Chapter 31

[_misprinted 1102, and see Transcriber’s Note at beginning of selection_]

_Ascham’s Advice_:

in great men’s service [_’ invisible_]

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

The Babees Book,

OR A ‘LYTYL REPORTE’ OF HOW YOUNG PEOPLE SHOULD BEHAVE.

[_MS. Harl._ 5086, _fol._ 86-90; _ab._ 1475 A.D.]

[Transcriber’s Note:

In the printed book, some line numbers were shifted to avoid collision with the pilcrow symbol at the beginning of each seven-line stanza. For this e-text, line numbers have been regularized to multiples of 4.]

++In this tretys the which{e} I thenke to wryte Out of latyn in-to my comvne langage, He me supporte (sen I kan nat endyte), The which{e} only after his owne ymage 4 Fourmyd man-kynde! For alle of tendre age In curtesye Resseyve shulle document, And vertues knowe, by this lytil coment.

[Sidenote: My God, support me while I translate this treatise from Latin. It shall teach those of tender age.]

¶ And Facett seyth{e} the Book of curtesye, 8 Vertues to knowe, thaym forto haue and vse, Is thing moste heelfull{e} in this worlde trevly. Therfore in feyth{e} I wole me nat excuse From this labour ywys, nor hit Refuse; 12 For myn owne lernynge wole I say su{m}me thing That touchis vertues and curtesye havyng.

[Sidenote: To know and practise virtues is the most profitable thing in the world.]

¶ But, O yonge Babees, whom{e} bloode Royall{e} With{e} grace, Feture, and hyh{e} habylite 16 Hath{e} eno{ur}myd, on yow ys that I call{e} To knowe this Book; for it were grete pyte, Syn that in yow ys sette sovereyne beaute, But yf vertue and nurture were with{e} all{e}; 20 To yow therefore I speke in specyall{e},

[Sidenote: Young Babies, adorned with grace, I call on you to know this book (for Nurture should accompany beauty),]

¶ And nouht{e} to hem of elde that ben{e} experte In governau{n}ce, nurture, and honeste. For what nedys to yeve helle peynes smerte, 24 Ioye vnto hevene, or water vnto the see,

[Sidenote: [Fol. 86b.]]

Heete to the Fyre that kan nat but hoote be? It nedys nouht{e}: therfore, O Babees yynge, My Book only is made for youre lernynge. 28

[Sidenote: and not on aged men expert therein. Why add pain to hell, water to the sea, or heat to fire? Babies, my book is for you only,]

¶ Therfore I pray that no man Reprehende This lytyl Book, the which{e} for yow I make; But where defaute ys, latte ylke man amende, And nouht{e} deme yt; [I] pray thaym for youre sake. 32 For other mede ywys I kepe noon{e} take But that god wolde this Book myht{e} yche man plese, And in lernynge vnto yow do{n}ne so{m}me ese.

[Sidenote: and so I hope no one will find fault with it, but only amend it. The only reward I seek is that my book may please all and improve you.]

¶ Eke, swete children, yf ther{e} be eny worde 36 That yee ke{n}ne nouht{e}, spyrre whils yee yt ken; Wha{n}ne yee yt knowe, yee mowe holde yt in horde, Thus thurh{e} spyrryng yee mowe lerne at wyse men. Also thenke nouht{e} to st{ra}ungely at my penne, 40 In this metre for yow lyste to procede, Men vsen yt; therfore on hit take hede.

[Sidenote: If you don’t know any word in it, ask till you do, and then keep hold of it. And do not wonder at this being in metre.]

¶ But amonge alle that I thenke of to telle, My purpos ys first only forto trete 44 How yee Babees in housholde that done duelle Shulde haue your{e} sylf whe{n}ne yee be sette at mete, And how yee shulde, whe{n}ne men lyste yow Rehete, Haue wordes lovly, swete, bleste, and benyngne. 48 In this helpe me O Marie, Modir dyngne!

[Sidenote: I must first describe how you Babies who dwell in households should behave at meals, and be ready with lovely and benign words when you are spoken to.]

¶ And eke, O lady myn, Facecia! My pe{n}ne thow guyde, and helpe vnto me shewe;

[Sidenote: [Fol. 87.]]

For as the firste off alle lettres ys the A, 52 So Artow firste Modir of alle vertue. Off myn vnku{n}nynge, swete lady, now Rewe; And thouh{e} vntauht{e} I speke of governau{n}ce, With{e} thy swete helpe supporte myn ygnorau{n}ce. 56

[Sidenote: Lady Facetia, help me! Thou art the Mother of all Virtue. Help the ignorance of me untaught!]

++A, Bele Babees, herkne now to my lore! Whe{n}ne yee entre into yo{ur} lordis place, Say first, “god spede;” And alle that ben byfore Yow in this stede, salue with{e} humble Face; 60 Stert nat Rudely; ko{m}me Inne an esy pace; Holde vp youre heede, and knele but on oone kne To youre sovereyne or lorde, whedir he be.

[Sidenote: Fair Babies, when you enter your lord’s place, say “God speed,” and salute all there. Kneel on one knee to your lord.]

¶ And yf they speke with{e} yow at youre komynge, 64 With{e} stable Eye loke vpon{e} theym Riht{e}, To theyre tales and yeve yee goode herynge Whils they haue seyde; loke eke with{e} alle yo{ur} myht{e} Yee Iangle nouht{e}, also caste nouht{e} yo{ur} syht{e} 68 Aboute the hovs, but take to theym entent With{e} blyth{e} vysage, and spiryt diligent.

[Sidenote: If any speak to you, look straight at them, and listen well till they have finished; do not chatter or let your eyes wander about the house.]

¶ Whe{n}ne yee Answere or speke, yee shull{e} be purveyde What yee shall{e} say / speke eke thing fructuous; 72 On esy wyse latte thy Reson{e} be sayde

[Sidenote: [Fol. 87b.]]

In wordes gentyll{e} and also compendious, For many wordes ben riht{e} Tedious To ylke wyseman that shall{e} yeve audience; 76 Thaym to eschewe therfore doo diligence.

[Sidenote: Answer sensibly, shortly, and easily. Many words are a bore to a wise man.]

¶ Take eke noo seete, but to stonde be yee preste; Whils forto sytte ye haue in komau{n}dement, Youre heede, youre hande, yo{ur} feet, holde yee in reste; 80 Nor thurh{e} clowyng, yo{ur} flesshe loke yee nat Rent; Lene to no poste whils that ye stande present Byfore yo{ur} lorde, nor handyll{e} ye no thyng Als for that tyme vnto the hovs touching. 84

[Sidenote: Stand till you are told to sit: keep your head, hands, and feet quiet: don’t scratch yourself, or lean against a post, or handle anything near.]

¶ At eu{er}y tyme obeye vnto youre lorde Whe{n}ne yee answere, ellis stonde yee styl as stone But yf he speke; loke with{e} oon accorde That yf yee se ko{m}me Inne eny p{er}sone 88 Better tha{n}ne yee, that yee goo bak anoone And gyff him place; your{e} bak eke in no way Turne on no wiht{e}, as ferforth{e} as ye may.

[Sidenote: Bow to your lord when you answer. If any one better than yourself comes in, retire and give place to him. Turn your back on no man.]

¶ Yiff that youre lorde also yee se drynkynge, 92 Looke that ye be in riht{e} stable sylence With{e}-oute lowde lauht{e}re or Iangelynge, Rovnynge, Iapynge, or other Insolence. Yiff he komau{n}de also in his presence 96 Yow forto sytte, fulfill{e} his wylle belyve, And for youre seete, looke nat with{e} other stryve,

[Sidenote: Be silent while your lord drinks, not laughing, whispering, or joking. If he tells you to sit down, do so at once.]

¶ Whe{n}ne yee er sette, take noon{e} vnhoneste tale;

[Sidenote: [Fol. 88.]]

Eke forto skorne eschewe with{e} alle yo{ur} myht{e}; 100 Latte ay youre chere be lowly, blyth{e}, and hale, With{e}-oute chidynge as that yee wolde fyht{e}. Yiff yee p{er}ceyve also that eny wiht{e} Lyst yow ko{m}mende that better be tha{n}ne yee, 104 Ryse vp anoon{e}, and thanke him with{e} herte free.

[Sidenote: Then don’t talk dirt, or scorn any one, but be meek and cheerful. If your better praises you, rise up and thank him heartily.]

¶ Yif that yee se youre lorde or y{o}ure lady Touching the housholde speke of eny thinge, Latt theym alloone, for that is curtesy, 108 And entremete yow nouht{e} of theyre doynge, But be Ay Redy with{e}-oute feynynge At hable tyme to done yo{ur} lorde service, So shall{e} yee gete anoon{e} a name of price. 112

[Sidenote: When your lord or lady is speaking about the household, don’t you interfere, but be always ready to serve at the proper time,]

¶ Also to brynge drynke, holde liht{e} wha{n}ne tyme ys, Or to doo that which{e} ouht{e} forto be done, Looke yee be preste, for so yee shall{e} ywys In nurture gete a gentyl name ful sone; 116 And yif ye shulde at god aske yow a bone Als to the worlde, better in noo degre Miht{e} yee desire tha{n}ne nurtred forto be.

[Sidenote: to bring drink, hold lights, or anything else, and so get a good name. The best prayer you can make to God is to be well mannered.]

¶ Yif that youre lorde his owne coppe lyste co{m}mende 120 To yow to drynke, ryse vp wha{n}ne yee it take, And resseyve it goodly with{e} booth{e} youre hende; Of yt also to nõõne other profre ye make, But vnto him that brouht{e} yt yee hit take 124

[Sidenote: [Fol. 88b.]]

Whe{n}ne yee haue done, for yt in no kyn wyse Auht{e} comvne be, as techis vs the wyse.

[Sidenote: If your lord offers you his cup, rise up, take it with both hands, offer it to no one else, but give it back to him that brought it.]

¶ Now must I telle in shorte, for I muste so, Youre observau{n}ce that ye shall{e} done at none; 128 Whe{n}ne that ye se youre lorde to mete shall{e} goo, Be redy to fecche him water sone; Su{m}me helle[1] water; su{m}me holde to he hath{e} done The cloth{e} to him; And from him yee nat pace 132 Whils he be sette, and haue herde sayde the grace.

[Sidenote: At Noon, when your lord is ready for dinner, some pour water on him, some hold the towel for him till he has finished, and don’t leave till grace is said.]

¶ Byfore him stonde whils he komau{n}de yow sytte, With{e} clene handes Ay Redy him to serve; Whe{n}ne yee be sette, yo{ur} knyf with{e} alle yo{ur} wytte 136 Vnto youre sylf both{e} clene and sharpe conserve, That honestly yee mowe yo{ur} owne mete kerve. Latte curtesye and sylence with{e} yow duelle, And foule tales looke noone to other telle. 140

[Sidenote: Stand by your lord till he tells you to sit, then keep your knife clean and sharp to cut your food. Be silent, and tell no nasty stories.]

