CHAPTER X

A NORMAN FAMILY

In Appendix K to _Geoffrey de Mandeville_, Mr. J. H. Round presents a little group, belonging to this period, of three families, together with a collection of facts and figures which, despite their scantiness, enable us to obtain more than a glimpse of the London Baron; the owner of manors and socs within and without the City; the merchant and the banker; the servant and the officer of the King; the Saxon who was also the companion and equal of the Norman nobles. “Few discoveries,” says Mr. Round, “in the course of these researches have afforded me more satisfaction and pleasure” than the investigation into the origin of Gervase de Cornhill, which led to the recovery of this group of the Norman period. It is difficult to imagine greater satisfaction for one who burrows among the documents of the past than thus to chance upon a chain of facts which bring to light a whole family, with its history, at the time when the Normans and the English were beginning to intermarry, shortly before the time when it was said—

“Jam cohabitantibus Anglicis et Normannis, et alterutrum uxores ducentibus vel nubentibus, sic permixtae sunt nationes, ut vix discerni possit hodie, de liberis loquor, quis Anglicus, quis Normannus sit genere.”

The most important of these families is that descended from one Herlwin, who, since his son was sheriff in 1130 when he was certainly not a very young man, was probably born before the Conquest. Since his name is simply stated without the Norman addition showing his parentage, we may gather that the Saxons after the Conquest retained the usage of giving the name without such qualification. Concerning Herlwin, Mr. Round tells us nothing except that he had at least three sons and one daughter. One of the sons, Ralph FitzHerlwin, was sheriff in 1130. The daughter, Ingenolda, married Roger, “nephew of Hubert.” Ralph FitzHerlwin’s son Robert married Mary, niece of Nicolas, priest of St. Michael Chepe. Nicolas himself was the son of Algar, priest of the same church. This priest Algar held the living on lease from St. Paul’s; his son succeeded him, and presented in his turn the living to his nephew by marriage, Robert FitzRalph, the grandson of Herlwin. We see, therefore, that priests married openly and blamelessly, and that they were able in some cases, as when they held a benefice, to bequeath, or to transfer it to their heirs. Probably Nicolas had no sons, or Robert FitzRalph would have had to look elsewhere for a living. It is also apparent that the parish priests were recruited from the governing class of the City, and that this class intermarried with the children of the clergy.

Roger, “nephew to Hubert,” was evidently a man of great consideration. He was chosen by the King in 1125 with Aubrey de Vere to invest the House of the Holy Trinity with the Portsoken when the Cnihten Gild handed it over to the monks. He was sheriff in the same year: he is mentioned in an earlier document as one of the “Barons of London,”—“Hugoni de Bocheland, Rogero, Leofstano, Ordgaro, et omnibus aliis baronibus Lundoniae.” Mr. Round has found two Royal Charters, one of which conveys to him the Manor of Chalk. Roger was one of the multitude who were affected by the great religious enthusiasm of the time: he must needs go on pilgrimage, and went to Jerusalem, dying on the way there or back, if he did not die in the Holy City itself. It will be remembered that another city magnate, Gilbert Becket, also went on pilgrimage to Jerusalem at the same time. The son Gervase was called De Cornhill, as the heir of his wife’s father, Edward de Cornhill or Hupcornhill. Mr. Round notes, on the form Hupcornhill, similar forms at Colchester, as “Opethewalle” and “Hoppeoverhumber,” _i.e._ the man who came “up from beyond the Humber.” He was sheriff in 1155, and is mentioned as Justiciar of London in the only Charter left of those granted by Stephen’s Queen, “Sciatis quod dedi Gervasio Justicianis de Londonia X marcetas terrae.”

This Gervase of Cornhill or Gervase FitzRoger was one of the most prominent of the London citizens during the reigns of Stephen and Henry II. He was born about the year 1110 and he died about the year 1183. He was a landowner in the City and in the country. The Manor of Chalk, which had been granted to his father, Roger, was afterwards granted to him. In the records of the Duchy of Lancaster (1123-1136) is a grant of land in “Eadintune” by William Archbishop of Canterbury to Gervase and Agnes his wife. Agnes is described as the daughter of Edward of Cornhill and Godeleve his wife. The name of Gervase occurs twice under Stephen and “innumerable times” (Round) under Henry II., both in a public and a private capacity. Gervase was not only a merchant: like all successful merchants of the time he advanced money on mortgage and obtained lands by foreclosing.

The strange history of the Cnihten Gild and its dissolution has already been told. The light of reality is thrown upon this event when we read that Edward of Cornhill was one of the Gild; that Edward of Southwark, the father of Godeleve, and William of Southwark her brother, were witnesses of the deed conveying Portsoken to the Holy Trinity Priory, as well as Roger, Gervase’s father.

Turn again to Gervase of Cornhill. His son Henry, Sheriff of London, Kent, and Surrey, married Alice, a daughter and heiress of the English branch of the De Courceys. She afterwards married Warin FitzGerald. The daughter of Henry and Alice, Joan de Cornhill, married Hugh de Neville, Forester of England. I think that nothing, so far discovered, better illustrates the position of the London merchants than this genealogy and these facts, rescued by a laborious antiquary from the scanty records of the time. We see the Barons of London on an equality with the Norman aristocracy, acting with them, and intermarrying with them; acquiring lands in the country; going on pilgrimage to the Holy Land; becoming the principal actors in that most remarkable event,—the Dissolution of the venerable Saxon Gild and the transfer of the property which they held in trust to a Religious House. We see a merchant of London holding the post of Justiciar. I wish it had been possible for Mr. Round to have carried his researches further into the annals of this family. One knows not where their descendants might be found at the present day.

One more episode in the history of Gervase has been unearthed by Mr. Round (_Feudal England_, p. 471).

The manor of Langham in Essex, near Colchester, was part of the property of the great Clare family. It was given by Richard de Clare, some time before the year 1086, to Walter Tirel, who married his daughter Adeliza. Sometime between 1138 and 1148, Hugh Tirel sold the manor, or raised money upon it, the purchaser, or the lender, being Gervase of Cornhill, who obtained possession of it either by foreclosing the mortgage or by purchase, Hugh Tirel himself taking a part in the Crusade, while the London merchant, staying at home, profited by the religious enthusiasm of the time. Fifty years later, Richard I. granted permission to Henry, son of Gervase of Cornhill, to enclose and impark his woods at Langham. “Thus,” says Round, “did the wealthy Londoner become a country squire some centuries ago.” (See Appendix V.)

Algar, Herlwin. (?) Priest of │ │ St. Michael Chepe. │ │ │ │ │ ┌───┴────┐ ┌─────────┬────┴───┬────────┐ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Nicolas, Daughter=Baldwin Ralph William, Herlwin, Ingenolda= Roger Priest of de Arras. FitzHerlwin living 1130. │ (Sheriff St. Michael. (Sheriff 1130). │ 1125.) │ ├───(to A) │ │ Mary = Robert FitzRalph, Alan. Priest of │ St. Michael Chepe. │ Roger FitzAlan.

(?) Edward Southwark. │ │ │ │ │ ┌─────┴────┐ │ │ │ Edward Cornehill=Godeleve. William │ of Southwark. A──────┐ │ │ │ Gervase=Agnes de Cornhill. │ │ ├─────────────┬────────────┐ │ │ │ Alice de Courci = Henry Reginald Ralph heiress of the de Cornhill. de Cornhill. de Cornhill. English de │ │ Courci. │ └───────────────┐ │ │ Joan de Cornhill = Hugh de Nevill, Reginald Forester of England. de Cornhill.

[Transcriber’s Note: While there is no explicit link in the original between the Algar tree and the rest, the layout and the text suggest that Mary is the daughter of Baldwin de Arras and his anonymous wife.]

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

THE RIVER EMBANKMENT

Let us add to this account that of the discoveries made in the Parish of St. Michael Crooked Lane in connection with the approaches of the new London Bridge:—

“On cutting through the present embankment of the river, it appeared, as might be expected, to be of comparatively modern construction. The outward wall was upright, and of Kentish rag, in courses of about fourteen inches, and about one foot in the bed. It was backed by quantities of chalk and great lumps of madrepore; the latter supposed, from being of foreign produce, to have been brought hither by ships as ballast, and thrown against the wall as rubbish to fill up the vacant spaces.

Proceeding northwards, the ground was found to be a mass of marsh, extending from the river’s edge to about sixty feet beyond Thames Street, evidently from its having once formed part of the bed of the river. It shelved up towards Thames Street, and was dug into from ten to twenty-four feet deep at that part, to find a safe foundation for laying the south abutment of the land arch built across Thames Street; but the soil proved to be so loose that vast quantities of solid materials were obliged to be sunk for making a secure foundation. This was also the case in laying the foundations of the walls of all the brick arches which support the northern approach; though in no place was the soil found of so marshy a nature as here.

The site of the ancient ‘Oyster gate’ was identified by cart-loads of oyster shells being found on the spot. This place had been hid in the reign of Elizabeth, by building what Stowe calls the artificial _forcier_ or engine for increasing the supply of Thames water to the metropolis, and which was succeeded by the later Waterworks. In digging at the greatest depth on this site, there was turned up part of a leathern sandal, singularly looped on the sides, which had been apparently lost in the mud; also some fragments of Roman pottery, and a few coins.

The principal discovery here, and beyond it northwards, however, was of two separate ancient lines of embankment, one being on the _south_ side of Thames Street, and the other at some distance.

The first embankment, on the south side of Thames Street, was found about ten feet below the surface of the street, and was traced to the depth of more than twenty feet. It was formed of large solid trees of oak and chesnut, about two feet square, roughly hewn, having camp sheathings, and strong timber waltlings spiked to the piles, the whole of great strength and massiveness.” (_St. Michael Crooked Lane_, pp. 13-14.)

The original embankment lower down the river at Dagenham was “composed of large trunks of trees, similar to what were discovered on the above occasion in Thames Street, only that _yew trees_ were used instead of _oaks_. On digging down about twenty-two feet, at a place called the _Moor-logg_ (a marsh which must have aboriginally resembled Southwark), they met with a vein of divers sorts of rotten wood (yew timber only, which was found amongst it, being not decayed), which lay about three feet and a half or four feet underneath the surface of the marsh ground belonging to the levels, about ten feet in depth, and with very little mixture of earth that could be discerned amongst it. Underneath it there was about twelve or fifteen inches depth of blue clay, then gravel and sand. A great part of this Moor-logg seemed to be comprised of small brushwood; and many hazel-nuts had been taken up in digging, which the captain had in his hand, and looked to have been firm, but upon a very little pressure they broke to dust. Several of the yew trees found were fourteen or sixteen inches diameter, and perfectly sound excepting the sap. The willow or sallow trees were, many of them, found of two feet and upwards diameter, and retained a whitish colour, like touchwood. Above the vein mentioned they found, as in Thames Street, stags’ horns. The same sort of marsh ground was found at Woolwich and Deptford.” (_St. Michael Crooked Lane_, pp. 15-16, note.)

