CHAPTER II--THE TOTEMIC AGE

1. THE GENERAL CHARACTER OF TOTEMISM The word 'totem'--Its significance for cult--Tribal organization and the institution of chieftainship--Tribal wars--Tribal ownership of land--The rise of hoe-culture and of the raising of domestic animals.

2. THE STAGES OF TOTEMIC CULTURE Australian culture--Its low level of economic life--Its complicated tribal organization--Perfected weapons--Malayo-Polynesian culture--The origin and migrations of the Malays--Celestial elements in Malayo-Polynesian mythology--The culture of the American Indians and its distinctive features--Perfection of totemic tribal organization--Decline of totem cults--African cultures--Increased importance of cattle raising--Development of despotic forms of rulership--Survivals of totemism in the Asiatic world.

3. TOTEMIC TRIBAL ORGANIZATION Similarity in the tribal organizations of the Australians and the American Indians--Totem groups as cult associations--Retrogression in America--The totem animal as a coat of arms--The principle of dual division--Systems consisting of two, four, and eight groups.

4. THE ORIGIN OF EXOGAMY Unlimited and limited exogamy--Direct and indirect maternal or paternal descent--Effects upon marriage between relatives--Hypotheses concerning the origin of exogamy--Hygienic theory--Marriage by capture.

5. MODES OF CONTRACTING MARRIAGE Marriage by peaceful capture within the same kinship group--Exogamous marriage by barter--Marriage by purchase and marriage by contract--Survivals of marriage by capture.

6. THE CAUSES OF TOTEMIC EXOGAMY Relation of clan division to totem groups--Totem friendships--Parental and traditional totem alliances--The rise of exogamy with direct and with indirect maternal or paternal descent.

7. THE FORMS OF POLYGAMY Origin of group-marriage--Chief wife and secondary wives--Polyandry and polygyny and their combination--The prevalence and causes of these forms of marriage.

8. THE DEVELOPMENTAL FORMS OF TOTEMISM Two principles of classification--Tribal and individual totemism--Conception and sex totemism--Animal and plant totemism--Inanimate totems (churingas)--Relation to ancestor worship and to fetishism.

9. THE ORIGIN OF TOTEMIC IDEAS Theories based on names--Spencer and Lang--Frazer's theory of conception totemism as the origin of totemism--The animal transformations of the breath soul--Relations to soul belief--Soul animals as totem animals.

10. THE LAWS OF TABOO The concept 'taboo'--The taboo in Polynesia --The taboo of mother-in-law and father-in-law--Connection with couvade--The sacred and the impure--Rites of purification--Fire, water, and magical transference.

11. SOUL BELIEFS OF THE TOTEMIC AGE The psyche as a breath and shadow soul--Its relation to the corporeal soul--Chief bearers of the corporeal soul--Modes of disposition of the dead.

12. THE ORIGIN OF THE FETISH Fetishes in totem cult--Attainment of independence by fetishism--Fetishes as the earliest forms of the divine image--Retrogressive development of cult objects--Fetish cult as a cult of magic and demons--Amulet and talisman.

13. THE ANIMAL ANCESTOR AND THE HUMAN ANCESTOR The Mura-Mura legends of the Australians--The animal ancestor--Transition to the human ancestor--Relation to disposal of the corpse and to cults of the dead--Surviving influences of totemism in ancestor cult.

14. THE TOTEMIC CULTS Customs relating to disposition of the corpse and to sacrifices to the dead--Initiation into manhood--Vegetation cults--Australian Intichiuma festivals--Cults of the soil at the stage of hoe-culture--Underlying factor of community of labour--Unification of cult purposes and their combination with incipient deity cults.

15. THE ART OF THE TOTEMIC AGE Tatooing--Ceramics--Construction of dwellings--Pole-houses--The ceremonial dance--Instruments of concussion and wind Instruments--Cult-songs and work-songs--The märchen-myth and its developmental forms.