Part 5

[21] Eman. Swedbergs Assess. i Kongl. Bergz Coll. Försök At finna Östra och Westra Lengden igen igenom Månan, Som Til the Lärdas ompröfwande framstelles. Upsala, 1718. See ALFR. H. STROH and G. EKELÖF: Op. cit. p. 17. See also the letters of Eman. Swedberg ad Ericum Benzelium in the Swedenborg edition of the Acad. of Sciences, Vol. I.

[22] See E. LILJEDAHL: ›Swedenborg›, Stockholm, 1908; and HJ. HOLMQUIST: ›Från Swedenborgs ungdom och första stora verksamhetsperiod›, Bibelforskaren, 1909, No. 3.

[23] See also ALFR. H. STROH and G. EKELÖF: Chronological list of the works of E. Swedenborg, pp. 15 and 16. The titles of the three pamphlets are in English: ›On the way to improve commerce and manufactures›, ›Memorial on the institution of saltboileries in Sweden›, ›On the utility and necessity of instituting an observatory in Sweden›.

[24] ›Om Watnens Högd och Förra Werldens starcka Ebb och Flod, Bewjs utur Swergie›. (Stockholm, 1719; see also Acta Literaria Sueciæ Upsaliæ publ. 1720, pp. 5-11). Reprinted in the edition of Swedenborg’s Scientific works, publ. by the R. S. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. I., pp. 1-27.

[25] See concerning this the above-named work by HJ. HOLMQUIST, in which he says p. 223 concerning SWEDENBORG’s method of research: ›SWEDENBORG himself indicates the scientific method which he followed: first, the collecting of as many experiments and investigations as possible, afterwards the working over of these according to the laws of geometry, and lastly, speculation, hypotheses: ’as long as proofs are lacking, principles may not be accepted and hypotheses defended, as they then deserve better the name of fantasies than of principles’. ’Experientia, geometria et facultas ratiocinandi’, experience, geometry and reason, were the foundations of SWEDENBORG’s work both within the world of nature and that of spirit.›

[26] See ›Œconomia Regni Animalis›, Vol. I., No. 360, where Swedenborg mentions Parts IV., V., VI. of the Œc. R. A.

[27] Œc. R. A. Vol. III., ›De Fibra›, translated into English by Rev. Prof. ALFRED ACTON in ›New Philosophy›.

[28] See Œc. R. A. Vol. II., Nos. 71-75, 76-82, 112; III. No. 59, etc.

[29] See Œc. R. A. Vol. II., Nos. 100, 101, 191; ›Quod sensationes externae non ad ulteriores metas quam ad sphaerulas corticales pertingant, id satis in confirmato est, quando hae fibrarum nervearum et medullarium sunt principia›; and 113, 130, 140, 141, etc. See also ›The Brain› No. 98.

[30] As observed in Quain’s ›Elements of Anatomy›, Tenth edition, edit. by E. A. SCHÄFER and G. D. THANE, Vol. III., Part. I, p. 39: ›The term medulla oblongata, as employed by WILLIS and VIEUSSENS, and by those who directly followed them, included the crura cerebri and pons Varolii, as well as that part to which by HALLER first, and by most subsequent writers, this term has been restricted.›

[31] See Œc. R. A. Vol. II., Nos. 83-85, 91, 93, 95, 114, 140: ›Proinde cum totidem origines motus sunt, quot sphaerulae istius substantiae;› and 144, 146: ›Sic distinctissime quaevis (sphaerula) suam fibrulam animat & usque ad ejus finem in fibram corporis motricem influit;› 157 and 191-194-95, 202 etc. See also ›The Brain›, No. 399.