In 1826 an excavation in Tooley Street brought to light a curious embankment.

“The first few feet were made ground, merely rubbish; then came a thick, close, sedimentary deposit of alluvial clay and Thames-river mud, averaging about seven to ten feet thick, which evidently had its origin in the tidal and sedimentary matter from the adjacent river. Below this mud and clayey deposit was a close stratum of peat, tightly compressed, varying materially in thickness in different places along the street, but averaging from two to four and five feet in thickness. This peat was chiefly composed of vestiges of hazel trees, hazel-nuts in beautiful preservation, fragments of oak, beech, and other trees, and leaves and stems of various plants confusedly intermixed; the wood and hazel-nuts and the oak differing in no respect, in their character, from what might be grown at the present time in the same neighbourhood. This peat and wood had undergone no apparent chemical change. It was highly saturated with moisture, had rather an agreeable odour, and was of a light brown colour. Fragments of the hazel and oak wood, on being kept in a dry situation for two or three months, shrunk into about one-tenth of their original size by the evaporation of the combined water, but left the outside bark in its original shape, while the remaining inside, ligneous fibre of the hazel or oak became, on cutting it with a knife, nearly as black and as hard as ebony. Below this stratum of peat came the usual angular fragments, called by geologists diluvial gravel; consisting of fragments of flint, reposing on the great argillaceous deposit of the blue London clay.” (_St. Michael Crooked Lane_, pp. 16-17, note.)

Returning to St. Michael’s, “the 2nd embankment was discovered about sixty feet beyond the north side of Thames Street, towards Crooked Lane, and was of a completely different character from the one just described. It was composed of strong elm piles, from eight to ten feet long, closely driven together in the ground, with a waling-piece, or brace, at the top.” (_Ibid._ pp. 16-18.)

APPENDIX II

THE RIVERSIDE DISCOVERIES

_The following extracts from Archæologia, vol. iii., give fuller information on the results of excavation along the river-side._

“It is well known that, to arrive at the solid clay in Thames Street for the purpose of planting foundations, a considerable depth must be attained. It must be remembered that, apart from the accumulation of centuries since the Roman occupation, the levels of this neighbourhood were greatly altered at the time of the Great Fire. The slope of the various hills leading from Cannon Street to the river was entirely changed, and in Thames Street the roadway was in many places raised from 3 to 7 feet. In watching, therefore, the sinking of the shafts which were to receive the piers of the railway arches, it was possible to trace the successive mementoes of London’s history from the last century back to the Roman period. There were the traders’ tokens, bellarmines, and other late pottery, mediæval spurs, daggers, objects in leather, and lastly occurred the coins, styli, pins in bone and bronze, personal ornaments, etc., associated with quantities of the bright red Samian pottery. From 20 to 25 feet appeared to be the average depth of the Roman level, and here, driven into the clay along the whole extent of the excavations, were numerous piles and transverse beams extending right across the street, and forming a complete network of timber. Many of these beams measured as much as 18 inches square, and all were of great strength and durability. They doubtless formed the old water-line and Thames embankment fronting the southern portion of Roman London. Such beams were observed on both sides of the street, and many had probably been supports for the Roman buildings which so plentifully existed in the neighbourhood of Bush Lane and Scots Yard. Towards Cannon Street were large masses of Roman masonry, such as have been described by Mr. Roach Smith in the twenty-ninth volume of the _Archæologia_. Much of this had to be removed, and it was interesting to observe how completely the old walls defied the appliances of modern engineering, the necessary dislodgment being only effected by the aid of gunpowder; in some cases, I believe, the veritable _Roman_ walls now form foundations for the support of the railway arches. In some places could be detected the junction of the clay and gravel with the soft black earth and refuse, betokening the old course of the Wallbrook, which at Dowgate dock flowed into the Thames. From the great quantity of antiquities, it has been suggested that this particular spot may have been an ancient rubbish-shoot, such as the celebrated pit at the Royal Exchange. The beautiful preservation of the coins and metal objects favours the idea that the whole had been formerly covered by the Thames.”

“From the Steelyard there is a very elegant bronze in low relief, respecting which various conjectures have been made. Mr. Smith pronounces it a figure of Hope; and he refers to the coins of Claudius, with a similar figure, inscribed ‘SPES AVGVSTA.’ It seems to have been affixed to a coffer or to some object as a decoration. It is now in the possession of Mr. Cecil Brent, to whom we owe so much for the interest he has so successfully taken in the antiquities of Roman London.

Of coins may be selected large and middle brass of Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, and Domitian; but their reverses are all well known.

Pottery is well represented, large quantities of Samian having been found, including some fine examples, bearing _incuse_ patterns, which are extremely uncommon. There are also some good specimens of Upchurch pottery; one of the black vessels appears to have had a handle, and is of an unusual type.

In glass there are pieces known as pillar moulding, which are very rare in London, though in some parts of England perfect vessels of this kind have at times been found, and are duly recorded in Mr. Roach Smith’s _Collectanea Antiqua_, as well as in his _Roman London_. Pins, needles, knives, and spoons have been found in large numbers both in bone and bronze. Among the spoons is a perfect example of the long-stemmed spoon, with a narrow bowl at one end and an oblong termination at the other. Such are figured by Mr. Roach Smith, who considers them to have been employed in extracting unguents, etc., from the small long-necked bottles familiarly known as lachrymatories. Two of similar form were, he says, discovered in a metal case with a box of colours, and a variety of implements and glass bottles, in the grave of a female painter near Fontenay; and, as the whole of the minor objects clearly appertained to the profession of the defunct, these spoons were doubtless used for extracting liquids from the bottles for mixing and preparing colours, in which process the oblong ends were probably of service. We have also some good Roman keys, a few fibulæ, the beam of a pair of scales, and, among the minor relics, a little fish-hook; a plentiful supply too of Roman leather. Some of the sandals are beautifully preserved, and indicate the moisture of the soil in which they were embedded. Most of these (as is usual) are of small and medium size, having doubtless belonged to females and young people; but there are those that have evidently belonged to the other sex. The round-topped nails with which the soles are so densely studded are, with other appearances of strength, evidences that they once belonged to feet accustomed to a firm and heavy tread.”

“The numerous piles and transverse beams which extended across Thames Street were traced for a considerable distance along the river bank, and in an upward direction towards Cannon Street. So complete a network of timber did they form, and so massive and durable were the means employed for holding the entire fabric together, that it is evident it was intended to resist a heavy strain or pressure. The Wallbrook here flowed into the Thames, and the drainage of the old city being on a different scale to what it now is, it is probable that the soil of the locality would be damp and yielding, and that some protection for the foundations of the buildings reared along the water line would be necessary against the inroads of the river. Above this embankment buildings of great magnitude must have existed, if we may judge from the strength and solidity of these foundations. Mr. Thomas D. E. Gunston, who paid great attention to the excavations at the time, took copious notes, from which he has courteously permitted me to condense the more important particulars. Running nearly in a line with Bush Lane was an immense external wall, some 200 feet long, 10 feet high, and 12 feet in thickness, formed of ragstone, chalk, and a variety of materials bound together with mortar in the ordinary Roman fashion. At an angle were foundations 8 feet wide, of flint and rubble supporting smaller walls, some 3 feet wide, composed principally of bonding tiles 18 inches by 12. These were connected by a series of cross walls 2 feet 6 inches thick, and built of flat tiles 14 inches by 11, also set on rubble footings 4 feet in width. Still nearer Cannon Street were the remains of an apartment 50 feet by 40, floored with a coarse red concrete; this was connected with a second, which had access to a third but smaller room. A long series of smaller apartments were satisfactorily traced, with floors of coarse tesseræ of red and yellow brick in cubes about an inch square. Some little distance in front of the centre apartment in this series was a square piece of paving comprised of oblong bricks on edge, known as ‘herring-bone pavement.’ Adjoining a thick rubble wall was a large portion of a mosaic pavement, comprised of half-inch cubes of black, white, red, and grey tesseræ, worked into a simple pattern and surrounded by a double border of black and grey stones of a compact nature, and from 4 to 6 inches square, but varying in thickness. In close proximity to this human remains were found. There were evidences of strong timber drains, or waterways, one 5 feet beneath the foundations of the building, and having a steep incline to the river. This measured 4 feet across, and was 18 inches deep, the boards forming the sides being 4 inches and those at the bottom 6 inches in thickness. The other channels were of smaller dimensions.

Within several of the rooms wall paintings remained, the designs in various colours; some divided by lines and bands into panels, others ornamented by a trellis-pattern, or powdering of fancy-coloured spots: besides a quantity of roofing, hypocaust, and building tiles; fragments of pottery, glass, and articles of personal and domestic use. On many of the tiles were the letters PPBR, LON, such as have been observed before to be worthy of notice, as ‘recording the fact of their having been made by the first cohort of the Britons stationed at Londinium’; others were scored with geometrical figures, or small squares worked with a diamond pattern.”

APPENDIX III

STRYPE ON ROMAN REMAINS

In the Appendix to his edition of _Stow_, 1720, Strype devotes a short chapter to the antiquities found in London, which I have thought of sufficient importance to be transcribed in full.

“There are preserved, either in public Repositories, or in more private Custody, many Antique Curiosities: Found chiefly in digging Foundations for the Building of London after the great Fire, and occasionally at other Times.

In the Repository of the Royal Society in Gresham College, there is a large Glass Urn, that holds about a Gallon; and hath a few Shivers of Bones in it: It was taken up since the Fire in Spittlefields. The Glass is somewhat thick, bellying out, and contracting towards the Mouth with a Lip.

But the Collections made by Dr. John Woodward, Professor of Physic in Gresham College, is by much the most considerable of any. For, besides an ancient marble Bust of Jupiter, a Marble Head with a Phrygian Tiara, a Grecian Basso-Relievo, a Votive Shield, exhibiting the Sacking of Rome by the Gauls; the Embossment of which is allowed by the greatest Judges to be the finest and most exquisite that all Antiquity hath left us: Several Icunculi of the Deities, both Egyptian and Roman: A considerable Variety of Amulets, Periapta, Phalli, Bullæ, Scarabæi: Gems with historical Sculpture, Heads, etc. graven upon them. Camei and Intaglias of Egyptian, Grecian, and Roman Work: Many Roman, Greek, Syrian, and other Medals: Roman Weights: A Roman Semi-Congius: Urns, Lachrymatories, and other Things, procured from Alexandria, Constantinople, Rome, etc. And besides, an ancient Roman Altar from the Picts Wall in Northumberland, with a considerable Inscription upon it: Several ancient Weapons of Brass, Thuribula, Pateræ, Urns, etc., found in the remoter Parts of this Kingdom, Cumberland, the Isle of Man, Yorkshire, Wiltshire, Gloucestershire, Northamptonshire, Devonshire, etc. He hath a vast Variety of ancient Instruments, Utensils, Vasa, and the like, that have been discovered in several Places in and about this City: In particular, several Vessels of religious Use, and employed in the Sacrifices, as for Example, Præfericula, Simpula, Pateræ, Thuribula, Labra, digged up; together with Horns, Teeth, and other Parts of the Beasts that were offered in Sacrifice; above twenty Sepulchral Urns of various Forms and Sizes: Likewise, Lanxes, Amphoræ, Crateres, Scyphi, Gutti, Pocula, Ollæ nummariæ clausæ; Parts of the Plasmata fictilia, in which the embossed Vasa were molded; and Lamps of various Sorts. The precedent Vessels are of Pot or Earth; several of them extremely fine, well baked, some curiously glazed, and the Colours very beautiful.

