CHAPTER XXVI

LETTERS TO PROFESSOR WALLACE (_concluded_)

The “Reminiscences” and the last Annual Report—Warnings of serious illness—Proposed pension—Gradual loss of strength—Death.

This closing chapter records the peaceful close of the wonderful career of a remarkable gentlewoman who devoted her life to work in the successful effort to benefit her fellow men. The pages are replete with human nature and human sympathy, and full of unselfish interest in the interests of others whom she numbered among her sympathetic friends and trusted confidants. The “Reminiscences” on which she did but desultory, yet interested, work, during the intervals of temporary respite from the burden of disease and increasing physical exhaustion, were as she feelingly expressed it “a perfect blessing.” Her letters belonging to this period are a noble record of fortitude and resignation during a trying struggle for health and life, and the close is touchingly pathetic.

_To Professor Robert Wallace, University, Edinburgh._

_November 19, 1900_, Monday evening.

DEAR PROFESSOR WALLACE,—I return Sir W. Macgregor’s letter[110] with many thanks for letting me see it, for it is very gratifying. It is a great pleasure to me to see how those who understand appreciate your work. I am very glad you are able to tell me that you enjoy your visits to me, but next time I hope that our going to church may be of a less airy sort. I hope that you did not get serious harm?[111]

I feel much pleasure (not to say relief) at results of our “Reminiscence” work, and at all those papers being safely lodged in your hands.

P.S.—I am working steadily on the twenty-fourth Report, but if a bit [of “Reminiscences”] comes into my head (the “awen,” as the Welsh say), I mean to put down the ideas.

_December 5, 1900._

Here comes such a long story [here cut short] about the “Reminiscences.” I hope it will not be quite too tedious, but really I think we are thriving.

A messenger has just been down from London, and carried off material for ten illustrations.

The materials for letterpress are appearing fairly out of holes and corners also, the chief prize a book of Memoranda for 1891, by my sister Georgiana, giving numbers of dates of my letters, &c.

I was glad to see the “Creameries”[112] in the “Times,” and glad to see also that it was properly placed at the top of the column. I thought you wrote very firmly and well.

P.S.—I have not sent [copies of the Manual] (though you kindly said I might) to the Clubs. I have not the courage; so many of the members might not care for Economic Entomology.

_December 15, 1900._

I think I am being very good! in seldom letting the “Reminiscences” meddle really with work, but rest time (wet afternoons) helps. One thing more, I remembered I had a part given me by my mother of my father’s “queue” (Anglice, “pigtail”) cut off in the year of their marriage, 1808, and I think this might come in nicely.

_December 21, 1900._

I quite forgot to thank you for your Indian Examination questions,[113] which was wrong of me, for I like very much to have all the information they point to, though I am afraid there are scarcely two I could answer.

_January 18, 1901._

My account of myself is—I am fairly well all but rheumatism; only, last Saturday the disaster happened of a blood-vessel breaking in my left eye. These affairs seem seldom of consequence, but this time my doctor told me (after two or three days) that he did not remember excepting from external circumstances that he ever knew such a great breakage. So I was an absolute spectacle for some time, but the sight is not at all injured, and the organ recovering well, and I may write as much as I like. I now enclose six more illustrations—I think in their way they are all nice.

_January 27, 1901._

As you kindly say that even more than a good report of “Reminiscences” you would like to hear I am better, I am truly thankful to say that I am quite as usual again, and my eye recovered. There has been some sort of illness about but I had it very lightly. I hope the very bad day for His Majesty’s Proclamation brought no serious harm to yourself. An Edinburgh “inquirer” informed me that he thought numbers of the spectators would catch their deaths of cold. I was truly pleased to see that the King duly promised to support “The Church of Scotland,” a matter I have more at heart than on my tongue here! You will value Her Majesty’s approval of your “Indian Famine” lecture more than ever now. I certainly should have liked myself to have a tiny bit even of approval.

“Reminiscences.”—This is just for your best leisure (and pleasure) to advise me on, but I very much need a good “paper talk” with you to start me on a reasonable plan. I quite believe that in a fortnight or sooner I may begin regularly.

But now—publisher! Messrs. A— B— wrote me that the book would be so sound it would be sure to command public approval and they would like to publish. Mr. Newman wrote he thought I had best go to the top of the tree, and suggested John Murray. I answered that in real truth the very idea of applying to such a leading man made me quite uneasy—and yesterday he replied that as he understood you were aiding me in the work, that my best course would be to ask you whether when the time comes you would act on my part with a publisher. I am sure he is right—I am as ignorant as a reasonable person can be of how to “approach” a publisher, but, if I am not asking too much, it would indeed be a relief to my mind if you think fit to give me this help.

If it is possible I certainly should much like to print with Messrs. West, Newman & Co. Is it possible to have a part of the book printed before beginning negotiations just to show what it is like?

_February 4, 1901._

I feel sure you will be pleased to hear that this morning I sent Messrs. West, Newman & Co. all that I believe is needed for my present Annual Report, excepting for completion of Index; and I have really begun “Reminiscences.” Will not my best way be to take any subjects that I think I have enough material for, and work them up just as I think they might go to press? Thus you would see how you like the writing and suggest improvements, and there would be something, if you please, to show a publisher. Turning to your letter—I think that if at your very best leisure you would kindly let me have the parcel of MS. which you were good enough to take for safe custody it would help me now.

How dreary the past week has been with our national sorrow and all the anxieties. I hope we may be more cheerful now.

_February 8, 1901._

Your beautifully secured parcel has arrived safely, and I have locked it up carefully in my safe, with a very legible inscription that the contents are the property of Prof. Wallace, University of Edinburgh. There is nothing like making sure, in case of as people say “anything happening”! I should like to think that this mass of documents which I have been accumulating should pass to your hands.

I hope the work for your lecture[114] on the twelfth prox. is getting on quite to your liking. It is always a great pleasure to me to hear your plans are prospering.

_February 14, 1901._

It has been very much on my conscience that I did not say a word in my hasty letter about your beautiful and valuable present.[115] How very pretty it must be, and a very great pleasure to yourself as a kindly acknowledgment.

About the “Reminiscences”—what you suggest about typewriting is just what I should like, but I did not care to trust MS. here. Before parleying with the typewriters, I should like very much indeed to read to you all the papers that I can get ready before the ninth. I feel a little anxious about the new style of writing.

_February 21, 1901._

I have made up a good bit on “birth, childhood, and parentage” (chap. I.) not forgetting with “an action of humility”! Edward I., and Eleanor of Castille. At present I have “Series of Annual Reports” (chap. IX.) on hand,—very pleasant work.

But now I want you, please (and very much indeed), to be kindly thinking of some advice about my entomological work that I am sure you could help me greatly with when we meet. The burthen has become so very great that it seriously affects my health. I am in bed now with another of these attacks; the constant pressure of work to suit other people’s time and convenience, and maybe a tremendous worry, brings on painful and exhausting illness. I hope to be up again to-day, but the doctor is very anxious I should—may I call it?—“Take in sail.” My wish is that the present Annual Report should be the last of the series with an addendum slip of explanation inserted. There is not the important information needed or forwarded that there was twenty years ago, and working hard for months over so much repetition is dreadful drudgery. I heard lately from Dr. Fream, and he very strongly advises me to drop it. If your opinion—which I thoroughly trust—is the same, I should have no doubt. The difficult thing is to moderate the applications, but I think I see my way to that very nicely by having plenty of the addendum slip printed and sending a copy to an unreasonable applicant. I do not want to give up Entomology entirely.

How nice it must have been to have a good turn at curling!

_February 24, 1901._

In answer to your very kind letter I must tell you I am much better. It was quite my fault that I got so out of sorts; I ought to have asked my doctor weeks ago what was amiss, and then the difficulty of how I, “all of my own head,” was to get that “old man of the sea”—the Annual Reports—off my shoulders, came on me like a brain shock. However, now I hope things are getting quite nicely into order again. Meanwhile I am trying to arrange what can hardly fail to be a rather explosive announcement. When I came to set to work it did not seem to me that an addendum slip would do. It would have been on such different lines to the statements in the Preface that folks would have wondered what could have happened! So I mean to have a Cancel, and hope all will be nice.

One word which I forgot—I quite hope to pass on quietly as much Economic Entomology as I possibly can to Dr. MacDougall.

_March 1, 1901._

This is very kind of you, and if you are very much shocked at my explicitness please consider yourself an extra nephew, M.D. for the occasion, and put this in the fire.

I have had a kidney attack. I believe something “gouty” (?) has been wrong for weeks, but I had not asked the doctor until such pain set in that there were no two ways about it, I had to go to bed; and he put me on a “course” (of alkalis, I believe) to get out the enemy. Of course this was very weakening, but I was soon up—and really absolutely, I believe that if it were not for a nasty barking cough—very tiresome by day, and more so by night—I should be much as usual. I should be grievously disappointed if you did not come for any reason connected with me. Speaking very selfishly, and besides all the good the pleasure of one of your visits does me, I do not feel as if I could settle comfortably until I have the benefit of your sound and skilled advice about how to rearrange my entomological work.

“Reminiscences” are in enough trim to show you something of even now.[116]

_March 2, 1901._

I am so sorry regarding what I am writing that I hardly know how to put it, but I find to-day I am so much pulled down that I am obliged to tell you. It would be a sad disappointment to me if I did not see you, but my nights are so bad from this cough that I cannot depend on not having to ring to call Miss Hartwell to attend to me, and this makes a great commotion. I believe, as I wrote you yesterday, that the illness (as well as the pain) has gone, but it is the cough which has been keeping me pulled down, more than I knew.

_March 4, 1901._

Indeed, you are quite too kind and good to me, and now I want to say that my doctor says he does not see any reason why I should not be able to enjoy your visit on Sunday next without any difficulty or risk whatsoever. If it was convenient to you, would the train suit that would bring you to St. Albans about a quarter before 11 from St. Pancras, and could you stop till the (I think) 8.30 train? I am truly sorry not to be looking forward this week to a whole week-end, but I am still obliged to get up and go to bed at unusual hours; but, indeed, I am very much better—the pain went, but one of the bad sort of cold or cough attacks followed and I could not sleep properly for three nights nor rest lying down. Now I can rest and sleep again.

_March 7, 1901._

Please do not think that a good talk tires me or is any strain. It is the want of conversation that I find so wearing, and there is so very much that it will be quite a delight and a rest for me to be allowed to go over with you.

I am writing this to-day so that you may know that (so far as anything in this world is certain) there is no possible reason why I should not look forward to the pleasure of our meeting next Sunday. I am not able to give you my doctor’s verdict for the good reason that he did not think I needed looking up yesterday.

_March 12, 1901._

You do not know how good and kind I think it of you to let me rest on you for advice in this way, and it brings a great brightness when you come and I can hope you are making yourself at home. I am glad you like Mr. Newman. I always feel that he is a quite true and well-judging friend, very kindly, but at the same time so grave that I do not at all times feel free to express all I am thinking about! I fancy that you “not being a lady” he would feel freer to express what was uppermost.

Thank you for all you say about Mr. John Murray, and very especially indeed for your good advice. I do really mean, and am trying to act on it, but cannot you imagine the difficulty in not working as hard as body and mind will allow?

However, I have made a thorough beginning; amongst various points, returning to Mr. Newman a great bundle of proofs sent to be looked through, just think, unlooked at. I also disposed of a regular onslaught with special letters from Lady Warwick and Miss Edith Bradley, &c. I am minding what you said [about curtailing work] very nicely.

I am thankful to say I am feeling better every day, and I am looking forward very much to being a better kind of hostess if you will kindly spare me a week-end by and by.

7 p.m.—You are, I conjecture, just beginning your lecture [on “Agriculture in South Africa”]. I hope it will be thoroughly pleasant and satisfactory and that you will have a comfortable journey home. Please accept the enclosed [the twenty-fourth and last Report]. I have only received a parcel late to-day, but I want to send you a copy “from the writer.”

_March 18, 1901._

I am very glad your colonial lecture was successful. It is no good my not telling you, for some way or other you would have an idea, but I have not been thriving. Of course there was a flood of letters about discontinuing the Annual Reports, and, however kind (and some were very kind indeed) yet not being in full working order, they were rather too much, and I got feverish “rigors” (though not bad) with temperature 100°, and the doctor on Saturday ordered me straight off to bed. Here I am still, but as far as I know, now only as a matter of precaution. I would not have said anything about it, but I was sure you would have an idea.

Now about something much nicer. I wrote to Miss Ashworth (28, Victoria Street, London) and had a most pleasant and businesslike reply. She told me that publishers preferred quarto size and typed a few lines to show the size of type and style they like best; and I sent up the “Chartist Outbreak” (chap. VII.) and asked her to type it for me accordingly, and to let me have one copy and two carbon copies. Thus there would be one for you, one for me, and the third would be useful for the publisher. I should be very much obliged if you would kindly tell me how to offer a copy of my twenty-fourth Report to the University Library. Would it be sufficient just to send a copy c/o The Librarian. I do not want to give more trouble than I can help about such a little thing.

P.S.—I assure you I mean to attend to your kind advice of not making what might be a great pleasure into a toil.

_March 20, 1901._

Here comes the first instalment of “Reminiscences” and I hope to forward more to you in due course. The history of “Rise and Progress of Annual Reports” is in Miss Ashworth’s hands. Indeed, I am very thankful to you for helping me about the typewriting. I had no idea of the helpful difference it makes even to me. Please, I earnestly beg of you, do not think that your delightful and helpful visit, only too short, had anything to do with my having to call in the doctor again. I am sure he does not. But I am sure, too, you will understand how very trying indeed, though mostly very kind, the outbreak of newspaper and private comment on what they call “my retirement” was. So to get my cough really cured, and drive constitutional coincidences out of the field I went to bed with the best possible effects (really). I think the doctor will let me get up to-morrow, but he wants me to keep safe from snow chills.