¶ Kutte with{e} yo{ur} knyf yo{ur} brede, and breke yt nouht{e}; A clene Trenchour byfore yow eke ye lay, And whe{n}ne yo{ur} potage to yow shall{e} be brouht{e}, Take yow sponys, and soupe by no way, 144 And in youre dysshe leve nat yo{ur} spone, I pray, Nor on the borde lenynge be yee nat sene, But from embrowyng the cloth{e} yee kepe clene.

[Sidenote: Cut your bread, don’t break it. Lay a clean trencher before you, and eat your broth with a spoon, don’t sup it up. Don’t leave your spoon in your dish. Don’t lean on the table, or dirty the cloth.]

¶ Oute ou{er}e youre dysshe yo{ur} heede yee nat hynge, 148 And with{e} fulle mouth{e} drynke in no wyse; Youre nose, yo{ur} teeth{e}, yo{ur} naylles, from pykynge,

[Sidenote: [Fol. 89.]]

Kepe At your mete, for so techis the wyse. Eke or ye take in youre mouthe, yow avyse, 152 So mekyl mete but that yee riht{e} well{e} mowe Answere, And speke, whe{n}ne men speke to yow.

[Sidenote: Don’t hang your head over your dish, or eat with a full mouth, or pick your nose, teeth, and nails, or stuff your mouth so that you can’t speak.]

¶ Wha{n}ne ye shall{e} drynke, yo{ur} mouthe clence with{e} A cloth{e}; Youre handes eke that they in no manere 156 Imbrowe the cuppe, for tha{n}ne shull{e} noon{e} be loth{e} With{e} yow to drynke that ben with{e} yow yfere. The salte also touche nat in his salere With{e} nokyns mete, but lay it honestly 160 On youre Trenchoure, for that is curtesy.

[Sidenote: Wipe your mouth when you drink, and don’t dirty the cup with your hands. Don’t dip your meat in the salt-cellar,]

¶ Youre knyf with{e} mete to yo{ur} mouthe nat bere, And in youre hande nor holdẽ yee yt no way; Eke yf to yow be brouht{e} goode metys sere, 164 Luke curteysly of ylke mete yee assay, And yf yo{ur} dysshe with{e} mete be tane away And better brouht{e}, curtesye wole certeyne Yee late yt passe and calle it nat ageyne. 168

[Sidenote: or put your knife in your mouth. Taste every dish that’s brought to you, and when once your plate is taken away, don’t ask for it again.]

¶ And yf st{ra}ungers with{e} yow be sette at mete, And vnto yow goode mete be brouht{e} or sente, With{e} parte of hit goodely yee theym Rehete, For yt ys nouht{e} ywys convenyent 172 With{e} yow at mete, wha{n}ne other ben present, Alle forto holde that vnto yow ys brouht{e}, And as wrecches on other vouchesauf nouht{e}.

[Sidenote: If strangers dine with you, share all good food sent to you with them. It’s not polite to keep it all to yourself.]

[Sidenote: [Fol. 89b.]]

¶ Kutte nouht{e} youre mete eke as it were Felde men, 176 That to theyre mete haue suche an appetyte That they ne rekke in what wyse, where ne when, Nor how vngoodly they on theyre mete twyte; But, swete children, haue al-wey yo{ur} delyte 180 In curtesye, and in verrey gentylnesse, And at youre myht{e} eschewe boystousnesse.

[Sidenote: Don’t cut your meat like field labourers, who have such an appetite they don’t care how they hack their food. Sweet children, let your delight be courtesy, and eschew rudeness.]

¶ Wha{n}ne chese ys brouht{e}, A Trenchoure ha ye clene On which{e} with{e} clene knyf [ye] yo{ur} chese mowe kerve; 184 In your fedynge luke goodly yee be sene. And from Iangelyng yo{ur} tunge al-wey conserve, For so ywys yee shall{e} a name deserve Off gentylnesse and of goode governau{n}ce, 188 And in vertue al-wey youre silf avau{n}ce.

[Sidenote: Have a clean trencher and knife for your cheese, and eat properly. Don’t chatter either, and you shall get a good repute for gentleness.]

¶ Wha{n}ne that so ys that ende shall{e} kome of mete, Youre knyffes clene, where they ouht{e} to be, Luke yee putte vp{pe}; and holde eke yee yo{ur} seete 192 Whils yee haue wasshe, for so wole honeste. Whe{n}ne yee haue done, looke tha{n}ne goodly that yee With{e}-oute lauht{e}r{e}, Iapynge, or boystous worde, Ryse vp{pe}, and goo vnto youre lordis borde, 196

[Sidenote: When the meal is over, clean your knives, and put them in their places; keep your seats till you’ve washed; then rise up without laughing or joking, and go to your lord’s table.]

¶ And stonde yee there, and passe yee him nat fro Whils grace ys sayde and brouht{e} vnto an ende, Tha{n}ne so{m}me of yow for water owe to goo, So{m}me holde the clothe, so{m}me poure vpõn his hende. 200

[Sidenote: [Fol. 90.]]

Other service tha{n}ne this I myht{e} comende To yow to done, but, for the tyme is shorte, I putte theym nouht{e} in this lytyl Reporte,

[Sidenote: Stand there till grace is said. Then some of you go for water, some hold the towel, some pour water over his hands. Other things I shall not put in this little Report,]

¶ But ou{er}e I passe, prayyng with{e} spyrit gladde 204 Of this labour that no wiht{e} me detray, But where to lytyl ys, latte him more adde, And whe{n}ne to myche ys, latte him take away; For thouh{e} I wolde, tyme wole that I no more say; 208 I leve therfore, And this Book I directe To eu{er}y wiht{e} that lyste yt to correcte.

[Sidenote: but skip over, praying that no one will abuse me for this work. Let readers add or take away: I address it to every one who likes to correct it.]

¶ And, swete children, for whos love now I write, I yow beseche with{e} verrey lovande herte, 212 To knowe this book that yee sette yo{ur} delyte; And myht{e}full{e} god, that suffred peynes smerte, In curtesye he make yow so experte, That thurh{e} yo{ur} nurture and youre governau{n}ce 216 In lastynge blysse yee mowe yo{ur} self auau{n}ce!

[Sidenote: Sweet children, I beseech you know this book, and may God make you so expert therein that you may attain endless bliss.]

[Footnote 1: _helde_, pour out; A.S. _hyldan_, to incline, bend.]

* * * * * * * * *

¶ Lerne or be Lewde.

[Sidenote: [Fol. 90b.]]

To Amerous, to Au{n}terous, ne Angre the nat to muche; To Bolde, ne to Besy, ne Bourde nat to large; To Curteys, to Cruell{e}, ne Care nat to sore; To Dulle, ne to Dredefull{e}, ne Drynke nat to offte; 4 To Elenge, to Excellent, ne to Carefulle neythur; To Fers, ne to Famuler, but Frendely of Chere; To gladde, ne to Glorious, and Gelousy thow hate; To Hasty, to Hardy, ne to Hevy in thyn Herte; 8 To Iettyng, ne to Iangelyng, and Iape nat to ofte; To Kynde, ne to Kepyng, and warr{e} Knavis tacches; To Loth{e}, ne to Lovyng, ne to Lyberall{e} of goode; To Medlous, to Mury, but as goode Maner askith{e}; 12 To noyous, ne to Nyce, ne to Newfangyll{e}; To Orped, to Overtwert, and Othes, s{ir}, thow hate; To Preysyng, to Preve with{e} Prynces and Dukes; To Queynt, to Querelous, and Queme well{e} thy maistre; 16 To Riotous, to Revelyng, ne Rage nat to muche; To Strau{n}ge, ne to Steryng, ne Stare nat abroode; To Toyllous, to Talevys, for Temp{er}au{n}ce it hatith{e}; To Vengable, to Envious, and waste nat to muche; 20 To Wylde, to Wrathefull{e}, and Wade nat to depe; A Mesurable Mene way ys beste for vs alle;

¶ Yitte. Lerne. or. Be. Lewde.

[Sidenotes: Don’t be too loving or angry, bold or busy, courteous or cruel or cowardly, and don’t drink too often, [E] or be too lofty or anxious, but friendly of cheer. [G] Hate jealousy, be not too hasty or daring; joke not too oft; ware knaves’ tricks. Don’t be too grudging or too liberal, too meddling, [N] too particular, new-fangled, or too daring. Hate oaths and [P] flattery. [Q] Please well thy master. Don’t be too rackety, [S] or go out too much. [V] Don’t be too revengeful or wrathful, and wade not too deep. The middle path is the best for us all.]

[A Dietary given ‘vnto Kyng Herry v^te’ ‘by Sigismounde, Emp{er}our of Rome,’ follows, leaf 91. The colophon (leaf 98, back) is ‘¶ Thus endith{e} this Dyetarye Compyled And made by Plato and Petrus Lucratus, Grete Philosophers and Astronomers.’]

_A complete copy of the A B C Alliterative Poem of which the foregoing LERNE OR BE LEWDE is a fragment, occurs in the Lambeth MS. 853, and is therefore added here._

* * * * * * * * *

The A B C of Aristotle.

[_Lambeth _MS. 853_, ab. 1430 A.D., page 30, written without breaks._]

++Who-so wilneþ to be wijs, & worschip desiriþ, Lerne he oo lettir, & looke on anothir Of þe .a. b. c. of aristotil: argue not aȝen þat: It is cou{n}cel for riȝt manye clerkis & knyȝtis a þousand, 4 And eek it myȝte ameende a man ful ofte For to leerne lore of oo lettir, & his lijf saue; For to myche of ony þing was neu{er}e holsum. Reede ofte on þis rolle, & rewle þ{o}u þer aftir; 8 Who-so be greued in his goost, gou{er}ne hi{m} bettir; Blame he not þe barn þat þis .a. b. c. made, But wite he his wickid will & his werk aftir; It schal neu{er}e greue a good man þouȝ þe gilti be meendid. 12 Now herkeneþ & heeriþ how y bigy{n}ne.

[Sidenote: [Page 31.]]

+A+ to amerose, to au{n}terose, ne argue not to myche. +B+ to bolde, ne to bisi, ne boorde not to large. +C+ to curteis, to cruel, ne care not to sore. +D+ to dul, ne to dreedful, ne drinke not to ofte. +E+ to elenge, ne to excellent, ne to eernesful neiþ{er}. +F+ to fers, ne to famuler, but freendli of cheere. +G+ to glad, ne to gloriose, & gelosie þou hate. +H+ to hasti, ne to hardi, ne to heuy in þine herte. +I+ to iettynge, ne to iangelinge, ne iape not to ofte. +K+ to kinde, ne to kepynge, & be waar of knaue tacchis. +L+ to looth for to leene, ne to liberal of goodis. +M+ to medelus, ne to myrie, but as mesure wole it meeue. +N+ to noiose, ne to nyce, ne use no new iettis. +O+ to orped, ne to ou{er}þwart, & ooþis þou hate. +P+ to pr{e}sing, ne to p{re}uy w{i}t{h} p{ri}ncis ne w{i}t{h} dukis;

[Sidenote: * Page 32.]

