Chapter 7

[1]Quoted in John Evans, _The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments, of Great Britain_ (1872), 57.

[2]Michele Mercati, _Metallotheca Opus Posthumum_ (1717), 243.

[3]C. C. Abbott, “An Historical Sketch of the Discoveries of Paleolithic Implements in the Valley of the Delaware River,” _Proceedings, Boston Society of Natural History_, 21:126-127 (1881).

[4]I. C. Russell, _The Geological History of Lake Lahontan_ (Monograph, U.S. Geological Survey, no. 11, 1885). W. J. McGee, “An Obsidian Implement from Pleistocene Deposit in Nevada,” _American Anthropologist_, 2:301-312 (1889).

[5]S. W. Williston, “_Homo sapiens_ in Pleistocene of Kansas,” _Bulletin, Kansas University Geological Survey_, 2:301 (1897). E. H. Sellards, “Early Man in America,” _Bulletin, Geological Society of America_, 51:387 (1940).

[6]J. D. Figgins, “The Antiquity of Man in America,” _Natural History_, 27:229-231 (1927). Harold J. Cook, “Definite Evidence of Human Artifacts in the American Pleistocene,” _Science_, new ser., 62:459-460 (1925).

[7]Figgins, _op. cit._, 234-239. Harold J. Cook, “New Geological and Paleontological Evidence Bearing on the Antiquity of Mankind in America,” _Natural History_, 27:244-247 (1927). O. F. Evans, “The Antiquity of Man As Shown at Frederick, Oklahoma: A Criticism,” _Journal, Washington Academy of Sciences_, 20:475-479 (1930). Harold J. Cook, “The Antiquity of Man As Indicated at Frederick, Oklahoma: A Reply.” _Journal, Washington Academy of Sciences_, 21:161-167 (1931).

[8]Figgins, _op. cit._, 232-234.

[9]Barnum Brown, “Recent Finds Relating to Prehistoric Man in America,” _Bulletin, New York Academy of Medicine_, 2nd ser., 4:824-828 (1928). H. Marie Wormington, _Ancient Man in North America_ (2nd rev. ed., 1944), 6-7.

[10]William J. Mayer-Oakes and Robert E. Bell, “Early Man Site Found in Highland Ecuador,” _Science_, 131:1805-1806 (1960).

[11]John L. Cotter, “The Occurrence of Flints and Extinct Animals in Pluvial Deposits near Clovis, New Mexico: Part 4 of Report on the Excavations at the Gravel Pit in 1936,” _Proceedings, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia_, 89:2-16 (1937).

[12]M. R. Harrington, _An Ancient Site at Borax Lake, California_ (Southwest Museum Papers, no. 16, 1948), 61, 63.

[13]Edgar B. Howard, “Caves Along the Slopes of the Guadalupe Mountains,” _Bulletin, Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society_, 4:17-18 (1932).

[14]Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., “A Folsom Complex, etc.,” _Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections_, vol. 94, no. 4, p. 6 (1935).

[15]Edgar B. Howard, “Early Man in America,” _Proceedings, American Philosophical Society_, 76:327-333 (1936). Edgar B. Howard and Ernst Antevs, “The Occurrence of Flints and Extinct Animals in Pluvial Deposits near Clovis, New Mexico,” _Proceedings, Academy of Natural Sciences_, 87:299-312 (1935). Kirk Bryan, “A Review of the Geology of the Clovis Finds Reported by Howard and Cotter,” _American Antiquity_, 4:113-130 (1938).

[16]Roberts, _loc. cit._

[17]Kirk Bryan, “Geology of the Folsom Deposits in New Mexico and Colorado,” in _Early Man_ (1937), 143-152. Kirk Bryan and Louis L. Ray, “Geological Antiquity of the Lindenmeier Site in Colorado,” _Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections_, vol. 99, no. 2 (1940).

[18]Vance Haynes and George Agogino, “Geological Significance of a New Radiocarbon Date from the Lindenmeier Site,” _Proceedings, Denver Museum of Natural History_, 9:1-22 (1960).

[19]Edgar B. Howard, “Evidence of Early Man in North America,” _Museum Journal_, 24:90 (1935).

[20]Edgar B. Howard, “Folsom and Yuma Problems,” _Proceedings, American Philosophical Society_, 86:258 (1943).