_March 24, 1901._

Here is another bit [of autobiography] begging your reading when you are inclined, and now “Birth, Parentage, &c.,” is gone up to London. I should so very much like (if not too much trouble) if you would make some sort of mark on the margin of your copy, wherever you think some alteration is needed, and then when I have the pleasure of seeing you here we could go comfortably into it.

Now (as the fates permit) I am working on “The Severn and the Wye” (chap. V.), and I think it will be interesting, there is such a variety of fresh observation, “Fish, fishers, and fisheries,” some specialities in zoology and semi-marine botany, and something of a good many sorts of things.

I am much mended and doctor says I may tell you I am getting on all right, but the long illness has pulled me down very much so that I am only allowed at present to be up in my own room—such a little thing brings the cough back and we have snow showers still—but as soon as ever I can get about again I have no reason to doubt I should be much as usual.

_March 29, 1901._

I seem very unlucky this winter, but on Tuesday, when I hoped I was pretty well again, a chill so bad and so strangely sudden seized me, that breathing got hurried, I could not speak with comfort, and an acute pain set in in my right side. Doctor set to work and did not mention that congestion of the lungs was present, but taking affairs at once did great good, and the enemy was routed; still, I am a good deal pulled down, and do not mean risking another chill at present. I had greatly hoped this time not to tell you any long stories about my health, but it is no good pretending, so please you must let your friendly sympathy in my troubles be my excuse.

I wonder what you will think of the enclosed [“copy”]. I incline to think the subjects are rather nice, but that as we get on bits of this may fit into future papers, or of future papers here? It seems to me best to write whatever I can as well as I can manage, and sift by and by. “Am not I ’umble” (as Uriah Heap says) about Edward I.? (page 13).

_April 1, 1901._

I know I shall always have your kind sympathy in these unpleasant visitations, and I wish they did not come to intrude so often. But this time I really and truly do hope, unless some luckless draught gets hold of me, that I shall pick up quickly, and not have such dreary stories to tell you.

Dr. Lipscomb says that it is just having let my health run down that is the reason, and I mean to be very careful. I am up in my room part of the day comfortably, and hope to get downstairs to-morrow.

I greatly look forward to a good talk by and by over many matters, and I was very sorry that Dr. MacDougall could not come this week, but further on I hope we shall have a chat. You will doubtless (or very likely) have seen flourishes in the papers about a testimonial! to my unworthy self—but to my horror yesterday I had a letter from Mr. —— stating that he was trying to procure a pension for me; and the Member for H—— and (I understood Lord ——) would most likely use their influence.

Just think what could possess him—what a to-do there would have been. But I wrote earnestly representing how misappropriate such a grant would be to a person so well off as myself, and it being such a troublesome matter, I got Dr. L. to read my letter. I hope I may have quite stopped his operations (and politely), but assuredly I should feel inexpressibly lowered if I accepted a “pension.”

I have been collecting for “Reminiscences” very fairly well, but I have been afraid to prepare whole papers lest

_April 2, 1901._

I must write a line to give, I believe, a soundly good report of myself in reply to your letter, which arrived 4.50; it is very good of you to write so kindly. I have been down to-day for about six hours, and I do hope now to steadily regain my strength.

You will let me have your address, will you not? And I shall hope to write something more worth reading.

Mr. —— has on my urgent representation stopped his applications as to a pension.

P.S.—The typewriting seems to me beautiful, and I hope soon to have more work ready.

_April 8, 1901._

You will know from your own experience the deluges of publications which come—what can I do with them? They might be measured by feet, if not by yards. Some valuable, some ——!

Would not it be my best way to keep them all until you will, as I hope, come some day—and you could see if there are any that you would like. Besides what are of no very obvious use, there are quantities of amazingly learned entomological treatises which, in case they do not float in the way of our good friend Dr. MacDougall, he might at least like to place on his shelves. You will tell me, will you not, some time what you advise? Meanwhile, with all possible good wishes and kind regards, &c.

_April 19, 1901._

I should like to give you a better account of myself, but for weeks back I could not think why I got on so slowly, with “relapses,” and it is only just lately that I have extracted out of my good doctor that the illness I had was that horrid influenza, and I am going through the weeks and weeks of “after effects”! I am not allowed to go down, but sit up a few hours in my room, and am certainly better, but I am told I must not expect to be well for a long time. One of my doctor nephews looked in yesterday, and he told me that a characteristic of some of the influenzas which have been about is that they do not seem much at the time, but they leave those detestable effects on the system.

You will believe how very pleasant (as I get stronger) I find looking up bits for “Reminiscences.” Miss Hartwell brings me books, and I can “rummage” and copy. Now I enclose you some pages, of which I think some part is right, but I did not feel as if I could put the whole paper right until I had it typewritten.

I should very much like too if you would give a thought to my “Scriptural Commentary” (page 21). I do not see how the description I object to can be right. I hope you will think the paper is hopeful. I am not up yet, therefore please excuse this stupid scrawl, and with my very kind regards and best wishes, &c.

_May 2, 1901._

How I long for the day to come when I may tell you that I am well, and am going on as usual. But this disgusting, tenacious remains of influenza seems to be always coming back. I had got on to coming down on Friday last a little after 9 a.m., and was full of hope and absolutely striving to recover, but yesterday something went wrong, so I am on a treatment of milk and seltzer-water and bed, but I felt I must write you, and hope soon to send you a much better letter.

“Reminiscences” are a perfect blessing, and I enclose two portraits of my father received yesterday to show the illustrations are getting on. Is not the one of him as a little laddie of about five years old, charming? (plate xxx.)

_May 15, 1901._

Many thanks for the additional copy of your lecture, “Agriculture in South Africa.” It is so interesting, I am sure I can find a home where it will be welcome. I was glad to find you were out in the country, and I hope the bracing air will enable you to work on this load of papers without killing yourself.

For myself, I really am afraid that, excepting hope, I have a very indifferent account to give you. I was always getting better off and on! But the result was, that I got weaker and weaker, until on Saturday Dr. Lipscomb wired for Sir Dyce Duckworth. He was away, but my nephew, Dr. J. Arderne Ormerod, who is taking Sir D. D.’s practice at present, came down, and I think the change of treatment that they arranged is really doing good. The trouble was that, though there did not seem any reason why, what they call the “after effects” of influenza should not move off (the sort of gastric catarrh and its detestable allies), yet they didn’t, and my medical tormentors made up their minds that it might be from “Liver.” The plan has been altered as to treatment, and at my urgent request I am allowed to take one glass of port a day, and I do think it is doing me a great deal of good. But excuse more now, for sitting up at my writing-table tires me.

_May 22, 1901._

I am very sorry to tell you in reply to your kind letter that I am very ailing. I seem to get fairly well of the influenza, and go down and sit for a few hours in the dining-room in the easy chair by the fire. Then, as sure as can be, in a very few days I get a “recurrence” of illness and have to go to bed for days. I think I am now going through about the fifteenth. Dr. Lipscomb says he does not know the reason, but it is very like the recurrence of Indian fever. I know that there may be scentless or other sewer gas, and from what Mr. R—— F—— told me some time ago of the recurrence of a very parallel attack to the Duchess of C—— from gas under her invalid sofa, I mean to have the matter properly seen to. I know there may be reason close to my door.

P.S.—Since the above was written Dr. Lipscomb has been called and thinks the present attack was caused by a chill; and with staying in bed a few days Miss Ormerod hopes to be better.—A. HARTWELL.

_May 28, 1901._

I am afraid I have seemed very negligent, but my varying illness made it very difficult to tell you, and now I do not want to go away without telling you my deep gratitude for all the great, helpful, affectionate kindness you have showed me. And about the “Reminiscences,” which I hoped would be our pleasant joint work, I have a large collection of material which I give to you for your own property to use as you please—with the requisite paper [dated 1st March] with it. I believe myself the end may come any time now, but I go in happy hope, and that it may please God to bless you is the prayer of your affectionate friend.

_June 4, 1901._

I pencil a few lines to say what a delight your visit yesterday was to me. I longed very much to see you again, and also I was wanting to give you the various documents about the “Reminiscences.” To-day Miss Hartwell has been rummaging out for me what I think must be nearly all the material I have more, including the “Edinburgh book” [relating to the LL.D.], which please accept from me as a keepsake. It was left you in my will, so will not there be a hunt? And now I should much like to write more, but I feel too weak, and with every good wish.

P.S.—Please notice I give you all the contents of the box sent to-day—as well as the documents we looked out yesterday.

_June 8, 1901._

I was delighted with your letter—that you had a nice talk with Mr. Newman—and besides such an interview with Mr. Murray. This is a great pleasure. I am miserably weak, but I am trying to do as the doctors tell me, and lie here waiting for—what I am sure will be for the best.

My very kindest regards. Yours most sincerely,

ELEANOR A. ORMEROD.

[The _Times_ of Saturday, July 20, 1901, published an admirable record of her life and work in the sympathetic obituary notice, from which we have made the following brief extract: “We regret to announce the death of the accomplished entomologist, Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, which took place at her residence, Torrington House, St. Albans, after a severe illness. She had been gradually sinking for the last six weeks from malignant disease of the liver. Her loss is not to this country alone, but to the whole civilised world, though the farmers of the United Kingdom will feel in a special degree that a trusted friend has been taken from them. Many people will feel that such a magnificent record of unselfish work as she has left behind ought to have received some official recognition of a national character. Nevertheless, almost the last honour bestowed upon her, that of the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws in the University of Edinburgh, was peculiarly grateful to her,” &c., &c.

Having regard to the special interest which Miss Ormerod took in the progress of Economic Entomology in Canada and the United States, and the high appreciation in which she was held by the enlightened exponents of the subject on the other side of the Atlantic, we conclude with an extract from the September number of the “Canadian Entomologist” for 1901:—

“Entomology in England has suffered a great loss through the death of this talented and estimable lady, who died at her residence, Torrington House, St. Albans, on Friday, July 19th. Practical entomologists throughout the world are moved with profound regret that a career so remarkable and so useful should be brought to a close, but one could hardly hope that the aged lady would long be able to sustain the burden of increasing infirmities and the trials of a painful and protracted illness. Miss Ormerod was one of the most remarkable women of the latter half of the nineteenth century, and did more than any one else in the British Isles to further the interests of farmers, fruitgrowers, and gardeners, by making known to them methods for controlling and subduing their multiform insect pests. Her labours were unwearied and unselfish; she received no remuneration for her services, but cheerfully expended her private means in carrying out her investigations and publishing their results. We know not now by whom in England this work can be continued; it is not likely that any one can follow in the unique path laid out by Miss Ormerod; we may therefore cherish the hope that the Government of the day will hold out a helping hand and establish an entomological bureau for the lasting benefit of the great agricultural interests of the country.”]

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A (p. 37).

_Salmon Fishery_.—Both locally, and thence to the country at large, the bay beneath the Beachley and the Sedbury Cliffs was very important, as being one centre of the Severn Salmon Fisheries. The following notes by Mr. Frank Buckland,[117] Government Inspector of Salmon Fishing for England and Wales, are interesting: “The visitor will observe in the lower estuary stretching for a considerable distance into the water from the muddy banks, rude piers made entirely of wicker work, which look like large eel-baskets; these are called ‘ranks’ of ‘putchers.’ Each putcher is about 5 ft. 6 in. long, and 21 inches across the mouth. A framework is made by driving stakes into the mud, and the putchers are then fastened together in rows one above the other, often to the height of 10 feet or more; these great walls of baskets look not unlike, as my friend the late John Keast Lord remarked, ‘a gigantic wine rack filled with bottles, encased in wicker work.’ As the salmon come along with the tide in the thick muddy Severn water, they run their noses into the open mouths of the putchers, and speedily get jammed up at the narrow end; the poor things cannot turn, and the more they struggle to get out, the firmer they become wedged in; as the tide recedes they are left high and dry. I have often observed that wasps wait about till the tide goes down, and then take first cut at the salmon. A great many first-class Severn salmon are caught in these putchers and sent to the London market.”

With regard to another form of baskets used for catching flat fish, &c., at p. 368, he says:—

“Besides the putchers another kind of basket is used which is called putts; ... the wicker work is much closer in this instance than in the other. The putt in its most special form consists of three parts, the large part or mouth, called the ‘putt’; the middle called the ‘butt’; and the small end or bag, called the ‘firwell.’... The diameter of the opening is about 5 feet, and the length from 12 to 13 feet; they are used to catch flat fish, &c.” The illustration (fig. A, page 36), given by Mr. Buckland shows the putt, with the small end or “firwell” removed.

The above technical description of the arrangement, measurement, &c., of the “putts” and “putchers,” corresponds in most points with the details of the long rows (three or four in number) running out into the river beneath the Sedbury cliffs (plate X.).

APPENDIX B (p. 67).