As to their Forms, they are universally very elegant and handsome. And indeed the Doctor, the Possessor of them, well observeth, that the Remains of these Works of the Romans shew them to have been a People of an exact Genius, good Fancy, and curious Contrivance.

’Tis observable also in this Collection, that the Things are fair, well preserved, and intire; which, considering the great Number and Diversity of them; how brittle Pots and Glasses are, and how liable to be defaced, injured, and dashed in Pieces, is the more extraordinary.

He hath likewise in his cabinet of Antiquities a Glass Urn, with a Cover; also a Scyphus; divers Ampullæ, Phialæ, and Lachrymatories of Glass, that are very fair and perfect. Then, there are several Pieces of British Money, coined both before and after the Descent of the Romans upon this Island. As also Roman Numismata, coined here: (Besides Saxon, Danish, and Norman Coins, which, as well as others, are very fair, and happily preserved). Likewise, Styles of Ivory, Bone, and Steel: Several Fibulæ, Aciculi, Bullæ, Claves, Armillae, Annuli, Beads of various Sorts; Aleæ, Tessaræ, Pectines, Calcaria, Spicula, Jacula. Likewise Tiles, Pieces of Lithostrata, or tessellated Pavements of Earth, Glass, Paste, Enamel, and gilded.

So that Dr. Woodward’s Musæum is a Treasury of all Sorts of Commodities and Utensils, sacred and profane, of ancient Heathen Rome: As Vessels for Sacrifice, and for other subordinate Uses in Sacris. Vessels also for Uses Domestic, Sepulchral, Military, Personal, for wearing and dressing: Also divers Pieces of Art relating to Building, or Sculpture, explanatory of some Parts of Roman History.

Besides these Remains of Roman skill and Workmanship, here are also reposited several Gothic Historical Carvings, in Copper, Ivory, and Wood; the Work of some of them very good: Impresses on Lead, and leaden Seals, that have been affixed anciently to Popes’ Bulls; with various other Things, all well chosen, of real Importance, and serviceable to some useful Design.

One great Intention of this learned Gentleman (as he hath assured me) in amassing together so great a number of these Things, and that with so great Diligence, Trouble and Expence, was in order to clear and give Light to those ancient Writers who mention and treat of them, viz. the Greeks and Romans; which he hath read and studied with great Exactness. Another of his Ends herein was, to illustrate the History and Antiquities of this great and noble City; out of the Ruins of which these Things were retrieved, upon the Occasion of that great digging, (greater indeed than ever happened from the Foundation of it before) and the removal of Rubbish that was made in all Parts, after the late great Fire. And, indeed, the Medals and Coins, the various Figures, Historical Embossments, and Inscriptions upon the Vases, contribute very much to that End. And farther, from the various Places in which the Urns were found reposited, (which, according to the Laws of the twelve Tables, were to be buried without the Walls) he is able to ascertain the ancient Bounds of this City, whilst Roman: From several Things discovered in laying the Foundation of St. Paul’s Church, to shew, not only that there was anciently a Temple there; but also, by some Instances to prove that it was dedicated to Diana, according to the ancient Tradition, notwithstanding that a very learned Antiquary as well as Divine, has lately offered to the contrary.

Indeed, the far greater Part of these Things is so very considerable, that it would afford much Satisfaction to inquisitive People, to see Icons graved of them; and that the Possessor could have spared so much Time from his Business, and his other Studies, as to have writ his own Observations and Reflections upon them, that I might have entered them (as I requested of him) in this Work.

In Black Fryars, in clearing away the Rubbish, in order to building after the great Fire, they came to a thick Wall, very probably a Part of the Foundation Wall of the Old Fryery. In which Wall was placed somewhat like a Cupboard, shut. Which being opened, in it were found four dead Men’s Heads, reposited in fine Pewter Cases, made for them; round, only flat on one side; and a thick Cover of Pewter, having a Ring fastened on the Top, for the more convenient taking it off, or putting it on. Three of these Heads are now lost; likely enough conveighed beyond Sea, where they may serve for Relicks. That which remained is, or was lately, in the Possession of Mr. Prestbury; a Sopemaker in East Smithfield, who shewed it me Oct. 2, 1703. We took out the Head from the Case: It had been wrapt in black Silk, which was then grown rotten. The Skin was like a Piece of tanned Leather, or Bacon. The Hair of the Temples yellow, but upon the Head the Hair was red, short, and thick, and would not be pulled off. There was a Tonsure, or round bare place on the Crown of the Head, that bespake him to have been in Holy Orders: the Nose flat, as tho’ a piece of it had been cut off: The Mouth gaping: The Teeth in the Head found, ten in Number; the rest had been pulled out. The Feature still discoverable. There remained a great deal of Dust of a brownish Colour in the Case. On the Side of the Cover was scratched this Name in a bad Character, I. Cornelius. There was one Corpse found near it under Ground, without a Head. These seem to have been Fryars of this religious House, or some of their Benefactors, or their Saints or Martyrs. Whose Heads, perhaps, were taken out and shewn upon extraordinary Days and Occasions: And upon the Dissolution of the House (it may be) here concealed.

Near the Foundation of Charing Cross, at a great depth, were Stones found, which seemed to be a Sort of coarse Marble, of a blackish colour, and cut into several plain Sides, but irregular. From whence, saith Dr. Crew, they may be argued to be very ancient. These were given by Sir Joseph Williamson to the Museum in Gresham College.

In Mark Lane a strange Brick was found 40 Years before, or better, about 28 Foot deep in the Ground, by Mr. Stockley, while he was digging a Foundation and Cellars for an House which he built for Mr. Woolly. On this Brick was formed Sampson (as I had it from J. Bagford) with the Jaw Bone of an Ass in his right Hand, and his left Hand lifted up; with two Foxes before him, running together, with Firebrands at their Tails; scaring them into high standing Corn hard by. This, methinks, might have belonged to the House of some Jew dwelling thereabouts; signifying his malice to some neighbouring Christian Merchant that dealt in Corn. For ’tis remarkable, that near this Place where this Brick was found, was also digged up burnt Wheat, to the Quantity of many Quarters; very black, but yet sound: Probably it was some Granary consumed by Fire.

But take what the said Mr. Bagford hath since writ in his letter to Mr. Hearn of Oxford: That this brick was of a Roman Make, of a curious red Clay, and in Bass relief; and was a Key Brick to the Arch: And the burnt Wheat was conjectured to have lain buried ever since the burning of the City 800 Years before. And that it is preserved in the Museum belonging to the Royal Society in Fleet Street. And that Mr. Waller’s Conjecture of it was, that it had been made and set there by some Jew, settling here, in the Arch of his own Granary.

A Piece of Mosaic Work found deep under Ground in Holborn, near St. Andrew’s Church, inlaid with black, white, and Red Stones in squares and other regular Figures. In the abovesaid Museum.

In digging for the Foundations of St. Paul’s Cathedral at the West End since the Fire, was found variety of Roman sacrificing Vessels, whereof a great quantity of the Fragments were digged up. They were made of a curious red Earth; the Glazing of them still remains, which is curious. They are of divers Shapes and Sizes, as Occasion should require them to be made Use of in their Sacrifices. And in many, the Potter’s Name was stamped at the Bottom. Some of these Mr. Bagford, a Citizen of London, studious of Antiquities and especially of such as relate to the said city, took up with his own Hands. Farther, on the South Side of the said West End was found a Potter’s Kiln, the Shape of which was circular. In this the abovesaid sacrificing Vessels probably were made. It was near to the Temple where Diana was worshipped, for the more Convenience of the People that came thither to sacrifice; that they might be furnished with all Sorts of Vessels they had Occasion for, at the Time when they made their Sacrifices. And likewise thereabouts were found several Moulds of Earth, some exhibiting Figures of Men, of Lions, of Leaves of Trees, and other Things. These were used to make Impression of those Things upon the Vessels. These Moulds are also among the forementioned curious Collections of Dr. Woodward. The representation of the aforesaid Pottery, drawn with a Pen, is in the Possession of Sir Hans Sloan, Bart, M.D., of the Royal Society, with a Description of it added.

Also, at the South Side of St. Paul’s Church, at the Beginning to build it after the Fire, were found several Scalps of Oxen, and a large Quantity of Boars Tusks, with divers earthen Vessels, especially Pateræ of different Shapes.

In Canning Street, nigh Bush Lane, was found pretty deep in the Earth, a large Pavement of Roman Mosaic Work. Dr. Hook gave a Piece of it to the Repository in Gresham College.

In Goodman’s Fields, without Aldgate, was a Roman burying Place. For, since the Buildings there, about 1678, have been found there (in digging for Foundations) vast Quantities of Urns, and other Roman Utensils, as Knives, Combs, etc., which are likewise in the Possession of Dr. Woodward. Some of these Urns had Ashes of Bones of the Dean in them, and Brass and Silver Money: And an unusual Urn of Copper, curiously enamelled in Colours, Red, Blue, and Yellow.

In Kent Street, all along the Gardens on the right Hand side of the Road going out of Town, have been digged up several Roman Vessels, as Urns, Ampullæ, and other things; and among the rest, an Head of Janus, cut in Stone, that is still preserved, being placed over the Door at the entry of one of those Gardiners Houses. Money was offered for this Janus Head, but it would not be taken; being kept superstitiously, as tho’ it were found by Revelation in a Dream; a Woman, about the Time it was found, dreaming she was brought to Bed of a child with two Faces.

At Peckham was a very large Urn of Glass digged up in the Highway, which is now in Gresham College. For these last Accounts I am beholden to my Friend, the abovesaid Mr. Bagford, late deceased in the Charter House, having been a Brother there.

In April, in the Year 1707, divers Roman Antiquities were found in digging by the Wall near Bishopsgate Within. Mr. Joseph Miller, an Apothecary, living very near the Place, while the Labourers were digging for Foundations and Cellars, for some new Houses to be built in Camomile Street, did first discover several of these Antiquities; which he communicated to Dr. John Woodward of Gresham College aforesaid: Who, according to his wonted Exactness, gave this Narration of them in a Letter to Sir Christopher Wren, which he courteously let me peruse. ‘About four Foot under Ground was discovered a Pavement, consisting of Diced Bricks, the most red, but some black, and others yellow; each somewhat above an Inch in Thickness. The Extent of the Pavement in Length was uncertain, it running from Bishopsgate for sixty Foot, quite under the Foundation of some Houses not yet pulled down. Its Bredth was about ten Foot, terminating on that Side, at the Distance of three Foot and an Half from the Wall.