[21]Stephen Williams, “The Island 35 Mastodon: Its Bearing on the Age of Archaic Cultures in the East,” _American Antiquity_, 22:359-372 (1957).

[22]Edgar B. Howard, “The Finley Site: Discovery of Yuma Points, in situ, near Eden, Wyoming,” _American Antiquity_, 8:224-234 (1943).

[23]Willard F. Libby, _Radiocarbon Dating_ (1955), 125.

[24]John Paul Moss, _The Antiquity of the Finley Yuma Site: Example of the Geologic Method of Dating_ (MS. of paper read at the 29th International Congress of Americanists, New York, Sept. 5, 1949). Edgar B. Howard, “Folsom and Yuma Points from Saskatchewan,” _American Antiquity_, 4:277-279 (1939). Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., “On the Trail of Ancient Hunters in the Western United States and Canada,” _Smithsonian Institution, Exploration and Field Work in 1938_, 103-110. Frank Hibben, “Evidence of Early Man in Alaska,” _American Antiquity_, 8:257 (1943).

[25]E. H. Sellards, “Fossil Bison and Associated Artifacts from Texas,” _Bulletin, Geological Society of America_, 56:1196-1197 (1945). E. H. Sellards, Glen L. Evans and Grayson E. Meade, “Fossil Bison and Associated Artifacts from Texas.” _Bulletin, Geological Society of America_, 58:927-938 (1947).

[26]Froelich G. Rainey, “Archaeology in Central Alaska,” _Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History_, 36:390-401 (1939). Frank Hibben, _op. cit._, 255-258.

[27]Alex Krieger, “Artifacts from the Plainview Bison Bed,” _Bulletin, Geological Society of America_, 58:940-941, 951 (1947).

[28]_Ibid._, 947, 949.

[29]Nels C. Nelson, “Early Migration of Man to America,” _Natural History_, 35:356 (1935).

[30]Libby, _op. cit._, 117.

[31]Libby, _ibid._, 118.

[32]M. R. Harrington, _Gypsum Cave, Nevada_ (Southwest Museum Papers, no. 8, 1933).

[33]Ernst Antevs, “Climate and Early Man in North America,” in _Early Man_, 128, and personal communication to H. M. Wormington, 1949. E. W. C. and W. H. Campbell and others, _The Archaeology of Pleistocene Lake Mohave_ (Southwest Museum Papers, no. 11, 1937), 9-44. E. W. C. and W. H. Campbell, _The Pinto Basin Site_ (Southwest Museum Papers, no. 9, 1935), 1-51.

[34]Malcolm J. Rogers, _Early Lithic Industries of the Lower Basin of the Colorado River and Adjacent Desert Areas_ (San Diego Museum Papers, no. 3, 1939), 70, pl. 21, 74.

[35]Robert F. Heizer and E. Lemert, _Observations on an Archaeological Site in Topanga Canyon, Los Angeles County_ (University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 44, 237-258, 1947), Heizer, “Notes and News: Pacific Coast Area,” _American Antiquity_, 13:270 (1948).

[36]Wesley L. Bliss, “An Archaeological and Geological Reconnaissance of Alberta, Mackenzie Valley, and Upper Yukon,” _American Philosophical Society Yearbook_, 1938, 136-139.

[37]M. M. Leighton, _Geological Aspects of the Finding of Primitive Man near Abilene, Texas_ (Medallion Papers, Gila Pueblo, no. 24, 1936), 40-41.

[38]_Ibid._, 34.

[39]Harold S. Gladwin, _Excavations at Snaketown_ (Medallion Papers, Gila Pueblo, no. 26, 1937), plate 1, pp. 30-31.

[40]Cyrus N. Ray, “Report on Some Recent Archaeological Researches in the Abilene Section,” _Bulletin, Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society_, 2:45-58 (1930). Kirk Bryan and Cyrus N. Ray, “Long Channelled Point Found in Alluvium Beside Bones of _Elephas columbi_,” _Bulletin, Tex. Arch. and Pal. Soc._, 10:267 (1938). Ray, “New Evidences of Ancient Man in Texas Found During Prof. Kirk Bryan’s Visit,” _Bulletin, Tex. Arch. and Pal. Soc._, 10:273. Bryan, “Deep Sites near Abilene, Texas,” _Bulletin, Tex. Arch. and Pal. Soc._, 10:274.