The following notice appeared in the “Times” of March 11, 1901:—

_“Miss Ormerod’s Retirement from Entomological Work.”_

“Widespread regret will be felt, both at home and abroad, at the announcement which we are able to make, that Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, after many years of unremitting toil, has decided to discontinue the Annual Reports on injurious insects and common farm pests, which she has prepared for a period now extending to close upon a quarter of a century. When in the year 1877 she issued the first of these annual records, and thus placed at the disposal of the public the fruits of her intimate acquaintance with many departments of natural history, very little systematic work had been done in the direction of saving crops and live stock from the ravages of insect and other pests. In this respect the position of the farmer and the stock-keeper to-day, as compared with what it was in the middle of the seventies, is vastly improved. It is true that the farmer may still lose his turnip and swede crops through the ravages of the active little beetle, which is perversely termed the ‘fly’; that fruit-growers may bewail the loss of their apples and plums owing to the abundant presence of the winter moth; and that stock-keepers may view with dismay the damage both direct and consequential that their cattle incur through the activity of the warble fly. But these and similar losses are entirely preventable, provided that there be no careless indifference, and that time and trouble be devoted to the object it is sought to attain. It is to Miss Ormerod’s persevering efforts that this change is due; it is to her persistent enquiry year after year into the causes of mischief and into the means of removing them that the subject of agricultural entomology, which so long had languished in this country, gradually forced its way to the front, until it has become recognised that some serviceable knowledge of it is indispensable to the mental equipment, and cannot be omitted from the technical training of the aspiring agriculturist. Readily and gratuitously she has answered day after day all inquirers, whilst for twenty-four consecutive years her pen and pencil have been devoted to the preparation of the annual reports, every one of which she has generously published at a nominal price, which year after year involved a substantial loss. ‘But the work was hard,’ she now tells us—and the simplicity of her words renders them eloquent—‘for many years for about five or six months all the time I could give to the subject was devoted to arranging the contributions of the season for the Annual Report of the year.’ In spite of indifferent health, at times accompanied by much physical suffering, Miss Ormerod has carried on her self-imposed task, and the result is that she has revolutionised the subject of agricultural entomology, as it was understood in this country twenty-five years ago. Not only at home, not only throughout the British Empire, but in all progressive countries Miss Ormerod’s name takes first rank amongst the Economic Entomologists of the day, and correspondence reaches her from beneath almost every flag that flies. And, now that the time has come when this talented lady feels it expedient to no longer work at the high pressure which has so long been maintained, all who have benefited by her disinterested labour—and they are very many—will join in the hope that she may long live to enjoy the comparative leisure to which she is looking forward.”

APPENDIX C (p. 143).

_Contents of Insect Cases Shown at the Bath and West of England Show at St. Albans (May, 1896), now the Property of the University of Edinburgh, kept along with Miss Georgiana Ormerod’s Diagrams in the Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh._

CASE I.—WEEVIL ATTACKS TO PEAS, BEANS, AND CLOVER-SEED, AND LEAFAGE. 1. Infestations of Pea seed. 2. Infestations of Bean-seed. 3. Clover-seed “Pear-shaped” Weevils. 4. Leaf-eating Weevils, and gnawed Leaves.

CASE II.—ATTACKS TO CORN STEMS. 1. “Gout Fly” attack to young Barley, also to ear and stalk. 2. Hessian Fly attack, showing Wheat-stems elbowed at point of feeding of Maggot.

CASE III.—INFESTATIONS OF STORED CORN AND MEAL. 1. Granary Weevils in Wheat. 2. Granary Moth in Wheat. 3. Meal and Flour Beetle in Meal. 4. Mite in Granary Rubbish.

CASE IV.—STORED CORN. Common Granary Weevil in Barley.

CASE V.—INFESTATION OF WHEAT MILLS AND STORES. Mediterranean Mill Moth, and Flour felted together by its Caterpillars. (A very bad Mill Pest).

CASE VI.—WASTE MATERIAL CLEANED OUT OF IMPORTED CORN. 1 and 2. “Rubble.” 3. “Hencorn.” 4. Broken Bits, used for bedding Pigs. 5 and 6. Uses not given; supposed to be used for Adulteration.

CASE VII.—INFESTATIONS IN IMPORTED OR STORED FODDER; ALSO SPARROW’S FOOD. 1. Locusts in Lucerne from Buenos Aires. 2. Hay-stack Moth from Clover or Sainfoin Stacks. Food from Sparrow’s Crop containing Corn.

CASE VIII.—FIELD CROP AND GRASS-ROOT INFESTATIONS. 1. “Click Beetles” and their Grubs, known as “Wireworms.” 2. Turnip “Flea” Beetles and Mustard Beetles. 3. Chafers and their Grubs.

CASE IX.—FIELD CROPS, ROOT, AND LEAF INFESTATIONS. 1. Cabbage and Turnip Moths, and their “Surface” Root-feeding Caterpillars, also Cabbage, and Pea-leaf Caterpillars. 2. “Mangold-leaf Fly” Maggot attack. 3. Death’s-head Moth Potato-leaf Infestation.

CASE X.—APPLE INFESTATIONS. 1. American Blight. 2. Codlin Moth. 3. Winter Moths, and their “Looper” Caterpillars, also Cabbage and Pea-leaf Caterpillars. 4. Goat Moth, of which the Caterpillars feed in Wood. 5. Lappet Moth, and its leaf-eating Caterpillars.

CASE XI.—PINE INFESTATIONS. 1. Pine-sheets distorted by Tortrix Moth Caterpillar attack. 2. “Timberman” Beetle, with longest horns of any European kind. 3. Pine beetle infestation in bark and shoots.

CASE XII.—ELM AND ASH-BARK INFESTATIONS. 1. Attacks of “Common” Elm-bark Beetle, and of “Lesser” Elm-bark Beetle. 2. Attacks of “Ash-bark” Beetle.

CASE XIII.—INSECT INJURIES TO WOOD AND LEATHER. 1. Sirex Tunnellings in live Silver Fir. 2. “Death-watch” Beetle’s Borings in Oak and Beech Timber. 3. Injuries of Maggots of another kind of Death-watch Beetle to manufactured leather.

CASE XIV.—INFESTATIONS PARTLY BRED IN PONDS AND DITCHES. 1. Water Beetles injurious, in Beetle or Grub state, but chiefly in both, to young Fish in Ponds. 2. Liver-fluke of Sheep, and “Pond Snails,” in which it lives in its early condition.

CASE XV.—FLY ATTACKS, INJURIOUS TO CATTLE, HORSES AND SHEEP. 1. Forest Fly; also Sheep Spider Fly (popularly known as “Sheep Tick.”) 2. Bot Flies, Common Horse Bot Fly, and Sheep-nostril Bot Fly. 3. Gad or Breeze Flies.

CASE XVI.—OX AND DEER WARBLE. 1. Ox Warble Fly and Deer Warble Fly, in different stages, with Maggots in spirit. 2. Piece of young Red-deer’s Skin, showing swellings caused by Warble Maggots in the under side.

CASE XVII.—INJURIES TO CATTLE HIDE, FROM OX WARBLE. 1. Pieces of Hide, showing swellings with Maggots within, from the under-side; also perforations in the outside, leading down to the Maggot-cell; also sections of Hide, showing Channel down through the Hide, and Maggot-cell cut through. 2. Pieces of Tanned Warbled Leather.

APPENDIX D (p. 182).

_Injury by Xyleborus dispar in England._

Professor Riley, in “Insect Life” (the U.S.A. Official Entomological Journal), says:—“Miss E. A. Ormerod wrote us on September 23, 1889, as follows: ‘... The beetle which is considered one of the rarest of the British Coleoptera, _Xyleborus dispar_, Fab. (formerly known as “Bostrichus” or “Apate,” Fig. 46) has appeared in such great numbers in plum-wood in the fruit grounds at Toddington, near Cheltenham, as to be doing very serious injury. I found, on anatomising the injured small branches, that one of the galleries which the horde of beetles (packed as closely as they can be) forms or enlarges, passes about two-thirds round in the wood, more or less deeply beneath the bark, whilst another of the tunnels, likewise occupied with its closely packed procession of beetles, was in possession of about two inches of pith, so that the rapid destruction of the tree was fully accounted for. The attack appears, as far as I can see, to disappear usually very rapidly, but I am advising owners to make sure. This disappearance, I conjecture, may arise from the excessive rarity of the small male of this species. Amongst about sixty ♀(female specimens) which I extracted from the tunnels I only found one ♂ (male).’”

APPENDIX E (p. 223).

Professor Charles Valentine Riley was killed by a fall from his bicycle in the streets of Washington. He was riding, as usual, to his office in the morning, accompanied by his young son. It was down-hill, and he was evidently going rather fast, when his wheel struck a stone carelessly left in the roadway after repairs. He was thrown violently, and died from the effects of the fall a few hours afterwards.[118]

‘Biologist, artist, editor, and public official, the story of his struggles and successes, tinged as it is with romance, is one full of interest. Beginning life in America as a poor lad on an Illinois farm, he rose by his own exertions to distinction. His nature was a many-sided one, and his success in life was due to sheer will-power, unusual executive force, critical judgment, untiring industry, skill with pencil and pen, and a laudable ambition, united with an intense love of nature and of science for its own sake. This rare combination of varied qualities, of which he made the most, rendered him during the thirty years of his active life widely known as a public official, as a scientific investigator, while of economic entomologists he was _facile princeps_.

‘He was born at Chelsea, London, September 18, 1843. His boyhood was spent at Walton-on-Thames, where he made the acquaintance of the late W. C. Hewitson, author of many works on butterflies, which undoubtedly developed his love for insects. At the age of eleven he went to school for three years at Dieppe, afterwards studying at Bonn-on-the-Rhine. At both schools he carried off the first prizes for drawing, making finished sketches of butterflies, thus showing his early bent for natural history. It is said that a restless disposition led him to abandon the old country, and at the age of seventeen he had emigrated to Illinois, and settled on a farm about fifty miles from Chicago. When about twenty-one he removed to Chicago, where he became a reporter and editor of the entomological department of the “Prairie Farmer.”

‘Near the close of the war, in 1864, he enlisted as a private in the 134th Illinois regiment, serving for six months, when he returned to his editorial office.

‘He also enjoyed for several years the close friendship of B. D. Walsh, one of our most thorough and philosophic entomologists, with whom he edited the “American Entomologist.” His industry and versatility, as well as his zeal as an entomologist, made him widely known and popular, and gave him such prestige that it resulted in his appointment in 1868 as State Entomologist of Missouri. From that time until 1877, when he left St. Louis to live in Washington, he issued a series of nine annual reports on injurious insects, which showed remarkable powers of observation both of structure and habits, great skill in drawing, and especially ingenious and thoroughly practical devices and means of destroying the pests. It goes without saying that this prestige existed to the end of his life, his practical applications of remedies and inventions of apparatus giving him a world-wide reputation. In token of his suggestion of reviving the vines injured by the Phylloxera by the importation of the American stock, he received a gold medal from the French Government, and he afterwards received the Cross of the Légion d’Honneur in connection with the exhibit of the U. S. Department of Agriculture at the Paris Exposition of 1880.

‘The widespread ravages of the Rocky Mountain locust from 1873 to 1877 had occasioned such immense loss in several States and Territories that national aid was invoked to avert the evil. The late Dr. F. V. Hayden, then in charge of the U. S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Territories, sent Dr. P. R. Uhler to Colorado in the summer of 1875. Mr. Walsh had made important suggestions as to the birthplace and migrations of the insect. Meanwhile Riley had since 1874 made very detailed studies on the migration and breeding habits and means of destruction of this locust. Dr. Cyrus Thomas had also been attached to Hayden’s Survey, and published a monograph on the locust family, _Acrididæ_. As the result of this combined work Congress created the United States Entomological Commission, attaching to it Dr. Hayden’s Survey, and the Secretary of the Interior appointed Charles V. Riley, A. S. Packard, and Cyrus Thomas members of the Commission. Dr. Riley was appointed chief, and it was mainly owing to his executive ability, business sagacity, experience in official life, together with his scientific knowledge and practical inventive turn of mind in devising remedies, or selecting those invented by others, that the work of the Commission was so popular and successful during the five years of its existence. In 1878, while the Report of the Commission was being printed, Riley accepted the position of Entomologist to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, but owing to the lack of harmony in the Department, he resigned, Professor J. H. Comstock being appointed. Congress meanwhile transferred the cotton-worm investigation [on which Riley had been engaged] to the Entomological Commission. Dr. Riley was reappointed to the position of U. S. Entomologist in June, 1881. Mr. L. O. Howard said of the administration of this office: “The present efficient organisation of the Division of Entomology was his own original conception, and he is responsible for its plan down to the smallest detail. It is unquestionably the foremost organisation of its kind at present in existence.” Again he writes: “Professor Riley’s work in the organisation of the Division of Entomology has unquestionably advanced the entire Department of which it is a part, for it is generally conceded that this Division has led in most matters where efficiency, discipline, and system were needed.”

‘His Division published the first bulletin, and in “Insect Life” began the system of periodical bulletins, which has since been adopted for the other Divisions of the Agricultural Department. In an address, says Howard, before the National Agricultural Congress, delivered in 1879, in which he outlined the ideal Department of Agriculture, Professor Riley foreshadowed many important reforms which have since become accomplished facts, and suggested the important legislation, since brought about, of the establishment of State Experiment Stations under the general government.

‘His practical, inventive genius was exhibited in his various means of exterminating locusts, in the use of kerosene oil emulsified with milk or soap, and in his invention and perfection of the “cyclone” or “eddy-chamber” or Riley systems of nozzles, which, in one form or another, are now in general use in the spraying of insecticide or fungicide liquids.

‘Although the idea of introducing foreign insect parasites or carnivorous enemies of our imported pests had been suggested by others, Riley, with the resources of his division at hand, accomplished more than any one else in making it a success. He it was who succeeded in introducing the Australian lady-bird to fight the fluted scale.

‘Riley’s scientific writings will always stand, and show as honest work. He was not “a species man” or systematist as such; on the contrary, his most important work was on the transformations and habits of insects, such as those of the lepidoptera, locusts and their parasites, his Missouri reports being packed with facts new to science. His studies on the systematic relations of Platypsyllus as determined by the larva evince his patience, accuracy, and keenness in observation and his philosophic breadth.

‘His best anatomical and morphological work is displayed in his study on the mode of pupation of butterflies, the research being a difficult one, and especially related to the origin of the cremaster, and of the vestigial structures, sexual and others, of the end of the pupa. Whatever he did in entomology was original. He was also much interested in Aëronautics, and took much delight in attending séances of spiritualists and exposing their frauds, in one case, at least, where another biologist of world-wide fame, then visiting in Washington, was completely deluded.

