book i. by William, abbot of St Thierry near Reims; book ii. by

Ernald, or Arnald, abbot of Bonnevalle; books iii., iv. and v. by Geoffrey (Gaufrid), monk of Clairvaux and Bernard's secretary; book vi., on Bernard's miracles, by Geoffrey and Philip, another monk of Clairvaux, &c. A MS. is preserved, _int. al._, in the library of Lambeth Palace (S xiv. No. 163). The _Vita_ was first published in _Bernardi op. omn._ by Mabillon (Paris, 1690), ii. pp. 1061 ff.; it was included in Migne, _Patrolog. lat._ clxxxv. pp. 225-416, which also contains the abridgments or amplifications, by later hands, of the _Vita Prima_, known as the _Vita Secunda_, _Tertia_ and _Quarta_. For a critical study of these sources see G. Huffer, _Der heilige Bernhard von Clairvaux_ (2 vols., Munster, 1886), and E. Vacandard, _Vie de Saint Bernard_ (2 vols., Paris, 1895).

Among the numerous modern works on St Bernard may be mentioned, besides the above, J.C. Morison, _The Life and Times of St Bernard_ (London, 1863); G. Chevallier, _Histoire de Saint Bernard_ (2 vols., Lille, 1888); S.J. Eales, _St Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux_ (London, 1890, "Fathers for English Readers" series); ib. _Life and Works of St Bernard_ (London, 1889); R.S. Storrs, _Bernard of Clairvaux: the Times, the Man and His Work_ (New York, 1893); Comte d'Haussonville, _Saint Bernard_ (Paris, 1906). See also the article by Vacandart in A. Vacant's _Dictionnaire de theologie_ (with full bibliography), and that by S.M. Deutsch in Herzog-Hauck, _Realencyklopadie_ (3rd ed.), vol. ii. (bibliography). Further works, monographs, &c., are given s. "Vita S. Bernardi" in Potthast. _Bibliotheca Historica Medii Aevi_ (Berlin, 1896). (W. A. P.)

FOOTNOTE:

[1] The Cistercians of this branch of the order were commonly known as Bernardines.

BERNARD OF CHARTRES (1080?-1167), surnamed SYLVESTRIS, scholastic philosopher, described by John of Salisbury as _perfectissimus inter Platonicos nostri saeculi_. He and his brother Theodore were among the chief members of the school of Chartres (France), founded in the early part of the 11th century by Fulbert, the great disciple of Gerbert. This school flourished at a time when medieval thought was directed to the ancient philosophy of Plato and Aristotle, and had perversely come to regard Aristotle as merely the founder of abstract logic and formal intellectualism, as opposed to Plato whose doctrine of Ideas seemed to tend in a naturalistic direction. Thus Bernard is a Platonist and yet the representative of a "return to Nature" which curiously anticipates the humanism of the early Renaissance. John of Salisbury (_Metalogicus_,