[32] So, for example, in Œc. R. A. Vol. II., No. 100: ... ›quod Cortex sit principalis totius Cerebri substantia; in ipso termino primo Fibrarum et ultimo Arteriarum sita; See also Œc. R. A. Vol. II., 111-116, 133, 134, 138, 152, 197, 290, etc., or, for example, Œc. R. A. III., No. 127, fin., and No. 404, where we read as follows: ›Ex anatome Cerebri id constat, quod Cerebrum, seu substantia ejus corticalis, quae proprie cerebrum audit, sit _Sensorium commune_, nam quinque organa suos sensus externos ad corticem ut ad suum sensorium commune et unicum internum referunt. Cerebrum corticale etiam est _Motorium commune voluntarium_, quicquid enim agendum est mediantibus nervis et musculis, id praevia voluntate a cerebro determinandum est.›

[33] Œc. R. A. II., 107: ›Partes hujus substantiae — — — merentur _Organa Sensuum interiorum_ et Cerebellula nuncupari, nam media substantia medullari et sanguine ab Organis externis alluentes modos et tactus recipiunt, et ad judicem animam referunt.› See also Œc. R. A. 191, 192, Œc. R. A. II., 195: — — ›Substantiae Corticales totidem sunt Cerebellula, — —; singula enim sensorium est in particulari, quale est Cerebrum in communi.›

[34] Œc. R. A. II., 193: ›Haec minime effectum consequerentur, — — — nisi _partes substantiae Corticalis inter se, atque in gradus et series sint divisae, in quales sunt modificationum causae: seu nisi series substantiarum corticalium sint uti series sensationum_; nisi sphaerularum Corticis perfectissima sit varietas harmonica, ita ut nulla earum, praeter qua essentialia et attributa, alteri sit simillima.› For the same see also ›Regnum Animale›, VII., chap. XX; Œc. R. A. II., No. 307: ›Ex lustratione ipsius Cerebri apparet, quod _substantiae corticales ita Sapienter sunt ordinatae, ut cuilibet sensationi externae ad amussim correspondeant_; nam _dictae substantiae_, ut unitates glomatim in quendam numerum coalescunt, et _hi glomuli_ tanquam novae unitates _in congeries_ adhuc majores, et hae in maximam, quae est ipsum Cerebrum: _singulae partitiones_ discriminatae sunt per rimas, sulcos et anfractus, et consertae per vasa et productiones meningeas, sic ut quasi sint numeri unitatum in analogiae formam redacti, prorsus ut decet sensorium commune, quod _recepturum sit omnem speciem sensationis externae, distinctim suum visum, distinctim auditum, gustum et olfactum_. Œc. R. A. II., chap. XX.

[35] Œc. R. A. II., No. 192, ›Ex anatome Cerebri in ipsius oculi luce est, quod _radii visuales_ medio nervo optico _influant in thalamos nervorum opticorum_, et abinde per collectas e toto Cerebro, perque Fornicis basin transmissas, et thalamis superinstratas fibras, quaquaversum in _corticem_ diffundantur.›

[36] Œc. R. A. II., No. 192. — — ›quod _subtiles tactus membranae Olfactoriae_ cavitates labyrintheas narium investientis, et inde oriundae subtiles contremiscentiae aut modificationes per laminam cribrosam et processus mammillares _in Corpora striata_, aut in medullam totius centri ovalis enitentes non desinant nisi in peripheriam fibrarum, seu _in ambitum corticalem_;› See also II., 38-42, where the processus mamillaris is supposed to mediate a reflex action from the sense of smell upon the muscles of breathing.

[37] Œc. R. A. II., No. 101: — — ›totidem origines motus sunt, quot sphaerulae illius substantiae (corticis)›; II., 140, 153, etc.

[38] Œc. R. A. II., No. 146, ›Sic distinctissime quaevis (Sphaerula) suam fibrulam animat, et usque ad ejus finem in fibram corporis motricem influit›; see also II., 135, 147, 150, 156: ›Ex his ... fluit consequens de singulis Cerebellulis ..., quod vitiato uno aut pluribus ... contagium se non latius quam in appensas fibras et subjectos musculos immediate extendat.› And III., 59, 127, at the end, and 197.