[41]C. C. Albritton and Kirk Bryan, “The Quaternary Stratigraphy in the Davis Mountains, etc.,” _Bulletin, Geological Society of America_, 50:1468 (1939).

[42]M. M. Leighton, “The Significance of Profiles of Weathering in Stratigraphic Archaeology,” in _Early Man_, 163-172.

[43]Kirk Bryan, “Correlation of the Deposits of Sandia Cave, New Mexico, with the Glacial Chronology,” _Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections_, 99:45-64 (1941).

[44]Frank Hibben, “Association of Man with Pleistocene Mammals in the Sandia Mountains, New Mexico,” _American Antiquity_, 2:260-263 (1937), and “Evidences of Early Occupation in Sandia Cave, etc.,” _Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections_, 99:1-44 (1941).

[45]Frank Hibben, “The First Thirty-eight Sandia Points,” _American Antiquity_, 11:257-258 (1946).

[46]Frederick Johnson and Frank C. Hibben, “Radiocarbon Dates from Sandia Cave, Correction,” _Science_, 125:234-235 (1957); and Hugo Gross, “Age of the Sandia Culture,” _Science_, 126:305-306 (1957).

[47]C. Bertrand Schultz and W. D. Frankforter, “Preliminary Report on the Lime Creek Sites: New Evidence of Early Man in Southwestern Nebraska,” _Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum_, 3:43-62 (1948).

[48]C. Bertrand Schultz and W. D. Frankforter, “Notes and News,” _American Antiquity_, 13:279-280 (1948). “How Old is the Oldest American?” _Science Illustrated_, 3:42-45 (1948). C. Bertrand Schultz, Gilbert C. Lueninghoener, and W. D. Frankforter, “Preliminary Geomorphological Studies of the Lime Creek Area” and “Preliminary Report on the Lime Creek Sites, etc.,” _Bulletin, University of Nebraska State Museum_, 3:31-42, 43-62, (1948). H. M. Wormington, personal communication, 1949.

[49]Libby, _op. cit._, 107.

[50]Robert J. Braidwood, _Prehistoric Men_ (1957), 130.

[51]Harold S. Gladwin, _Excavations at Snaketown_ (Medallion Papers, Gila Pueblo, no. 26, 1937), 34.

[52]E. B. Sayles and Ernst Antevs, _The Cochise Culture_ (Medallion Papers, Gila Pueblo, no. 29, 1941).

[53]Libby, _op. cit._, 112-113.

[54]Ernst Antevs, “Geological Age of the Lehner Mammoth Site,” _American Antiquity_, 25:31 (1959).

[55]William Duncan Strong, “An Introduction to Nebraska Archaeology,” _Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections_, vol. 93, no. 10 (1935). E. W. C. and W. H. Campbell, _The Pinto Basin Site_ (Southwest Museum Papers, no. 9, 1935), 33-34.

[56]Carl Sauer, personal communication, 1946.

[57]M. R. Harrington, “The Age of Borax Lake” and “Farewell to Borax Lake,” _Masterkey_, 8:208-209 (1939) and 19:181-184 (1945), and _An Ancient Site at Borax Lake, California_ (Southwest Museum Papers, no. 16, 1948).

[58]M. R. Harrington, personal communication, 1948.

[59]E. H. Sellards, “Stone Images from Henderson County, Texas,” _American Antiquity_, 7:20-38 (1941).

[60]Mariano Barcena, “Descripción de un hueso labrado, de llama fosil,” _Anales del Museo Nacional de México_, 2:439-444 (1882).

[61]“Discovery That Man Existed in the Western Hemisphere Some 30,000 Years Ago Made by Noted Mexican Anthropologist,” news release from _Visión_, July 22, 1960.

[62]Etienne B. Renaud, _The Black’s Fork Culture of Southwest Wyoming_ and _Further Research Work in the Black’s Fork Basin, Southwest Wyoming_ (University of Denver, Dept. of Anthropology, Archaeological Survey Series, Reports 10 and 12, 1938, 1940).

[63]Thomas Wilson, “The Paleolithic Period in the District of Columbia,” _Proceedings, U.S. National Museum_, for 1889, 12:371-376, and “A Study of Prehistoric Anthropology” and “Results of an Inquiry As to the Existence of Man in North America During the Paleolithic Period of the Stone Age,” _Report, U.S. National Museum, for 1887-1888_, 629-636, 677-702. Nels C. Nelson, “The Antiquity of Man in America in the Light of Archaeology,” in _The American Aborigines_ (1933), 93-94.

