Economics Volume II: Modern Economic Problems

§ 1. The distribution of incomes. § 2. Distribution by force and by status. § 3. Social effects of the right to transmit property. § 4. Effects of the right to inherit property....

§ 1. Prevalence of protective tariffs. § 2. Specific and _ad valorem_ rates. § 3. Some technical features of the tariff. § 4. The tariff, 1789-1815. §5. The tariff, 1816-1845. §...

§ 1. Relative positions of gold and silver; historical. § 2. Gold production, first half of nineteenth century. § 3. Concept of the general price level. § 4. Index numbers. § 5....

§ 1. Changing relations between employers and wage-workers. § 2. Need of common action among wage-workers. § 3. Functions of labor organizations. § 4. Types of labor organizatio...

§ 1. Military and political motives for interference with trade. § 2. Revenue and protective tariffs. § 3. Growth of a protective system. § 4. The infant-industry argument. § 5....

§ 1. Chance, unavoidable and average. § 2. Uneconomic character of gambling. § 3. Borderland of gambling. § 4. Insurance: definition and kinds. § 5. Insurance viewed as a wager....

§ 1. Rise of the corporation concept. § 2. The modern era of corporations. § 3. Beginning of corporation problems. § 4. The era of canals. § 5. Rapid building of American railro...

§ 1. Spread of the shorter working day. § 2. The shorter day and the lump of labor notion. § 3. Fewer hours and greater efficiency. § 4. Child-labor. § 5. Child-labor legislatio...

§ 1. The nature of saving. § 2. Economic limit of saving. § 3. Commercial bank deposits of an investment nature. § 4. Investment banking. § 5. Savings banks in the United States...

§ 1. Evils of early factory conditions. § 2. Improvement of factory conditions. § 3. Limitation of the wage contract. § 4. Usury laws. § 5. Public inspection of standards and of...

§ 1. Mischance, special and general, in business. § 2. Definitions. § 3. A feature of a money economy. § 4. European crises. § 5. American crises. § 6. A business cycle. § 7. Ge...

§ 1. Commodity and fiduciary defined. § 2. Present monetary system of the United States. § 3. Saturation point of fractional money. § 4. Light-weight fractional coins. § 5. Worn...

§ 1. Moral judgments of competition and monopoly. § 2. Public character of private trade. § 3. Evil economic effects of monopolistic price. § 4. Common law on restraint of trade...

§ 1. Nature of the population problem. § 2. Complexity of race problems. § 3. Economic aspects of the negro problem. § 4. Favorable economic aspects of early immigration. § 5. E...

§ 1. Purpose and meaning of social insurance. § 2. Increasing need of social insurance. § 3. The new era of social insurance. § 4. Features of social insurance. § 5. Historical...

§ 1. Public finance as a division of economics. § 2. The police function. § 3. Social and industrial functions. § 4. The enlarging sphere of the state. § 5. Industrial revenues...

§ 1. Importance of taxation as a public question. § 2. The general property tax; nature and difficulty. § 3. Ambiguity of the term "property." § 4. Various temporizing policies....

§ 1. The place of private property. § 2. Nature of property. § 3. Relation of wealth, property, and capital. § 4. Some theories of private property. § 5. Origin vs. justificatio...

§ 1. Nature and classes of banks. § 2. Functions of banks. § 3. The essential banking function. § 4. Time deposits. § 5. Demand deposits. § 6. Discount and deposit. § 7. Nature...

§ 1. Political and trade boundaries. § 2. Benefits of international trade. § 3. Choice of the more advantageous occupations. § 4. Persistence of differences between nations. § 5...

§ 1. Workers subordinate in early societies. § 2. Workers in the Middle Ages. § 3. Growth of the wage system. § 4. Practicability of the wage system. § 5. Time work. § 6. Task w...

§ 1. Standard-commodity money. § 2. Alternative uses of the money-good. § 3. Money as a valuable tool. § 4. Relative importance of money. § 5. Concept of the individual monetary...

§ 1. Size of farms, and total farming area. § 2. Influences acting upon the size of farms. § 3. Self-sufficing versus commercial farming. § 4. Farming viewed as a capitalistic e...

§ 1. Kinds of monopoly. § 2. Political sources of monopoly. § 3. Natural agents as sources of monopoly. § 4. Capitalistic monopoly; aspects of the problem. § 5. Industrial monop...

§ 1. Politico-economic problems. § 2. American economic problems in the past. § 3. Present-day problems: main subjects. § 4. Attempts to summarize the nation's wealth. § 5. Aver...

§ 1. Waves of opinion as to public ownership. § 2. Primary functions of government favoring public ownership. § 3. Economic influences favoring public ownership. § 4. Forms of m...

§ 1. Agriculture and farms in the United States. § 2. Rural and agricultural. § 3. Lack of a social agricultural policy in America. § 4. Period of decaying agricultural prosperi...

§ 1. Origin of money. § 2. Qualities of the original money-goods. § 3. Industrial changes and the forms of money. § 4. The precious metals as money. § 5. Gold-using countries. §...

§ 1. Inheritance tax laws. § 2. Fiscal importance of inheritance taxes. § 3. Income taxes; general nature. §4. Income taxation by the states. § 5. History of federal income taxa...

§ 1. The First and Second Banks of the United States. § 2. Banking from 1836 to 1863. § 3. National Banking Associations, 1863-1913. § 4. Defects of our banking organization bef...

§ 4. #Federal reserve notes#. In 1914 there were outstanding about $750,000,000 of what we may now call the old-style bank notes (bond-secured). These were by the new act not fo...

§ 1. General banking organization. § 2. The Federal Reserve Board. § 3. Federal reserve banks. § 4. Federal reserve notes. § 5. Reserves against Federal reserve notes. § 6. Rese...

The present volume deals with various practical problems in economics, as a volume published a year earlier dealt with the broader economic principles of value and distribution....

The present volume was planned some years ago as a revision of a part of the author's earlier text, "The Principles of Economics" (1904). The intervening years have, however, be...