[39] Œc. R. A. II., No. 147: ›Sphaerulae illum sortitae sunt in Cerebro ordinem et situm, ut _singulae aut plures simul, aut omnes in communi_ queant systolen suam et diastolen perficere›. Œc. R. A. II., No. 156: ›Quare ita compaginatum est Cerebrum, ut totum queat alterna vertigine auferri, utque solum ejus medietas aut semiglobi Haemisphaerium; aut solum plures aut una circumgyratio; aut utmodo hujus glomus, minor congeries, aut pars.› The same in ›The Brain›, No. 104 c.

[40] Œc. R. A. I., No. 505: ›Ergo inquirendum venit, _qui tori corticei his aut illis musculis in Corpore correspondent_; quod fieri non potest nisi _per experientiam in vivis Animalibus; per punctiones, sectiones et compressiones_ plurium, perque inde in Corporis musculis redundantes effectus.›

[41] Œc. R. A. II. Nos. 151, 157: › — — — licet _ipsa fibra Cerebri non agat motricem in musculis, agit tamen in utraque illa Medulla, quarum fibras ad sic non aliter agendum disponit_, uti ab Anatomia Cerebri tam humani, quam animalium brutorum, imo insectorum, clare colligitur: idque ob rationem, ut _Cerebri Voluntarium abeat in spontaneum et naturale mediis Medullis_, ne toties in particulares profundas motiones auferatur, _quoties actio semel incepta ex consueto continuanda sit_; id ejus sublimiorum officiorum administrationem toties alias interturbaret, et in Homine analyses rationales, quae quietiorem Cerebri statum poscunt: quare _ut primum actio voluntaria poscit seriem agendorum continuam, Cerebrum annuet et consentiet, tum et actionis actualitatem producet_: Sic _ejus_ est _causa principalis, Medullis autem incineratis injuncta secundaria_.› See also I., No. 574:—›_origo secundaria_ vel causa intermedia _actionum Voluntariarum in Spontaneas abeuntium_ sit _in Medulla Spinali et oblongata_.›

[42] Œc. R. A. II., No. 107: ›Partes hujus substantiae ex eadem ratione merentur _Organa Sensuum interiorum_, et Cerebellula nuncupari›. See also II., No. 191, etc.

[43] Œc. R. A. II., No. 159: ›Id jam extra omnem dubitationis aleam ponimus, quod _substantia corticalis_ sit _determinans, licet non omnium primum_, actionum Corporis, quia determinans est fibrarum, et fibrae musculorum, a quibus actio›. — — — II., No. 160: ›Sed hae _substantiae corticales_ licet sunt determinantes actionum sui Corporis, respective tamen sunt _modo subdeterminantes et mediantes_, quibus respondent subdeterminantes in Corpore, quae sunt fibrae motrices.› See also II., No. 204.

[44] Œc. R. A. II., No. 277: ›— — — dicere quod _Anima sit supra mentem intellectualem_, — — —› See also II., No. 280. II., No. 160: ›_Per illas (substantias corticales) etenim determinatur in actum voluntas_, cujus principium altius est rimandum. — — — _requiritur vis_ altior, sublimior, principalior, et universalior, _in qua sit principium voluntatis, qua his mediis determinatur in actum_. Proinde est fluidum spirituosum, in quo est _vita, et proinde anima_.›

[45] Œc. R. A. II., 285: ›Ex his jam sequitur, quod _Anima sit, quae intelligit, cogitat, judicat, vult, desiderat, imaginatur, cupit, reminiscitur, videt, audit, gustat, odorat, sentit, loquitur, agit_, — — —.› See also II., 287.

[46] Œc. R. A. II., No. 160, 161: ›Et haec denique concludit, quod sit _anima, quae huic fluido (spirituoso) inest_, cujus est determinare in actum.› II., 165. II., 303: ›Ipsum Fluidum Spirituosum est substantia eminenter organica suae Animae; uti Oculus est organum visus, Auris auditus, Lingua gustus, Cerebrum perceptionis omnium›; etc. See also ›The Brain›, No. 7.