[64]Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., “Developments in the Problem of the North American Paleo-Indian,” _Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections_, 100:96-97 (1940).

[65]Kirk Bryan, “Prehistoric Quarries and Implements of Pre-Amerindian Aspect in New Mexico,” _Science_, new ser., 87:345 (1938).

[66]E. B. Sayles, _An Archaeological Survey of Texas_ (Medallion Papers, Gila Pueblo, no. 17. 1935), table 4, plate 19. J. E. Pearce, “Tales That Dead Men Tell,” _University of Texas Bulletin_, no. 3537 (1935), 25, plate 3.

[67]Junius Bird, “Antiquity and Migrations of the Early Inhabitants of Patagonia,” _Geographical Review_, 28:273 (1938), fig. 27. Walter Dupouy, “Sobre una punta litica de tipo singular en Venezuela,” _Acta Venezolana_, 1:80-87 (1945).

[68]Helmut de Terra, “New Evidence for the Antiquity of Early Man in Mexico,” _Revista mexicana de estudios antropológicos_, 8:69-88 (1946).

[69]F. B. Richardson, “Nicaragua,” _Year Book, Carnegie Institution, 1941_ (no. 40), 300-302. F. B. Richardson and Karl Ruppert, “Nicaragua,” _Year Book, Carnegie Institution, 1942_ (no. 41), 269-270.

[70]Wolfgang Haberland and Willi-Herbert Grebe, “Prehistoric Footprints from El Salvador,” _American Antiquity_, 22:282-285 (1957).

[71]G. F. Becker, “Antiquities from Under Tuolumne Table Mountain in California,” _Bulletin, Geological Society of America_, 2:193-194 (1891).

[72]W. H. Holmes, _Handbook of Aboriginal American Antiquities_ (_Bulletin, Bureau of American Ethnology_, no. 60, 1919, part 1), 62.

[73]L. S. Cressman, personal communication, 1949.

[74]Douglas S. Byers, “Bull Brook—A Fluted Point Site in Ipswich, Massachusetts,” _American Antiquity_, 19:343-351 (1954).

[75]Ralph S. Solecki, “Notes on Two Archaeological Discoveries in Northern Alaska, 1950,” _American Antiquity_, 17:55-56 (1951).

[76]Jim Hester, “Late Pleistocene Extinction and Radiocarbon Dating,” _American Antiquity_, 26:66 (1960).

[77]Richard G. Forbis, “Early Man and Fossil Bison,” _Science_, 123:327-328 (1956).

[78]Forbis, _op. cit._, 327.

[79]Ruth D. Simpson, “Finding the Scraper at Tule Springs, _Masterkey_, 30:110 (1956), and “An Older Date for Tule Springs,” _Masterkey_, 34:82 (1960).

[80]W. S. Broecker and J. L. Kulp, “Lamont Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IV,” _Science_, 126:1325-1326 (1957), and Robert F. Heizer, “Radiocarbon Dates from California of Archaeological Interest,” _Reports, University of California Archaeological Survey_, 44:5 (1958).

[81]George F. Carter, “Man, Time, and Change in the Far Southwest,” _Supplement, Annals of the Association of American Geographers_, 49:18 (1959).

[82]H. M. Wormington, _Ancient Man in North America_ (1957), 223.

[83]Ruth D. Simpson, “Archeological Survey of the Eastern Calico Mountains,” _Masterkey_, 34:25-35 (1960).

[84]Thomas Clements and Lydia Clements, “Evidence of Pleistocene Man in Death Valley, California,” _Bulletin, Geological Society of America_, 64:1189-1204 (1953).

[85]Father Jacob Baegert, “Account of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the California Peninsula,” _Annual Report for 1863, Smithsonian Institution_, pp. 352-369 (1864).

[86]J. L. Giddings, “The Archeology of Bering Strait,” _Current Anthropology_, 1:121-130 (1960).

[87]J. M. Cruxent and Irving Rouse, “A Lithic Industry of Paleo-Indian Type in Venezuela,” _American Antiquity_, 22:172-179 (1956).