‘Sinking downwards under the Pavement, only Rubbish occurred for about two Foot, and then the Workmen came to a Stratum of Clay in its natural State. In which, at the Depth of three Foot more were found several Urns. Some of them were become so tender and rotten, that they easily crumbled and fell to Pieces. As for those that had the Fortune better to escape the Injuries of Time, and the Strokes of the Workmen, they were of different Forms; but all of very handsome Make and Contrivance, as, indeed, most of the Roman Vessels we find ever are. Which is but one of the many Instances that are at this Day extant of the Art of that People, of the great Exactness of their Genius, and Happiness of their Fancy. These Urns were of various Magnitudes; the largest capable of holding three full Gallons, the least somewhat above a Quart. All these had in them Ashes and Cinders of burnt Bones.

‘Along with the Urns were found various other earthen Vessels; as, a Simpulus, a Patera of a very fine red Earth, and a bluish Glass Viol of that Sort that is commonly called a Lachrymatory. On this there appeared something like Gilding, very fine.’

There were likewise found several Beads, one or two Copper Rings, a Fibula of the same Metal, but much impaired and decayed; as also a Coin of Antoninus Pius, exhibiting on one Side the Head of that Emperor, with a radiated Crown on, and this Inscription, ANTONINUS AUG....

At about the same Depth with the Things beforementioned, but nearer to the City Wall, and without the Verge of the Pavement, was digged up an human skull, with several bones that had not been burnt, as those in the Urns had. But for a larger and more satisfactory Account of these Antiquities, I refer the Reader to the said learned Doctor’s Letter, now printed at large by Mr. Hearne, with Leland’s Itinerary, in Octavo.

An Elephant’s Body was found in a Field near to Sir John Oldcastle’s, not far from Battle Bridge, by Mr. John Coniers, an Apothecary, and a great Searcher after Antiquities, as he was digging there.

Some years ago, on the South Side of Ludgate, was taken up out of the Rubbish a Roman Inscription, taken Notice of by learned Men.

Coming in at Ludgate, in the Residentiary’s Yard of St. Paul’s, was discovered some Years ago an Aqueduct, close adjoining to the Wall of the City. And such another was found after the Fire by Mr. Span in Holiday Yard in Creed Lane, in digging the Foundation for a new Building. And this was carried round a Bath, that was built in a Roman Form, with Nieches at an equal Distance for Seats.

Anno 1716, in digging for the Foundation of a new Church, to be erected where the Church of St. Mary Woolnoth in Lombard Street stood, at the Depth of about 15 foot, and so lower to 22 foot were found Roman Vessels, both for sacred and domestic Uses, of all Sorts, and in great Abundance, but all broken: And with all were taken up Tusks and Bones of Boars and Goats. As also many Medals, and Pieces of Metals; some tesselated Works, a Piece of an Aqueduct; and at the very bottom a Well filled up with Mire and Dirt; which being taken away, there arose a fine Spring of Water. Dr. Harwood, of the Commons, hath been very exact in taking Notice from Time to Time of these Antiquities; and hath sorted and preserved a great many of the most curious and remarkable of them; and supposeth, by probable Conjecture, that here was not only a Pottery, but also, that on this Place, or near it, stood the Temple of Concord; which our Roman Historians speak of to have been in this City, when called Trinobantum. These Sheards were in such vast Quantities, that many Cart Loads were carried away with the Rubbish, and the Roads about St. George’s Fields in Southwark mended with them.

Anno 1718, in the Month of May, the Workmen pulling down a Wall at Bridewel Hospital, found a Gold Ring an Inch and Quarter broad, enamelled: Having the Resemblance of Christ on the Cross engraved on it, with a mourning Heart, and a Pillar with a Cock on the Top. The Inscription was in Arabic; and some Antiquaries who saw it, reckoned it to be 1500 Years since it was made. This is related in the _Weekly Journal_, No. 1047.

This is what I could, by diligent Enquiry of my Friends, collect, concerning Antiquities found in London.” (Strype, _Stow’s Survey_, Vol. II. Appendix IX. pp. 21-24.)

APPENDIX IV

THE CLAPTON SARCOPHAGUS

_Extract from a paper read before the Society of Antiquaries in 1867 (see L. and M. Archæological Society, vol. iii.)._

“The site is levelled ground, recently meadow-land and market-gardens, situate at rear of the London Orphan Asylum, Clapton, on the brow of the hill, passing down to the marshes and river Lea, within a few feet of an old path just demolished which ran from Homerton to Lea Bridge, _viâ_ Booksby’s Walk, in the direction from south to north, and another way, for many years past but a private road to a farm, running west to east, viz. from Clapton Square, _viâ_ Clapton Alley or Passage, to the Lea river. These paths intersect each other near the spot; they are very ancient, and, in all probability, old Roman ways. The coffin was found on the natural gravel, 2 feet 6 inches from the surface, lying due east and west, the foot to the east; it is of white coarse-grained marble, and is cut from a solid block. It is about 6 feet 3 inches long, 1 foot 3 inches wide, and 1 foot 6 inches deep; the thickness being about 2½ inches. The inner surface is smooth, with a rise of half an inch at one end, to serve as a rest for the head. No vestige of a lid or covering has been found, but at each end are evidences of clamp fastenings. It is plain on all sides but the front, which is ornamented with a fluted pattern, the channels being filled to a third of their height with a bead, and is an excellent illustration of cabled fluting. The medallion in the centre is deeply cut, about 12 inches in diameter, and encircles a well-executed bust, possibly a portrait of the deceased. This is much damaged, with the exception of the hair and the folds of the toga about the shoulders. These are as sharp and clear as if just cut. The right hand is supported by the thumb (apparently hooked within the folds across the breast), the fore and middle fingers being stretched to their full length, and in an upward direction. The third and fourth fingers are doubled in. Beneath the medallion is an inscription in Roman letters, but, unfortunately, it has not yet been deciphered. This side of the coffin is finished off by two Corinthian pilasters, as shown in the illustration. I am informed that, on clearing away the superincumbent débris, the coffin was found to contain a skeleton, in the position of ordinary Christian burial, with black mould about it. The skull soon fell to pieces, and the bones were much decayed; those remaining comprised portions of the head of a femur (right), middle third of left femur, portions of left tibia and fibula, and two pieces of ribs. I should judge the deceased to have been a small-boned man, about 6 feet high, and rather knock-kneed; and take him to have been a civilian of rank, possibly a jurist, but not a military man. Not far from the sarcophagus a small brass coin of Gallienus was discovered.”

“The only sarcophagus that has been found in London which bears any resemblance to that under consideration is the one from Haydon Square, Minories, and that only in the fact of its being ornamented on its front and side; the lid too, which is sharply ridged, is decorated with a foliated pattern. It is formed of ragstone, and more roughly made than that from Clapton. In the centre is a bust in bas-relief, and on either side a striated pattern, such as may be frequently observed on examples from abroad. At York, sarcophagi have been discovered with inscriptions upon them on plain labels; others have had objects in relief. At Avisford in Sussex, a fine example was exhumed containing glass, pottery, etc., which has been described in the _Journal of the Sussex Archæological Society_ and other antiquarian publications.

In Gaul and Italy, marble sarcophagi are, of course, the rule; the material was at hand, and easy of access; consequently the ruins of the Roman towns produce countless instances of ornamented marble tombs.”

“Fig. 1, Plate 6, is in the museum of Mr. Gunston, and was discovered in the vicinity of Old Ford, near Bow, associated with pottery. Another of the same character was found not long since in the same locality on some property belonging to Mr. Joseph Wilkinson. He has very kindly sent me all the particulars concerning it. He describes it as being excavated from some ground held by him for building purposes near the Saxon Road and Coborn Road, Bow, some 60 yards south of the Roman highway. The coffin lay upon the gravel beneath some 30 inches of superincumbent soil. Its length is about 6 feet 6 inches, width 2 feet 1, 2 inches less at the foot. The lid is slightly ridged. In it were contained the bones of a full-sized man in a good state of preservation. There was a fracture across the lid through which a quantity of gravel had fallen, covering as it were the skeleton, which appeared to have been buried, as the custom was, in lime. Its situation was east and west, and the arms of the skeleton were drawn down at the side, differing in this respect from that found some years since in the same locality, and described by Mr. B. H. Cowper in our Journal. In the latter case the arms of the skeleton were crossed upon the breast, and the form of the coffin similar to that in Fig. 1. At a distance of some 2 feet south of the coffin a large collection of pottery was discovered.”

“In May last I received a letter from my friend Mr. H. W. King, Hon. Sec. Essex Archæological Society, announcing that two more sarcophagi of a similar character had been found in the same locality, in the course of excavations for buildings on a site some 200 yards south of the former discoveries.”

APPENDIX V

“With one of these Norman burghers the life of St. Thomas brings us in contact, and, scanty as are the details of the story, they agree in a very striking way with the indications afforded us by the charter of the king. The story of the early years of Thomas Becket has very naturally been passed over with little attention by his modern biographers in their haste to fight the battle of his after-career. But long before he became St. Thomas, Archbishop Thomas, or Thomas of Canterbury, he was known as Thomas of London, son (to use his own boast) of ‘a citizen, living without blame among his fellow-citizens.’ So completely was the family adopted into the City, that the monks of Canterbury could beg loans from the burgesses on the plea that the great martyr was a Londoner born; and on the City seal of the fourteenth century, London addressed him as at once her patron and her son: ‘Me, quae te peperi, ne cesses, Thoma, tueri.’ The name of his father, Gilbert Becket, is one of the few that remain to us of the Portreeves, the predecessors of the Mayors, under Stephen; he held a large property in houses within the walls; and a proof of his civic importance was long preserved in the annual visit of each newly-elected chief magistrate to his tomb in the little chapel which he had founded in the churchyard of Paul’s. Yet Gilbert was one of the Norman strangers who followed in the wake of the Conqueror. He was by birth a burgher of Rouen, as his wife was of a burgher family of Caen; he claimed kinship with the Norman Theobald, and received the Norman Baron de l’Aigle as a guest.