‘Riley was from the first a pronounced evolutionist. His philosophic breadth and his thoughtful nature and grasp of the higher truths of biology are well brought out in his address on “The Causes of Variation in Organic Forms,” as Vice-President, before the biological section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1888. He was a moderate Darwinian, and leaned, like other American naturalists, rather to Neo-Lamarckism. He says: “I have always had a feeling, and it grows on me with increasing experience, that the weak features of Darwinism and, hence, of natural selection, are his insistence (1) on the necessity of slight modification; (2) on the length of time required for the accumulation of modifications, and (3) on the absolute utility of the modified structure.” Riley, from his extended experience as a biologist, was led to ascribe much influence to the agency of external conditions, remarking, in his address: “Indeed, no one can well study organic life, especially in its lower manifestations, without being impressed with the great power of the environment.” He thus contrasts Darwinism and Lamarckism: “Darwinism assumes essential ignorance of the causes of variation and is based on the inherent tendency thereto in the offspring. Lamarckism, on the contrary, recognizes in use and disuse, desire and the physical environment, immediate causes of variation affecting the individual and transmitted to the offspring, in which it may be intensified again both by inheritance and further individual modification.”’

‘“Evolution shows that man is governed by the same laws as other animals.” “Evolution reveals a past which disarms doubt and leaves the future open with promise—unceasing purpose—progress from lower to higher. It promises higher and higher intellectual and ethical attainment, both for the individual and the race. It shows the power of God in what is universal, not in the specific; in the laws of nature, not in departure from them.”’

INDEX

=A=

_Abraxas grossulariata_, Magpie moth, 114 (Fig.)

_Accentor modularis_, Dunnock or Hedge-sparrow, 162

_Acrididæ_, 333

“Agriculture and Rural Economy of Australia and New Zealand,” Professor Wallace’s, 280

Agriculture, Board of, Miss Ormerod’s aid to the Adviser given and withdrawn, 202

Agricultural College (Royal), Cirencester, Miss Ormerod’s lectures at, 83; Professor Harker at, 83; Principal of, 201

Agricultural Education Committee, 271, 272, 273

Agricultural Education in the Elementary School, 271

Agricultural Entomology, progress of, 200; work on, 276; Miss Ormerod, Co-Examiner in, 282

Agricultural lectureship proposed in Oxford University, 225

Agricultural Society (Royal), Miss Ormerod’s diagrams for, 88; work for discontinued, 212

“Agricultural Zoology,” by Dr. Ritzema Bos, translated by Professor Ainsworth-Davis, 222

_Agrotis exclamationis_, Heart-and-dart moth, Linn., 101 (Fig.)

_Agrotis segetum_, Ochsenheimer, Turnip moth, 101 (Fig.)

“Alder Killer,” German name of Mottled Willow Weevil, 267

Aldersey schoolboys, 113, 119, 127

Alfalfa (lucerne) hay infested with locusts, 228, 229

_Alopecurus pratensis_, 244

Altum, Dr. Bernard, _Forst Zoologie_, 61

American Ambassador, congratulations of the, 193

American blight, _see_ _Schizoneura lanigera_, 142, 143, 144

American clover-seed midge, 198

American migratory locusts, South, 229

Anbury, club-root, or finger and toe, _see_ _Plasmodiophora_, 196, 213

Angoumois moth, 188

_Anguillulidæ_ (eel-worms), 198, 282

_Anguillula radicicola_, 213

Annual Reports, _see_ Reports

_Anobium paniceum_, 253

_Anthomyia ceparum_, 60

Antler moth, _see_ _Charæas graminis_

Ants, black, 138

“Ap Adam” oak, 93, Pl. xxi

_Aphides_, 79; attack of, 222, 250, 257

Aphis, woolly, _Schizoneura lanigera_ 144 (Fig.)

Apple-bark beetle, _see_ _Xyleborus dispar_, 199

Arbuthnot, Mrs., 292, 301

Architects, practice of, 7

Arderne of Alvanley, family of, 13

_Argyresthia conjugella_, 247

Arkwright (J. H.) of Hampden Court, Herefordshire, 76

Armstrong, Dr., 28, 29

Army worm _(_Leucania unipunctata_)_, paper on, by Dr. L. O. Howard, 184

Arnold, Dr., of Rugby, 3

Arsenite of Copper, 201

Artists, the Misses Ormerod as, 18, 74

Ash-bark beetle, _see_ _Hylesinus_

Ashworth, Miss, letter from, 320

_Aspidiotus perniciosus_, San José scale, 242

Assistant, reasons for refusing an, 79

_Astynomus ædilis_, 224

_Atomaria linearis_, Mangold beetle, 230 (Fig.)

Aust “Bone bed,” 40

Aust cliffs, 39, 40

Austen’s opinion on “Deer forest fly,” Mr., 261

Australian thrips, 183; larvæ, 277

Autumnal breeze fly, _see_ _Tabanus autumnalis_

Avian Rat, nickname for the sparrow, 160, 168

Axe, Professor, 85

=B=

Bacon fly, _see_ _Piophila casei_

Bacon, Lord, burial-place, 298

Badam’s Court, 93

Bailey, Colonel, 303

Bailey, Mr., Editor of the _Dumfries Herald and Courier_, 106

Bailey, Mr. William, letters to, 109-127; letter from, to the Duke of Westminster, 111

Barley, Hessian fly on, 132 (Fig.)

Barnes Cottage, 7

Barnesville, 7

“Bat beetle,” _see_ _Harpalus ruficornis_

Bath and West of England Society Show, Misses Ormerod’s insect cases and diagrams at, 283, 284

Bathurst’s, Mr., paper on “Orchards,” 273-274

Bean-beetle, _see_ _Bruchus_

Beans and peas attacked by Eel-worms, 304

Bean-seed weevil—sad-coloured _(Bruchus tristis)_; red-footed _(B. rufipes)_; red-horned _(B. brachialis)_, 271, _see_ _Bruchus_

Beans infested with beetles, 269, 270

Beaufort, Duke of, 7

Becker, Miss Lydia, as an upholder of “Women’s Rights,” 86

Beckett, Edmund, Lord Grimthorpe, 91, _see_ Grimthorpe

Bee, Mason, 174

Beet carrion beetle, _see_ _Silpha opaca_, 142, 220

Beetles in the Argentine territories, 222

Beetles (water), killing of, 54

Bethnal Green Museum, connection with, 87

Bethune, Rev. Dr., letters to, 73, 90, 213, 227-231

Bigge, General and Mrs., 298

Biographical sketch of Miss Ormerod, by the Editor, 73

_Bipalium kewense_, a land planarian, 192 (Fig.)

Birth, childhood, and education, Miss Ormerod’s, 1

Black-currant gall mite, 153, 154, 155, 156, 177, _see_ _Phytoptus_

Bladder or pocket plums, 176 (Fig.)

Bodleian Library, 58

Bolivar’s, Señor Don Igo, assistance on locust specimens, 218

“Bone Bed,” the Aust, 40

Books, lending of, 29

Boot beetle, _see_ _Anobium paniceum_

Boot-upper injured by beetle, 254 (Fig.)

Bos, Dr. Ritzema, 79, 131, 132, 156, 189, 204, 296; letters to, 232-237

_Botanical Magazine_, drawings for, 74

Botfly, the, _see_ Hypoderma

“Bottle-nosed whale,” or dolphin, capture of, 38, 39

Bradwall Hall, Cheshire, 11

Brauer’s, Dr., frontispiece to his “_Œstridæ_,” 149, 150

Breathing tubes of maggot, of ox warble fly, &c., 112 (Fig.)

Breeze flies, _see_ _Tabanidæ_

Brighton, Miss Ormerod refers to taking a villa at, 264, 266

_Bruchus_, the pea and bean Weevil, 268, _rufimanus_, &c., 269 (Fig.) 270, 271, _see_ Bean-seed weevil

Bruner, Lawrence, Locust Investigation Commission Report, 229

_Bryobia prætiosa_, gooseberry and ivy red spider, 220, 221 (Fig.)

Buckland, Frank, on “Putts,” 37, 327, 328

Buckler, Mr. William, 107

Buckton, G. B., on _Aphides_, 79, 80

Bunbury Parish, work done by schoolboys of, 111

Burd, Rev. Percy, 29

Burdett-Coutts, Baroness, letters from, 214

Bury, Lancashire, 9

Buttington, battle of, 23

=C=

Cabbage green fly, 101

Caddis fly, _see_ _Mormonia nigromaculata_, 152

Caddis worms attacking water-cresses, 151, 152, 282

Cadelle, the, _see_ _Trogosita_

Caerwent, 7, 174

_Calandra (Sitophilus) granaria_, granary weevil, 191, 262 (Fig.), 267; _C. oryzæ_, 262

Calwer’s “_Käferbuch_,” 270

“Canadian Entomologist,” quoted, 202, 211, 223

Canadian friends, Miss Ormerod’s, 73

Cauvin’s Hospital, Editor’s Lecture at, 289

_Cecidomyia destructor_, Hessian fly, 129, 131 (Fig.), 132, 143, 147, 182; _C. tritici_, 131; _C. leguminicola_, 198

_Cecidomyia (Diplosis) equestris_, 137

Centipede and millipede, 143 (Fig.)

_Cephenomyia rufibarbis_, Red-bearded botfly, 149, 150, 151

_Cephus pygmæus_, Corn sawfly, 147 (Fig.)

_Cerostoma xylostella_, Curtis, _see_ _Plutella cruciferarum_

_Ceuthorhynchus contractus_, Charlock weevil, 130 (Fig.)

Chapel of St. Tecla, dimensions, 34, ruins, Pl. x

_Charæas graminis_, Antler moth, 104, 105 (Fig.), 185, 284

Charlock weevil, _see_ _Ceuthorhynchus contractus_

Charlotte, Princess, “the people’s darling,” death of, 6

Chartist Rising, 47-52; map of district, Pl. xv

Cheese-fly, _see_ _Piophila casei_, 125 (Fig.)

_Cheimatobia brumata_, 121, 146, 183

Chepstow, 15, 30, 33, 43, 53, Pl. xvii

Chepstow Bridge, Pl. xiii

Chepstow Castle, Pls. ix., xvi.

Chepstow Parish Church, Plate vi.

Cheshire, _see_ Chester

Chest, oak, from Hulgreve Hall, 58, Pl. xviii

Chester, Dr. Ormerod’s “History of the County Palatine and City,” 8, 13, 58

Chinese Minister Plenipotentiary, 307

Chinese naturalist and Miss Ormerod, 75

Chittenden’s, Mr., paper on Household Insects, 266

_Chlorops tæniopus_, Meigen, Gout fly, 132, 133 (Fig.), 147

Choate, Mr., meeting with, 193; characteristics, 297

_Chrysops cæcutiens_, small blinding breeze fly, 136 (Fig.)

Church customs, old, 23

_Cidaria dotata_, Linn., spinach moth, 231 (Fig.)

Clayden, ancestral oak at, 121

Cleg, or small rain breeze fly, _Hæmatopota pluvialis_, 136 (Fig.)

Clergy, old local, 27

Cliviger township, 8

Clothing Club, 30

Clover-stem sickness, 226, 282

Club-root, Anbury, or Finger and toe, 196, 213

_Coccinella bipunctata_, 2-spotted lady-bird; _C. septempunctata_, 7-spotted lady-bird, 234 (Fig.); _C. ocellata_, eyed lady-bird, 237 (Fig.)

Cockchafer beetle and grubs, _Melolontha vulgaris_, 209, 233 (Fig.), 277, block, 280

Codlin moth, prevention, 277

Coleman & Sons, Messrs. W. J., letters to, 177

Collection of specimens of injurious insects, 87

“Common Fly Attacks to Farm Stock,” by Miss Ormerod, 304

Conger eels, 35

Connold, Mr. Ed. T., letters to, 175, 241

Contribution, Miss Ormerod’s first, to scientific literature, 59

Contributions, Miss Ormerod’s recognition of, 62, 66

Copleston, Bishop, 15

Copper, arsenite and arseniate of, 201

Cormorants, 35

Corn fly, Ribbon-footed, _see_ _Chlorops tæniopus_

Corn sawfly, 147

Correggios, “Marriage of St. Catherine,” 16

Correspondence, steadiness of, Miss Ormerod’s, 78, 79, letters, 97

Cosby, Sir Henry, 7

_Cossus ligniperda_, Goat moth, 268 (Fig.)

County dinner party, formality of, 15

Courage, Miss Ormerod’s, 92-94

Coussmaker, Colonel, letters to, 99-104

Cranefly (Daddy longlegs), _Tipula_, 64, 284

Crawford, Mr. Frazer, of Adelaide, 210

Croft, Sir Richard, 6

Cross-fertilisation (multiple), 298

_Cryptorhynchus lapathi_, L., mottled willow weevil, 267

Crystal oil, 181

_Cucujus testaceus_, 263

Currant and gooseberry scale, _Lecanium ribis_, 214 (Fig.)

Currant, black and red, 156, 157

Curtis, John, “Farm Insects,” 63, 276; work, &c., 184

Cutworms, or caterpillars of the dart or turnip moth, 100, 101 (Fig.)

_Cynips_ galls, 177

=D=

Daddy longlegs, _see_ _Tipula_

Dalquhairn, Holm of, 105

Damsons, curiously formed, 175

Danysz’s, J., paper on _Ephestia_ (Flour moth), 216

Dart or turnip moth, _see_ _Agrotis segetum_

Darwinianism, 276

Darwinism, 335

Davis, Professor Ainsworth, translation of Ritzema Bos’s _Agricultural Zoology_, 222

Dean, Forest of, lawlessness in, 38

Death, Miss Ormerod’s, letters in prospect of, 325

Deer forest fly, _see_ _Lipoptera cervi_

Deer warble fly, _see_ _Hypoderma diana_

Degrees and medals, Miss Ormerod’s, 95, _see_ LL.D.