[47] See for example Œc. R. A. II., No. 246: — — — ›sic etiam quod hoc Fluidum sit Spiritus et Anima sui Corporis›. — — — Œc. R. A. III., No. 317: ›_Anima est purissima essentia animalis, caelestis et spiritualis_, quae fibram simplicem excitat et simul sanguinem tam candidum quam rubrum ingreditur.›

[48] See also Œc. R. A. II., No. 348: ›Ex his jam praemissis usque ad fidem intellectus demonstrari potest, quod _Fluidum Spirituosum humanum_ immunissimum sit ab omni injuria contingentium in regione sublunari; nec exstinguibile, sed _immortale_, tametsi non per se, _post casum sui Corporis_. Quod exsolutum a vinculis et laqueis terrestrium in omnem sui Corporis formam coaliturum sit et victurum vitam omni imaginatione puriorem. Tum quod nulla sit actiuncula ex consulto, et nulla vocula ex consensu, in vita ejus corporea, edita, quae non affulgente luce sapientiae, inhaerenter designatae, tunc ante ejus conscientiae judicium, distincte compariturae sint›.

[49] Œc. R. A. II., No. 303: ›_usque eodem recidit, sive memoratum fluidum dicimus Spiritum aut Animam, sive ejus facultatem_ sibi repraesentandi universum et intuendi fines, nam unum non concipi potest, quia non datur sine altero.›

[50] J. J. GARTH WILKINSON has published Part I. in an English translation in 1843, and Parts II. and III. in 1844, London.

[50 b] ›Regnum Animale›, Pars quarta: ›De Sensibus›, publ. by IM. TAFEL, London, 1848; transl. into English by ENOCH S. PRICE in ›New Philosophy›; ›R. A.›, Pars septima: ›De Anima›, publ. by IM. TAFEL, Tübingen and London, 1849; transl. into English by FRANK SEWALL, New York, 1887 and 1900.

[51] The words enclosed in parentheses have been added by the author of this paper to make the meaning more clear, and are unmistakeably inferred from the connection.

[52] As Professor G. RETZIUS also says in his ›Croonian lecture›, delivered in London, 1908: ›The theses cited [especially those concerning the localization of the motor centres in the cerebral cortex] are drawn up with such precision by SWEDENBORG that they cannot possibly be based on divination only, but must rest upon a real grasp of natural phenomena as well as on actual experiments and dissecting work›.

[53] See ›Œconomia Regni Animalis›, I., Nos. 559 _et seqq._; also 571 and 572, and R. VIEUSSENS: ›Neurographia universalis›, Lugduni, 1685, pp. 123, 124, etc.

[54] See ›Œconomia Regni Animalis›, I., Nos. 559 _et seqq._, as also R. VIEUSSENS: ›Neurographia universalis›, Lugduni, 1685, pp. 123, 124, _et seqq._

[55] See BOERHAAVE: ›Institutiones medicae›, Lugduni Batavor. 1720, No. 415: ›Ergo musculi voluntarii nervos habent ultimo oriundos a cerebro. Illi vero, qui spontaneis, vitalibusque motibus serviunt, a cerebello nervos accipiunt.›

[56] See TH. WILLIS: ›Cerebri Anatome›, Amsterdam, 1667, pp. 73-74: ›Cerebrum motuum et conceptuum omnium origo et fons. Sensus et motus, item passiones et instinctus mere naturales, licet a Cerebro quadantenus dependent, tamen proprie in Medulla oblongata et Cerebello aut perficiunter aut ab iis procedunt.

[57] See Œc. R. A. III., No. 404, etc.: ›Medulla oblongata — — — sensorium et motorium commune tam Cerebri quam Cerebelli, sed secundarium et instrumentale superius. Medulla spinalis similiter — — — sensorium et motorium commune, sed secundarium et instrumentale inferius.›

[58] Œc. R. A., III., No. 133: ›Substantia — — — corticalis est ipsum Cerebrum seu Sensorium — — — commune›; No. 404, etc.

[59] See R. DESCARTES: ›Tractatus de homine›, Lugd. Bat. 1662, pp. 77, 81, 82; 32, 67 etc.: 72, 79 etc.