But the story of the Beckets does more than illustrate the outer position of the Norman colony: it gives us a glimpse, the more precious because it is unique, of its inner life. Students of hagiology learn to be cautious about the stories of precocious holiness, the apocryphal gospels of the infancy, which meet them at the outset of most saints’ lives; but it is remarkable that in the life of St. Thomas there is no pretension of the kind. In the stead of juvenile miracles we are presented with the vivid little picture of a London home, which sets the Norman colony fairly before us. We see the very aspect of the house (the Mercers’ Chapel, in Cheapside, still preserves its site for us), the tiny bedroom, the larger hall opening directly on the bustle of the narrow Cheap. We gain a hint from the costly coverlet of purple, sumptuously wrought, which Mother Rohese flings over her child’s cradle, of the new luxury and taste which the Conquest had introduced into the home of the trader as into the castle of the noble. A glance at the guests and relatives of the family shows how the new colony served as medium between the city and the Court: the young Baron Richer of Aquila is often there, hunting and hawking with the boy, as he grows up; Archdeacon Baldwin and Clerk Eustace look in from Canterbury, to chat over young Thomas and his chances of promotion in the curia of Archbishop Theobald; there is a kinsman, too, of Gilbert’s, a citizen of his own stamp, Osbern Huitdeniers, ‘of great name and repute, not only among his fellow-burghers, but also with those of the Court.’ Without the home, the Norman influence makes itself felt in a new refinement of manners and breeding; the young citizen grows up free and genial enough, but with a Norman horror of coarseness in his geniality. London shares in the great impulse which the Conquest has given to education; the children of her citizens are sent to the new Priory of Merton; the burghers flock to the boys’ exercises at the schools attached to the three principal churches of the town. The chief care of Rohese was for her son’s education; in his case it is finished at Paris, before the young Londoner passes to the merchant’s desk.” (_Historical Studies_, J. R. Green.)

INDEX

Abbot of Westminster, 258, 271

Abbot’s Mill, 11

Abridge, 154

Addle Street, 244

Ælfric, Dialogues of, 204

Æsc, 135

Agas’ map, 114, 117

Agricola, Julius, 22, 59, 60

Albinus, 60

Aldborough, 92

Aldeburg, 22

Aldermanbury, 116, 244

Aldersgate Street, 116

Aldrœnus, 145

Aldwulf, Bishop of Rochester, 164, 165

Alfred, King, 155, 165, 167, 168, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 180, 185, 191, 197, 198, 212

Alfred, son of Ethelred, 192

Algar, 323

Alhune, Bishop, 165

Allectus, 22, 64, 66, 67, 68

Alphage, Archbishop of Canterbury, 170, 173; translation of remains of, 191-192, 234

Amesbury, slaughter of Britons at, 146

Ammandinus, Valerius, 35

Amphitheatre, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 139

Amusements: badger-baiting, 227, 315; ball, 312; bear-baiting, 227, 315; bone-throwing, 173; bull-baiting, 227, 312, 315; casting stones, 315; chess, 228; cock-fighting, 312; dancing, 227, 315; dice, 228; “flyting,” 172-173; hawking, 227, 228, 317; hunting, 227-228, 317; ice-sports, 316; juggling, 173; jumping, 227; leaping, 229, 315; mock battles, 313; racing, 313-314; rowing, 227; running, 229, 313; sea-fights, 314; shooting, 315; skating, 227; swimming, 227; taeflmen, 228; throwing the javelin, 315; tumbling, 173, 226; wrestling, 229, 315

Anderida, 135, 148

Andreds Wald, 4

Androgeus, 19

Angevins, 289, 290

Angles, 74, 145

_Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, 132, 135, 148, 149, 155, 158, 165, 166, 167, 168, 173, 174, 175, 179, 180, 185, 189, 190, 191, 192, 200, 256, 270, 272, 273

Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, 334, 335, 336

Ansgar, 323

Antoninus’ Wall, 58, 60

Arles, Council of, British Bishops at, 74, 105

Armentarius, Galerius, 64

Armorica, 145

Army of Britain: extent of, in fourth century, 69; character of, 73

Artesian Wells, 14

Arthur, King, 147, 148

Arts and Crafts: 41, 42, 45, 76, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 201, 224, 261, 323, 327

Arundel, Earls of, 326

Asclepiodotus, 67, 68

Athelstan, King, 39, 133, 168, 179, 180, 191, 200, 205

Augustine, 147, 155

Augustus, 22, 53

Aurelian, 61

Aurelius, 145, 146, 147, 148

Ausonius, 89

Avienus, 41

Aylwin, founder of Bermondsey Abbey, 323, 328

Bagford, John, 96

Bamborough, 182

Bamfleet, 176

Bank of England, spring beneath, 29, 321

Barge Yard, 29

Barking Abbey, 212; Charter of, 164

Basing, 323

Batavians, 64

Baths, 80, 83, 87, 88, 106, 133

Battersea, 26

Bawdwen, Rev. William, 262

Beaumont, Lord, 326

Becket, Gilbert, 289, 346, 363

Becket, Thomas, 289, 318, 363

Bede, 36, 39, 76, 77, 154, 155, 158, 161, 162, 163, 164, 208, 209, 210, 213, 232

Belgravia, 12

Belinus, 18

Bericus, 54

Berkhampstead, 250

Bermondsey, 26

Bermondsey Abbey, 212, 328

Berthwulf, King of Mercia, 166

Bevis, Sir, of Hampton, 133

Billeting, 287

Billingsgate, 18, 82, 125, 126, 153, 154, 156, 198, 244, 337

Bishopsgate, 121, 123, 124, 136, 244, 325

Bishopsgate Street, 81

Bitterne, 60, 61, 63, 65

Black, Mr. W. H., 98 _note_

Blackfriars, 88

Blackwell Hall, 18

Boadicea, 43, 46, 50, 57

Bonney, Prof. T. G., 24

Bonosus, 61

Bordeaux, in fourth century, 89, 90

Botolph Lane, 326

Botolph Wharf, 105

Boulogne, 62, 63, 64, 66

Bow Lane, 96

Bradwell, 64

Bread Street, 30, 245

Bretagne, 78

Bridge Creek, 26

Bridge Gate, 125

Bridges, 28, 55, 130, 132; London, 45, 105, 106, 126, 127, 128-132, 154, 156, 185, 186, 187, 189, 194; Stanstead, 177

Briset, Jordan, 277

Britain, anarchy, lawlessness and oppression in, 73; disorder after Roman withdrawal, 135, 136, 165, 183; division of, 69, 73; famine in, 298; government of, 69; revolts in, 57; spirit and character of its people, 75, 76, 77, 78; under Cnut, 190, 191; unrest in, 68, 290, 291, 292, 298

Brook Street, 11

Brunanburgh, Battle of, 179

Brute, 17, 18

Buchuinte, Andrew, 285

Buckerel, 323

Bull and Mouth Street, 116, 124

Burgred, King of Mercia, 165

Caerleon, 19, 58

Cæsar, Julius, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 53, 56

Cambridge, 167; sacked and burned, 298

Camden, 119, 133

Camomile Street, 96, 118, 123, 124

Camulodunum. See _Colchester_

Candlewick Street, 133

Canterbury, 74, 147, 155, 166, 198

Canulf, King of Mercia, 165

Carausius, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69

Carpenters’ Hall, 96

Cars Dyke, 63, 64

Caruil, 21

Carus, 61

Cassius, Dion, 22, 54, 55, 128, 129

Cassivelaunus, 19, 20, 53

Catena, Paulus, 70, 71, 73, 113

Cedda, Bishop of London, 163

Chaffers, Mr. W., 99

Charmouth, 163, 166

Charter of Geoffrey de Mandeville, 260

Charter of Henry I., 200, 276, 279-288

Charterhouse, pump at, 13

Charters of William the Conqueror, 160, 253, 254, 260, 288, 292

Cheapside, 30, 96, 324

Chelsea, 26, 268

Chepe, 244

Chertsey Abbey, 212

Chester, 58, 74, 138

Chesters (Northumberland), 93

Chichester, 94

Chippenham, 173

Chlorus, Constantius, 64, 66, 67, 68

Cholera, 13

Christianity, 40, 74, 75, 85, 105, 108, 109, 110, 161, 162, 163, 164, 194, 195, 221, 222, 289, 290, 302, 327-329

Christ’s Hospital, 124

Chrysanthus, 73

Church, The, 105, 161, 201, 214, 215, 217, 219, 222, 230, 310-311, 335; land held by, 262-271; and William Rufus, 272, 274; plundered by Stephen, 297

Churches, destruction of, 167, 211-212; number of, in twelfth century, 302, 321; Saxon and Danish, 214; All Hallows, 115, 124, 244; All Saints, 85; Bradford on Avon, Saxon church at, 213; Christ Church, Canterbury, 133; Greenstead, Essex, 39, 213; St. Alban’s, Wood Street, 164; St. Andrew’s, Rochester, 155; St. Botolph, 244; St. Clement Danes, 192, 194; St. Ethelburga, 244; St. Giles in the Fields, 328; St. John, Walbrook, 28; St. Magnus, 173; St. Martin’s, 212; St. Mary le Bow, 29, 30, 137; St. Mary Woolnoth, 96; St. Michael’s, Crooked Lane, 85, 106; St. Olave, Hart Street, 182; St. Olave, Jewry, 182; St. Olave, Silver Street, 182; St. Olave, Tooley Street, 182; St. Osyth, 244; St. Paul’s, 36, 37, 96, 155, 161, 184, 190, 212, 259, 270, 318, 321; St. Peter’s, Thorney (afterwards Westminster Abbey), 37, 38, 39, 40, 192, 194, 212, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 253, 256, 257, 258, 260, 261, 328; St. Saviour’s, 328; St. Stephen upon Walbrook, 28, 29

Cilcester, 22

Cingetorix, 21

Circus, The, 91

Cirencester, 173

City Ditch, 28

City Wall, 28, 29

City Wards, 157

Claudius, 23, 54, 55

Clausentum. See _Bitterne_

Clerkenwell, 27; Benedictine Nunnery at, 260, 277, 328

Cnihten Gild, 206, 285, 329-334, 346; Charters of, 330, 331

Cnut, 39, 183, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 200, 228, 234, 251

Coinage, 42, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 111, 202, 243, 244

Coinred, King of Mercia, 164

Colchester, 23, 43, 56, 58, 74, 94; massacre at, 57

Coldringham Abbey, 212

Coleman Street, 244

Collegia privata, 206, 207

Comius of Arras, 21

Commodus, 60

“Compter,” the, 122

Compurgation, 280, 286, 287

Conscription, 68

Constans, 70, 145

Constantine, 73

Constantine, brother of Aldrœnus, 145

Constantine, cousin of Arthur, 147, 148

Constantine the Great, 68, 69, 119, 120, 318

Conyers, John, 96, 110

“Cookery, Place of,” 306-307

Cooper’s Row, Crutched Friars, 121

Coote, Mr. H. C., 330, 331, 332

Corner, Mr. G. R., 118

Cornhill, 81, 96, 244

Coronation Service of Ethelred, 236-242

Crayford, Battle of, 132, 135, 148

Criminals, punishment of, 215, 216, 217

Cripplegate, 124

Crooked Lane, 127

Crosby Hall, 326

Crowland Abbey, 203, 212

Crusaders, 300

Cunningham, 261

Cunodagius, 18

Custom-house, the, 105

Danegeld, 276, 280, 286

Danes, 165, 166, 167, 168, 176, 177, 179, 182, 183, 184, 186, 191; character of, 170, 171, 173; in London, 169-175; religions of, 170, 173

