COCHERY, LOUIS ADOLPHE (1819-1900), French statesman, was born at Paris. After studying law he soon entered politics, and was on the staff of the ministry of justice after the revolution of February 1848. From the _coup d'état_ of 1851 to May 1869 he devoted himself to journalism. Then, elected deputy by the department of the Loiret, he joined the group of the Left Centre, and was a supporter of the revolution of the 4th of September 1870. His talent in finance won him a distinguished place in the chamber. From 1879 till 1885 he was minister of posts and telegraphs, and in January 1888 he was elected to the senate. He died in 1900.

His son, GEORGES CHARLES PAUL, born in 1855, was in his father's department from 1879 till 1885, deputy from 1885, five times president of the Budget Commission, minister of finance (1895-1898) and vice-president of the chamber (1898-1902), and again finance minister in the Briand Cabinet, 1909.

COCHIN, DENYS MARIE PIERRE AUGUSTIN (1851- ), French politician, was born at Paris. He studied law, was elected to the chamber of deputies in 1893, and gradually became one of the leaders and principal orators of the Conservative party. He opposed the project of the income-tax in 1894, the revision of the Dreyfus case in 1899, and the separation of the church and state in 1905. He is known as an author by his works, _L'Évolution de la vie_ (1895); _Le Monde extérieur_ (1895); _Contre les barbares_ (1899); _Ententes et ruptures_ (1905).

COCHIN, a feudatory state of southern India, in political subordination to Madras, with an area of 1361 sq. m. It is bounded on the N. by British Malabar, on the E. by British Malabar, Coimbatore and Travancore, on the S. by Travancore, and on the W. by British Malabar and the Arabian Sea. Isolated from the main territory, and situated to the north-east of it, lies the major portion of the Chittore _taluk_, entirely surrounded by British territory. The whole state may be divided into three well-defined regions or zones: (1) the eastern zone, consisting of broken forested portions of the Western Ghats, which, gradually decreasing in height, merge into (2) the central belt, comprising the uplands and plains that dip towards the lagoons or "backwaters" along the coast (see COCHIN, town), beyond which lies (3) the western zone, forming the littoral strip. The low belt which borders on the seas and the backwaters is by nature flat and swampy, but has in the course of ages become enriched by the work of man. On leaving the seaboard, an undulating country is found, diversified with grassy flats, naked hills and wooded terraces, intersected by numerous torrents and rapids, and profusely dotted with homesteads, orchards and cultivated fields, up to the very foot of the Ghats. Here the landscape, now on a grander scale, embraces great forests which form a considerable source of wealth. Of the total area of the state the forests and lagoons cover nearly 605 and 16 sq. m. respectively.

In 1901 the population was 812,025, showing an increase of 12% in the decade. More than one-fifth are Christians, mostly Syrians and Roman Catholics. The revenue is estimated at £153,000, subject to a tribute of £13,000. During recent years the financial condition of the state has been flourishing. The principal products are rice, cocoanuts, timber, cardamoms, pepper and a little coffee. Salt is manufactured along the coast. The capital is Ernakulam, but the raja resides at Tripunthora. The principal commercial centre is Mattancheri, adjoining the British town of Cochin. The chief means of communication is by boat along the backwaters; but in 1902 a metre-gauge line was constructed by the Madras railway at the expense of the state to connect Ernakulam with Shoranur.