+Q+ to queynte, ne[*] to quarelose, but queeme weel ȝoure souereyns. +R+ to riotus, to reueling, ne rage not to rudeli. +S+ to strau{n}ge, ne to stirynge, ne strau{n}geli to stare. +T+ to toilose, ne to talewijs, for temperau{n}ce is beest. +V+ to venemose, ne to ve{n}iable, & voide al vilonye. +W+ to wielde, ne to wraþful, neiþ{er} waaste, ne waade not to depe,

¶ For a mesurable meene is eu{er}e þe beste of alle.

[“Whi is þis world biloued” follows.]

_See two other copies of this _A B C_ in Harl. MS. 541, fol. 213 and 228._

The copy on fol. 213 has the exordium as prose, thus:

Who so wyll{e} be wyse, and worspyp{pe} to wynne, leerñ he on lettur, and loke vpon an other of the .A. B. C. of Arystotle; nooñ Argument agaynst that. ffor it is counsell{e} for clerk{is} and knyght{is} a thowsand{e}. And also it myght{e} amend{e} a meane man, fulle oft the lernyng of A lettur, and his lyf save. It shal not greve a good man though gylt be amend{e}. rede on this ragment / and rule the theraft{e}r. The copy on fol. 228 has no Introduction.

COLLATION

[Transcriber’s Note:

The following text is repeated from its original location in the Collations and Corrigenda section immediately after the Preface.]

_The A B C of Aristotle_, Harl. MS. 1706, fol. 94, collated by Mr Brock, omits the prologue, and begins after l. 14 with, “Here be-gynneth{e} Arystoles A B C. made be mayster Benett.”

A, _for_ argue not _read_ Angre the B, _omit_ ne; _for_ not to large _read_ thou nat to brode D, „ „ ; _for_ not _read_ thow nat E, „ „ ; _for_ to eernesful _read_ ne curyons F, _for_ fers, famuler, freendli, _read_ Ferde, familier, frenfull{e} G, _omit_ to; _for_ & gelosie þou hate, _read_ Ne to galaunt never H, _for_ in þine _read_ off I, _for_ iettynge _read_ Iocunde; _for_ iape not to _read_ Ioye thow nat K, _omit_ to _and_ &; _for_ knaue _read_ knaves L, _for_ for to leene _read_ ne to lovyng; _for_ goodis _read_ woordys M, _for_ medelus _read_ Mellous; _for_ but as mesure wole it meeue _read_ ne to besynesse vnleffull{e} N, _for_ ne use no new iettis _read_ ne nought{e} to neffangle O, _for_ ouerþwart _read_ ouertwarth{e}; _for_ & ooþis þou hate _read_ Ne othez to haunte Q, _for_ quarelose _read_ querelous; _for_ weel ȝoure souereyns _read_ men all{e} abowte R, _omit the second_ to; _for_ not to rudeli _read_ thou nat but lyte S, _for_ ne straungeli to stare _read_ Ne starte nat abowte T, _for_ for temperaunce is best _read_ But temp{er}ate euer{e} V, _for_ ne &c. _read_ ne violent Ne waste nat to moche W, _for_ neiþer &c. _read_ Ne to wyse deme the

¶ _for_ is euere þe beste of _read_ ys best for vs

_Add_ =X Y Z= x y wych{e} esed & p{er} se. Tytell{e} Tytell{e} Tytell{e} thañ Esta Amen.

* * * * * * * * *

Urbanitatis.

[_MS. Cott. Calig. A. II., ab. 1460 A.D., fol. 88, col. 2._]

Who-so wyll{e} of nurtur lere, Herken to me & ȝe shall{e} here. [a] When þ{o}u comeste be-fore a lorde In halle, yn bowre, or at þe borde, 4 [b] Hoode or kappe þ{o}u of þo. Ere þ{o}u come hym all{e} vn-to, [c] Twyse or þryse w{i}t{h}-oute{n} dowte To þ{a}t lorde þ{o}u moste lowte, 8 W{i}t{h} þy Ryȝth kne lette h{i}t be do, Thy worshyp þ{o}u mayst saue so. [d] Holde of þy cappe & þy hood also Tyll{e} þ{o}u be byden h{i}t on to do; 12 All{e} þe whyle þ{o}u spekest w{i}t{h} hym, [e] Fayr & louely holde vp þy chyn{n}, So aft{ur} þe nurtur of þe book [f] In h{i}s face louely þ{o}u loke; 16 [g] Foot & hond þ{o}u kepe full{e} stylle Fro clawyng or tryppy{n}g, h{i}t ys skylle; [h] Fro spettyng & snetyng kepe þe also; [i] Be p{ri}uy of voydance, & lette h{i}t go. 20 And loke þ{o}u be wyse & fell{e}, [k] And þ{er}to also þ{a}t þow gouerne þe well{e}. [l] In-to þe halle when þ{o}u dost wende Amonge þe genteles gode & hende, 24 [m] Prece þ{o}u not vp to hyȝ for no þy{n}g, Nor for þy hyȝ blood, ner{e} for þy ko{n}ny{n}g, Noþ{ur} to sytte, neþ{ur} to lene, For h{i}t ys neyþ{ur} good ne clene. 28 [n] Lette not þy co{n}tynaunce also abate, For good nurt{ur} wyll{e} saue þy state; Fadyr & modyr, what eu{ur} þey be, Well{e} ys þe chylde þ{a}t may the: 32 [o] In halle, in chambur, or{e} wher{e} þ{o}u gon, Nurtur & good maners makeþ man. To þe nexte degre loke þ{o}u wysely [p] To do hem Reu{er}ence by and by: 36 Do hem no Reu{er}ens, but sette all{e} i{n} Rowe But ȝyf þ{o}u þe bett{ur} do hym knowe.

[Sidenote: [Fol. 86, back, col. 1.]]

To þe mete when þ{o}u art sette, Fayre & honestly thow ete hyt: 40 [q] Fyrste loke þ{a}t þy handes be clene, And þ{a}t þy knyf be sharpe & kene; And cutte þy breed & all{e} þy mete Ryȝth euen as þ{o}u doste h{i}t ete. 44 [r] If þ{o}u sytte be a worthyor man Then þy self thow art on, Suffre hym fyrste to towche þe mete Er{e} þy self any þ{er}-of gete; 48 [s] To þe beste morsell{e} þ{o}u may not stryke Thowȝ þ{o}u neu{ur} so well{e} h{i}t lyke. [t] Also kepe þy hondys fayr{e} & well{e} Fro fylynge of the towell{e}, 52 Ther-on þ{o}u shalt not þy nose wype; Noþ{ur} at þy mete þy toth þ{o}u pyke; [v] To depe i{n} þy cuppe þ{o}u may not synke Thowȝ þ{o}u haue good wyll{e} to drynke, 56 Leste þy eyen water þer{e} by, Then ys hyt no curtesy. [x] Loke yn þy mowth be no mete When þ{o}u begy{n}neste to dry{n}ke or speke; 60 Also when þ{o}u sest any man drynkyng That taketh hede of þy karpyng, Soone a-non þ{o}u sece þy tale, Wheþ{ur} he drynke wyne or Ale. 64 [y] Loke also þ{o}u skorne no mon In what þe[gre] [A] þ{o}u se hym gon; Nor þ{o}u shalte no mon Repreue [B] Ȝyf þ{o}u wylt þy owen worshyp saue, 68 For suche wordys þ{o}u myȝth out kaste Sholde make þe to lyue i{n} euell{e} reste; [z] Close þyn honde yn þy feste, And kepe þe well{e} from hadde-y-wyste. 72

[Sidenote: [Fol. 86, back, col. 2.]]

[aa] In chamb{ur} among ladyes bryȝth, Kepe þy tonge & spende þy syȝth; [ab] Lawȝe þ{o}u not w{i}t{h} no grette cry, Ne Rage þ{o}u not w{i}t{h} Rybawdry. 76 Pley þ{o}u not but w{i}t{h} þy peres; [ac] Ne telle þ{o}u not þ{a}t þ{o}u heres, Nor dyskeuer{e} þ{o}u not [C] þyn owen dede For no myrth nor for no mede; 80 [ad] W{i}t{h} fayr speche þ{o}u may haue þy wyll{e}, And w{i}t{h} þy speche þ{o}u may þe spyll{e}. [ae] Ȝyf þ{o}u suwe a wordyer mon Then þy self þ{o}u art on, 84 Lette þy Ryȝth shold{ur} folow h{i}s bakke, For nurt{ur} þ{a}t ys, w{i}t{h}-owten lakke. [af] When he doth speke, holde þe style; When he hath don, say þy wyll{e}; 88 [ag] Loke yn þy speche þ{o}u be fell{e}, And what þou sayste a-vyse þe well{e}; [ah] And be-refe þ{o}u no mon h{i}s tale, Noþ{ur} at wyne ner{e} at Ale. 92 [ai] Now, c{ri}ste of h{i}s grette g{ra}ce Ȝeue vs all{e} both{e} wytte & space Well{e} þ{i}s to knowe & Rede, [ak] And heuen to haue for o{ur} mede! 96 Amen, Amen, so moot h{i}t be, So saye we all{e} for charyte!

EXPLICIT T{RA}CTUS VRBANITATIS.

[Sidenotes: [a] When you come before a lord [b] take off your cap or hood, [c] and fall on your right knee twice or thrice. [d] Keep your cap off till you’re told to put it on; [e] hold up your chin; [f] look in the lord’s face; [g] keep hand and foot still; [h] don’t spit or snot; [i] get rid of it quietly; [k] behave well. [l] When you go into the hall, [m] don’t press up too high. [n] Don’t be shamefaced. [o] Wherever you go, good manners make the man. [p] Reverence your betters, but treat all equally whom you don’t know. [q] See that your hands are clean, and your knife sharp. [r] Let worthier men help themselves before you eat. [s] Don’t clutch at the best bit. [t] Keep your hands from dirtying the cloth, and don’t wipe your nose on it, [v] or dip too deep in your cup. [x] Have no meat in your mouth when you drink or speak; and stop talking when your neighbour is drinking. [y] Scorn and reprove no man. [z] Keep your fingers from what would bring you to grief. [aa] Among ladies, look, don’t talk. [ab] Don’t laugh loud, or riot with ribalds. [ac] Don’t repeat what you hear. [ad] Words make or mar you. [ae] If you follow a worthier man, let your right shoulder follow his back, and [af] don’t speak till he has done. [ag] Be austere (?) in speech; [ah] don’t stop any man’s tale. [ai] Christ gives us all wit to know this, [ak] and heaven as our reward. Amen!]

[Text notes: A Marg. has _gre_ for insertion. B _repraue_ is written above the line. C _not_ put in by a later hand.]