Danish Remains, 245

Deva. See _Chester_

Diana, Temple of, 95, 96

Diocletian, 61, 63, 64, 69, 105

Divitiacus, King of Soissons, 42

Dogs, 228

_Domesday Book_, 198, 212, 259, 262-271, 342

Domitian, 63

Dorchester, 138

Dover, 23, 34, 74, 94, 132

Dover Street, 38

Dowgate, 82, 125, 153, 156

Drinking, 220, 221, 226, 227, 311

Dryburgh Abbey, 203

Dubritius, Archbishop of London, 147

Duckworth, Dr. Dyce, 100

Dulcitius, Duke, 72

Dunstan, 212, 214, 232

Dunwallo, Mulmutius, 18

Dyfan, 36

Eadbald, King, 161, 163

Eadric, 184, 234

Eadwig, King, 331

East Cheap, 158, 337

Edgar, King, 39, 180, 185, 215, 219, 232, 233

Edgar the Atheling, 250, 251, 252, 253, 256

Edgware Road, the, 36, 129

Edmund, King of East Anglia, 167

Edmund, King of the English, 180

Edmund Atheling, 184

Edmund Ironside, 184, 190

Edred, King, 180

Edred’s Hythe. See _Queenhithe_

Edric the Fisherman, 38

Education, 58, 59, 224, 228, 229, 230, 303, 304

Edward the Confessor, 39, 192, 194, 234, 235, 236, 243, 260-261

Edward the Elder, 179, 200

Effeminacy, 76, 77, 274, 277

Egbert, Archbishop, 219

Egbert, King, 165, 166

Egyptian Rule, the, 40

Eia (? Ealing), 267

Elbow Lane, 326

Eleutherius, Pope, 36

Eli, King, 95, 96

Elton, Charles I., 41, 50, 160

Ely Abbey, 203, 212

Embroidery, Anglo-Saxon, 224, 225

Emma, Queen, 39, 224

Erkenwald, Bishop of London, 163, 164, 212

Ermin Street, 136

Ethandun, 173

Ethelbald, King of Mercia, 164, 165

Ethelbert, King, 155, 161, 180

Ethelred, Earl, 232

Ethelred, son-in-law of Alfred, 175, 176, 177

Ethelred the Unready, 39, 180, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 204, 219

Ethelwerd, 145, 148

Ethelwulf, King, 166

Evans, Sir J., 10

Execution, places of, 217

Exeter, 218; “Fortress” of, 168

Fabyan, 134, 198

Famine of 1126, 277

Farringdon, 323

Fenchurch Street, 244

Ffagan, 36

Fire of London, the, 27, 81, 96

Fires, London, 130, 189, 197, 198, 234, 243, 259, 272, 277, 299, 311, 344

FitzAylwin, Henry, first Lord Mayor of London, 133, 336

FitzStephen, 115, 144, 301-320, 338, 339

Fleet Prison, 86

Florence of Worcester, 272, 334

Folkmote, 217, 230, 252, 280, 284

Fortresses, 64, 69

Fountains Abbey, 203

Frank Pledge, the, 217

Franks, the, 23, 64, 65, 68

Freeman, 180

Friday Street, 245, 320

Frith Guild, 205, 206

Fulham, 168, 173, 174, 264

Gallienus, 60

Garlickhithe, 244

Gauls, 43, 53, 62

Gavelkind, 158, 159, 160

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 17, 19, 145, 148

Germanus, 145

Gervase of Cornhill, 285, 332, 345, 346, 347

Gesoriacum. See _Boulogne_

Geta, Cneius Osidius, 54

Gildas, 73, 76, 105

Giltspur Street, 122, 124

Glanville, 159

Glastonbury Abbey, 212, 232; lake-dwellings at, 33

Gloucester, 23

Godwin, Earl, 192, 194

Gomme, Mr. G. L., 142, 143, 144

Government, officers of, under Constantine the Great, 69

Gracechurch Street, 244

Granta, 64

Gratian, Emperor, 73

Great Dean’s Yard, Westminster, pump at, 13

Great Tower Street, 244

Green Arbour Court, 86

Green, J. R., 141, 275, 289, 290

Grossetête, Bishop, 240-241

Grunhilda, 182

Guest, Edwin, 54, 55, 94, 128, 129

Guilds, 76, 205-208, 224

Guithelin, Archbishop of London, 145

Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, 259

Gurbodus, 18

Hadrian, 60

Hadrian’s Wall, 57, 58, 60

Hales, Professor, 50, 142

Hallowing of St. Peter’s, Thorney, miracle of, 37, 38, 231

Hampstead, 24, 142, 266

Hampstead Barrow, 50

Hampstead Heath, 13

Harold, King, 183, 191, 192, 194, 251

Harthacnut, King, 191, 192, 220

Harwood, John, 96

Haverhill, 323

Hay Hill, 11

Hedge Lane, 95

Helena, 68

Hengist, 135, 145, 146, 147

Henry of Huntingdon, 145, 148, 292, 297, 298, 300, 334

Henry the First, 275-278

Henry the Second, 283, 284, 285, 286, 289, 300

Henry the Third, 318

Herlwins, the, 345-346

Himilco, 40

Holborn, 132

Holborn Hill, 88

Hollinshed, 299

Holy Trinity, Priory of the, 133, 277, 285, 328, 332

Honey Lane, 245, 320

Honey Lane Market, 30

Honorius, 73

Horn, 17

Horne, 323

Houndsditch, 115

Howell, James, 133

Hoxton, 265

Hurley, Benedictine Priory at, 293

Hustings, the, 194, 217, 280

Hythe, 23

Iceni, the, 57

Inheritance, Right of, 254

Inscriptions and sculptures, list of important Roman, 107-108

Invasions, Danish, 165, 166, 167; Roman, 20, 21, 23, 53, 54, 60; Saxon, 36, 37

Iona Abbey, 212

Ipswich, 185

Islington, 265, 270

Jacobs, Joseph, 260

Jarrow Abbey, 212

Jarumnan, Bishop of Lichfield, 183

Jews in England, 260; cemetery of, 86; debate with Christians, 273

John, King, 284

John of Cremona, Cardinal of Rome, 334, 335

Jonson, Ben, 27

Julianus, Didius, 60

Justus, Bishop of Rochester, 155, 162, 163

Jutes, 74, 145

Keltoi, the, 54

Kemble, J. M., 164

Kemp, Mr., 96

Ken Street, Southwark, 96

Kencester, 22

Kensington, 268-270

Kilburn, 26

King’s Street, 96

Knightsbridge, 26

Lactantius, 110

Lake-dwellers, 33, 34

Lambeth, 26, 34, 37, 56

Lambeth Hill, 244

Langbourne, 80

Language in fourth century, 70

L’Arche, Pont de, 326

Laurentius, Archbishop of Canterbury, 162, 163

Lazar-house of St. Giles in the Fields, 277

Leadenhall Street, 244

Lewis, Hayter, 138

Lincoln, 94, 138, 146

Lindisfarne Abbey, 212

Lisson Grove, 270

Living, Archbishop, 190

Locrine, 18

Loftie, Rev. W. J., 85, 222

Lollesworth. See _Spitalfields_

Lollianus, 60

Lombard Street, 244

London, agriculture in, 144; an annual Fair, 48, 65; and the Romans, 48, 49; and William the Conqueror, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254; appearance of, 197-200; attacked by Olaf and Swegen, 182, 183; besieged by Cnut, 184, 185; Cnut’s trench, 184, 185, 187, 188; Citadel of, 59, 79, 80, 84, 87, 88, 128, 130, 131, 132, 138, 147, 156; described by FitzStephen, 301-318; desertion and ruin of, 136, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 153, 170, 174; division of, 81; first mentioned by Tacitus, 22, 23, 55, 68; fleet at, 194; food supply of, 50, 169, 229, 339; Government and officers of Government, 75, 91, 215, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 310, 344; growth of, and conditions governing growth, 12-14; houses of, 229, 230, 322-324, 326; importance of, in tenth century, 180, 181; life in, 88, 89, 90, 91; massacre at, 57, 59, 130; overlord of, 158, 159, 160; pen picture of, 83, 84; plundered, 68; poorer part of, 83, 84, 88, 93; population of, 190, 230, 319, 320; prehistoric monuments of, 50; prehistoric settlements at, 33, 34; public lands of, 143, 144, 199, 200, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283; residential, 49, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 271, 326-327, 339; settlers in, 261, 289; site of, 3, 4, 5, 23-32, 54, 55, 139; social life of, 340, 341; spirit of its people, 76; taken by Alfred, 174; by Danes, 166; by Saxons, 146, 148; the lake fortress, 34; tradition of origin and foundation, 17, 18; under Alfred, 177; under Henry I., 276, 278; under William Rufus, 273-274

London Stone, 80, 133-134, 156, 326

London Wall, 71, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 112-124, 128, 132, 133, 142, 153, 177, 210

Long Acre, 95

Lothbury, 244

Luard, 323

Lucius, King, 36

Lud, King, 18, 19

Ludgate, 18, 19, 50, 244

Lympne (or Lymne), 74, 92, 94

Lysons, Samuel, 91

Madox, 337-338

Magnentius, 70, 92

Maitland, 30, 124, 134, 164, 177, 179, 187, 189, 299

Maldon, 182, 185

Mandeville, Geoffrey de, 282, 283, 285, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298, 299

Mandubrace, 20, 21

Manners and customs, 43, 45, 49, 53, 219-230, 304

Marcellus, Ulpius, 60

Marcus, Emperor, 73

Marius, 60

Martial, 59, 63

Martinus, 70, 71

Marylebone, 11

Maryport (Cumberland), 93

Matilda, Empress, 282, 285, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 318

Matthew of Westminster, 145, 148, 259, 335

Maude, Queen, 276, 277, 294, 295, 296

Maurice, Bishop of London, 259

Maurusius, Victorinus, 61

Maximian, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66

Maximus, Magnus, 72, 73

Measurement, Roman standard of, 119, 120

Medehamstede. See _Peterborough_

Mela, Pomponius, 22

Mellitus, Bishop of London, 147, 148, 155, 161, 162, 163, 194

Menapii, 64

Mercer’s Hall, 30

Merlin, prophecy of, 147

Middlesex Forest, 32

Mildred, Bishop of Worcester, 165

Milk Street, 30

Mincing Lane, 59, 125, 225, 244

Minters, under Edward the Confessor, 243; under Harold, 244; under Henry I., mutilation of, 276-277; under William the Conqueror, 244

