Part 11

[In millions of U. S. dollars] --------------+-----+------+-----+------+------------------------------- |First|Second|First|Second| Country | half| half| half | half | Major items in 1953 | 1952| 1952| 1953 | 1953 | --------------+-----+-----+------+------+------------------------------- Free world | | | | [14] | imports, total|171.2|194.6| 226.6| 198.4| |-----+-----+------+------| Hong Kong | 60.7| 84.6| 84.9| 65.1|Fruits and vegetables, | | | | | textiles,vegetable, pigs and | | | | | poultry, eggs,plants | | | | | and seeds. Ceylon | .3| 6.6| 22.1| 21.8|Rice. West Germany | 8.2| 9.4| 14.8| 18.5|Oilseeds, vegetable oils, eggs. Japan | 5.6| 9.3| 12.6| 17.1|Oilseeds, cashmere, wool, raw | | | | | silk, pulses. United Kingdom| 5.0| 3.4| 12.0| 16.8|Eggs, hair, oilseeds. Malaya | 21.0| 18.5| 20.3| 14.1|Fruits and vegetable, eggs, | | | | | plants and seeds, paper and | | | | | manufactures, animal feeding | | | | | stuffs. Switzerland | 3.5 | 6.4| 8.1| 8.0|Oilseeds, raw silk, | | | | | silk fabrics. France | 3.1| 2.5| 5.2| 5.8|Textile yarn and fibers, | | | | | grains, bristles, casings, | | | | | essential oils. Netherlands | 2.8| 2.1| 11.8| 3.4|Oilseeds. Belgium- | | | | | Luxembourg | 2.5| 2.2| 4.2| 3.1|Oilseeds, vegetable oils. Italy | .9| 1.2| 4.3| 3.1|Fats and oils, oilseeds. Taiwan | 4.5| 5.2| 2.9| 2.8|Pulses, medicinal substances, | | | | | vegetables. Norway | 1.0| 2.2| .8| 2.8|Oilseeds, copra, tung oil. French | | | | | Morocco | 4.0| 1.5| 4.7| 2.5|Green tea. Australia | 2.3| 1.2| 1.9| 2.4|Inedible animal products, oils, | | | | | peanuts. Pakistan | 1.4| 1.2| .8| 2.2|Cotton twist and yarn. Indonesia | .9| 1.0| .7| 1.5|Vegetables, plants and seeds, resin. United States | 22.6| 5.1| .2| .4|Feathers, bristles, furskins, | | | | | art works and antiques. Canada | 1.1| .2| .7| .4|Walnuts and peanuts. Philippines | 1.4| 1.8| 1.3|[15].4|Food, cotton and | | | | | manufactures, coffee. India | 10.2| 22.2| 1.4|[15].4|Rice. Denmark | [16]| [16]| 2.1|(none)|Oilseeds, feedstuffs. Indochina | 3.3| 4.0|[17]3.4| [18] |Not available. Burma | 2.2| .2| .2| [18] |Garlic, raw silk and yarn, | | | | | cotton yarn. Other | 2.7| 2.6| 5.2| [18] | --------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------------------------

[14] Estimate. [15] Figures for the second half of 1953 are incomplete as follows: Philippines, July-November: India, July-November. [16] Less than $50,000. [17] January-May only. [18] Not available.

NOTE.--So far as possible, data refer to Mainland Communist China, including Manchuria and Inner Mongolia.

Source: Official trade statistics of free world countries, compiled by U. S. Department of commerce.

TABLE 8.--_United States trade with the Soviet-bloc countries, 1937, 1948, 1952, and 1953_