Dell & Son’s information, 275

Diagrams, Miss G. Ormerod’s, 88; coloured, published by R.A.S.E., 99

Diamond-back moth, _see_ _Plutella cruciferarum_

_Dicranura vinula_, Linn., 103 (Fig.)

Diptera, Westwood’s use of “_Insecta Britannica—Diptera_,” 136

Dipterous parasites, 107

Dogs as message-bearers, 11; Miss Ormerod’s adventures with, 92

Dolphin, Bottle-nosed (_Delphinus tursio_), 38

Druce’s, Mr., proposed vote of congratulation, 300

Drawings and water-colours, set of Dr. George Ormerod’s, 298, 300, 301

Dunn, Malcolm, assistance of, 61

Dunnock, the hedge-sparrow, _Accentor modularis_, 162

Durobrivian ware, 8

Dyer, Professor Bernard, as a helper, 200

_Dytiscus marginalis_, water beetle, 54, 124 (Fig.)

=E=

Earwig, _see_ _Forficula_

Edinburgh University, bequest to, 283, 284, 285; text-book for, 303; Miss Ormerod appointed external examiner in Agricultural Entomology, 123

Eel-worms, 186, 198, 282, 304

Electros bought from Messrs. Blackie & Son, 63

Elliot & Fry’s portraits, 300

Elm-bark beetle, _see_ _Scolytus destructor_, 169, 170 (Fig.)

Entomological Society of Ontario, 73

Entomological Societies, Miss Ormerod’s communications with, 78

Entomologist, consulting, to the Royal Agricultural Society of England, 75

Entomology, Miss Ormerod beginning the study of, 53; first step in, 2; lectures on, in Edinburgh, 279

Entomology, economic, progress of, 206

_Ephestia kuhniella_, Zell, 180, 198, 202, 212, 262, 263

Evans, Mrs., 91

Evesham Committee work, 204

Evolution, Professor Riley on, 335

Exhibition in the Palace of Industry, Paris, August, 1868, 54

_Exoascus pruni_, Professor Marshall Ward on, 175

_Exorista lota_, parasite of Lepidoptera, 107

=F=

Family dispersal, 56

“Famine in India,” by Wallace, 308

“Farm Insects,” by Curtis, 184

“Farm Pests,” leaflets on, 65

Farm stock, fly attacks on, 65, 304

Fernald, Dr., 187

Ferry, Old Passage, 38, 44, 45, 50

Fielding, Copley, 16

Finger and toe, _see_ _Plasmodiophora brassicæ_

“Flacherie,” the, 106, 107, 186

Flatworm, 192

“Flax-seeds,” 131, 142, 197

Fletcher, Dr., 188; letters to, 77, 116, 195-227

“Flies injurious to Stock,” Miss Ormerod’s, 65, 305

Flour beetle, rust-red, _see_ _Tribolium ferrugineum_

Flour infestation, 69, 179, 191, 220, 261, 263, 266

“Flowering,” or Palm, Sunday, 25

Fly weevil (U.S.A.), 188

Font (leaden) at Llancaut, 20; at Tidenham, Pl. vii

Fonts (leaden), A. C. Fryer’s paper on, in _Archæol. Journal_, 20

Foot, Hippoboscal, Pls. xxiii., xxiv.

Forest fly, 65, 133, 134 (Fig.), 138, 139, 304

Forest flies, Indian, 224

Forest Hundreds, 33

Forest of Dean, 33

Forest Peninsula, 33, 34

“Forestry,” text-book of, proposed, 227, 303

_Forficula minor_, Linn. (Earwig) 189 (Fig.)

“Formalin,” 220

_Formica fuliginosa_, 138, 139

Forshaw and Hawkins, Messrs., 266

Fowler (Canon) on _Helophorus rugosus_, 108, 267

Fream, Dr., references to, 203, 208, 279, 281, 282, 298, 305, 317

Frost and other leaders of the Chartist rising in Monmouth, 47-52

Fruitgrowers’ Convention, 206

_Fucus serratus_, 34

Fuller, Mr., 267; letters to, 257

=G=

Gadflies (_Tabanidæ_), 118, 137, 138, 304, 306

Gamma or silver moth, 178 (Fig.)

Gardener, an old, on Miss Ormerod’s work, 75

“Gardeners’ Chronicle,” 54, 55, 276

“Gardeners’ Friends and Foes,” series of diagrams, 88

Garton course of lectures, Edinburgh University, 118, 208

Garton, John, 298, 303

Gas lime as a top dressing, 195

_Gastropacha quercifolia_, Linn., 158

_Gastrophilus equi_, Fab., 117 (Fig.), 118, 305

Gawsworth, Cheshire, 12

Generosity, Dr. Lipscomb on Miss Ormerod’s, 94

_Geophilus longicornis_, Centipede, 235 (Fig.)

George, A. W., letter to, 174

Gibbs, Sir Brandreth, 76

Gilbert, Sir Henry and Lady, 298

Gnat midge, _see_ _Cecidomyia leguminicola_

Goat moth, _see_ _Cossus ligniperda_

Golynrode, 10

Goodall on _Tabanidæ_, 138

Gooseberry red spider, _see_ _Bryobia prætiosa_

Gout fly, _see_ _Chlorops tæniopus_

Grain beetles, _see_ _Calandra (Sitophilus) granaria_

Granary weevil, _see_ _Calandra granaria_

Grant, Sir Ludovic, 96, 291, 303

Grease-banding, 207, 277

Grease-proof paper, 277

Great ash-bark beetle, 172 (Fig.)

Great midge, “red maggot of,” 137

Great ox gad fly, 135, 136

Great tortoiseshell butterfly, _see_ _Vanessa polychloros_

Grimshaw, Percy H., 108; letters from, 149, 151

Grimthorpe, Lord, letter from, 297, 298, 308

Grouse fly, _see_ _Ornithomyia_

“Guide to the Methods of Insect Life,” Miss Ormerod’s, 81, 85

Gulls, _see_ _Larus ridibundus_ and _L. canus_

=H=

Hacking, 10

_Hæmatobia connicola_, 213

_Hæmatopota pluvialis_, 136

“Hair-worms,” 225

“Handbook of Orchard Fruits,” Miss Ormerod’s, 303

Hargreaves, Col. John, 8

Harker, Professor Allen, references to, 79, 80, 201, 277, 278, 279, 281

_Harpalus ruficornis_, Bat beetle, 223 (Fig.)

Hartwell, Miss, Miss Ormerod’s private secretary, 88, 280, 289, 291

Heart-and-dart moth, _see_ _Agrotis exclamationis_

Heather “frosted,” 149

_Helophorus rugosus_, 108

Henry VI. Coronation, 58, Pl. xviii

Hessian fly, 74, 129, 131, 132, 142, 143, 147, 148, 182, _see_ _Cecidomyia destructor_; Miss Ormerod on, 86

_Heterodera schachtii_, 186; _H. radicicola_, Müller, 213 (Fig.)

Hibernation of insects, 226

“Hill-grub,” the, 104, 105 (Fig.)

_Hippobosca equina_, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 140, 265 (foot of fly, Pls. xxiii., xxiv.); _H. maculata_, 139

Hippoboscid on a lamb, 264

Hooker, Sir Joseph and Lady, 73, 74

Hoopoe, the, 139

Hop aphis, 206

Hope Professorship of Zoology at Oxford, 215

Hops, nettle-headed, 237

Hornet, capture of, 92

“Hornet Clearwing,” _Trochilium (= Sesia) bembeciforme_, 103

Horse bot fly, _Gastrophilus equi_, Fab., 117 (Fig.), 118, 305

Horses’ illness after eating locust-infested lucerne, 228, 229

Horticultural Society (Royal), collection of injurious insects, 55

Howard, Dr. L. O., letters to and from, 184-194, 295, 297

Hulgreve Hall, 58

Hunt, the artist, 16

Huntspill, Somerset, 10

Huxley, Professor, 78; letters from, 85, 88

_Hybernia defoliaria_, 146

Hydrophobia, strange treatment for, 45

_Hylesinus crenatus_ (large ash-bark beetle), 172 (Fig.), 173, 302; tunnels, 173 (Fig.)

_Hylesinus fraxini_, ash-bark beetle, 171, 174; tunnels, 171 (Fig.)

_Hylurgus piniperda_, pine beetle, 263

_Hymenoptera_, 174

_Hypoderma__bovis_ and _H. diana_, 150; _H. lineata_, 116; _H._ or _œstrus_ experiments, 183

=I=

_Icerya purchasi_, 79

_Ichthyosaurus_, 41

Index to Reports, 64, 191

“Indian Agriculture,” Wallace’s, 275

Inscription on Llancaut font, 22

“Insect Life,” 201, 267

Insect, Professor Westwood’s definition of, 84

“Insects Injurious to Forest Trees,” 302; “to Orchard and Bush Fruit,” 274; “to Stored Grain,” 191

Isleworth, 73; meteorology, 80

=J=

Jablonowski, Prof. Jos., on _Phytoptus ribis_, 156; letters to, 156

Jacobite officers, 11

Janson’s reports, Mr. Oliver E., 71, 72, 200, 283; letters to, 259-271

Jenkins, Mr. H. M., Secretary R.A.S.E., 76

Johnson, Thomas, survivors of the children of, 11

_Julus guttatus_ (= _pulchellus_), Leach; _J. londinensis_; _J. terrestris_, 143 (Fig.)

_Juncus articulatus_, the flowering heads of, or “spret,” 104

=K=

Ked or Kade, _see_ _Melophagus ovinus_

Kerosene as an insecticide, 120, 181, 220

Kew Gardens, 73, 86

King and Queen, 122

King George and King James, toasts to, 11

Kingston Park, old name of Sedbury Park, 7

Knox, John, quotation from, 110

=L=

_Labia minor_, Leach, 189 (Fig.)

Lady-bird, Australian, 334

Lady-bird, _see_ _Coccinella_

_Læmophlœus ferrugineus_, 263

Lamarckism, 335

_Lamellicornes_, beetle grubs of the, 277

Languages, Miss Ormerod’s knowledge of, 78

Lappet Moth, _see_ _Gastropacha quercifolia_, Linn.

_Larus ridibundus_ and _L. canus_, 105

Latham, Diana, on Sedbury, 14-19

Latham, John, M.D., 12, Pl. iv, 57

Latham, Peter Mere, 13, 57

_Lathyrus_ (White), 221

“Leaden Fonts,” 20; Alfred C. Fryer on, 20

“Leafage caterpillars,” 146

_Lecanium ribis_, Fitch, 214

Lecture at Institute of Agriculture, South Kensington, Miss Ormerod’s, 84; at London Farmers’ Club, 102

Lecturer, Miss Ormerod as a, on Economic Entomology, at Royal College, Cirencester, 83

Lectures, ten, by Miss Ormerod, on “Orders of Insects,” 85

Lee-chee (lichi) orchards, 308

Legal experiences, samples of Miss Ormerod’s, 69

_Lepidoptera_, American lists of, 181

Lesser earwig, _Forficula minor_, 189 (Fig.), 261

Lesson book for village schools, 207

Letter or letters from William Bailey, 102; Dr. Ritzema Bos, 296; Dr. Fream, 298; Lord Grimthorpe, 296; Sir Joseph Hooker, 87; L. O. Howard, 295, 297; T. H. Huxley, 85; J. A. Lintner, 81-82; Dr. R. S. MacDougall, 295; Sir William Muir, 301; Rev. Prof. Taylor, 310; Professor Wallace, 287-293; J. O. Westwood, 81

Letter or letters to William Bailey, 109-127; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, 227-231; Dr. Ritzema Bos, 232-237; Messrs. Coleman, 177-178; E. T. Connold, 175-177; Colonel Coussmaker, 99-104; Dr. J. Fletcher, 195-227; Claude Fuller, 257; A. W. George, 174; D. D. Gibb, 128-148; P. H. Grimshaw, 149-151; L. O. Howard, 184-194; C. P. Lounsbury, 252-257; Rev. John Martin, 169-174; J. C. Medd, 271-274; Dr. A. Nalepa, 247-252; Dr. E. Reuter, 244-247; Dr. W. M. Schöyen, 237-243; Robert Service, 106-8; W. B. Tegetmeier, 159-168; Professor Wallace, 275-325; C. D. Wise, 151-159

Letters, destruction of, 97

_Leucania unipunctata_, 185

Lias, frontage of, 40, 41

“Licked” beef, 116

_Limnæa truncatula_, 144

_Limnephilus flavicornis_, 152

Lindeman, Dr., 197, 209, 212, 263

Lintner, Dr., 207; letters from, 81, 82

_Lipoptera cervi_, Von Siebold and Loew, 140 (Fig.), 141 (Fig.), 180, 259, 265

_Lipoptera_ or _Lipoptena_, confusion between, 140

Lipscomb, Dr. Eustace, 194, 290, 293, 294, 322, 324; on benefits of Miss Ormerod’s work, 75

_Lithobius forficatus_, “thirty-foot,” 235

Little, Professor Herbert, 76, 110, 279

Llancaut Church, 21, Pl. viii

LL.D. of Edinburgh University, 95, 193, 287, 289; letters on, 294-297

Loch Dungeon, 104

Locust, capture of a strange, 53

Locust, South American migratory, _see_ _Schistocerca paranensis_ (Fig.)

Locusts, 144, 214, 218, 229

London, annual visit to, 16

London Farmers’ Club, lectures, 102, 299; request, 110; resolution, 300

London-purple, 183, 205

“Loopers,” 121, 146

Lords of Committee of Education invite Miss Ormerod to advise them, 87

Loudon’s “Arboretum,” 103

Lounsbury, C. P., 118, 187; letters to and from, 193, 252

Loyalty, Miss Ormerod’s, 94

“Lyde, the,” 35

Lyell, Sir Charles, on the Aust “Bone Bed,” 40

=M=

“Mabie Moss,” _nom de plume_ of R. Service, 104, 106

MacDougall, Dr., 227, 291, 295, 302, 303; as a colleague, 302, 303, 307, 317, 322, 323

Magpie moth, Currant and gooseberry, _see_ _Abraxas grossulariata_

Mail coach, Pls. xii., xiv.