Miskennings, 287

Mithraism, 75

Monasteries, 201, 203, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212

Monkwell Street, 124

Montfichet Tower, 259

Morality, state of, 247, 276, 301-302, 305

Mordred, sons of, 147, 148

Murder, fines for, 286

Mutilation, 216, 217, 276-277

National Council at Westminster in 1136, 293

Nennius, 145, 148

Nero, 22

Newgate, 82, 85, 123

Newgate Street, 118, 132, 158

Niger, 60

Norman families, 345-347; genealogies of, 348

Norman house, a, 326

Normans and English, fusion of, 338, 345

Norton, G., 286, 287, 288

Nunneries, 225

Nuns, costumes of, 225-226, 336

Ockley, 166

Offa, King of Essex, 164

Offa, King of Mercia, 38, 39, 164, 232

Olaf, King of Norway, 182, 185, 186, 187

Old Bailey, 118, 124

Old Broad Street, 244

Old Jewry, 260

Old Kent Road, 84

Ongar, 154

Orgar, 323

Osbert, Octodenarius (or Osbern Huitdeniers), 285, 363

Osborne, 190, 191

Oswy, King of Northumbria, 163

Othere, 203

Oxford Street, 79, 132

Oyster Gate, 351

Park (or Tyburn) Lane, 36, 129

Parks, Green, 13, 129; Hyde, 13; St. James, 13

Parliament, Acts of, 27

Paulinus, Suetonius, 22, 57

Paul’s Wharf, 326

Pax Romana, 68, 74

Penances, 214, 215

Pendragon, Uther, 145, 146, 147, 148

Pertinax, 60

Peter of Colechurch, 132, 189

Peterborough Abbey, 167, 212

Pevensey, 64

Picts, Raids of, 63, 65, 68, 71, 73, 112, 145

Pie Corner, 99, 100

Pirates, 62, 64, 65, 112

Plautius, Aulus, 23, 54, 55, 56, 128

Pluralism, 325

Plymouth, 166

Poor, feeding of, 219, 220

Population of Britain, 43

Porchester, 64

Portland, 166

Ports, London, 82, 83, 87, 125, 126, 129, 132

Portsoken, 206, 333, 346

Posidonius, 41, 142

Post Office, St. Martin’s-le-Grand, 115

Postumus, 60

Poultry, The, 245, 320

Prasutagus, 57

Prestwich, Professor J., 9, 13, 15

Price, Mr. J. E., 122, 123, 134

Priests, marriage of, 334-336, 345-346

Probus, Emperor, 61

Professional life in Bordeaux and London, 89, 90

Ptolemy, 84

Puddle Dock, 83, 327

Pytheas, 40, 41, 42, 45

Queen Street, 96

Queenhithe, 82, 83, 126, 198, 244, 325, 337

Rahere, 328

Ramsey Abbey, 212, 298

Reading, 167

“Recordatorium Civitatis,” 18

Reculver, 204

Religions, Pagan, 75, 81, 108, 109, 110, 161, 173, 221, 222, 223

Religious foundations, 208-215, 290, 328

Repton, 167

Ribchester, 22

Richborough, 22, 23, 64, 73, 85, 94, 204

Rivers: Effra, 26, 31; Falcon, 23; Fleet, 4, 12, 26, 27, 28, 29, 86, 321; Lea, 12, 14, 26, 30, 31, 54, 55; Ravensborne, 26, 31; Severn, 56; Thames, 4, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 29, 31, 34, 46, 50, 55, 100, 128, 129, 131, 139, 142, 155, 158, 166, 186, 302, 351; Tyburn, 26, 27; Walbrook, 26, 28, 29, 30, 34, 46, 55, 59, 81, 84, 85, 88, 321; Wandle, 26, 31; Westbourne, 26

Roads, 36, 42, 44, 49, 56, 58, 59, 79, 88, 94, 129, 132, 139, 202, 203, 204, 205, 245

Robert of Gloucester, 232

Robinson, Thomas, 159

Rochester, 74, 155, 166, 174

Rocque, 31

Roger of Wendover, 145, 147, 148, 297, 335

Roman occupation, 59; end of, 73

Roman remains, 29, 30, 35, 46, 59, 80, 81, 88, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 118, 119, 134, 137, 138, 353-355; Strype on, 356-360.

Roman villa, 91, 92, 138

Round, Mr. J. H., 260, 277, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 292, 293, 296, 299, 330, 333, 345, 346, 347

Rowena, 146

Royal Exchange, New, 100

Rugmere, 265

Sabinus, Flavius, 54

Sacred relics, 39, 40, 210

St. Albans, 22, 43, 75, 147, 297; massacre at, 57; government of, 74

St. Alphege, Churchyard of, 115, 124

St. Bartholomew, Priory of, 277, 328

St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 277, 328

St. Botolph’s Churchyard (Postmen’s Park), 116

St. Dunstan’s Hill, 96

St. Ethelburga, 164

St. Etheldreda, 224

St. Giles’s, Cripplegate, Churchyard of, 85, 115

St. Ives, sacked and burned, 298

St. John, Priory of, 277, 328

St. Mary Overies, 85, 326; Priory of, 212, 277

St. Osyth, 163, 164

St. Pancras, 265

Sandwich, 22, 182, 185, 204

Saxon incursions, 74

Saxon remains, 243-245

Saxons, 145, 146, 147, 148, 155, 161, 162, 165, 166, 172; characteristics of, 135, 136; in London, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 143, 157, 158, 160

Schools: Holy Trinity, 303; St. Anthony’s, 228; St. Martin’s-le-Grand, 212, 228, 305; St. Mary-le-Bow, 228; St. Paul’s, 212, 228, 305; Westminster, 243

Scots, raids of, 59, 60, 63, 65, 68, 71, 73, 112, 145

Seacoal Lane, 86

Sebert, King, 37, 39, 155, 161, 232; sons of, 161, 162, 163

Sees of London, York, and Caerleon, creation of, 19

Seething Lane, 244

Segorax, 21

Selds, 320

Senate, British, 64

Seneca, 110

Serpentine, the, 26

Settlers, fusion of, 69, 70

Severus, 60

Shaftesbury, Nunnery at, 212

Sharpe, 293, 299

Sheppey, 166

Shops, 337

Shore, Mr. T. W., 158, 160

Sigebert, King of the East Saxons, 163

Sighelm, 168

Sighere, King of East Saxons, 163

Silchester, 80, 94, 137

Size Lane, 164, 244

Slaves, 44, 83, 85, 89, 92, 137, 160, 162, 170, 171, 201, 216, 217, 218, 230, 342, 343

Smith, Mr. C. Roach, 67, 74, 86, 99, 100, 101, 110, 111, 115, 118, 124, 125

Smith, Mr. Worthington, 10

Smithfield, 271; fair at, 307-309

Soper’s Lane, 320

Southampton, 34, 166

Southwark, 12, 84, 88, 186, 188, 249, 250, 295

“Speculum,” 18

Spitalfields, Cemetery at, 96-98

Springs, 13, 29, 32; Badewell, 27; Clerkenwell, 27, 304; Fagswell, 27; Finchampstead, 27; Godwell, 27; Holy Well, 304; Loderswell, 27; Radwell, 27; St. Chad’s Well, 27; St. Clement’s Well, 304; Shepherd’s Well, 26; Skinnerswell, 27; Well Walk, Hampstead, 13

Spurrell, Mr. F. C. J., 10

Staines, 185, 186

Stangate, 129

Stangate Street, Lambeth, 36

Stanley, Dean, 11, 256, 257, 258, 260-261

Stephen, 275, 282, 285, 289-300

Stepney, 262-264, 268

“Sticking,” 222, 223

Stokesay Castle, near Ludlow, 326

Story, Joseph, 143

Stow, 17, 29, 96, 97, 98, 115, 119, 121, 133, 245, 299, 329, 356-360

Strabo, 22, 23

Strype, 17, 96, 97, 98, 115, 133, 356-360

Stubbs, Bishop, 276, 284, 337-338

Stukeley, Dr., 62, 63, 64, 95

Sturbridge, 47

Sturleson, Snorro, 130, 186

Superstitions and credulity, 210, 211, 221, 222, 223, 274, 298

Swegen, King of Denmark, 182, 183

Sylvius, 63, 64

Synods, 334, 335

Taxation, 73, 190, 273, 276, 280, 286, 287, 288, 337

Taximagul, 21

Temples in Roman London, 81

Tertullian, 74, 105

Tessellated pavements discovered in London, list of, 103-104

Tetrici, the, 60

Thames Embankments, discoveries in, 351-355

Thames foreshore, 105, 106, 125, 126, 127, 198, 325

Thames Street, 82, 93, 124, 157, 198, 322, 326, 327, 337

Thames Valley, 3, 4; ancient implements found in, 10, 11; earth movements in, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11; fossils of, 6, 9, 10, 11; geological strata of, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

Thanet, Isle of, 36, 41, 42, 166, 167

Theatre: in Roman London, 83, 85, 86, 90, 91; miracle plays, 312

Theodosius, 71, 72, 73, 113

Theomantius (or Temanticus), 19

Theonus, Archbishop of London, 147, 148

Thorney, 11, 26, 27, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 53, 129, 132, 135, 192, 231-236

Thorpe, Benjamin, 164, 215

Threadneedle Street, 81

Tin mines, 41, 42

Tintern Abbey, 203

Tite, Sir William, 28, 29, 30, 100, 105, 112, 124

Titus, 56

Tolls, 287

Tombs, 96, 97, 98, 100, 106, 107, 361-362; as landmarks, 107

Tomlinson, Thomas, 30

Tothill, 26

Tower of London, 88, 259, 294, 296, 302

Tower Hill, 115, 124, 244, 327

Trade, 23, 34, 37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 55, 58, 70, 74, 76, 79, 88, 93, 94, 110, 132, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 169, 170, 174, 175, 179, 180, 181, 198, 199, 200-208, 218, 261, 273, 306-307, 323-324, 337, 339; and coinage, 42, 202, 203; imports and exports, 46, 47, 132, 143, 310, 343-344

Trades Unions, 224

Traitors and rebels, punishment of, 171

Treves, Roman, compared with Roman London, 86-88

Trial by Ordeal, 215, 216, 286

Trials, criminal, 284; civil, 286

Trinobantes, 20, 21, 54, 55

Turner, Sharon, 203

Tyburn, 11, 266

Tynemouth Abbey, 212

Tyrants, the Thirty, 60

Urbicus, Lollius, 60

Uriconium, 137

Valentinian, 71

Valentinus, 72

Vere, Aubrey de, 294, 332

Verulam. See _St. Albans_

Vespasian, 54, 56

Victorinus, 60

Village tenure, 143

Vortigern, 145, 146, 147

Vortimer, 146, 148

Walbrook, 30, 47, 56, 81, 85, 88, 125, 126, 198, 244, 325

Wall, river-side, 124-127, 153, 177, 184, 302, 320, 325

Walsingham, 232

Waltham Abbey, 251

Walworth, 84

Wandsworth Island, 31

Wantsum, the, 204

Wards, 323

Ware, 177

Wareham, 168

Warren, Sir Charles, 96

Water Companies, 13

Water supply, 13, 14, 15, 321

Watling Street, 36, 37, 53, 88, 128, 129, 132, 136, 139, 244; Gate of, 124

Weapons, 42, 45, 172, 217, 218

Wearmouth Abbey, 211-212

Weever, 119

Westbourne Street, Chelsea, 26

Westbourne Terrace, 26

West Chepe, 158

West Chepe Market, 29, 30, 337

Westminster, 27, 56, 194, 266; King’s House at, 195, 234, 235, 272, 303

Whitaker, W., 11, 13

Whittington, 326

Wihtred, King, 158

William of Malmesbury, 273

William Rufus, 272-274, 275

William the Conqueror, 249-261, 270; coronation of, 256, 257, 258

Wilson, Archbishop, 219, 220

Winchelsea, 26

Winchester, 146, 147, 166, 167, 192, 296; Nunnery at, 212

Windows, 110, 111

Witan, 183, 190

Witanagemots: at London, 165, 166, 180; at Oxford, 191

Women: as courtesans, 274; education of, 224; morality of Danish, 171; occupations of, 224, 230; punishment of, 217, 222; treatment of captured, 162

Wood Street, 244, 320

Woodchester, Roman villa at, 91, 92

Woodward, H. B., 15

Woodward, Dr. John, 96, 118

Wool Quay, 105

Wren, Sir Christopher, 107, 134

Wright, Thomas, 60, 72, 74, 75, 190-191, 201, 215, 218, 224, 225

Wroxcester, 22, 94

Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester, 261

Wulnoth, Abbot of St. Peter’s, Thorney, 234

Wyngaerde’s Map, 114

York, 19, 58, 63, 68, 69, 73, 74, 94, 146, 147, 198; government of, 75

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_

[Publisher's Device]

A LIST OF BOOKS ON LONDON PUBLISHED BY A. & C. BLACK SOHO SQUARE LONDON · W.