* * * * * * * * *

The Boris hede furst.

[_Porkington MS. No. 10, fol. 202; ? ab. 1460-70 A.D._]

Hey, hey, hey, hey, þe borrys hede is armyd gay![1] The boris hede i{n} hond I bryng W{i}tt garlond gay in porttoryng.

[Sidenote: [Fol. 202b.]]

I pray yow all w{i}tt me to synge W{i}tt hay.

¶¶ Lordys, knyȝtt{is}, and skyers, Persons, prystis and wycars, The boris hede ys þe fur[s]t mes, W{i}tt hay.

¶¶ The boris hede, as I yow say, He takis his leyfe, & gothe his way Soñ aft{ur} þe xij theylffyt day, W{i}tt hay.

¶¶ The{n} co{m}mys i{n} þe secund kowrs w{i}th mekyll pryde, þe crann{is} & þe heyrrou{n}s, þe bytt{ur}is by þe syde, þe p{ar}trychys & þe plowers, þe wodcok{is} & þe snyt, W{i}tt hay.

¶¶ Larkys i{n} hoot schow,[2] ladys for to pyk, Good drynk þ{er}to, lycyvs and fyñ, Blwet of allmayñ,[3] ro{m}nay and wyin, W{i}tt hay.

¶¶ Gud[4] bred, alle & wyin, da{er} I well say, þ^e boris hede w{i}tt musterd armyd soo gay,

¶¶ furm̅a{n}te to po^tdtage,[5] w{i}tt we{n}nissu{n} fyñ, & þ^e ho{m}buls of þe dow, & all þ{a}t eu{er} co{m}mis in,

¶¶ Cappons I-bake w{i}tt þ^e pesys of þ^e roow, Reysons of corrans, w{i}tt odyr{e} spysis moo,

[_incomplete._]

[Footnote 1: “When you print I recommend that the first line of the MS. ‘Hey, hey,’ &c. should stand alone in two lines. They are the burthen of the song, and were a sort of accompaniment, or under-song, sung throughout, while an upper voice sang the words and tune. You will see numbers of the same kind in Wright’s Songs and Carols printed by the Percy Society. It was common in the 14th and 15th centuries.” --WM. CHAPPELL.

This Carol is printed in _Reliq. Antiq._, vol. ii., and is inserted here--copied from and read with the MS.--to fill up a blank page. The title is mine.]

[Footnote 2: ? sewe, stew.]

[Footnote 3: ? the name of a wyne. Recipes for the dish _Brouet of Almayne_ (H. O.), _Brewet of Almony_, _Breuet de Almonde_, are in Household Ordinances, p. 456; Forme of Cury, p. 29, and Liber Cure Cocorum, p. 12.]

[Footnote 4: ? MS. End.]

[Footnote 5: Recipe for _Potage de Frumenty_ in Household Ordinances, p. 425.]

[po^tdtage: small “t” printed above “o”]

* * * * * * * * *

Errata (noted by transcriber):

_The Babees Book_ _In the printed book, some line numbers were shifted to avoid collision with the pilcrow symbol at the beginning of the stanza. For this e-text, numbers have been restored to multiples of 4._

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

[Transcriber’s Note:

The following two selections, _The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke or Edyllys be_ and _The Young Children’s Book_, were printed on facing even/odd pages. They are here presented one after the other, with sidenotes grouped at the end of each selection.

_Edyllys Be_ is given twice: first with all collations and line numbers, then with sidenotes only.]

* * * * * * * * *

The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke or Edyllys be.

[_Harl. MS. 541, fol. 210; and Egerton MS. 1995; ab. 1480 A.D._]

[Text with collations: see Transcriber’s Note above.

Numbered footnotes give readings from the alternative MS, Egerton 1995. Footnotes 9 (three references) and 23 each read: “The parts between square brackets [] are from the Egerton MS.” This explanation is also given in an unnumbered note on a later page.

Readings in [[double brackets]] are taken from the Collations section immediately after the Preface, with the MSS. abbreviated here as Adv.: “... part of the Advocates Library MS., fol. 84, back”, and Cam.: “... the Cambridge University MS. ... _Hem_ is always written for _him_ in this MS., and so with other words.”]

Lytyll{e} children{e}, here ye may lere] Moche curtesy þ{a}t is wrytyn{e} here; For clerk{is} that the vij arteȝ cunne, Seyn[1] þ{a}t curtesy from hevyn come 4 Whan Gabryell{e} oure lady grette, And Eliȝabeth with mary mette. l. 1: [[Adv. childur] l. 2: [[Adv. _dele_ þat]] [[Cam. _for_ wrytyne _read_ brekeyd]] l. 3: [[Adv. _dele_ For]] l. 4: [1: Egerton MS. 1995, Synne] [[Adv. _for_ with mary, _read_ oure Lady]] [[Cam. _for_ Elizabeth _read_ cortesey]] All{e} vertues arn{e}[2] closid{e} yn curtesye, And all{e} vices yn vylonye. 8 Loke þyne hond{is} be[3] wasshe clene, That no fylth{e} on[4] thy nayles be sene. Take þ{o}u no mete tyll{e} grace[5] be seyd{e}, And tyll{e} þ{o}u see all{e} thyng arayed{e}. 12 l. 7: [2: ben closyde] [[Adv. _for_ arñ _read_ byn]] [[Cam. _for_ closide _read_ clodyd]] l. 9: [[Adv. _prefix_ Forst _to_ Loke]] [3: that thy hondys benne] [[Adv. _for_ wasshe _read_ wasshyd]] l. 10: [4: in] [[Cam. _for_ on _read_ yn]] l. 11: [5: the fyrste gracys] [[Cam. _for_ þou _read_ ye]] l. 12: [[Adv. _for_ tylle _read_ to]] [[Cam. _for_ þou _read_ ye]] Loke, my son, þ{a}t thow not sytte] Tyll{e} þe ruler of þe hous the bydde;[6] And at thy[7] mete, yn þ{e} begynnyng, Loke on[8] pore men that thow thynk, 16 For the full{e} wombe w{i}t{h}out[[9] any faylys] Wot full{e} lytyl[[9] what the hungery aylys.] l. 13: [[Adv. _prefix_ And _to_ Loke] l. 14: [6: the halle the bytte] [[Adv. To he y^t reweleth y^e howse y^e bytt]] [[Cam. _for_ hous the bydde _read_ hall þe beyt]] l. 15: [7: Atte the] [[Cam. _for_ þe _read_ they]] l. 16: [8: a-pon (and omits _that_)] [[Adv. _put the_ that _between_ loke _and_ on]] [[Cam. _for_ on _read_ no]] l. 17: [[Adv. _for_ without any faylys _read_ withowtte fayle]] [[Cam. _for_ any faylys _read_ fayle]] l. 18: [[Adv. _for_ hungery aylys _read_ empty ayle]] [[Cam. _for_ aylys _read_ heydyt]] Ete[[9] not thy mete to hastely, A-byde and ete esely. 20 l. 19: [[Cam. _for_ Ete ... hastely _read_ yet ... hastey]] l. 20: [[Adv. _for_ ete esely _read_ etett eysely]] [[Cam. _prefix_ Bot _to_ Abyde]] [[Cam. _for_ esely _read_ all yesley]] Tylle þ{o}u haue thy fulle seruyse, Touche noo messe in noo wyse. Kerue not thy brede to thynne, Ne breke hit not on twynne: 24 The mosselle that þ{o}u begynnysse to touche, Cast them not in thy pouche. l. 23: [[Cam. _for_ Kerue not thy brede _read_ Kot they bred not]] l. 24: [[Cam. _is_ Ne to theke bat be-tweyn]] l. 25: [[Adv. _for_ mosselle _read_ morsselle]] [[Cam. _for_ mosselle _read_ mossels]] [[Cam. _for_ begynnysse to _read_ dost]] l. 26: [[Adv. _for_ in _read_ owt of]] [[Cam. _for_ in _read_ owt of]] Put not thy fyngerys on thy dysche, Nothyr in flesche, nothyr in fysche. 28 l. 27: [[Cam. _for_ on _read_ yn]] l. 28: [[Adv. _for_ Into thy _read_ nor in the;]] [[Adv. _for_ thy salte _read_ hit]] [[Cam. 28-30 _are_ Ne yn they met, feys, ne fleys. Put not thy mete yn þey salt seleyr]] Put not thy mete in-to the salte, In-to thy Seler that thy salte halte,]

[Sidenote: [Fol. 210, back.]]

But ley it fayr{e}[10] on þi trencher{e} The byfore,[11] and þat is þyn{e} honor{e}. 32 l. 31: [10: Egerton MS. omits _fayre_] [[Adv. _for_ fayre on þi _read_ on a]] l. 32: [11: To-fore the] [[Adv. _for_ The byfore _read_ Byfore the]] [[Adv. _dele_ þyne]] [[Cam. _is_ Be-fore the, that ys worschep]] Pyke not þyn{e} Eris ne thy nost{re}ll{is}; If[12] þ{o}u do, men woll{e} sey þ{o}u come of cherl{is}.[13] And[14] whyll{e} þi mete yn þi mouth is, Drynk þow not; for-gete not this. 36 l. 33: [[Cam. _for_ ne _read_ nother]] l. 34: [12: And] [13: comyste of karlys] [[Cam. _for_ If _read_ And]] [[Cam. _for_ come _read_ comest]] [[Adv. Pyke not y^i tethe wyth y^i knyfe Whyles y^u etyst be y^i lyfe]] l. 35: [14: But] [[Cam. _for_ And _read_ Seche]] [[Cam. _put the_ is _before_ yn]] Ete þi mete by small{e} mosselles; [m] Fylle not thy mouth as done[15] brothell{is}. [n] Pyke not þi teth{e} with thy knyfe; In no company begynne þow stryfe.[16] 40 l. 37: [[Cam. _for_ Ete ... by _read_ Kot ... yn]] l. 38: [15: dothe] [[Cam. _prefix_ And _to_ Fylle;]] [[Cam. _omit_ done]] l. 40: [16: Whyle þ{o}u ettyste by thy lyffe] [[Cam. _is_ Weyles thou hetys, bey they leyffe]] And whan þ{o}u hast þi potage doon{e},[17] Out of thy dyssh þow put thi spone. Ne spitte þow not[18] over the[19] tabyll{e}, Ne therupon, for that is no þing abyll{e}.[20] 44 l. 41: [17: Idone] l. 42: [[Cam. _for_ þow put _read_ take owt]] l. 43: [18: Spette not] [19: thy] [[Cam. _for_ Ne _read_ Nether]] l. 44: [20: Nor a-pon hyt, for hyt ys not able] [[Cam. _is_ For no cortesey het ys not habell]] Ley not þyn{e} Elbowe nor[21] thy fyst Vpon the tabyll{e} whyl{is} þ{a}t thow etist.[22] Bulk not as a Been{e} were yn þi throte, [As a ka]rle þ{a}t comys oute of a cote. 48 l. 45: [21: nothyr] [[Cam. _for_ Elbowe ... fyst _read_ Elbowhes ... fystys]] l. 46: [22: whyle þ{o}u este] [[Cam. _for_ whylis þat _read_ wheyle]] l. 47: [[Cam. _is_ Bolk not as a bolle yn the crofte]] l. 48: [[Cam. _for_ karle þat _read_ charle]] [[Cam. _for_ cote _read_ cotte]] [[23] And thy mete be o]f grete pryce, [Be ware of hyt, or þ{o}u arte n]ot wyse. [Speke noo worde stylle ne sterke; And honowre and curtesy loke þ{o}u kepe, 52 And at the tabylle loke þ{o}u make goode chere; Loke þ{o}u rownde not in nomannys ere. l. 50: [[Cam. _for_ of hyt or þou art _read_ the or ye be]] l. 51: [[Cam. _for_ sterke _read_ lowde]] l. 52: [[Cam. _is_ all of curtesy loke ye carpe]] l. 53: [[Cam. _for_ at _read_ all]] [[Cam. _omit_ loke þou]] l. 54: [[Cam. _for_ Loke þou rownde not _read_ And loke ye]] W{i}t{h} thy fyngerys þ{o}u towche and taste Thy mete; And loke þ{o}u doo noo waste. 56 Loke þ{o}u laughe not, nor grenne; And w{i}t{h} moche speche þ{o}u mayste do synne. l. 55: [[Cam. _omit_ thy]] l. 56: [[Cam. _for_ and _read_ ne]] [[Cam. _for_ doo _read_ make]] l. 57: [[Cam. _for_ laughe not _read_ noþer laughe]] l. 58: [[Cam. _for_ with moche speche _read_ thow meche speke]] [[Cam. _for_ mayst _read_ may]] Mete ne drynke loke þ{o}u ne spylle, But sette hit downe fayre and stylle.] 60 l. 59: [[Cam. _for_ first ne _read_ ner]] [[Cam. _for the second_ ne _read_ not]] l. 60: [[Cam. _for_ fayre and stylle _read_ stere het not]]

