CHAPTER III--THE AGE OF HEROES AND GODS

1. GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE HEROIC AGE Significance of the individual personality--The hero an ideal human being, the god an ideal hero--Changes in economic life and in society--The rise of the State.

2. THE EXTERNAL CULTURE OF THE HEROIC AGE Folk migration and the founding of States--Plough-culture--Breeding of domestic animals--The wagon--The taming of cattle--The ox as a draught animal--The production of milk--Relation of these achievements to cult--Warfare and weapons--Rise of private property--Colonization and trade.

3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL SOCIETY The place of the State in the general development of society--The duodecimal and the decimal systems in the organization of political society--The mark community and military organization.

4. FAMILY ORGANIZATION WITHIN POLITICAL SOCIETY The joint family--The patriarchal family--Paternal descent and paternal dominance--Reappearance of the monogamous family.

5. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF CLASSES Common property and private property--The conquering race and the subjugated population-- Distinction in rank and property--The influence of State and of legal system.

6. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF VOCATIONS The priesthood as combining class and vocation--Military and political activity--Agriculture and the lower vocations---The gradual equalization of respect accorded to vocations.

7. THE ORIGIN OF CITIES The original development of the city--Castle and temple as the signs of a city--The guardian deity of city and State--Secondary developments.

8. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM Custom and law--Civil law as the original province of law--Political and religious factors--The council of elders and the chieftain--The arbitrator and the appointed judge--The religious sanction of legal practices.

9. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PENAL LAW Blood revenge and its replacement--Wergild--Right of sanctuary--Development of imprisonment out of private custody of wrongdoer--The _Jus Talionis_--Increase in complexity of rewards and punishments.

10. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF LEGAL FUNCTIONS Division of the judicial function--Influence of social organization--Logical classification of forms of the State lacking in genetic significance--Development of constitutions out of history and custom.

11. THE ORIGIN OF GODS Degeneration theories and developmental theories--Hypotheses of an original monotheism or polytheism--Theory based on nature-mythology--Demon theory of Usener--Characteristics distinguishing the god from the demon and the hero--The god as the result of a fusion of ideal hero and demon.

12. THE HERO SAGA The hero of saga and the hero of märchen--The purely mythical and the historical hero saga--Magic in märchen and saga--The religious legend--The saint legend.

13. COSMOGONIC AND THEOGONIC MYTHS The gods as demoniacal beings--Their struggle with the demons of earliest times--Myths of creation--Sagas of flood and of universal conflagration--Myths of world-destruction.

14. THE BELIEF IN SOULS AND IN A WORLD BEYOND Sequence of ideas of the beyond--The spirit-village--The islands of the blessed--Myths of the underworld--Distinction between dwelling-places of souls--Elysium--The underworld and the celestial regions--Purgatory--Cults of the beyond--The conception of salvation--Transmigration of souls.

15. THE ORIGIN OF DEITY CULTS Relation of myth and cult--Religious significance of cult--Vegetation cults--Union of cult purposes--Mystery cults.

16. THE FORMS OF CULT PRACTICES Prayer--Conjuration and the prayer of petition--Prayer of thanksgiving--Praise--The penitential psalm--Sacrifice--Purpose of sacrifice originally magical--Jewish peace-offering and sin-offering--Development of conception of gift--Connection between value and sacrifice--Votive and consecration gifts--Sacrifice of the first fruits--Sanctification ceremonies--Means of lustration as means of sanctification--Water and fire--Baptism and circumcision--Magical sanctification--Human sacrifice as a means of sanctification.

17. THE ART OF THE HEROIC AGE Temple and palace--The human figure as the subject of formative art--Art as generic and as individualizing--The appreciation of the significant--Expression of subjective mood in landscape painting--The epic--Its influence upon the cult-song--The drama--Music as an accessory and as an independent art.