Mails, the Newport, 50

Man, Dr. de, 79

Mangold attacked by _Atomaria linearis_, 230

“Manual of Injurious Insects,” Miss Ormerod’s, 65, 276, 300

Martin, Rev. John, letters to, 169-174

Mayer, Rev. Peter, 12

McEwan Hall, the, 292

Meade, Mr., of Bradford, 107, 205

Medals and Miss Ormerod’s other public distinctions, 95; key to, 98, Pl. xxii

Medd, Mr., 259; letters to, 271-274; letter to on the Warble question, 116

Mediterranean flour moth, _see_ _Ephestia kuhniella_

_Melolontha vulgaris_, cockchafer 209, 233 (Fig.)

_Melophagus ovinus_, Linn., 141 (Fig.)

_Mermis_, 186; _albicans_, 106

_Merodon narcissi_, Fab., 157, 158

_Meromyza_, 276

Meteorological observations at Isleworth, 80; station, Pl. xx

_Miana_, 186

_Micrococcus bombycis_, 106

Midge, great, 137

Mik, Professor, on _Tabanidæ_, 20, 138; on Deer Forest fly, 261; decease of, 271

Mill Moth, _see_ _Ephestia kuhniella_

Millepede, 143 (Fig.)

Mite, _see_ _Phytoptus_

Modelling in plaster of Paris, Miss Ormerod’s taste for, 95

Moles at strawberry roots, 153

Morris, Little and Son’s emulsion, 121

_Mormonia nigromaculata_, 152 (Fig.)

Mosley’s models and figures of insects, 279

Mottled Umber moth, _see_ _Hybernia defoliaria_

Muir, Sir William, 284, 285, 298; letter from, 301

Murray, Mr. Andrew, secretary, Royal Horticultural Society, 75

Murray, Mr. John, xx, 315, 319, 325

Murtfeldt, Miss, 256

Music, Miss Ormerod’s knowledge of, 95

Mustard beetle, _see_ _Phædon betulæ_

=N=

Nalepa, Dr., letters to, 247; on the _Phytoptidæ_, 155, 218; publications of, 176

Narcissus fly, 157

“Nature Knowledge,” 306

“Nature Study,” Mr. Medd’s, 259

Needlework, Miss Ormerod’s skill in, 95

Newman, Mr. T. P., 309, 325

Newstead, Mr. Robert, 64, 68, 84, 310

_Niptus hololeucus_, 262

Nixon, Mr., 145

Norman’s microscopic slides, Mr., 264, 265, 267

Nostril fly, of sheep, 304

=O=

Oak, “Ap Adam,” and “Hedgehog,” Pl. xxi, 93

Oak-leaf roller moth, _Tortrix viridana_, 145

Oak-leaf seaweed _(Delesseria)_, 39

Oak-trees injured by caterpillars, 222

Observations, Miss Ormerod’s arrangement of, 60, 61

_Œstridæ_, 118, 283

_œstrus ovis_, 76 (Fig.)

“Offa’s Dyke,” 18

Oilcakes and granary weevil, 262

_Oligotrophus alopecuri_, 244

Ontario Entomological Society, 73

“Orchard and bush fruits, Handbook of insects injurious to,” Miss Ormerod’s, 229

Orchard growers, experimental committee of, 183

Ormerod, Arthur, 57; the M.D., 291

Ormerod, Charlotte Anne, 8

Ormerod, E. L., M.D., author of “British Social Wasps,” 9, 57, 93

Ormerod, Eleanor Anne, birth, childhood, and education, 1-6; fondness for animals, 7; religious experiences, 27; biographical sketch, 73-97; courage, 92-93; kindness to servants, 94; medals, 97; death, 325; retirement, 328; portraits, frontispiece, Pls. xx., xxix.

Ormerod, George, D.C.L., LL.D., author of “History of the County Palatine and City of Chester,” 8, 11, 18, 19, 23, 28, 53, 56, 57, Pls. ii., iii., xxx.

Ormerod, Mrs. George, 3, Pl. iii

Ormerod, Georgiana, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 16, 17, 18, 30, 73, Pl. xxvii

Ormerod, Rev. G. T. B., 57

Ormerod, Henry Mere, 34, 58

Ormerod, John Arderne, 13, 57

Ormerod, Laurence, 8

Ormerod, Oliver, 9

Ormerod, Thomas Johnson, 57

Ormerod, Wareing, 58

Ormerod, William, 57

Ormerod demesne and mansion, 8, Pl. xxviii

Ormerod family, descent from Edward I., 13; branches of, 8-9; dispersal of, 56

_Ornithomyia avicularia_, Linn. (Grouse fly), 264, 265 (Fig.)

_Osmia_ (Mason bee), 174

Ostrich parasite, 196

“Our Programme” leaflet, 272

Owen, Professor Richard, report on an _Ichthyosaurus_, 41

Oxford, Port Fellowship, 13, 57; Tractarian Movement, 28

=P=

_Padina Pavonea_, 39

Palm Sunday or “Flowering Sunday,” 25

“Papist,” “The picture of a,” 10

Paraffin, 181

Parasites of _Lepidoptera_, 107, 108

Parasites of silkworm, 106

“Parentalia,” Dr. George Ormerod’s, 9, 13

“Paris-green,” 153, 183, 201; as an insecticide, 203, 204, 205, 206; pamphlets on, 207, 208

_Passer domesticus_, 159, 160 (Fig.), 188

_Passer montanus_, 162 ( Fig.)

Pea-weevil, _see_ _Sitones_

Peacock seaweed _(Padina pavonea)_, 39

Pension proposed for Miss Ormerod, 322

_Phædon betulæ_, 215 (Fig.)

Philips, Sir Thomas, mayor of Newport, 50

Photographs of Miss Ormerod, 227, 300, 302

_Phylloxera_, 155, 210

_Phytoptidæ_, 250

_Phytoptus galls_, 177

_Phytoptus pyri_, 249 (Fig.)

_Phytoptus ribis_, 153, 156, 251 (Fig.)

Pillischer’s preparations, 261

Pine beetle attack, 263, 264, 285

_Piophila casei_, Linn., 125 (Fig.), 256, 265

Plagiarism, prevention of, 62

Plan of work, Miss Ormerod’s, 78, 90

_Plasmodiophora brassicæ_, 213

Plum-wood, Shot-borers from, 200

_Plusia gamma_, Linn., 178 (Fig.)

_Plutella cruciferarum_, 130, 210, 211 (Fig.)

_Polydesmus complanatus_, 143 (Fig.)

Port Fellowship, Brasenose College, 13, 57

“Post-horn” beetle attack, 224

Potter, Professor M. C., 144

“Proceedings of the Convention of Fruit Growers,” 206

_Ptinus_, 263

Pupation of butterflies, 334

“Puritan,” “The picture of a,” 10

Puss moth, _see_ _Dicranura vinula_

Putcher for catching salmon, 36, 327, 328

“Putts” or “putchers,” 36 (Fig.)

_Pyrethrum_, 216

=Q=

“Quasi Cursores,” Hole’s, 308, 311

=R=

Rabies, an instance of, 92

Railway travelling, 46

Rassam, Mr. Hormuzd, 205

Red-currant mite, 157 _see_ _Phytoptus_

Redenhall-cum-Harleston, 57

“Red spider,” 145, 221 (Fig.), 300

Redwater “tick,” 193

Reports (annual), plan of preparations, 78; discontinued, 66

_Retinia buoliana_, “Post-Horn,” 224

Reuter, Dr., letters to, 244

_Ribes nigrum_, 156

_Ribes rubrum_, 157

Rice weevil, _see_ _Calandra oryzæ_

Riley, Professor, 78, 80; letters to, 179-184; resignation of, 221, 223; sketch of, 332, app.

Ritzema Bos, _see_ Bos

Roberts, Margaret, 17

Roman coins found near the Severn Cliffs, 174; military station, 7; pottery, 8, 174; Pl xi.

Rothamsted, 203, 217, 298

Roundell, Charles, the “Rural Reader,” 273

Rural Economy, Sibthorpian Professor of, at Oxford, 225

“Ruricola,” _nom de plume_ of J. Curtis, 184

Rust-red flour beetle, _see_ _Tribolium ferrugineum_

=S=

Saddle fly, _Cecidomyia (Diplosis) equestris_, 137 (Fig.)

St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 57

_Salix caprea_, 103

Salmon fishing on the Severn, 36

Samian cup, 175

San José scale, _see_ _Aspidiotus perniciosus_

Sap-wood beetle, _see_ _Scolytus pruni_

Saurian remains, 41, Pl. xi

Scale insects, 242, 257

Scarabæid beetles (rare), 222

Schaŭmerde, a sugar by-product, 236

“Scheele’s-green,” 201

_Schistocerca paranensis_, 229 (Fig.)

_Schizoneura lanigera_, Hausm, American blight, 142, 143, 144 (Fig.)

Schools, coloured diagrams for elementary, 99; _see_ Diagrams

Schöyen, Dr., letters to, 237-239; notes on wasps from, 218

Science and Art Department, invited to help, 87; diagrams for, 88; official plagiarism, 88

_Scolytus destructor_, Oliv., 169, 170 (Fig.); _S. pruni_, Ratz., 270, 271 (Fig.)

Seaweeds, 39

Sedbury Park, 7, 14-19; reminiscences of, 15; routine of life at, 17, Pl. i

Servants, Miss Ormerod’s kindly treatment of, 94

Service, Mr. Robert, letter to, 99; notes by, 104, 105

_Sesia bembeciformis_, _see_ _Trochilium_

Seth, Professor, letter from, 303

Severn and Wye, the, 33, Pl. ix

Severn, cliffs, Pl. x; colour of, 35, 41; shipping of, 36

“Shag” or “Chog,” 197

Sheep spider fly, or “ked,” 141 (Fig.); nostril fly, 304, 305; _see_ _Melophagus_

“Sheep Scab,” paper on, 299, 306

Shell-(snail)-slug, 191 (Fig.), 192

Shells, Miss Georgiana Ormerod’s love for, 3

Shot-borer, _see_ _Xyleborus dispar_

Signoret’s, Dr., opinion, 79

Silk, moths injuring, 219

_Silpha opaca_, Linn., 142 (Fig.)

_Silphidæ_, 219

“Silver-top” wheat, 197

Simpson, Mr. Wm., letter from, 72

_Sirex juvencus_, 81; _S. gigas_, 81

_Sitones_ (pea-weevil), 226

_Sitophilus granarius_, 262; _S. oryzæ_, 262

_Sitotroga (Gelechia) cerealella_, 188

“Slime” fungus, 213

Smirke, Sir Robert, 7

Smith and Co.’s flour, Messrs., 266

Smith, John B., 257

Smith, Sir Robert Murdoch, reference to, 284

Snail-slug, 191 (Fig.), 192

Snellen, Mr., on “Great” and “Small” tortoiseshell butterflies, 131

Sparrow, Hedge, 162

Sparrow, House, _Passer domesticus_, 160-168, 160 (Fig.)

Sparrow leaflet, 163, 166, 167, 225; extract from, 164

“Sparrow, Spare the,” 165

“Sparrow, The House,” Tegetmeier’s, 167, 168

Sparrow, Tree, _Passer montanus_, 162 (Fig.)

Sparrows, repeal of laws in America protecting, 161

“Spider” fly, 304

“Spinach moth,” 231

“Splint,” a sap-wood beetle, _Scolytus pruni_, 271 (Fig.)

Sprayers, 208

Spret, _Juncus articulatus_, 104

St. Alban’s Show, Prince and Princess of Wales at, 123; exhibit for, 123

Stebbing, E. P., 307

Stein, or Hartman quoted by Stein, 260

Stem eel-worms, 209 (Fig.)

Steven lecturer, on Agricultural Entomology in Edinburgh University, 282, _see_ Fream, Dr.

Stewart’s, Prince Charles, march to Manchester, 10

St. Petersburg International Exhibition, 19

Stock flies, 304, 307

Strathconan Deer Forest flies, 260, 261

Strawberries, moles at, 153; eel-worms at, 204; beetles at, 223

Strigul, ancient name of Chepstow, 8

“Strigulensia,” George Ormerod’s, 7, 21

Subpœna, a, 69

Sufferings, political, of “Tyldesley” in 1745, 10

=T=

_Tabanidæ_, 138, 141, 145, 150

_Tabanus autumnalis_, 136; _bovinus_, Linn., 135 (Fig.), 136

_Tachina_ fly, 106; larvæ, 186

Taschenberg’s, Dr., “Die Praktische Insektenkunde,” 277

Taylor, Dr., 284; letter from, 310

Tecla, St., chapel of, 33

Tegetmeier, Mr., letters to, 159-168

_Tenebrioides mauritanicus_, 70

Teriacus, Tecla, or Treacle, Saint, 33

_Testacella haliotidea_, Draparnaud, shell-slug, 191 (Fig.), 192

Texas fever, 193, 257

Thackeray, death of Mrs., 6

“Thrips,” 185, 197

Thursby, John Ormerod Scarlett, 9

Thursby, Rev. William, 9

Thursby, Sir John Hardy, 9

_Thysanoptera_, 185

Ticks causing “redwater,” 193, 257

Tidenham church, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, Pl. vii

Timberman beetle, 224 (Fig.)