[Sidenote: [Fol. 207.]]

Kepe thy cloth clene the byforn{e}, And bere the so[24] thow haue no scorn{e}. Byte not þi mete, but kerve it[25] clene, Be well{e} war{e} no[26] drop be sene. 64 Whan þ{o}u etyst, gape not to wyde That þi mouth be sene on ych{e} a[27] syde. l. 61: [[Cam. _for_ thy _read_ the]] l. 62: [24: that] l. 63: [25: cut hit] l. 64: [26: that noo] l. 66: [27: be in euery] [[Cam. _omit_ a]] And son, bewar{e}, I rede, of[28] on thyng, Blow neþ{er}[29] yn thi mete nor yn þi[30] drynk. 68 And yif thi lord drynk at þat tyde, Drynk þ{o}u not, but hym abyde; Be it at Evyn{e}, be it at noone,[31] Drynk þ{o}u not tyll{e} he haue done. 72 l. 67: [28: be ware of] [[Cam. _for_ I rede of _read_ of j redde þe of]] l. 68: [29: þ{o}u not] [30: mete not] [[Cam. _for_ neþer _read_ neuer]] [[Cam. _omit_ yn þi _before_ drynk]] l. 69: [[Cam. _for_ þat _read_ they]] l. 71: [31: morowe, (and omits next line.)] Vpon þi trencher no fyllth{e} þ{o}u see,[32] It is not honest, as I telle the; Ne drynk[33] behynd{e} no mannes bakke, For yf þ{o}u do, thow art to lakke.[34] 76 l. 73: [32: be sene] [[Cam. _for_ þou see _read_ be saye]] [[Cam. _for_ þou _read_ yow]] l. 75: [33: Drynke þ{o}u not] l. 76: [34: blame] [[Cam. _for_ thow art _read_ yow ar]] And chese com{e} forthe,[35] be not to gredy,[36] Ne cutte þow not therof to hastely.[37] Caste not þi bones ynto the flore, But ley þem[38] fayre on þi trenchor{e}. 80 l. 77: [35: by-fore the] [36: redy] [[Cam. _for_ forthe _read_ before yow]] l. 78: [37: To cut there-of be not to gredy.] [[Cam. _omit_ þow not]] l. 79: [[Cam. _for_ ynto _read_ yn]] l. 80: [38: hem] Kepe clene þi cloth byfor{e} þe[39] alle; And sit þ{o}u stylle, what so be-falle,[40] Tyll{e} grace be said vnto þe ende, And tyll{e} þ{o}u haue wasshen w{i}t{h} þi frend. 84 l. 81: [39: _þe_ omitted.] l. 82: [40: stylle w{i}t{h}alle] l. 83: [[Cam. _for_ ende _read_ hendyng]] l. 84: [[Cam. _for_ wasshen _read_ was]] Let the more worthy þan[41] thow Wassh to-fore[42] þe, & that is þi prow; And spitte not yn[43] þi basyn{e}, My swete son, þ{a}t þow wasshist yn{e}; 88 l. 85: [41: thenne] [[Cam. _for_ worthy _read_ wortheyor]] l. 86: [42: by-for{e}] [[Cam. _for_ to- _read_ be-]] [[Cam. _omit_ &]] [[Cam. _for_ þi prow _read_ gentyll cortesey]] l. 87: [43: Spete not on (and omits next line.)] And aryse up soft & stylle,[44] And iangyll{e} nether with Iak ne Iylle, l. 89: [[Cam. 88, 89, are omitted.]] [44: And ryse w{i}t{h} hym that sate w{i}t{h} the stylle, And thanke hym fayre and welle: Aftyr, Iangely not w{i}t{h} Iacke ne gylle.] l. 90: [[Cam. _for_ nether _read_ not]] [[Cam. _for_ ne _read_ ne with]]

[Sidenote: [Fol. 207, back.]]

But take þi leve of the hede[45] lowly, And þank hym w{i}t{h} thyn{e} hert hyghly, 92 And all{e} þe gentyll{is}[46] togydr{e} yn same, And bare the so[47] thow haue no blame; Than men wyll{e}[48] say therafter That a gentyll{e}man was heere. 96 l. 91: [45: lorde] [[Cam. _omit_ þi]] [[Cam. _for_ the hede _read_ they lorde]] l. 92: [[Cam. _for_ hyghly _read_ mekeley]] l. 93: [46: _þe gentylles_ omitted.] [[Cam. _for_ togydre ynsame _read_ yn the same manere]] l. 94: [47: soo that] [[Cam. _for_ no blame _read_ the same]] l. 95: [48: wylle they sey] [[Cam. _for_ therafter _read_ hereafter]] l. 96: [[Cam. _after_ that _add_ he ys]] [[Cam. _for_ was heere _read_ þere aftyr]] And he þ{a}t dispiseth this techyng, He is not worthy, w{i}t{h}oute lesyng, Nether at[49] good mannes tabull{e} to[50] sitte, Ner[51] of no worship{e} for to wytte. 100 l. 97: [[Cam. _omit_ And]] [[Cam. _for_ dispiseth _read_ dispise]] l. 99: [49: Neuyr at a] [50: for to] [[Cam. _for_ Nether _read_ neuer]] l. 100: [51: Nothyr] [[Cam. _for_ Ner _read_ ne]] [[Cam. _after_ for _add_ sent]] And therfor{e}, chyldren, for[52] charyte, Louyth this boke though yt lytil be![53] l. 101: [52: pur] l. 102: [53: Lernythe thys boke that ys callyd Edyllys be] [[Cam. _for_ Louyth this boke _read_ Loren this lesen]] And pray for hym þ{a}t made it thus,[54] That hym may helpe swete Ih{esus} 104 To lyve & dye among his frendes, [55] And neu{er} to be combred w{i}t{h} no fendes; And geve vs grace yn Ioy to be; Amen, Amen, for charytee![55] 108 l. 103: [54: made thys] [[Cam. _omit_ and]] [[Cam. _for_ made _read_ wret]] l. 106: [[Cam. is omitted.]] l. 107: [[Cam. _before_ vs _put_ hem and]] l. 108: [[Cam. _for the first_ Amen _read_ Sey all]] [55-55: And vs graunte in Ioy to a-byde! Say ye alle Amen for charyde in euery syde]

EXPLICIT. lerne or be lewde q{uod} Whytyng.[56]

Expl.: [56: AMEN. Here endythe the boke of Curtesy that ys fulle necessary vnto yonge chyldryn that muste nedys lerne the maner of curtesy. EXPLICIT. AMEN.] [[Cam. _for the_ Explicit &c. _read_ Expleycyt the Boke of cortesey.]]

* * * * * * * * *

The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke or Edyllys be.

[Text with sidenotes: see Transcriber’s Note at beginning of previous text. Passages in [brackets] are from the Egerton MS; lower-case letters in brackets are sidenote references.]

[_Harl. MS. 541, fol. 210; and Egerton MS. 1995; ab. 1480 A.D._]