[60] See H. BOERHAAVE: ›Institutiones medicae›, Lugd. Bat. 1720, p. 253: ›Sensorium commune est pars cerebri, — — —, adeoque, ut apparet, medulla cerebri in capite;› and BOERHAAVE: ›Praelectiones academicae, (published by HALLER), Göttingen, 1743, p. 451: ›Haec ergo sedes animae non est in pineali glandula, uti CARTESIUS voluit,—neque est in medulla spinali, neque est in cerebello, verum _in fornicata medulla circumstante cavitatem ventriculorum cerebri_.›

[61] See CASP. et THOM. BARTHOLIN: ›Instit. anatom.›, 1641, p. 265: ›Putamus enim in Cerebro proprie dicto, vel cortice servari spiritum animalem pro sensu, in medulla vero tota tam quoad caput quam quoad caudam, reservari spiritum pro motu.›

[62] See THOMAS WILLIS: ›Cerebri Anatome., 1667, pp. 76, 77: ›Etenim existimare fas est, spiritus animales — — in corticali cerebri substantia procreari› — — — ›hæ partes medullares spirituum animalium exercitio et dispensationi — — — inserviunt;› and J.J. WINSLOW: ›Exposition anatomique — — —›, 1732, IV., p. 210: ›WILLIS nous donne un système tout-à-fait particulier. Il loge le sens commun dans le corpus striatum ou corps rougé, l’imagination dans le corps callosum, et la mémoire dans l’écorce ou dans la substance grisâtre qui envelloppe la blanche.›

[63] See M. MALPIGHI: ›Opera Omnia›, 1686-87, Tom. II., p. 85: ›Suspicari possumus minimis hisce glandulis ex delato sanguine separari, recolligique particulas illas a natura ad promendum instrumentaliter sensuum destinatas, quibus per nervorum tubulis delatis continuatae partes inbibantur et turgeant.›

[64] See MALPIGHI: ›Opera Omnia›, 1686-87, Tom. II., De Cerebri cortice, pp. 78 _et seqq._ ›In — — cerebro corticem affusum minimarum glandularum proventum et congeriem esse deprehendi: hæ in cerebri gyris et protractis veluti intestinales, ad quæ desinunt albæ nervorum radices, vel inde, si mavis, oriuntur — — —›; and SWEDENBORG: Œc. R. A. II., Nos. 76-82, 112, 114 etc.

[65] See BOERHAAVE: ›Institutiones medicae›, 1720, No. 266: ›folliculi illi minimi glandulosi emittunt tenues fibras, albas, compactas quibus adenutis fit callosum, medullosumque corpus› — — —; No. 274: ›fibras has canaliculos tenuissimos pervios esse, qui in se excipiant humorem corporis humani omnium quidem subtilissimum, qui fabrica mirifica corticis praeparatus, secretus atque vi in has fistulas impulsus est, ex omni quidem parte hujus in medullam oblongatam collectus; see also No. 263; No. 284: ›fibrillas nerveas humorem medullae — — ad omne punctum totius corporis distinctissimis viis deferre.› — —

[66] ›Nisi mutua sit connexio et perpetua communicatio substantiae medullaris qua fibrillas et manipulos intra thecam vertebralem et cranium, undecunque ducitur ad corticem cerebri. — — —› (Œc. R. A. II., No. 193; See also No. 115).

[67] See above CASP. and THOM. BARTHOLIN: ›Inst. Anat.›, 1645, p. 265.

[68] See H. BOERHAAVE: ›Inst. Med.›, 1720, N. 574. or 274.

[69] See above A. V. HALLER: ›Elem. Physiol.›, 1762, IV., p. 392.

[70] Œc. R. A. loco cit. and II., 88. See also A. PACCHIONI: ›Opera›, Ed. quarta, Romæ, 1741, p. 112.

[71] See BOERHAAVE: ›Instit. med.›, 1720, No. 570, 574. The edition used by SWEDENBORG was printed 1727.

[72] ›Nempe in sensorio communi distinctas loco provincias esse pro diversis sensibus, uti cuilibet sensui suum externum proprium organum datum est.› BOERHAAVE: ›Prael. acad.›, published by HALLER 1743, Vol. IV., p. 435. See also BOERHAAVE: ›Inst. med.›, 1720, No. 568.