[In thousands of dollars] -------------+----------------------------+------------------------------ |Exports, including reexports| General imports Country |-------+--------+-----+-----+-------+--------+------+------ | [19] | | | | | | | | 1937 | 1948 | 1952| 1953| 1937 | 1948 | 1952 | 1953 -------------+-------+--------+-----+-----+-------+--------+------+------ Total Soviet | | | | | | | | bloc |143,892| 396,641|1,097|1,776|206,506| 233,482|67,311|45,597 |=======+========+=====+=====+=======+========+======+====== Bloc in | | | | | | | | Europe |94,189 | 123,241|1,097|1,776|102,884| 113,138|39,586|36,325 |-------+--------+-----+-----+-------+--------+------+------ Albania | 147 | 344| 1| 2| 137|--------| 52| 65 Bulgaria | 490 | 2,086| 24| 5| 1,862| 831| 275| 358 Czecho- | | | | | | | | slovakia |13,233 | 21,563| 75| 40| 37,183| 22,125| 1,477| 2,262 East Germany | n.s.s.| n.s.s. | 622|1,079| n.s.s.| n.s.s.| 7,118| 6,465 Estonia | 1,244 | 7|-----| ----| 937| (X)|------|------ Hungary | 693 | 8,029| 69| 2| 5,512| 1,613| 2,913| 1,717 Latvia | 1,744 | 1|-----|-----| 767| 6|------|------ Lithuania | 511 | 115|-----|-----| 1,172| 10| 1|------ Poland and |26,297 | 55,675| 286| 622| 19,568| 1,249|10,247|14,295 Danzig | | | | | | | | Rumania | 6,938 | 7,542|-----| 7| 4,978| 480| 683| 372 U.S.S.R. |42,892 | 27,879| 20| 19| 30,768| 86,825|16,818|10,791 |=======+========+=====+=====+=======+========+======+====== BLOC IN ASIA | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | China |} |} | | | | | {| | (including |} | | | | | {| [20] | [21] Manchuria) |}49,703| 273,400|-----|-----|103,622|120,343{|24,605| 614 Outer | | | | | | {| Mongolia[23]|} | | | | | {| 3,120| 8,658 North Korea | n.s.s.| n.s.s. |-----|-----| n.s.s.| n.s.s. |------|------ -------------+-------+--------+-----+-----+-------+--------+------+------

[19] Data represent direct shipments only, which in prewar years greatly understated the trade with central European countries; for a total of direct and indirect imports of United States merchandise see foreign country statistics. [20] Consisted chiefly of strategic materials specifically licensed for import. [21] Consisted chiefly of strategic materials specifically licensed for import in 1952 but not actually imported until 1953, and Chinese material located in free countries before 1950 and purchased in those countries by Americans. [22] United States does not consider Outer Mongolia as a part of Communist China; traditionally for statistical purposes Outer Mongolia has been included with China; separate figures for this area have been compiled by Census only since January 1953. The 1952 breakdown is estimated.

(X) Less than $500. n.s.s. Not shown separately. Source: U. S. Department of Commerce. Rows of dashes: )----) mean nothing shipped.

APPENDIX C

Text of the Battle Act

=Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act of 1951 [H. R. 4550], Public Law 213, 82d Congress, 65 Stat. 644, Approved October 26, 1951=

An ACT To provide for the control by the United States and cooperating foreign nations of exports to any nation or combination of nations threatening the security of the United States, including the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and all countries under its domination, and for other purposes

_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled_, That this Act may be cited as the "Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act of 1951."

TITLE I--WAR MATERIALS

SEC. 101. The Congress of the United States, recognizing that in a world threatened by aggression the United States can best preserve and maintain peace by developing maximum national strength and by utilizing all of its resources in cooperation with other free nations, hereby declares it to be the policy of the United States to apply an embargo on the shipment of arms, ammunition, and implements of war, atomic energy materials, petroleum, transportation materials of strategic value, and items of primary strategic significance used in the production of arms, ammunition, and implements of war to any nation or combination of nations threatening the security of the United States, including the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and all countries under its domination, in order to (1) increase the national strength of the United States and of the cooperating nations; (2) impede the ability of nations threatening the security of the United States to conduct military operations; and (3) to assist the people of the nations under the domination of foreign aggressors to reestablish their freedom.

It is further declared to be the policy of the United States that no military, economic, or financial assistance shall be supplied to any nation unless it applies an embargo on such shipments to any nation or combination of nations threatening the security of the United States, including the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and all countries under its domination.

This Act shall be administered in such a way as to bring about the fullest support for any resolution of the General Assembly of the United Nations, supported by the United States, to prevent the shipment of certain commodities to areas under the control of governments engaged in hostilities in defiance of the United Nations.

SEC. 102. Responsibility for giving effect to the purposes of this Act shall be vested in the person occupying the senior position authorized by subsection (e) of section 406 of the Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1949, as amended, or in any person who may hereafter be charged with principal responsibility for the administration of the provisions of the Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1949. Such person is hereinafter referred to as the "Administrator".

SEC. 103. (a) The Administrator is hereby authorized and directed to determine within thirty days after enactment of this Act after full and complete consideration of the views of the Departments of State, Defense, and Commerce; the Economic Cooperation Administration; and any other appropriate agencies, and notwithstanding the provisions of any other law, which items are, for the purpose of this Act, arms, ammunition, and implements of war, atomic energy materials, petroleum, transportation materials of strategic value, and those items of primary strategic significance used in the production of arms, ammunition, and implements of war which should be embargoed to effectuate the purposes of this Act: _Provided_, That such determinations shall be continuously adjusted to current conditions on the basis of investigation and consultation, and that all nations receiving United States military, economic, or financial assistance shall be kept informed of such determinations.