Lytyll{e} children{e}, here ye may lere Moche curtesy þ{a}t is wrytyn{e} here; For clerk{is} that the vij arteȝ cunne, Seynþ{a}t curtesy from hevyn come 4 Whan Gabryell{e} oure lady grette, And Eliȝabeth with mary mette. All{e} vertues arn{e}closid{e} yn curtesye, And all{e} vices yn vylonye. 8 Loke þyne hond{is} be wasshe clene, That no fylth{e} on thy nayles be sene. Take þ{o}u no mete tyll{e} grace be seyd{e}, And tyll{e} þ{o}u see all{e} thyng arayed{e}. 12 Loke, my son, þ{a}t thow not sytte Tyll{e} þe ruler of þe hous the bydde; And at thy mete, yn þ{e} begynnyng, Loke on pore men that thow thynk, 16 For the full{e} wombe w{i}t{h}out [any faylys] Wot full{e} lytyl [what the hungery aylys.] Ete [not thy mete to hastely, A-byde and ete esely. 20 Tylle þ{o}u haue thy fulle seruyse, Touche noo messe in noo wyse. Kerue not thy brede to thynne, Ne breke hit not on twynne: 24 The mosselle that þ{o}u begynnysse to touche, Cast them not in thy pouche. Put not thy fyngerys on thy dysche, Nothyr in flesche, nothyr in fysche. 28 Put not thy mete in-to the salte, In-to thy Seler that thy salte halte,] But ley it fayr{e} on þi trencher{e} The byfore, and þat is þyn{e} honor{e}. 32 Pyke not þyn{e} Eris ne thy nost{re}ll{is}; If þ{o}u do, men woll{e} sey þ{o}u come of cherl{is}. Andwhyll{e} þi mete yn þi mouth is, Drynk þow not; for-gete not this. 36 Ete þi mete by small{e} mosselles; Fylle not thy mouth as done brothell{is}. Pyke not þi teth{e} with thy knyfe; In no company begynne þow stryfe. 40 And whan þ{o}u hast þi potage doon{e}, Out of thy dyssh þow put thi spone. Ne spitte þow notover thetabyll{e}, Ne therupon, for that is no þing abyll{e}. 44 Ley not þyn{e} Elbowe northy fyst Vpon the tabyll{e} whyl{is} þ{a}t thow etist. Bulk not as a Been{e} were yn þi throte, [As a ka]rle þ{a}t comys oute of a cote. 48 [And thy mete be o]f grete pryce, [Be ware of hyt, or þ{o}u arte n]ot wyse. [Speke noo worde stylle ne sterke; And honowre and curtesy loke þ{o}u kepe, 52 And at the tabylle loke þ{o}u make goode chere; Loke þ{o}u rownde not in nomannys ere. W{i}t{h} thy fyngerys þ{o}u towche and taste Thy mete; And loke þ{o}u doo noo waste. 56 Loke þ{o}u laughe not, nor grenne; And w{i}t{h} moche speche þ{o}u mayste do synne. Mete ne drynke loke þ{o}u ne spylle, But sette hit downe fayre and stylle.] 60 Kepe thy cloth clene the byforn{e}, And bere the sothow haue no scorn{e}. Byte not þi mete, but kerve itclene, Be well{e} war{e} nodrop be sene. 64 Whan þ{o}u etyst, gape not to wyde That þi mouth be sene on ych{e} asyde. And son, bewar{e}, I rede, ofon thyng, Blow neþ{er}yn thi mete nor yn þidrynk. 68 And yif thi lord drynk at þat tyde, Drynk þ{o}u not, but hym abyde; Be it at Evyn{e}, be it at noone, Drynk þ{o}u not tyll{e} he haue done. 72 Vpon þi trencher no fyllth{e} þ{o}u see, It is not honest, as I telle the; Ne drynkbehynd{e} no mannes bakke, For yf þ{o}u do, thow art to lakke. 76 And chese com{e} forthe, be not to gredy, Ne cutte þow not therof to hastely. Caste not þi bones ynto the flore, But ley þemfayre on þi trenchor{e}. 80 Kepe clene þi cloth byfor{e} þealle; And sit þ{o}u stylle, what so be-falle, Tyll{e} grace be said vnto þe ende, And tyll{e} þ{o}u haue wasshen w{i}t{h} þi frend. 84 Let the more worthy þanthow Wassh to-foreþe, & that is þi prow; And spitte not ynþi basyn{e}, My swete son, þ{a}t þow wasshist yn{e}; 88 And aryse up soft & stylle, And iangyll{e} nether with Iak ne Iylle, But take þi leve of the hedelowly, And þank hym w{i}t{h} thyn{e} hert hyghly, 92 And all{e} þe gentyll{is}togydr{e} yn same, And bare the sothow haue no blame; Than men wyll{e}say therafter That a gentyll{e}man was heere. 96 And he þ{a}t dispiseth this techyng, He is not worthy, w{i}t{h}oute lesyng, Nether atgood mannes tabull{e} tositte, Nerof no worship{e} for to wytte. 100 And therfor{e}, chyldren, forcharyte, Louyth this boke though yt lytil be! And pray for hym þ{a}t made it thus, That hym may helpe swete Ih{esus} 104 To lyve & dye among his frendes, And neu{er} to be combred w{i}t{h} no fendes; And geve vs grace yn Ioy to be; Amen, Amen, for charytee! 108

EXPLICIT. lerne or be lewde q{uod} Whytyng.

Here endythe the boke of Curtesy that ys fulle necessary vnto yonge chyldryn that muste nedys lerne the maner of curtesy.

[Sidenotes (by line number): [3] Clerks say that courtesy came from heaven when Gabriel greeted our Lady. [7] All virtues are included in it. [9] See that your hands and nails are clean. [11] Don’t eat till grace is said, or sit down till you’re told. [15] First, think on the poor; the full belly wots not what the hungry feels. [19] Don’t eat too quickly. [21] Touch nothing till you are fully helped. [23] Don’t break your bread in two, [26] or put your pieces in your pocket, your fingers in the dish, or your meat in the salt-cellar. [33] Don’t pick your ears or nose, [35] or drink with your mouth full, [38] or cram it full. [39] Don’t pick your teeth with your knife. [41] Take your spoon out when you’ve finished soup. [43] Don’t spit over or on the table, that’s not proper. [45] Don’t put your elbows on the table, [47] or belch as if you had a bean in your throat. [49] Be careful of good food; and be courteous and cheerful. [54] Don’t whisper in any man’s ear. Take your food with your fingers, and don’t waste it. [57] Don’t grin, or talk too much, or spill your food. [61] Keep your cloth before you. [63] Cut your meat, don’t bite it. [65] Don’t open your mouth too wide when you eat, [68] or blow in your food. [69] If your lord drinks, always wait till he has done. [73] Keep your trencher clean. [75] Drink behind no man’s back. [77] Don’t rush at the cheese, [79] or throw your bones on the floor. [82] Sit still till grace is said [84] and you’ve washed your hands, [87] and don’t spit in the basin. [89] Rise quietly, don’t jabber, [91] but thank your host and all the company, [95] and then men will say, ‘A gentleman was here!’ [97] He who despises this teaching isn’t fit to sit at a good man’s table. [101] Children, love this little book, [103] and pray that Jesus may help its author to die among his friends, and not be troubled with devils, but be in joy for ever. Amen!]

* * * * * * * * *

The Young Children’s Book.

[_From the Ashmolean MS. 61 (Bodleian Library), ab. 1500 A.D., fol. 20._]

Who so eu{er} wyll{e} thryue or the, Muste v{er}tus lerne, & c{ur}tas be; For{e} who in ȝowth{e} no v{er}tus vsythe, Yn Age All men hy{m} refusythe. 4 Clerkys þ{a}t ca{n}ne þe scyens seuen{e}, Seys þ{a}t c{ur}tasy came fro heue{n} When gabryell owre lady grette, And elyȝabeth w{i}t{h} her{e} mette. 8 All v{er}tus be closyd{e} in c{ur}tasy, And All{e} vyces i{n} vilony.

Aryse be tyme oute of thi bedde, And blysse þi brest & thi forhede, 12 Than wasche thi hond{es} & thi face, Keme þi hede, & Aske god g{ra}ce The to helpe in All þi werkes; Thow schall spede bett{er} what so þ{o}u carpes. 16 Than go to þe chyrch{e}, & here A messe, Ther{e} aske m{er}sy for{e} þi trespasse. To whom þ{o}u metys come by þe weye, Curtasly ‘gode morne’ þ{o}u sey. 20 When þ{o}u hast done, go breke thy faste W{i}t{h} mete & drynke of god{e} repaste: Blysse þi mouthe or þ{o}u it ete, The bett{er} schall{e} be þi dyete. 24 Be-for{e} þi mete sey þ{o}u þi g{ra}ce, Yt ocupys bot lytell space;-- For{e} oure mete, & drynke, & vs, Thanke we owre lord Ih{esu}s;-- 28 A pat{er} nost{er} & Aue mary Sey for{e} þe saulys þ{a}t in peyn{e} ly; Than go labo{ur} as þ{o}u arte bownde, And be not Idyll{e} in no stounde: 32 Holy scrypto{ur} þ{us} it seyth To þe þ{a}t Arte of cristen feyth, “Yff{e} þ{o}u labo{ur}, þ{o}u muste ete That w{i}t{h} þi hond{es} þ{o}u doyst{e} gete;” 36 A byrd{e} hath weng{es} forto fle, So man hath Armes laboryd to be. Luke þ{o}u be trew in word{e} & dede, Yn All{e} þi werkes þa{n} schall þ{o}u spede: 40 Treuth wyt neu{er} his mast{er} schame, Yt kepys hy{m} out off{e} sy{n}ne & blame. The weys to heue{n} þ{e}i bene þ{us} tweyn{e}, M{er}cy & treuthe, As clerk{es} seyn{e}; 44 Who so wyll come to þe lyfe of blysse, To go þe weys he may not mysse. Make no p{ro}mys bot it be gode, And kepe þ{o}u it w{i}t{h} myght & mode; 48 For{e} eu{er}y p{ro}mys, it is dette, That w{i}t{h} no falsed muste be lette. God & þi neybores lufe all wey; Welle is þe, than may þ{o}u sey, 52 For{e} so þ{o}u kepys All þe lawe W{i}t{h}-oute Any fer{e}, drede, o{r} awe. Vn-callyd go þ{o}u to no counsell{e}; That long{es} to þe, w{i}t{h} þ{a}t thow melle. 56 Scorne not þe pore, ne hurte no man{e}; Lerne of hy{m} þ{a}t the tech{e} cane; Be no gloser{e} no{r} no moker{e}, Ne no s{er}ua{n}t{es} no wey loker{e}. 60 Be not prowd, bot meke & lynd, And w{i}t{h} thi bett{er} go þ{o}u be-hynd. When þi bett{er} schewys his wylle, To he haue seyd þ{o}u muste be stylle. 64 When þ{o}u spekes to Any man{e}, Hand{e}, fote, & fyng{er}, kepe þ{o}u styll þan, And luke þ{o}u vppe i{n} to his face, And c{ur}tase be in eu{er}y place. 68 W{i}t{h} þi fyng{er} schew þ{o}u no thyng{e}, No{r} be not lefe to telle tydinge. Yff Any man sey welle of þe, Or of thi frend{es}, thankyd muste be. 72 Haue few word{es}, & wysly sette, For{e} so þ{o}u may thi worschyppe gete. Vse no sueryng{e} noþ{er} lyeng{e}, Yn thi sellyng{e} & thi byeng{e}, 76 For{e} & þ{o}u do þ{o}u arte to blame, And at þe last þ{o}u wyll{e} haue scham{e}. Gete þi gowd w{i}t{h} trewe[t]h & wy{n}ne, And kepe þe out of dette & sy{n}ne. 80 Be loth to greue, & leffe to ples; Seke þe pes, & lyfe in es. Off{e} whom{e} þ{o}u spek{es}, wher{e} & when, A-vyse þe welle, & to what men. 84 When þ{o}u co{m}mys vn to A dore, Sey “god be here,” o{r} þ{o}u go ferre: W{er}-eu{er} þ{o}u co{m}mys, speke honestly To s{er} or dame, or þ{er} meny. 88 Stand, & sytte not furth-w{i}t{h}-all{e} Tyll{e} he byde þe þ{a}t rewlys þe halle; Wher{e} he bydis, þ{er} must þ{o}u sytte, And for{e} non{e} oþ{er} change ne flyte; 92 Sytt vp-ryght And honestly, Ete & drinke, & be feleyly, Parte w{i}t{h} hem þ{a}t sytes þe by; Thus teches þe dame c{ur}tasy. 96 Take þe salt w{i}t{h} thi clen{e} knyfe; Be cold of spech, & make no stryfe; Bakbyte no man þ{a}t is A-wey{e}, Be glad of All{e} men wele to sey. 100 Here & se, & sey thou nought, Than schall þ{o}u not to p{ro}fe be brought. W{i}t{h} mete & drynke be-for{e} þe sette, Hold þe plesyd, & aske no bette. 104 Wype thi mouthe when þ{o}u wyll drinke, Lest it foule thi copys brinke; Kepe clen{e} thi fyng{er}es, lypes, & chine, For{e} so þ{o}u may thi wyrschype wy{n}ne. 108 Yn þi mouth when þi mete is, To drinke, o{r} speke, o{r} lauȝh, I-wys Dame c{ur}tasy for{e}-byd{es} it the: Bot p{ra}yse thi fare, w{er}-so-eu{er} þ{o}u be, 112 For{e} be it gode o{r} be it badde, Yn gud worth it muste be had. Whe{n} þ{o}u spyt{es}, be welle were Wher{e} so þ{o}u spyt{es}, nyȝe or fer{e}; 116 Hold þi hand be-fore thi mouth When þ{o}u spyt{es}, & hyde it couth. Kepe þi knyfe both clen{e} & scherpe, And be not besy forto kerpe; 120 Clens þi knyfe w{i}t{h} som{e} cutte bred, Not w{i}t{h} thi cloth, As I þe rede: W{i}t{h} Any fylth to fowle þe clothe, A c{ur}tase man{e} he wyll{e} be lothe. 124 In þi dysch sett{e} not þi spone, Noþ{er} on þe brynk{e}, as vn-lernyd don{e}. When þ{o}u sopys, make no no[y]se W{i}t{h} thi mouth As do boys. 128 The mete þ{a}t on þi trencher is, Putt{e} it not in-to þi dysch. Gete þe sone A voyd{er}, And sone A-voyd þ{o}u thi trencher{e}. 132 When thi bett{er} take þe tho coppe, Drinke thi selffe, & sett{e} it vppe, Take tho coppe w{i}t{h} thi hond{es}. Lest it fall{e} þ{er} As þ{o}u stond{es}. 136 When thi bett{er} spek{es} to the, Do off{e} thi cape & bow þi kne. At thi tabull noþ{er} crache ne claw, Than men wyll{e} sey þ{o}u arte A daw. 140 Wype not thi nose nor þi nos-thirlys, Than men{e} wyll{e} sey þ{o}u com{e} of cherlys. Make þ{o}u noþ{er} cate ne hond (_so in MS._) [[1a]] Thi felow at þ{o}u tabull round; ( „ „ ) 144 Ne pley{e} w{i}t{h} spone, trencher{e}, ne knyffe. Yn honesty & clenys lede þ{o}u thi lyffe. This boke is made fo{r} chyld{er} ȝong{e} At the scowle þ{a}t byde not long{e}: 148 Sone it may be conyd & had, And make them gode iff þ{e}i be bad. God gyff{e} them g{ra}ce, v{er}tuos to be, For{e} than þ{e}i may both thryff & the. 152

