Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" Volume 5, Slice 6

CELTES, KONRAD CENTO (town of Italy) CELTIBERIA CENTO (composition) CEMENT CENTRAL AMERICA CEMETERY CENTRAL FALLS CENCI, BEATRICE CENTRALIA CENOBITES CENTRAL INDIA CENOMANI CENT...

These materials are mixed in the proportion of about 3:1 by weight so that the dried mixture contains approximately 75% of calcium carbonate, the balance being clay. The mixing...

Hydraulic lime contains a good deal of uncombined lime, and has to be slaked before it is used as a cement. In France this slaking is conducted systematically by the makers, the...

The chief cemetery of Paris is that of Père la Chaise, the prototype of the garden cemeteries of western Europe. It takes its name from the celebrated confessor of Louis XIV., t...

Operations of this character have been conducted with different objects from very ancient times. The fighting strength of the children of Israel at the Exodus was ascertained by...

_Australasia_.--As the sphere of the census operations in Canada has been gradually spreading from the small beginnings on the east coast to the immense territories of the north...

The census of 1860 followed the model of its predecessor with slight changes. When the time for the next census approached it was felt that new legislation was needed, and a com...

CENTIPEDE, the characteristic member of the group Chilopoda, a class of the Arthropoda, formerly associated with the Diplopoda (Millipedes), the Pauropoda and the Symphyla, to c...

_Remarks._--The Geophilomorpha are universally distributed in suitable localities. The number of families into which the order should be divided is as yet unsettled, some author...

It is probable that folding took place at more than one geological epoch, and the whole series of beds up to the Oligocene is involved in the folds. The Pliocene, on the other h...

Central American architecture is characterized by a fine feeling for construction, and the execution is at once bold and aesthetically effective. Amongst the various ruins, some...

Central India may be divided into three great natural divisions: the highlands of the Malwa plateau, with a mean elevation of some 1500 ft. above sea-level; the low-lying countr...

_Language_.--Owing to the diversity of race, the diversity of language is equally great. Thirty languages and a hundred and six dialects are found in the Central Provinces alone...

CEPHALOPODA, the fifth of the classes into which the zoological phylum Mollusca is divided (see MOLLUSCA). The Cephalopoda are mainly characterized by the concrescence of the fo...

The lobes of the fore-foot of _Nautilus_ and of the other Cephalopoda require further description. It has been doubted whether these lobes were rightly referred (by T.H. Huxley)...

_Coelom, Blood-vascular System and Excretory Organs._--_Nautilus_ and the other Cephalopoda conform to the general Molluscan characters in regard to these organs. Whilst the gen...

_Phylogeny and Classification._--As _Nautilus_ is the only living genus of the Tetrabranchiata, our knowledge of all the rest is based upon the study of their fossil shells. A v...

_Head, Foot, Mantle and Mantle-cavity._--If we now compare the fore-foot of the Dibranchiata with that of _Nautilus_, we find in the first place a more simple arrangement of its...

In the Dibranchiate division of the Cephalopoda the greatest elaboration of the dioptric apparatus of the eye is attained, so that we have in this class the extremes of the two...

LITERATURE.--Use has been freely made above of the article by E. Ray Lankester, on _Mollusca_, in the 9th edition of this Encyclopedia. For the chief modern works, see Bashford...

A prevalent misconception with regard to the potter's wheel needs correction. For anything beyond very simple shapes it is impossible to carry the work to completion on the whee...

LITERATURE.--On primitive pottery the following works may be specially mentioned. W. Greenwell, _British Barrows_ (1877); Boyd-Dawkins, _Early Man in Britain_ (1880); Mortimer,...

Coming to ordinary pottery we find that in early times well-formed vases made of good clay, unglazed and unpainted, were made. Small figures of deities made of the same clay are...

In any case we may state broadly that the body of Greek vases is always fine in grain, fired hard enough to give forth a dull metallic sound when it is struck, but seldom fired...

HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF GREEK VASE-PAINTING.--It has been indicated in the section dealing with technical processes that Greek vases may be classified under four headings accordin...

Contemporary with the red-figure method is one in which the figures are painted on a white slip or _engobe_ resembling pipe-clay, with which the whole surface was covered; the f...

ROMAN POTTERY.--Roman vases are far inferior to Greek; the shapes are less artistic, and the decoration, though sometimes not without merits of its own, owes most of its success...

Painted wares are at all times rare, but were occasionally produced in Gaul, Germany and Britain. A notable class of such ware seems to have been produced in the Rhine district,...

_Damascus Ware_.--This time-honoured name (for "Damas Ware" was often mentioned in medieval inventories, and appears to have included many varieties of oriental pottery which we...

1. The native wares, made of coarse and often dark-red clay, coated with a white clay slip (a kind of pipe-clay) and covered with a crude lead glaze, either yellow or green. The...

Certain characteristic wares of Faenza have already been noted. Those with the grey-blue (_berettino_) glaze were principally made at the factory called Casa Pirota, though infe...

LITERATURE.--F. Argnani, _La Ceramiche et maioliche faentine_ (Faenza, 1889 and 1903); D. Bonghi, _Intorno alle Majoliche di Castelli_ (Naples, 1856); Professor Douglas, "Siena,...

_Delft._--One of the most remarkable phenomena in the history of pottery is the appearance about 1600, in a highly developed state, of the manufacture of a tin-enamelled earthen...

_English Earthenware._--The manufacture of tin-enamelled pottery scarcely obtained a foothold in Staffordshire, but the invention of the white salt-glazed ware paved the way for...

The earliest painted Chinese porcelains, which are referred to the beginning of the Ming period, though some of them may be older, speak strongly of ideas imported from the west...

Europe can claim no share in the discovery of porcelain, the white and translucent pottery _par excellence_, for when the first specimens of Chinese porcelain were brought to Eu...

_Berlin._--The first Berlin porcelain was made by W. Casper Wegeli, aided by workmen from other German factories, as early as 1750. This business was unsuccessful and came to an...

_Italy_.--In Italy we have the factories at Le Nove near Bassano (1762-1825); Doccia near Florence (founded in 1735 by the marchese Carlo Ginori, and still carried on by the sam...

_Minor English Factories._--A number of other porcelain factories were founded in England in the latter half of the 18th century, but none of these produced ware of any particul...

_Artistic Results._--While the great potteries of Europe have been employed in improving their methods of manufacture and in consolidating their knowledge on the technical and s...