Time-table, mail coach, 44

Tintern Abbey, Pl. v

_Tipula_, daddy longlegs or crane fly, 64, 284

Toasts of the rival kings, 11

Toddington Experimental Committee, 201, 203, 204, 207, 248, 277, 333

Tomato root-knot eel-worm, 213 (Fig.), 214

Torquay, 73

Torrington House, St. Albans, 19, 73, Pl. xix; an “at home” at, 86

Tortoiseshell butterflies, 129, 131

_Tortrix viridana_, 145 (Fig.), 146

Townhead Farm, Closeburn, Dumfriesshire, 104

Transportation of wingless females by winged males, 183

Travelling in olden times, 43-46

Treacle, or Tryacle, Island, 33

_Tribolium ferrugineum_, Fab., 70, 72, 266 (Fig.)

Trinity College School, Port Hope, Canada, destruction of by fire, 227

_Triton cristatus_, Miss Ormerod’s paper on, 59

_Trochilium bembeciforme_, 103

_Trogosita mauritanica_, 70, 72

Trout crammed with “hill-grub,” 105

“Tulip root,” 65, 209 (Fig.)

Turnip caterpillars, 101; fly or flea beetle, 76; mud beetle (_Helophorus rugosus_), 108; saw fly, 211

Tyldesley, 1, 7, 10

_Tylenchus devastatrix_, 79, 190, 209 (Fig.); attacking clover, 226

=V=

_Vanessa polychloros_, Great Tortoiseshell butterfly, 129 (Fig.), 130, 186

“Venus” shells, 40

Verney, Sir Harry, 121

Verrall’s List of British Diptera, 157

Vere Street Chapel, London, preachers at, 26, 27

Voelcker, Dr. A., on gas lime, 195

Voles, report on, 104

=W=

Wales, Prince and Princess of, 123, 124

Wallace, Professor, an ally and friend, 227; letters to, 275-325

Wallace, Dr. Quintin, M.A., death of, 281

Warble fly, _see_ _Hypoderma bovis_

Ward, Mr., 125

Warington, Professor, Sibthorpian lecturer, 225, 298

Wasps, 17, 218, 220, 273

“Wasps, British Social,” by Dr. E. L. Ormerod, 93

Wasp’s nest, 241 (Fig.)

Watercresses attacked by Caddis worms, 151, 282

Waterloo, news of battle of, 31

Waterloo Station, accident at, 77

“Water moth,” _see_ _Mormonia nigromaculata_

Water-snails, 144

Weed seed for adulterating imports, 276

Weevil, _see_ _Bruchus_, injuries to bean and pea seed, 143

Weevils in flour, 72, 262

Westminster, Mr. Bailey’s correspondence with the Duke of, 111

West, Newman & Co., Messrs., 277, 302

Westwood, Professor, 78, 80, 205, 279, 280; letter from, 81

Whalley, Whitaker’s history of, 8

Whateley, Archbishop, 27

Wheat cleaning, 275; “silver-top” or “white eared,” 197; wheat with Hessian fly maggot, 131 (Fig.)

Whipple’s experiment with larvæ, 211

White ants destroying cocoa trees, 268

Whitehead, Mr. Charles, 76

Wild tribes of India, 309

William IV., 1

William of Worcester quoted, 34

Willow weevil, 267

Winter moth, 146 (Fig.), traps, 183; _see_ _Cheimatobia_

Wire worm, 206

Wise, letters to Mr., 151, 152

Woburn report on mite-galls, 157; Experimental Fruit Grounds, 226

Wood leopard moth (_Zeuzera æsculi_), 102 (Fig.)

Woolastone, 22

Woolly aphis, 144

Work, plan of Miss Ormerod’s, 78

Writing, Miss Ormerod’s early love for, 2; specimen of, 89

Wye, free railway passage over, 208; map of lower valley, Pl. ix; railway bridge on, Pl. xxvi

=X=

_Xyleborus dispar_, Fab., 182, 198, 199 (Fig.), 331 (App. D)

_Xyleborus pyri_, 198

_Xyleborus saxeseni_, 188, 263

=Y=

Yeats, Dr. John, on saurian remains, 41

=Z=

_Zeuzera æsculi_, Linn., 102 (Fig.)

Zimmermann, A., trials with “formalin,” 220

Zoology, Dr. Claus’ text-book of, 276

Zoology, Hope Professorship of, at Oxford, 280

LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., HATTON GARDEN.

FOOTNOTES

Footnote 1:

See letter to the Editor dated June 14, 1900, p. 304.

Footnote 2:

Figs. C. and D. (pp. 160 and 162) are borrowed from Yarrell’s _British Birds_ by permission of Messrs. Gurney & Jackson.

Footnote 3:

About that period it was the practice for men who became leading architects to undergo a thorough classical training, including a lengthened course of practical study on the continent of Europe—the results of which are in evidence in so many public buildings then erected in London.

Footnote 4:

See George Ormerod’s _Strigulensia, Archæological Memoirs relating to the district adjacent to the confluence of the Severn and Wye_ (1861).

Footnote 5:

See pp. 345, 355, 3rd edition.

Footnote 6:

See _Parentalia, Genealogical Memoirs_, by Geo. Ormerod, D.C.L., F.R.S., pp. 3-8, for records and evidences regarding successive generations of the family from 1311 onwards, as existing in Inquisitions; Pedigrees in College of Arms; Duchy Records; Clithero Records, and other official sources quoted in the work.—(E.A.O.)

Footnote 7:

Anne, born 1739, by a first marriage, married Charles Ford.

Footnote 8:

_Hist. Ches._, vol. i. p. 43.

Footnote 9:

For details and genealogical tables of descent (accompanied by armorial bearings) regarding the above-named families, and many others of the old families of the Counties Palatine of Lancashire and Cheshire, now more or less passed away, see _Parentalia_, by George Ormerod, cited _ante_ in note, p. 9, with an absolutely enormous amount of reference to documentary evidence, often in itself of much antiquarian interest (E.A.O.).

Footnote 10:

The daughter of Mr. Henry Latham, resident in Italy.

Footnote 11:

Sarah Ormerod died in 1860 aged 75 years.

Footnote 12:

_Strigulensia Archæological Memoirs relating to the District adjacent to the confluence of the Severn and the Wye_, by Geo. Ormerod, D.C.L., F.R.S., of Tyldesley and Sedbury Park, MDCCCLXI., pp. 84-88. Re-arranged from a Memoir in _Archæologia_ (by above author), XXIX., p. 17.

Footnote 13:

Alfred C. Fryer, Ph.D., M.A., begins an admirable, fully illustrated paper on “Leaden Fonts” in the _Archælogical Journal_, March, 1900, with the following statements: There are 27 leaden fonts situated in 12 counties in the south, east and west of England—8 in Gloucester, 3 in Berks, 3 in Kent, 3 in Sussex, 2 in Oxford, 2 in Hereford, 1 in Derby, 1 in Dorset, 1 in Hants, 1 in Lincoln, 1 in Norfolk and 1 in Surrey. Several of these date from the latter part of the 11th and the 12th centuries. A few belonged to the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, and the latest has the date 1689 impressed upon it. They are all tub-shaped, with the exception of two, namely, a hexagon and a cylindrical bowl. The older fonts all possessed covers, and several retain the markings to which the locks were attached. The deepest bowl (outside measurement) is 16 inches. The most shallow bowl is at Parham in Sussex, and it is only 8½ inches in depth. The diameters also vary considerably from 32 inches to 18½ inches.—(ED.).

Footnote 14:

“And I saw in the right hand of Him that sat on the throne, a book written within, and on the backside sealed with seven seals.”

Footnote 15:

“The Oxford Movement” or “Catholic Revival” was initiated as a result of statutory changes in the position of the Church of Ireland, which it was feared might ultimately be extended to England. The position and possible danger of the Church were fully discussed in the _Tracts for the Times_, ninety in number, issued from Oxford during the nine years, 1833-41, and chiefly written by Newman, Keble, Pusey, Williams, and Froude. The object of the movement was to rouse the members of the whole Anglican Community to promote corporate reforms in the Anglican Church as a National Institution—changes which the Evangelical Revival of the end of the eighteenth century had failed to introduce. The line adopted in the movement has been described as “a _via media_ between Roman Catholicism and Reformation doctrines.” (ED.).

Footnote 16:

Afterwards Bishop of Grahamstown, Cape Colony.

Footnote 17:

My notes are taken from the copy of a plan (now before me) by my brother Henry Mere Ormerod, solicitor, Manchester: see page 58.

Footnote 18:

The _Sailing Directions for the West Coast of England_, published by the Hydrographic Department of the Admiralty, says:—“Depths: There is a depth of about 46 feet in the river to Chepstow at high water springs, and 36 feet at high water neaps.” “Tides: It is high water, full and change, at Chepstow at 7 h. 30 m. local or 7 h. 41 m. Greenwich time; mean springs rise 38 feet and neaps 28½ feet. The tide has, however, been known to rise as high as 56 feet.” (E.A.O.)

Footnote 19:

See Appendix A.

Footnote 20:

See quotations in _Hist. of British Quadrupeds, including the Cetacea_, by Thomas Bell, F.R.S., &c. pp. 469-472.

Footnote 21:

_Manual of Elementary Geology_, by Sir Charles Lyell, F.R.S., fifth edition, 1855, pp. 337, 338.

Footnote 22:

For some years previously the possibility of transmission, at a low rate of speed, of goods or mineral products had been established by George and Robert Stephenson, against great opposition in some cases.

Footnote 23:

Chartism was an excited, and, in some instances, violent political movement which occurred in Great Britain consequent upon the dire distress and poverty of the labouring classes in the thirties of the nineteenth century, and their disappointment with the results of the Reform Bill of 1832. In June, 1839, a monster petition was presented to the House of Commons with 1,280,000 names attached. Its unsympathetic reception fanned the rebellious spirit abroad among the working classes and led to an increase of unruly disturbances, and to the outbreak at Newport, here described. The movement collapsed in 1848, and with the development of the industrial prosperity of the country, largely due to the use of steam power in manufacturing centres, and the vast improvement of the economic and social condition of the people, together with greater political freedom, any return of the perfectly natural, if not even justifiable, spirit of discontent became impossible. (ED.).

Footnote 24:

_The Trial of John Frost for High Treason_ under a Special Commission held at Monmouth, in December 1839, and January, 1840, (p. 58). London, Saunders and Benning, Law Booksellers, 43, Fleet Street, 1840. (E.A.O.)

Footnote 25:

_Manual of British Coleoptera, or Beetles_, published by Longmans, Green & Co., 1839. In Miss Ormerod’s copy is a pencil note: “J.F.S., died 1853.”

Footnote 26:

He had resigned the Archdeaconry in 1868.

Footnote 27:

Miss Ormerod had been a contributor to scientific literature for some years before this date. Writing in 1900 she says:—“My first regular paper was printed in the Journal of Linn. Soc., vol. xi., No. 56, Zoology, July 18, 1873, on _The Cutaneous Exudation of the ‘Triton cristatus.’_ I think it is sound and unusual!”

Footnote 28:

To such of my readers as possess some portion only of the early series, it may be of interest to point out that the observations, up to those for 1880 inclusive, were arranged, not as afterwards, as detached papers, placed alphabetically under the heading of the names of the crops to which they referred, but under the numbers given in the successive preceding guide lists issued for the use of observers—as for instance, “6, _Anthomyia ceparum_, Onion fly;” or “25, _Abraxas grossulariata_, Magpie moth” (fig. 9).

These were arranged numerically, from “1” onwards, all the observations on one kind of insect attack being arranged successively in a long unbroken paragraph under the selected number, together with the name of the pest. For want of better knowledge of the requisites for a readable as well as useful report, I condensed the information into as few words as possible, with few, if any, breaks in the long paragraphs, and so, until 1880, the results (excepting to technical readers) could not be considered “taking.” If any of my entomological readers will turn to a very useful work, the _Forst Zoologie_, of Dr. Bernard Altum, they will see in the second division of the “Insecten” at pp. 36, 37, and again at pp. 162, 163, the difficulties that are thrown in the way of comfortably grasping the subject, by the matter being printed continuously without breaks. This, however, as well as many other things, I had then still to learn. (E.A.O.)

Footnote 29:

This consideration induced the Editor to introduce many figures of insects into the chapters of correspondence in the present volume.

Footnote 30:

Messrs. Horace Knight and E. C. Knight, of the staff of Messrs West, Newman & Co., 54, Hatton Garden, London.

Footnote 31:

Curator of the Grosvenor Museum, Chester.

Footnote 32:

On November 26, 1899, Miss Ormerod wrote to Mr. Newstead:—

“I am delighted with our index—the more I examine it the better I like it. Some acknowledgments have come in already, and they are most pleasantly cordial. All are delighted to have such a good reference work.... One recipient suggests the index would be more serviceable to him if he had a complete set of my reports! He absolutely enclosed a list of deficiencies, but I thought he had best buy, and only sent him that for 1896.”

Other letters she wrote about the index “were on much the same lines, and one refers to the cordial letter received from the Board of Agriculture” (ED.).

Footnote 33:

Preface to “Twenty-fourth Report of Observations of Injurious Insects.” By E. A. Ormerod, LL.D., p. vii.

Footnote 34:

See Appendix B.

Footnote 35:

The Entomological Society of Ontario was originated by Dr. Saunders and Dr. Bethune nearly forty years ago. Its headquarters are in London, Ontario, and it has branches in Toronto, Montreal and Quebec. Its publications are the monthly _Canadian Entomologist_, now in its thirty-fifth volume, and thirty-three annual reports to the Legislature of Ontario on _Noxious and Beneficial Insects_. Miss Ormerod was an Honorary Member.

Footnote 36:

Details were given in a letter to Colonel Coussmaker of August 1, 1885, p. 99.

Footnote 37:

See “Letters from Huxley,” pp. 85-87.

Footnote 38:

The late Allen Harker, Professor of Biology at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.

Footnote 39:

Who died in Rome while on a visit to Europe.

Footnote 40:

The Editor, having been present, is able to give this statement on his own authority.