Amen! q{uod} Kate.

[Sidenotes (by line number): [1] Whoever will thrive, must be courteous, and begin in his youth. [5] Courtesy came from heaven, and contains all virtues, as rudeness does all vices. [11] Get up betimes; cross yourself; wash your hands and face; comb your hair; say your prayers; [17] go to church and hear Mass. [19] Say ‘Good Morning’ to every one you meet. [21] Then have breakfast, first crossing your mouth. [25] Say grace, thank Jesus for your food, [29] and say an Ave for the souls in pain. [31] Then set to work, and don’t be idle. [33] Scripture tells you, if you work, you must eat what you get with your hands. [39] Be true in word and deed; [41] truth keeps a man from blame. [44] Mercy and Truth are the two ways to heaven, fail not to go by them. [47] Make only proper promises, and keep them without falsehood. [51] Love God and your neighbours, and so fulfil all the Law. [55] Meddle only with what belongs to you. [57] Scorn not the poor; flatter no one; [60] oppress (?) not servants. Be meek, and [63] wait till your better has spoken. [65] When you speak to a man, keep still, and look him in the face. [70] Don’t be a tale-bearer. [71] Thank all who speak well of you. [73] Use few words; don’t swear or lie in your dealings. [79] Earn money honestly, and keep out of debt. [81] Try to please; seek peace; mind whom you speak to and what you say. [85] Wherever you enter, say “God be here;” and speak courteously to master and man. [89] Stand till you are told to sit at meat, and don’t leave your seat before others. [93] Sit upright; be sociable, and share with your neighbours. [97] Take salt with a clean knife; [99] talk no scandal, but speak well of all. [101] Hear and see; don’t talk. [103] Be satisfied with what’s set before you. [105] Wipe your mouth before you drink; [107] keep your fingers and lips clean. [109] Don’t speak with your mouth full. [112] Praise your food for whether it’s good or bad, it must be taken in good part. [115] Mind where you spit, [117] and put your hand before your mouth. [119] Keep your knife clean, and don’t wipe it on the cloth. [125] Don’t put your spoon in the dish, or make a noise, like boys, when you sup. [129] Don’t put meat off your plate into the dish, but into a voider. [133] If your superior hands you a cup, drink, but take the cup with two hands. [137] When he speaks to you, doff your cap and bend your knee. [139] Don’t scratch yourself at table, wipe your nose, [145] or play with your spoon, &c. [147] This book is for young children who don’t stay long at school. [151] God grant them grace to be virtuous!]

[[Footnote 1a: ? sense, reading corrupt.]]

* * * * * * * * *

[Transcriber’s Note:

The following two versions of _Stans Puer ad Mensam_ were printed on facing even/odd pages. They are here presented twice: first as consecutive independent texts, and then in alternating stanzas. In the first version, text notes are grouped after each seven-line stanza. In the original book, the editor’s sidenotes were printed only on the right-hand pages; they have been duplicated here.]

Stans Puer ad Mensam.

ASCRIBED TO JOHN LIDGATE.[[1a]]

[MS. Harl. 2251, ? about 1460 A.D., fol. 153 or 148. The parts between brackets [ ], and various readings, are from Mr Halliwell’s print in _Reliquiæ Antiquæ_, v. 1, p. 156-8, of a 15th-century MS. Q. Γ. 8, fol. 77, r^o, in the Library of Jesus College, Cambridge.]

[[Footnote 1a: Lowndes calls the original of _Stans Puer ad Mensam_ the _Carmen Juvenile_ of Sulpitius.]]

¶ [My dere childe, first thiself enable With all thin herte to vertuous disciplyne Afor thi soverayne standing at the table, Dispose thi youth aftir my doctryne 4 To all norture thi corage to enclyne. First when thu spekist be not rekles, Kepe feete and fingeris and handes still in pese.]

[Sidenote: When you stand before your sovereign, speak not recklessly, and keep your hands still.]

++Be symple of chiere, cast nat thyn ye aside, 8 Agenst the post lete nat thy bak abyde; Gaase nat aboute, to{ur}nyng ou{er}all{e}; Make nat thy myrro{ur} also of the wall{e}, Pyke nat thy nose, and in especiall{e} 12 Be right wele ware, and sette hieron thi thought, By-fore thy sou{er}ayne cracche ne rubbe nought.

[Sidenote: Don’t stare about, lean against a post, look at the wall, pick your nose, or scratch yourself.]

¶ Who spekith{e} to the in any man{er} place, Rudely[1] cast nat thyn ye[2] adowne, 16 But with a sadde chiere loke hym in the face; Walke demurely by strete in the towne, Advertise the with{e} wisdom and Reasoun{e}. With{e} dissolute laughters do thow non offence 20 To-fore thy sou{er}ayn, whiles he is in presence.

[Sidenote: When spoken to, don’t lumpishly look at the ground. Walk demurely in the streets, and don’t laugh before your lord.]

[1: _Rel. Ant._, Lumbisshly] [2: hede]

¶ Pare clene thy nailes, thyn handes wassh{e} also To-fore mete, and whan thow dooest arise; Sitte in that place thow art assigned to; 24 Prease nat to hye in no man{er} wise; And til thow se afore the thy service, Be nat to hasty on brede for to byte, Of gredynesse lest men wolde the endwyte.[3] 28

[Sidenote: Clean your nails and wash your hands. Sit where you’re told to, and don’t be too hasty to begin eating.]

[3: a-wite.]

¶ Grennyng and mowes at the table eschowe; Cry nat to lowde; kepe honestly silence; To enboce thy Iowis with{e} mete[4] is nat diewe; With{e} ful mowth{e} speke nat, lest thow do offence; 32 Drynk nat bretheles[5] for hast ne necligence; Kepe clene thy lippes from fat of flessh{e} or fissh{e}; Wype clene[6] thi spone, leve it nat in thy dissh{e}.

[Sidenote: Don’t grin, shout, or stuff your jaws with food, or drink too quickly. Keep your lips clean, and wipe your spoon.]

[4: brede it] [5: bridlid] [6: fayre]

¶ Of brede I-byten no soppis that thow make; 36 In ale nor wyne with{e} hande leve no fattenes; With{e} mowth{e} enbrewed thy cuppe thow nat take; Enbrewe[7] no napery for no rekelesnes; For to souppe [loude] is agenst gentiles; 40 [N]eu{er} at mete begynne thow nat[8] stryf; Thi teth{e} also thow pike nat with{e} no knyf.

[Sidenote: Don’t make sops of bread, or drink with a dirty mouth. Don’t dirty the table linen, or pick your teeth with your knife.]

[Sidenote: [Fol. 153, back.]]

[7: Foul] [8: be warre gynne no]

¶ Of honest myrth{e} late be thy daliaunce; Swere none othes, speke no ribawdrye; 44 The best morsel, have in remembraunce, Hole to thyself alwey do nat applie; Part with{e} thy felaw, for that is curtesie: Laade nat thy trencho{ur} with{e} many remyssailes; 48 And from blaknes alwey kepe thy nayles.

[Sidenote: Don’t swear or talk ribaldry, or take the best bits; share with your fellows. Eat up your pieces, and keep your nails clean.]

¶ Of curtesye also agenst the lawe, With{e} sowne[9] dishonest for to do offence; Of old surfaytes abrayde nat thy felawe; 52 Toward thy sou{er}ayne alwey thyn aduertence; Play with{e} no knyf, take heede to my sentence; At mete and soupp{er} kepe the stille and soft; Eke to and fro meve nat thy foote to oft. 56

[Sidenote: It’s bad manners to bring up old complaints. Don’t play with your knife, or shuffle your feet about.]

[9: Which sou]

¶ Droppe nat thi brest with{e} sawce ne with{e} potage; Brynge no knyves vnskoured to the table; Fil nat thy spone, lest in the cariage It went beside, whiche were nat comendable; 60 Be quyke and redy, meke and s{er}uisable, Wele awaityng to fulfille anone What that thy sou{er}ayn{e} comav[{n}]dith{e} the to be done.

