Chapter 2

Description of the Instruments and Operations of Chemistry, 291

INTRODUCTION, 291

CHAP. I.--Of the Instruments necessary for determining the Absolute and Specific Gravities of Solid and Liquid Bodies, 295

CHAP. II.--Of Gazometry, or the Measurement of the Weight and Volume of Aëriform Substances, 304

SECT. I.--Of the Pneumato-chemical Apparatus, ibid.

SECT. II.--Of the Gazometer, 308

SECT. III.--Some other methods for Measuring the Volume of Gasses, 319

SECT. IV.--Of the method of Separating the different Gasses from each other, 323

SECT. V.--Of the necessary Corrections of the Volume of Gasses, according to the Pressure of the Atmosphere, 328

SECT. VI.--Of the Correction relative to the Degrees of the Thermometer, 335

SECT. VII.--Example for Calculating the Corrections relative to the Variations of Pressure and Temperature, 337

SECT. VIII.--Method of determining the Weight of the different Gasses, 340

CHAP. III.--Description of the Calorimeter, or Apparatus for measuring Caloric, 343

CHAP. IV.--Of the Mechanical Operations for Division of Bodies, 357

SECT. I.--Of Trituration, Levigation, and Pulverization, ibid.

SECT. II.--Of Sifting and Washing Powdered Substances, 361

SECT. III.--Of Filtration, 363

SECT. IV.--Of Decantation, 365

CHAP. V.--Of Chemical means for Separating the Particles of Bodies from each other without Decomposition, and for Uniting them again, 367

SECT. I.--Of the Solution of Salts, 368

SECT. II.--Of Lixiviation, 373

SECT. III.--Of Evaporation, 375

SECT. IV.--Of Cristallization, 379

SECT. V.--Of Simple Distillation, 384

SECT. VI.--Of Sublimation, 388

CHAP. VI.--Of Pneumato-chemical Distillations, Metallic Dissolutions, and some other operations which require very complicated instruments, 390

SECT. I.--Of Compound and Pneumato-chemical Distillations, ibid.

SECT. II.--Of Metallic Dissolutions, 398

SECT. III.--Apparatus necessary in Experiments upon Vinous and Putrefactive Fermentations, 401

SECT. IV.--Apparatus for the Decomposition of Water, 404

CHAP. VII.--Of the Composition and Use of Lutes, 407

CHAP. VIII.--Of Operations upon Combustion and Deflagration, 414

SECT. I.--Of Combustion in general, ibid.

SECT. II.--Of the Combustion of Phosphorus, 418

SECT. III.--Of the Combustion of Charcoal, 422

SECT. IV.--Of the Combustion of Oils, 426

SECT. V.--Of the Combustion of Alkohol, 433

SECT. VI.--Of the Combustion of Ether, 435

SECT. VII.--Of the Combustion of Hydrogen Gas, and the Formation of Water, 437

SECT. VIII.--Of the Oxydation of Metals, 441

CHAP. IX.--Of Deflagration, 452

CHAP. X.--Of the Instruments necessary for Operating upon Bodies in very high Temperatures, 460

SECT. I.--Of Fusion, ibid.

SECT. II.--Of Furnaces, 462

SECT. III.--Of increasing the Action of Fire, by using Oxygen Gas instead of Atmospheric Air, 474

APPENDIX.

No. I.--TABLE for Converting Lines, or Twelfth Parts of an Inch, and Fractions of Lines, into Decimal Fractions of the Inch, 481

No. II.--TABLE for Converting the Observed Heighth of Water in the Jars of the Pneumato-Chemical Apparatus, expressed in Inches and Decimals, into Corresponding Heighths of Mercury, 482

No. III.--TABLE for Converting the Ounce Measures used by Dr Priestley into French and English Cubical Inches, 483

No. IV.--TABLE for Reducing the Degrees of Reaumeur's Thermometer into its corresponding Degrees of Fahrenheit's Scale, 484

No. V.--ADDITIONAL.--RULES for Converting French Weights and Measures into correspondent English Denominations, 485

No. VI.--TABLE of the Weights of the different Gasses, at 28 French inches, or 29.84 English inches barometrical pressure, and at 10° (54.5°) of temperature, expressed in English measure and English Troy weight, 490

No. VII.--TABLES of the Specific Gravities of different bodies, 491

No. VIII.--ADDITIONAL.--RULES for Calculating the Absolute Gravity in English Troy Weight of a Cubic Foot and Inch, English Measure, of any Substance whose Specific Gravity is known, 505

No. IX.--TABLES for Converting Ounces, Drams, and Grains, Troy, into Decimals of the Troy Pound of 12 Ounces, and for Converting Decimals of the Pound Troy into Ounces, &c. 508

No. X.--TABLE of the English Cubical Inches and Decimals corresponding to a determinate Troy Weight of Distilled Water at the Temperature of 55°, calculated from Everard's experiment, 511

ELEMENTS

OF

CHEMISTRY.