Footnote 41:

The organiser of and first Senior Examiner in the Agriculture Department, South Kensington.

Footnote 42:

Edmund Beckett, K.C., LL.D., J.P., 1st Baron (1886), Chancellor and Vicar-General of York, 1877-1900. The work of the restoration of St. Albans Abbey was carried out under his direction. (See p. 296.)

Footnote 43:

In addition to the individual appreciation of her correspondents and fellow-workers, Miss Ormerod’s position in the world of science was recognised by scientific and educational bodies in a manner which was most gratifying to her. She was Honorary Doctor of Laws of the University of Edinburgh; Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society, London; (for ten years) Consulting Entomologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England; (for three years) Examiner in Agricultural Entomology in the University of Edinburgh (1896-8); Fellow of the Entomological Society, London; Hon. Fellow of the Entomological Society, Stockholm; Member of the Entomological Society, Washington, U.S.A.; Member of the Association of official Economic Entomologists, Washington, U.S.A.; Hon. Member of the London Farmers’ Club; Honorary and Corresponding Member of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society of South Australia; Hon. Member of the Entomological Society of Ontario, and Corresponding Member of the Field Naturalists’ Club of Ontario, Canada; and Member of the Eastern Province Naturalists’ Society, Cape Colony.

Footnote 44:

List of the Hon. Graduates of 1900, given in the alphabetical order in which they graduated:—(1) Horatio Robert Forbes Brown, J.P., Editor of the Calendars of State Papers (Venetian) for the Public Record Office. (2) His Excellency the Hon. Joseph Hodges Choate, Ambassador for the United States of America, London. (3) Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, F.R.Met.Soc., F.E.S. (4) C. D. F. Phillips, M.D., LL.D. (5) The Rev. Thomas Smith, M.A., D.D., lately Professor of Evangelistic Theology in the Free Church College, Edinburgh. (6) William Ritchie Sorley, M.A., Regius Professor of Moral Philosophy, University of Aberdeen. (7) Anderson Stuart, M.D., Professor of Physiology in the University of Sydney.

Footnote 45:

“ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

“Coloured Diagrams of Insects Injurious to Farm Crops, suitable for Elementary Schools. Prepared by Miss E. A. Ormerod, F.R.Met.Soc., Hon. Consulting Entomologist to the Society. A series of Six Diagrams, viz.: Large White Cabbage Butterfly; Turnip Fly or Flea Beetle; Beet Fly; Wireworm and Click Beetle; Hop Aphis or Green Fly, with Lady-bird; Daddy Longlegs or Crane Fly. In various stages, with methods of prevention. On paper, 5s.; for each Diagram, 1s. Mounted on linen and varnished, 8s.; for each Diagram, 1s. 6d. Procurable from the Secretary.”

Footnote 46:

These observations are extracted from part of a series published under the geographical _nom de plume_ of “Mabie Moss,” this (sometime) moss district having been long under the observation of Mr. Service—not a young lady, as Miss Ormerod conjectured, but a well-known ornithologist who also takes a considerable interest in Economic Entomology (ED.).

Footnote 47:

_Vide_ Report of the Departmental Committee appointed by the Board of Agriculture to inquire into a plague of field voles in Scotland (Sir Herbert E. Maxwell, M.P., Chairman). Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1893.

Footnote 48:

Of the “Dumfries Herald and Courier.”

Footnote 49:

Disease caused by _Micrococcus bombycis_.

Footnote 50:

In _Larvæ of British Butterflies and Moths_ (Ray Society).

Footnote 51:

_Exorista lota_, “not an uncommon fly, and parasitic on several _Lepidoptera_.”—Meade.

Footnote 52:

Recent record of Warbles extracted by the Aldersey Schoolboys and brought to the Headmaster:—

1895, 1,022; 1896, 2,596; 1897, 3,965; 1898, 1,706; 1899, 2,252; 1900, 1,851; 1901, 1,391; 1902, 1,066—Total, 15,849.

Footnote 53:

Mr. Bailey writes in August, 1902:—“The Haberdashers’ Company are the Governors of my school, and at our Midsummer distribution of prizes in June, 1882, Mr. Curtis, who was a member of the deputation who visited us in that year, suggested that it would be a good thing to give instruction to the boys on Injurious Insects. Failing to obtain a lecturer through South Kensington, at my suggestion, he called on Miss Ormerod. She suggested that I should take the subject, and added that she would give me all the assistance in her power. From that day up to the day of her death she took the kindest interest in our work. She presented to the school many books, beautiful diagrams, and a series of insect cases [prepared by Mosley of the Huddersfield Museum, after the cases arranged by Professor Westwood and Miss Ormerod for the S. and A. Museum at Bethnal Green], and was a liberal donor of prizes at Midsummer from 1885 to 1901 (both inclusive). Every Midsummer she kindly wrote a letter to be read on that occasion to the boys. I think I ought to add that the Haberdashers’ Company were good enough to make a grant of £25 to start us with this new subject, and have since generously supported the carrying on of the work.”

Footnote 54:

Continuation of Miss Ormerod’s letter to Mr. Bailey.

Footnote 55:

See Chaps. xix.-xx. for letters to Dr. Fletcher.

Footnote 56:

See Chap. xxii.

Footnote 57:

Letters to Mr. Bailey continued.

Footnote 58:

This refers to Bunbury only, where we had nearly a “clean bill” in that year. The maggots brought were found in the adjoining parishes. I have in late years granted the boys a “roving commission.” _On their bicycles_ they visit farms which are many miles away from their homes. (W. B.).

Footnote 59:

See Appendix C.

Footnote 60:

Now “Kirkdale,” Spencer Road, Bournemouth.

Footnote 61:

The attack is caused by the small black and yellow fly, figured above. She lays an egg on the barley sheath; the maggot from this attacks the ear, then eats a channel down one side of the stem to the first knot, and then turns to chrysalis state within the leaves.—(E. A. O.)

Footnote 62:

The victim was a resident in the New Forest district, and the sting or bite was followed by severe local inflammation. Blood poisoning supervened and caused death. (ED.).

Footnote 63:

See also a paper on Deer botflies, in _Entom. Monthly Magazine_, 1898, by Mr. E. E. Austin, Brit. Museum.

Footnote 64:

Extracted from a letter of Miss Ormerod to Mr. D. D. Gibb. (See Chap. XV.)

Footnote 65:

This, or its equivalent, the immediate and diligent pinching of infested buds with finger and thumb, has proved the most practical remedy (ED.).

Footnote 66:

A great authority on the life history of animals; author of a standard work on pheasants, and numerous works on poultry, pigeons, and horses, mules, and mule-breeding; on the staff of “The Field” for nearly half a century; an old Member of the “British Ornithologists’ Union.”

Footnote 67:

_The House Sparrow_, published by Vinton & Co., at 1s., contains Miss Ormerod’s original leaflet as an appendix.

Footnote 68:

The author of _Farm Insects_ (to this day the most beautifully illustrated standard work in English on the subject) died at Islington on 6th October, 1862.

Footnote 69:

The larva of a noctuid moth which now and then appears in great numbers in America, marching over the country and destroying young grain crops, grasses, &c.

Footnote 70:

Printed by King, Sell, & Railton, Limited, 12, Gough Square, and 4, Bolt Court, E.C.

Footnote 71:

This was a purely metaphorical expression (ED.).

Footnote 72:

An arseniate is a salt of arsenic acid, while an arsenite is a salt of arsenious acid.

Footnote 73:

See letters to Mr. Wise in chapter XVI.

Footnote 74:

See Appendix E.

Footnote 75:

This reference is to the destruction by fire of the main building of Trinity College School, Port Hope, Canada, of which Mr. Bethune was Head Master for a period of 29 years ending 1899.

Footnote 76:

Containing Miss Ormerod’s Meteorological Observations.

Footnote 77:

The death of her sister Georgiana.

Footnote 78:

State Entomologist of New York.

Footnote 79:

Mrs. Bethune was killed in a carriage accident in July, 1898.

Footnote 80:

“Schaŭmerde,” is a product of the fabrication of sugar, which contains the mineral parts, the salts, of the sugar beet. Therefore it is good for manuring this crop. (J. R. B.)

Footnote 81:

This species described by me later under the name _Oligotrophus alopecuri_, n. sp. (Zwei neue Cecidomyinen, Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica xi., No. 8, 1895, p. 3-9, Taf. i, Fig. 1-9) (E.R.).

Footnote 82:

The larvæ of this species infested badly the apple fruits in the whole of Finland in the summer of 1898. (Cfr. “Ent. Rec.,” xi., No. 2, 1899, pp. 37-39, and “Can. Ent.,” xxxi., 1899, pp. 12-14).—E. R.

Footnote 83:

Miss Ormerod had recommended Mr. Fuller for the appointment he secured in Natal.

Footnote 84:

This note refers to a fire in Mr. Lounsbury’s department and to the investigation of red water fever in cattle produced by ticks.

Footnote 85:

With one possible exception the most destructive beetle of British forestry.

Footnote 86:

A favourite West Country expression of Miss Ormerod.

Footnote 87:

The caterpillars of the Goat moth feed in poplar, willow, elm, oak, lime, and beech, as well as in apple, pear, walnut, and other trees. (E. A. O.)

Footnote 88:

The Agricultural Education Committee, 10, Queen Anne’s Gate, Westminster, S.W., was formed in the autumn of 1899, with Sir W. Hart-Dyke, Bart., M.P., as Chairman, and the Rt. Hon. Henry Hobhouse, M.P., as Hon. Secretary. (J. C. M.)

Footnote 89:

One of the leaflets issued by the Agricultural Education Committee.

Footnote 90:

Another leaflet of the series issued by the Agricultural Education Committee, but one which Miss Ormerod did not appreciate.

Footnote 91:

The paper on “Wasps” was lent by Mr. Medd to Mr. Chas. Roundell who incorporated it in his unique little volume, the _Rural Reader_, Horace Marshall & Co. (ED.).

Footnote 92:

Issued by the Agricultural Education Committee.

Footnote 93:

_India in 1887._ Published by Oliver and Boyd.

Footnote 94:

Miss Ormerod did not latterly oppose Darwinianism, but we are not aware that she ever accepted it. (ED.).

Footnote 95:

See note ante p. 79.

Footnote 96:

Of Mosley’s Insect cases with a view to suiting the Agriculture Department, Edinburgh University.

Footnote 97:

Quintin MacAdam Wallace, M.A., a Graduate (1st Class Honours) in Medicine and Surgery of Edinburgh University.

Footnote 98:

Dr. Fream had been, as a result of the recommendation of Miss Ormerod, appointed Steven Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology in Edinburgh University.

Footnote 99:

After a full term of three years, by ordinance, an examiner is not immediately eligible for re-appointment.

Footnote 100:

“On the Production of New Breeds of Crop Plants by Multiple Cross-fertilization.”

Footnote 101:

A suggestion that Dr. MacDougall should collaborate with Miss Ormerod in bringing out the book.

Footnote 102:

Messrs. Knight, one or other, have been my artists for many years. I should like the printing to be, as usual, in the hands of Messrs. West, Newman & Co. Mr. T. P. Newman has superintended my printing for so many years. (E. A. O.)

Footnote 103:

Professor James Seth delivered the address to student graduates at the ceremonial at which Miss Ormerod received the LL.D.

Footnote 104:

One hundred copies of Miss Ormerod’s _Manual of Injurious Insects_, were distributed gratuitously to persons specially selected by us as likely to be interested in the subject matter and capable of spreading a knowledge of it (ED.).

Footnote 105:

Lecture at the London Farmers’ Club on Sheep Scab.

Footnote 106:

_Tessarotoma papillosa_, Dravy. (O. E. J.)

Footnote 107:

We were at the time actually at war with China, although nominally the united Powers of Europe were fighting the Boxers.

Footnote 108:

A digest of the Indian Famine Commission Reports down to October, 1898, read as the Inaugural Address on the opening of the course of “Garton Lectures” on Colonial and Indian Agriculture. Published by Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.

Footnote 109:

A copy of _Quasi Cursores_, portraits of the high officials and professors of the University of Edinburgh and its Tercentenary Festival. Drawn and etched by William Hole, A.R.S.A. David Douglas, Edinburgh, 1884.

Footnote 110:

From the Governor of Lagos arranging a personal interview.

Footnote 111:

This reference was made to a cold draught experienced in church.

Footnote 112:

A letter written to defend the position of the Board of Agriculture for Ireland against an unwarranted attack of a Cork correspondent of the London “Times” (ED.).

Footnote 113:

The first examination paper set in connection with the “Garton” course of lectures (ED.).

Footnote 114:

A paper on “Agriculture in South Africa,” read before the Royal Colonial Institute on 12th of March, 1901.

Footnote 115:

A silver tea service of Indian work presented in recognition of a public service.

Footnote 116:

On this date a note of instructions was left to Miss Ormerod’s trustees to deliver to us the “Reminiscences” papers, &c. The end of the note is as follows:—

“And I request Professor Wallace, being a friend in whom I feel complete confidence, to accept the above, and use or not use them for the purpose precisely as in his good discretion he may think fit.”

Footnote 117:

See _Log Book of a Fisherman_, &c., by Frank Buckland, M.A., pp. 366, 367.

Footnote 118:

The substance of the foregoing statement was supplied by Dr. Bethune. The following (condensed) obituary notice by Professor A. S. Packard, of Brown University, and referred to by Miss Ormerod, appeared in “Science,” and subsequently in the “Canadian Entomologist.”

● Transcriber’s Notes: ○ Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected. ○ Typographical errors were silently corrected. ○ All footnotes have been gathered and moved to the end of the book. ○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book. ○ Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_); text that was bold by “equal” signs (=bold=). ○ The use of a caret (^) before a letter, or letters, shows that the following letter or letters was intended to be a superscript, as in S^t Bartholomew or 10^{th} Century.