Chapter 11

OF ADVERBS.

An Adverb, considered as a separate part of speech, is a single indeclinable word, significant of time, place, or any other circumstance or modification of an action or attribute. The number of simple Adverbs in Gaelic is but small. Adverbial phrases, made up of two or more words, are sufficiently numerous. Any adjective may be converted into an adverbial expression, by prefixing to it the preposition gu _to_; as, f[`i]rinneach _true_, gu f[`i]rinneach _[corresponding] to [what is] true_, [Greek: kata to alethes], i.e., _truly_. Adverbs of this form need not be enumerated. It may be useful, however, to give a list of other adverbs and adverbial phrases, most commonly in use; subjoining, where it can be done, a literal translation of their component parts, and also the English expression which corresponds most nearly to the sense of the Gaelic phrase.

_Adverbs of Time._

A cheana; already, truly. A chianamh; a little while ago. A chlisge; quickly, in a trice. A choidhche, } Choidh; } for ever. A nis, } Nise; } now. A r[`i]s, } Rithist; } again. Ainmic, } Ainmeach; } seldom. Air ball; _on [the] spot_, immediately. Air dheireadh; hindmost. Air thoiseach; foremost. Air t[`u]s; in the beginning, at first. Air uairibh; _at times_, sometimes. {110} Am bliadhna; this year. Am feadh; whilst. Am feasd; for ever. Am m[`a]ireach; to-morrow. An ceart uair; _the very hour_, presently. An comhnuidh; _in continuation_, continually. An d['e]; yesterday. An deigh laimh; _behind hand_, afterwards. An diugh; _the [present] day_, to-day[73]. An ear-thrath, } An iar-thraith; } _the after time_, the day after to-morrow. An nochd; _the [present] night_, to-night. An raoir, } An reidhr; } yesternight. An sin; _in that [time]_, then. An trath; _the time_, when. An tr[`a]th so, } An tr[`a]s'; } _this time_, at present. An uair; _the time_, when. An uiridh; last year. Aon uair; _one time_, once. Cia fhada; how long. Cia minic, } Cia tric; } how often. C'uine; _what time_, when. Do la, } A la; } by day[74]. Dh' oidhche; by night[74]. Do ghn[`a]th; _[according] to custom_, always. Fa dheoidh; _at the end_, at last. Fathast, } F[`o]s; } yet, still. {111} Gu br[`a]th[75], } Gu la bhr[`a]th; } _to the general conflagration_, for ever. Gu d[`i]linn[75]; _to the expiration of time_, or _till the deluge_, for ever. Gu minic; often. Gu siorruidh; _to ever-flowing_, for ever. Gu suthainn; for ever. Gu tric; often. Idir; at all. Mar tha; _as it is_, already. Mu dheireadh; at last. O cheann tamuill; a while ago. O chian; _from far_, of old, long ago. R[`e] seal, } R[`e] tamuill; } for a time. Riamh; ever, said of past time only. Roimh l[`a]imh; before hand. Uair eigin; some time.

_Adverbs of Place._

A bhos, } Bhos; } on this side, here below. A leth taobh; to one side, aside. A mach, } A muigh; } without, out. A mh[`a]n[76]; downwards, down. An aird; _to the height_, upwards, up. A nall, } Nall; } to this side. A nuas; _from above_, down hither. A null, } Null, nunn; } to the other side. {112} A thaobh; aside. Air aghaidh, } Air adhart; } _on [the] face_, forward. Air ais; backwards. Air dheireadh; hindmost. Air thoiseach; foremost. Am fad, } An c['e]in; } afar. An gar; close to. An laimh; in hand, in custody. An sin; _in that [place]_, there. An so; _in this [place]_, here. An sud; _in yon [place]_, yonder. An taice; close adjoining, in contact. Asteach, } Astigh; }[77] within, in. C' [`a]ite; _what place_, where. Cia an taobh; _what side_, whither. C' ionadh; _what place_, whither. Fad as; afar off. Fad air astar; far away. Far; where,--relatively. Fogus, } Am fogus; } near. H-uig' agus uaith; to and fro. Iolar, } Ioras; } below there, below yonder. Le leathad; _by a descent_, downwards. Leis; _along with it_, down a stream, declivity, &c. Mu 'n cuairt; _by the circuit_, around. Ri bruthach; _to an ascent_, upwards. Ris; in an exposed state, bare, uncovered. Seachad; past, aside. Sios, a sios; downwards. Suas, a suas; upwards. {113} Shios; below there, below yonder. Shuas; above there, above yonder. Tarsuing; across. Thairis; over. Thall; on the other side. Uthard; above there, above yonder.