_History._--What is now the native state of Cochin formed, until about the middle of the 9th century A.D., part of the ancient Chera or Kerala kingdom (see KERALA). Its port of Kodungalur (Kranganur, the ancient Muziris), at the mouth of the Periyar, was from early times one of the chief centres for the trade between Europe and India; and it was at Malankara, near Kodungalur, that the apostle Thomas is traditionally said to have landed. The history of Cochin is, however, like that of the Kerala kingdom generally, exceedingly obscure previous to the arrival of the Portuguese. The rajas of Cochin, who are of pure Kshatriya blood, claim descent from the Chera king Cheraman Perumal, the last of his race to rule the vast tract from Gokarn in North Kanara to Cape Comorin. About the middle of the 9th century this king, according to tradition, resigned his kingdom, embraced Islam, and went on pilgrimage to Arabia, where he died. Towards the end of the century the Chera kingdom was overrun and dismembered by the Cholas. It was in 1498 that Vasco da Gama reached the Malabar coast; and in 1502 the Portuguese were allowed to settle in the town of Cochin, where they built a fort and began to organize trade with the surrounding country. By the end of the century their influence had become firmly established, largely owing to the effective aid they had given to the rajas of Cochin in their wars with the Zamorin of Calicut. The Syrian Christians, forming at that time a large proportion of the population, now felt the weight of Portuguese ascendancy; in 1599 Menezes, the archbishop of Goa, held a synod at Udayamperur (Diamper), a village 12 m. south-east of Cochin, at which their tenets were pronounced heretical and their service-books purged of all Nestorian phrases. In 1663, however, Portuguese domination came to an end with the capture of Cochin by the Dutch, whose ascendancy continued for about a hundred years. In 1776 Hyder Ali of Mysore invaded the state and forced the raja to acknowledge his suzerainty and pay tribute. In 1791 Tippoo, son of Hyder Ali, ceded the sovereignty to the British, who entered into a treaty with the raja by which he became their vassal and paid an annual tribute of a lakh of rupees. On the 17th of October 1809, in consequence of an attempt of the hereditary chief minister Paliyath Achan, in 1808, to raise an insurrection against the British without his master's knowledge, a fresh treaty was made, by which the raja undertook to hold no correspondence with any foreign state and to admit no foreigners to his service without the sanction of the British government, which, while undertaking to defend the raja's territories against all enemies, reserved the right to dismantle or to garrison any of his fortresses. In 1818 the tribute, raised to 2½ lakhs in 1808, was permanently fixed at 2 lakhs. Since then, under the rule of the rajas, the state has greatly advanced in prosperity, especially under that of H. H. Sir Sri Rama Varma (b. 1852), who succeeded in 1895, was made a K.C.S.I. in 1897, and G.C.S.I. in 1903.

COCHIN, a town of British India, in the district of Malabar, Madras. Pop. (1901) 19,274. The town lies at the northern extremity of a strip of land about 12 m. in length, but in few places more than a mile in breadth, which is nearly insulated by inlets of the sea and estuaries of streams flowing from the Western Ghats. These form the Cochin backwaters, which consist of shallow lagoons lying behind the beach-line and below its level. In the monsoon the Cochin backwaters are broad navigable channels and lakes; in the hot weather they contract into shallows in many places not 2 ft. deep. The town of Cochin is about a mile in length by half a mile in breadth. Its first European possessors were the Portuguese. Vasco da Gama founded a factory in 1502, and Albuquerque built a fort, the first European fort in India, in 1503. The British made a settlement in 1634, but retired when the Dutch captured the town in 1663. Under the Dutch the town prospered, and about 1778 an English traveller described it as a place of great trade, "a harbour filled with ships, streets crowded with merchants, and warehouses stored with goods from every part of Asia and Europe, marked the industry, the commerce, and the wealth of the inhabitants." In 1795 Cochin was captured from the Dutch by the British, and in 1806 the fortifications and public buildings were blown up by order of the authorities. The explosion destroyed much private property, and for a long time seriously affected the prosperity of the town. Considerable sea-borne trade is still carried on. A lighthouse stands on the ruins of the old fort. The chief exports are cocoanut products, for the preparation of which there are factories, and tea; and the chief import is rice. Cochin is the only port south of Bombay in which large ships can be built.

COCHIN-CHINA,[1] a French colony in the extreme south of French Indo-China. The term formerly included the whole Annamese empire--Tongking, Annam, and Lower Cochin-China, but it now comprises only the French colony, which corresponds to Lower Cochin-China, and consists of the six southern provinces of the Annamese empire annexed by France in 1862 and 1867. Cochin-China is bounded W. by the Gulf of Siam, N.W. and N. by Cambodia, E. by Annam, and S.E. by the China Sea. Except along part of the north-west frontier, where the canal of Vinh-Thé divides it from Cambodia, its land-limits are conventional. Its area is about 22,000 sq. m.

In 1901 the population numbered 2,968,529, of whom 4932 were French (exclusive of French troops, who numbered 2537), 2,558,301 Annamese, 231,902 Cambodians, 92,075 Chinese, 42,940 savages (Min Huong), the rest being Asiatics of other nationalities, together with a few Europeans other than French.