The first instalment of Sir Walter Besant’s “Magnum Opus,” “The Survey of London.”

LONDON IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BY SIR WALTER BESANT _In One Volume, Demy 4to, Cloth, Gilt Top, 680 pages. Containing 104 Illustrations from Contemporary Prints, and a Map._

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SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS

HISTORY

James I.—Sir Walter Raleigh—Persecution of Roman Catholics—New River—_Booke of Sportes_—Colony of Virginia—Charles I.—Outbreak of Plague—Forced Loan—Assassination of Buckingham—Exasperation in the City—The Short Parliament—Attack on Spanish Ambassador—Strafford’s Death—The Civil War—The Trained Bands—Execution of the King—The Commonwealth—The Fifth Monarchy Men—Cromwell’s Death—The Restoration—Execution of the Regicides—Act of Uniformity—Charles closes the Exchequer—Quarrels between the City and the Commons—Court of Charles II.—James II.—Titus Oates’ sentence—Rising of Monmouth—The Bishops sent to the Tower—The Landing of William of Orange—Capture of Jeffreys—William III.—Lord Mayor’s Day—Queen Anne—The Case of Sacheverell.

RELIGION, GOVERNMENT, AND TRADE

The Puritan Character—The Laudian Persecution—Abolition of the Book of Common Prayer—Fanaticism—Zachary Crofton—James Naylor—Conventicles become Churches—Superstitions—William Lilly—Services for the Cramp Ring and King’s Evil—Sanctuary—Social Distinctions in the City—Crimping—Saltpetre-’Prentices—Trade—Silkworms—Imports—The Bank of England—The Royal Exchange and the New Exchange—Coinage—City Companies in Debt—The Irish Estates.

THE GREAT PLAGUE AND FIRE

Former Plague Records—Desertion of City—Pest Houses—Pepys’ Account—Defoe’s Account—Regulations for the Plague-stricken—The Symptoms of the Plague—Strange Nostrums—Charms—The Aspect of the City before the Fire—The Beginning of the Fire—The Destruction of Property—Amount of Damage estimated—What the Fire left—Origin of the Fire—People camped on Moorfields—Plans for Rebuilding—Another Plot to burn the City—Contemporary Evidence—Evelyn’s Account—Pepys’ Account—London rebuilt—Ogilby’s Map—The Suburbs and the City—Confusion of Property after the Fire—The River—Insanitary Condition of the City—Shops glazed for the first Time.

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS

Cost of Living—Rents—Furniture—Beer and other Drinks—No Forks in Use—Cost of Food—The Popularity of the Tavern—The First Use of Tea—The Virtue of Coffee—Coffee-Houses—Chocolate-Houses—Tobacco now universal—Puritanic Fashions—Dress of Gallants and Courtiers—Wigs—Pocket Mirrors—Patches and Powder—Kissing as common as Shaking Hands—Servants—City Tradesmen—Customs at Weddings—Funeral Ceremonies—No Coffins for Poor People—Places of Resort—Hyde Park and St. James’s Park—Spring Gardens—Leper Hospital at St. James’s—James I.’s Menagerie—New Spring Gardens at Vauxhall—Attractions of the Shop Girls—Theatres—The First Introduction of Women to the Stage—The Cockpit—Nell Gwynn—The Time of the Performances—Variation of the Plays—Wearing of Masks—Coarseness—Music very popular—The Fine Arts—Arundelian Collection—Raffaelle’s Work—Sports and Amusements—Puritan Suppression of Sunday Games—Bear-baiting and other Brutal Sports—Fairs—Athletic Sports—Hunting—Predilection of King James I. for the Chase—Bowling-Alleys—Fencing—Mohocks—Wrestling—St. Bartholomew’s Fair—Coaches—Tolls for Road Repair—Punishment and Crime—Severity of the Punishments—Branding, Pillory, Boring through the Tongue with a Hot Iron—Case of Alexander Leighton—Earl of Oxford’s False Marriage—Lord Sanquhar’s Revenge—Prisoners for Debt—Tricks—“The Brave Shifter”—Usurers—Brokers—Public Morality and the Lord Mayor’s Proclamation—General Notes—Scarcity of Public Inns—Gentlemen carried Large Fans—Strange Processions—Horn Fair.

APPENDICES

The Court of Charles II.—List of the London Clergy ejected—List of Almshouses founded in the Seventeenth Century—Composition of the Lords and Commons—The New Buildings of London—Rules for Enlargement of the Streets—Gardens.

SOME PRESS OPINIONS

“Most readable and interesting.... It is a mine in which the student alike of topography and of manners and customs may dig and dig again with the certainty of finding something new and interesting.”—_The Times._

“No lover of London can fail to be grateful to the late Sir Walter for his many carefully studied pictures of its ancient life, pictures often quaint and amusing, and bearing always the mark of earnest and minute research.... The general reader will find in this volume a world of interesting suggestion.”—_The Daily Chronicle._

“We are again reminded of the vast debt which London owes to the late Sir Walter Besant by the appearance of this sumptuously printed and beautifully illustrated book, the second volume of his great Survey of London—unquestionably his _magnum opus_, upon which his fame will chiefly rest.... A book which should be in the library of every one who takes an intelligent interest in the history and development of London.”—_The Daily Telegraph._

“The pen of the ready writer here is fluent; the picture wants nothing in completeness. The records of the city and the kingdom have been ransacked for facts and documents, and they are here marshalled with consummate skill. In surveying the political history of London from James I. to Queen Anne, Sir Walter Besant reveals himself as an unsparing and impartial historian, and in this respect alone the work must command our admiration and our praise. But there is also included the most vivid presentation of the story of the Great Plague and the Great Fire that has ever been brought between the covers of one book.”—_The Pall Mall Gazette._

“There is not a dull page in the book, and the fact that the treatment is somewhat discursive makes the volume more delightful. We can give no idea of its variety and its charm, but every one who wishes to know the London of two hundred and fifty years ago will feel, as he opens this volume, that he has stepped back into that world of great events, and will live again through its civil discord, its Plague, and Fire, and its strange superstitions.”—_The London Quarterly Review._

“_Nothing at all like it has ever been attempted before._”—WALTER BESANT.

The third instalment of Sir Walter Besant’s“Magnum Opus.”

LONDON IN THE TIME OF THE TUDORS BY SIR WALTER BESANT _In One Volume, Demy 4to, Cloth, Gilt Top, 440 pages. Containing 146 Illustrations, mostly from Contemporary Prints, and a reproduction of Agas’s Map of London in 1560._

PRICE 30s. NET

CONTENTS

TUDOR SOVEREIGNS

CHAP. 1. HENRY VII. 2. HENRY VIII. 3. EDWARD VI. 4. MARY. 5. ELIZABETH. 6. THE QUEEN IN SPLENDOUR.

RELIGION

1. THE DISSOLUTION AND THE MARTYRS. 2. THE PROGRESS OF THE REFORMATION. 3. SUPERSTITION.

ELIZABETHAN LONDON

1. WITH STOW. 2. CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE. 3. THE CITIZENS.

GOVERNMENT AND TRADE OF THE CITY.

1. THE MAYOR. 2. TRADE. 3. LITERATURE AND ART. 4. GOG AND MAGOG.

SOCIAL LIFE.

1. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 2. FOOD AND DRINK. 3. DRESS—WEDDINGS. 4. SOLDIERS. 5. THE ’PRENTICE. 6. THE LONDON INNS. 7. THEATRES AND SPORTS. 8. THE POOR. 9. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT.

PRESS OPINIONS

“Altogether it forms without question not only a monument to Sir Walter Besant’s affectionate enthusiasm for London, and devotion to what he regarded as the great task of his life, but an almost unrivalled popular presentation of English life and manners in the metropolis during the age of the Tudors.”—_Glasgow Herald._

“A vivid and fascinating picture of London life in the sixteenth century—a novelist’s picture, full of life and movement, yet with the accurate detail of an antiquarian treatise.”—_The Contemporary Review._

“Of books on London we hail all and every one, since none can be so wholly bad that nothing can be learnt from its perusal; of this exceptionally able achievement we believe that, whilst its high aim should act as a stimulus to further endeavour, it will be long before the literature of ancient London is enriched by a more fascinating work of introspection.”—_The Times._

“There is not space to analyse this fine book to any adequate extent, and the temptation to enlarge upon it grows with the perusal of its fascinating pages.... For the student, as well as for those desultory readers who are drawn by the rare fascination of London to peruse its pages, this book will have a value and a charm which are unsurpassed by any of its predecessors.”—_Pall Mall Gazette._

“We know of no book that is calculated to interest lovers of this great city of ours to a greater degree than this posthumous contribution of a gifted writer to what he himself loved so well—the history of London.”—_Daily Chronicle._

“This splendidly appointed volume, with its wealth of illustrations from the work of contemporary artists, as well as writers, is in keeping with its important subject, and, with its companion volumes, forms a monumental work that will assuredly go down to the far future.”—_Aberdeen Free Press._

“_I have been walking about London for the last thirty years, and I find something fresh in it every day._”—WALTER BESANT.

The fourth instalment of Sir Walter Besant’s“Magnum Opus.”

MEDIÆVAL LONDON Vol. I. Historical and Social · Vol. II. Ecclesiastical BY SIR WALTER BESANT _In Two Volumes, Demy 4to, Cloth, Gilt Top. Profusely Illustrated._ EACH 30s. NET

CONTENTS

VOL. I.