Deas[78]; south. Gu deas; southward. A deas; from the south.

Iar[79], } Siar; } west. Gus an aird an iar; westward. O'n iar; from the west.

Tuath; north. Gu tuath; northward. A tuath; from the north.

Ear, Oir, Soir; east. Gus an aird an ear; eastward. O'n ear; from the east.

_Adverbs of Manner._

Air achd; in a manner. Air a' chuthach, } Air boile; } distracted, mad. Air chall; lost. Air ch[`o]ir; aright. Air chor; in a manner. Air chor eigin; in some manner, somehow. Air chuairt; sojourning. Air chuimhne; in remembrance. Air ['e]igin; with difficulty, scarcely. Air fogradh; in exile, in a fugitive state. {114} Air ghleus; in trim. Air iomadan; adrift. Air iomroll; astray. Air iunndrain; amissing. Air lagh; trimmed for action, as a bow bent, a firelock cocked, &c. Air leth; apart, separately. Air seacharan; astray. Air sgeul; found, not lost. Amh[`a]in; only. Amhuil, } Amhludh; } like as. Am bidheantas; customarily, habitually. Am feabhas; convalescent, improving. An coinnimh a chinn; headlong. An coinnimh a ch[`u]il; backwards. An deidh, } An geall; } desirous, enamoured. An nasgaidh; for nothing, gratis. An t[`o]ir; in pursuit. Araon; together. As an aghaidh; _out of the face_, to the face, outright. As a ch['e]ile; loosened, disjointed. Car air char; rolling, tumbling over and over. Cia mar; _as how_, how. C' arson; _on account of what_, why, wherefore. C' ionnas; _what manner_, how. Cha, cho; not. Comhla[80], mar chomhla, } Cuideachd; } together, in company. C'uime, for what, why. Do dheoin, a dheoin; spontaneously, intentionally. Dh' aindeoin; against one's will. Do dh[`i]th, a dh[`i]th; a-wanting. Do r[`i]readh; really, actually, indeed. {115} Fa leth; severally, individually. Gle; very. Gu beachd; _to observation_, evidently, clearly. Gu buileach; _to effect_, thoroughly, wholly. Gu dearbh; _to conviction_, truly, certainly. Gu deimhin; _to assurance_, assuredly, verily. Gu leir; altogether. Gu leor; _to sufficiency_, enough. Gun amharus; _without doubt_, doubtless. Gun ch[`a]ird; _without rest_, incessantly, without hesitation. Leth mar leth; half and half. Le ch['e]ile; _with each other_, together. Maraon; _as one_, together, in concert. Mar an ceudna; in like manner, likewise. Mar sin; _as that_, in that manner. Mar so; _as this_, thus. Mar sud; _as yon_, in yon manner. Mu seach; in return, alternately. Na, Nar; let not,--used optatively, or imperatively. Nach; that not, who not, not? Ni; not. Ni h-eadh[81]; it is not so. Os [`a]ird; openly. Os barr; _on top_, besides. Os iosal; secretly, covertly. Ro; very. Roimh a cheile; prematurely, too hastily. Seadh[81]; it is so. Thar a ch['e]ile, } Troimh a ch['e]ile; } in disorder, in confusion, stirred about. Theagamh; perhaps. Uidh air 'n uidh; _stage by stage_, gradually.

{116}