[73] These lobes are, as he says, ›marked out and encompassed by the carotid artery, a statement by which he probably means the same as RIDLEY, when the latter says of the whole anterior region that it is marked out, as it were, by two branches of the carotid artery, one at the front and one at the side, i. e., _Arteria cerebri anterior_ and _Arteria cerebri media_.

[74] J. J. WEPFER: ›Observationes anatomicæ ex cadaveribus eorum, quos sustulit Apoplexia›. Amstelædami, 1681, pp. 5-11, Case II.

[75] See A. PACCHIONI: ›Opera›, Ed. quarta, Romæ, 1741, p. 112.

[76] See J. B. WINSLOW: ›Exposition anatomique de la Structure du corps humain.› Paris, 1732, IV., p. 210. With WILLIS one also finds the same subdivision of the hemispheres of the brain into an anterior and a posterior ›province›, as that employed by SWEDENBORG.

[77] VIEUSSENS: ›Neur. univ.›, pp. 115, 117, and Tab. X.

[78] Op. cit., pp. 115, 117, and Tab. XVI.

[79] Op. cit., pp. 115, 117 and Tab. XV.

[80] Œc. R. A. II., No. 153: ›Experientiae est et temporis, ut evestigetur, qui gyrus et qui serpens tumulus in cerebro hunc aut illum musculum ut correspondentem suum in corpore respiciat. ’Cuniculos cerebri serpere, per autopsiam deprehenditur’ ait Clar. PACCHIONUS, BELLINUS et alii plures.›

[81] See MALPIGHI: ›Op. omnia›, II., De Cerebro, p. 2, and SWEDENBORG: Œc. R. A., II., Nos. 82, 58, etc.

[82] MALPIGHI: ›Opera omnia›, 1686-87, II., De Cerebri cortice, p. 78, and SWEDENBORG: Œc. R. A., II., Nos. 76-82, 112, 114, etc.

[83] MALPIGHI: Op. cit. p. 78: ›Harum glandularum distinctionem affuso atramento (ink) et leviter gossypio deterso, videbis, intercepta enim spatia ita denigrantur, ut circumscriptas glandulas facilius exhibeant.› See also Œc. R. A. No. 76.

[84] MALPIGHI: Op. cit., p. 79: ›Corticales hae glandulae tortuose locatae exteriores cerebri gyros componunt, et exorientibus inde medullaribus fibris seu vasculis appenduntur›. See also Œc. R. A., II., No. 76.

[85] See Œc. R. A., II., No. 191: ›Quod sensationes externæ non ad ulteriores metas quam ad sphaerulas corticales pertingant, id satis in confirmato est, quando hae fibrarum nervearum et medullarium sunt principia, ultra quae si progrederentur, ut si in arteriolas aut meninges, tunc praescriptos terminos superscanderent et a centris in remotiores peripherias se conjicerent.›

[86] See Œc. R. A., III., No. 127: ›Si enim vivum corticem in apertis cerebris lente microscopica, sive delineatum ex vivo contemplamur, evidenter conspicitur, quomodo fibra ex illo procedat, et tanquam rivulus ex fonticulo scaturiat; id etiam in hydrocephalis, apoplecticis, catalepticis, paralyticis, maniacis, motibus convulsivis et spasmis cynicis vexatis confirmatur, nam ipsa labes substantiæ eorum corticalis post mortem deprehensa in continuas fibras, et tandem in musculares, unde prodeunt actiones et inconcinni motus, derivatur. — — — Ergo, quia substantia corticalis est parens fibrarum, sequitur, quod cerebrum non nisi quam in hac sua substantia incipiat cerebrum esse, quatenus ibi est receptaculum sensationum seu sensorium commune, et simul principium actionum, seu motorium commune.›

[87] See Œc. R. A., II., No. 156: ›Vitiato uno cerebellulo aut pluribus in toto, contagium se non latius quam in appensas fibras et subjectos musculos immediate extendat.›