(b) All military, economic, or financial assistance to any nation shall, upon the recommendation of the Administrator, be terminated forthwith if such nation after sixty days from the date of a determination under section 103 (a) knowingly permits the shipment to any nation or combination of nations threatening the security of the United States, including the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and all countries under its domination, of any item which he has determined under section 103 (a) after a full and complete investigation to be included in any of the following categories: Arms, ammunition, and implements of war, atomic energy materials, petroleum, transportation materials of strategic value, and items of primary strategic significance used in the production of arms, ammunition, and implements of war: _Provided_, That the President after receiving the advice of the Administrator and after taking into account the contribution of such country to the mutual security of the free world, the importance of such assistance to the security of the United States, the strategic importance of imports received from countries of the Soviet bloc, and the adequacy of such country's controls over the export to the Soviet bloc of items of strategic importance, may direct the continuance of such assistance to a country which permits shipments of items other than arms, ammunition, implements of war, and atomic energy materials when unusual circumstances indicate that the cessation of aid would clearly be detrimental to the security of the United States: _Provided further_, That the President shall immediately report any determination made pursuant to the first proviso of this section with reasons therefor to the Appropriations and Armed Services Committees of the Senate and of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, and the President shall at least once each quarter review all determinations made previously and shall report his conclusions to the foregoing committees of the House and Senate, which reports shall contain an analysis of the trade with the Soviet bloc of countries for which determinations have been made.

SEC. 104. Whenever military, economic, or financial assistance has been terminated as provided in this Act, such assistance can be resumed only upon determination by the President that adequate measures have been taken by the nation concerned to assure full compliance with the provisions of this Act.

SEC. 105. For the purposes of this Act the term "assistance" does not include activities carried on for the purpose of facilitating the procurement of materials in which the United States is deficient.

TITLE II--OTHER MATERIALS

SEC. 201. The Congress of the United States further declares it to be the policy of the United States to regulate the export of commodities other than those specified in title I of this Act to any nation or combination of nations threatening the security of the United States, including the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and all countries under its domination, in order to strengthen the United States and other cooperating nations of the free world and to oppose and offset by nonmilitary action acts which threaten the security of the United States and the peace of the world.

SEC. 202. The United States shall negotiate with any country receiving military, economic, or financial assistance arrangements for the recipient country to undertake a program for controlling exports of items not subject to embargo under title I of this Act, but which in the judgment of the Administrator should be controlled to any nation or combination of nations threatening the security of the United States, including the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and all countries under its domination.

SEC. 203. All military, economic, and financial assistance shall be terminated when the President determines that the recipient country (1) is not effectively cooperating with the United States pursuant to this title, or (2) is failing to furnish to the United States information sufficient for the President to determine that the recipient country is effectively cooperating with the United States.

TITLE III--GENERAL PROVISIONS

SEC. 301. All other nations (those not receiving United States military, economic, or financial assistance) shall be invited by the President to cooperate jointly in a group or groups or on an individual basis in controlling the export of the commodities referred to in title I and title II of this Act to any nation or combination of nations threatening the security of the United States, including the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and all countries under its domination.

SEC. 302. The Administrator with regard to all titles of this Act shall--

(a) coordinate those activities of the various United States departments and agencies which are concerned with security controls over exports from other countries; (b) make a continuing study of the administration of export control measures undertaken by foreign governments in accordance with the provisions of this Act, and shall report to the Congress from time to time but not less than once every six months recommending action where appropriate; and (c) make available technical advice and assistance on export control procedures to any nation desiring such cooperation.

SEC. 303. The provisions of subsection (a) of section 403, of section 404, and of subsections (c) and (d) of section 406 of the Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1949 (Public Law 329, Eighty-first Congress) as amended, insofar as they are consistent with this Act, shall be applicable to this Act. Funds made available for the Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1949, as amended, shall be available for carrying out this Act in such amounts as the President shall direct.

SEC. 304. In every recipient country where local currency is made available for local currency expenses of the United States in connection with assistance furnished by the United States, the local currency administrative and operating expenses incurred in the administration of this Act shall be charged to such local currency funds to the extent available.

SEC. 305. Subsection (d) of section 117 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1948 (Public Law 472, Eightieth Congress), as amended, and subsection (a) of section 1302 of the Third Supplemental Appropriation Act, 1951 (Public Law 45, Eighty-second Congress), are repealed.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1954

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:

Several words were changed as they were deemed to be typographic errors: p.32 esspecially changed to especially p.70 comodities changed to commodities p.71 Handelsgenchmigung changed to Handelsgenehmigung p.81 naptha changed to naphtha

Otherwise, every effort has been made to remain true to the authors' words and intent. Words such as sizeable and intransigeance are unchanged on the assumption that they were the author's intent.

End of Project Gutenberg's East-West Trade Trends, by Harold E. Stassen