[Sidenote: Don’t spill your broth on your chest, or use dirty knives, or fill your spoon too full. Be quick to do whatever your lord orders.]

¶ And whereso eu{er} that thow dyne or soupe, 64 Of gentilesse take salt with{e} thy knyf; And be wele ware thow blow nat in the cuppe. Reu{er}ence thy felawe, gynne with{e} hym no stryf; Be thy power{e} kepe pees al thy lyf. 68 Interrupt nat, where so thow wende, None other mans tale, til he have made an ende;

[Sidenote: Take salt with your knife; don’t blow in your cup, or begin quarrels. Interrupt no man in his story.]

¶ With{e} thy fyngres make[10] thow nat thy tale; Be wele avised, namly in tendre age, 72 To drynk by mesure both{e} wyne and ale; Be nat copious also of langage; As tyme requyrith{e}, shewe out thy visage, To gladde ne to sory, but kepe atwene tweyne, 76 For losse or lucre or any case sodayne.

[Sidenote: Drink wine and ale in moderation. Don’t talk too much, but keep a middle course.]

[Sidenote: [Fol. 154 or 149.]]

[10: _Rel. Ant._, marke]

¶ Be meke in mesure, nat hasti, but tretable; Ou{er} moche is nat worth{e} in no man{er} thyng; To children it longith{e} nat to be [vengeable,[11]] 80 Sone meeved and sone forgyvyng; And as it is remembrid bi[12] writyng, Wrath{e} of children is sone ou{er}gone, With{e} an apple the p{ar}ties be made atone. 84

[Sidenote: Be gentle and tractable, but not too soft. Children must not be revengeful; their anger is appeased with a bit of apple.]

[11: MS. Harl., tretable] [12: _Rel. Ant._, by olde]

¶ In children werre[13] now myrth{e} and now debate, In theyr quarel no grete violence; Now pley, now wepyng, sielde in one estate; To theyr playntes gyve no credence; 88 A Rodde refo{ur}myth{e} al theyr insolence; In theyr corage no Ranco{ur} doth{e} abyde; Who sparith{e} the yerd, al vertu set aside.

[Sidenote: Children’s quarrels are first play, then crying; don’t believe their complaints; give ’em the rod. Spare that, and you’ll spoil all.]

[13: _Rel. Ant._, In childre]

LENVOYE.

¶ Go, litel bille, bareyn of eloquence, 92 Pray yonge children that the shal see or Reede, Though{e} thow be compendious of sentence, Of thi clauses for to taken heede, Whiche to al vertu shal theyr yowth{e} leede. 96 Of the writyng, though{e} ther be no date, If ought be mysse,--worde, sillable, or dede,-- Put al the defaute vpon Iohn{e} Lydegate.

[Sidenote: Young children, pray take heed to my little ballad, which shall lead you into all virtues. My mistakes I submit to correction.]

* * * * * * * * *

The Book of Curteisie

That is Clepid

Stans Puer ad Mensam.

[_Lambeth MS. 853, ab. 1430 A.D., page 150, back. Part written as prose._]

++Mi dere sone, first þi silf able w{i}t{h} al þin herte to vertuose discipline,-- A-fore þi souereyn stondinge at þe table Dispose þou þ{e}e aftir my doctryne-- 4 To al nortur þi corage to encline. First while þou spekist, be not richelees; Kepe boþe fyngir and hond stille in pees;

[Sidenote: When you stand before your sovereign, speak not recklessly, and keep your hands still.]

[Sidenote: [Page 151.]]

++Be symple in cheer; caste not þi looke a-side, 8 gase not about, t{ur}nynge þi siȝt ou{er}al. aȝen þe post lete not þi bak abide, neiþ{er} make þi myrro{ur} also of þe wal. Pike not pi nose; & moost in especial 12 be weel waar, sette her-on þi þouȝt, to-fore þi sou{er}eyn cratche ne picke þ{e}e nouȝt.

[Sidenote: Don’t stare about, lean against a post, look at the wall, pick your nose, or scratch yourself.]

¶ Who-so speke to þ{e}e in ony man{er} place, lu{m}pischli caste not þin heed a-dou{n}, 16 but w{i}t{h} a sad cheer loke him in þe face. walke demurely bi streetis in þe tou{n}, And take good hede bi wisdom & resou{n} þat bi no wantowne lauȝinge þ{o}u do noo{n} offence 20 To-fore þi sou{er}eyne while he is i{n} p{re}sence.

[Sidenote: When spoken to, don’t lumpishly look at the ground. Walk demurely in the streets, and don’t laugh before your lord.]

++Pare clene þi nailis; þi{n} hondis waische also to-fore þi mete, [&] wha{n}ne þou doist arise. sitte þ{o}u in þ{a}t place þ{a}t þ{o}u art a-signed to; 24 Prece not to hie in no maner wise; And wha{n}ne þou seest afore þ{e}e þi seruice, be not to hasti upon breed to bite lest men þ{er}of Do þee edwite. 28

[Sidenote: Clean your nails and wash your hands. Sit where you’re told to, and don’t be too hasty to begin eating.]

[Sidenote: [Page 152.]]

++Gre{n}nynge & mowy{n}ge at þi table eschewe; Crie not to lowde: honestli kepe silence. To enbrace þi iowis w{i}t{h} breed, it is not dewe; w{i}t{h} ful mouþ speke not lest þ{o}u do offence; 32 Drinke not bridelid for haste ne necligence; Kepe clene þi lippis from fleisch & fische; Wipe faire þi spoon; leue it not i{n} þi dische.

[Sidenote: Don’t grin, shout, or stuff your jaws with food, or drink too quickly. Keep your lips clean, and wipe your spoon.]

++Of breed w{i}t{h} þi teeþ no soppis þou make; 36 Lowde for to soupe is aȝen gentilnes: W{i}t{h} mouþ enbrowide þi cuppe þ{o}u not take, In ale ne i{n} wiyn w{i}t{h} hond leue no fatnes; Defoule not þe naprie bi no richelesnes. 40 Be waar þ{a}t at þe mete þ{o}u bigy{n}ne no striif; Þi teeþ also at þe table picke w{i}t{h} no knyf.

[Sidenote: Don’t make sops of bread, or drink with a dirty mouth. Don’t dirty the table linen, or pick your teeth with your knife.]

++Of honest mirþe eu{er}e be þi daliaunce; Swere noo{n} ooþis; speke no ribaudie. 44 Þe beste morsels,--haue þis i{n} reme{m}brau{n}ce,-- Holli alwey þi silf to take do not applie. P{ar}te w{i}t{h} þi felawis, for þat is curteisie. Lete not þi trencho{ur} be w{i}t{h} many morsels; 48 And fro blaknes kepe weel þi nailis.

[Sidenote: Don’t swear or talk ribaldry, or take the best bits; share with your fellows. Eat up your pieces, and keep your nails clean.]

[Sidenote: [Page 153.]]

++Of curtesie it is aȝen þe lawe, W{i}t{h} dishoneste, sone, for to do difence; Of oolde forfetis vpbraide not þi felawe; 52 Towarde þi sou{er}eyn do eu{er}e reu{er}ence. Pleie w{i}t{h} no knif, take hede to my sentence; At mete & at sop{er} kepe þee stille & softe, And eek to & fro meeue not þi feeþ to ofte. 56

[Sidenote: It’s bad manners to bring up old complaints. Don’t play with your knife, or shuffle your feet about.]

++Droppe n{o}t þi brest w{i}t{h} seew & oþ{er} potage, Bri{n}ge no foule knyues vnto þe table; Fille not þi spoon lest i{n} þe cariage It scheede bi side, it were not co{m}mendable. 60 Be quik & redi, meke & seruiable, Weel awaiti{n}ge to fulfille anoo{n} What þ{a}t þi sou{er}eyn co{m}maundiþ to be doon.

[Sidenote: Don’t spill your broth on your chest, or use dirty knives, or fill your spoon too full. Be quick to do whatever your lord orders.]

++And whe{re}-so-eu{er}e þ{o}u be to digne or to suppe, 64 Of gentilnes take salt w{i}t{h} þi knyf, {and} be weel waar þ{o}u blowe n{o}t i{n} þe cuppe. Reu{er}ence þi felawis; bigy{n}ne w{i}t{h} he{m} no strijf; To þi power kepe pees al þi lijf. 68 Intrippe no ma{n} whe{re} so þat þou wende, No man in his tale, til he haue maade an eende.

[Sidenote: Take salt with your knife; don’t blow in your cup, or begin quarrels. Interrupt no man in his story.]

[Sidenote: [Page 154.]]

¶ W{i}t{h} þi fyngris marke n{o}t þi tale; be weel avysid, & nameli in tendir age, 72 To dri{n}ke mesurabli boþe wiyn & ale. Be n{o}t to copiose of langage; As tyme req{ui}riþ schewe out þi visage, To glad, ne to sory, b{u}t kepe þ{e}e euene bitwene 76 For los, or lucre, or ony case sodene.

[Sidenote: Drink wine and ale in moderation. Don’t talk too much, but keep a middle course.]

++Be soft i{n} mesure, not hasti, but treteable; Ouer soft is nouȝt in no maner þing To childre{n} longiþ not to be ve{n}geable, 80 Soone meued and soone fiȝtinge; And as it is reme{m}brid bi writynge, wraþþe of childre{n} is ou{er}come soone, W{i}t{h} þe p{ar}tis of an appil be{n} made at oon. 84

[Sidenote: Be gentle and tractable, but not too soft. Children must not be revengeful; their anger is appeased with a bit of apple.]

++In childre{n} werre is now mirþe & now debate, In her quarel is no violence, now pleie, now wepi{n}ge, & seelde i{n} oon state; to her pleyntis ȝeue no credence; 88 A rodde reformeþ al her necligence; in her corage no ranco{ur} dooþ abide, who þ{a}t spariþ þe rodde all u{er}tues settiþ a-side.

[Sidenote: Children’s quarrels are first play, then crying; don’t believe their complaints; give ’em the rod. Spare that, and you’ll spoil all.]

[Sidenote: [Page 155.]]

++A! litil balade, voide of eloquence, 92 I p{ra}ie ȝ{o}u ȝonge children þ{a}t þis schal se & rede, Þouȝ ȝe be copious of sentence, Ȝit to þese clausis for to take hede Which al i{n}to v{er}tues schal ȝo{ur}e ȝouþe lede. 96 In þis writynge, þouȝ þer be no date, Yf ouȝt be mys i{n} word, sillable, or dede, I submitte me to correcciou{n} w{i}t{h}oute ony debate.

[Sidenote: Young children, pray take heed to my little ballad, which shall lead you into all virtues. My mistakes I submit to correction.]

+Thus eendith þe book of curteisie þ{a}t is clepid stans puer ad mensam.+

* * * * * * * * *

Stans Puer ad Mensam

[Combined texts omitting all notes: see Transcriber’s Note at beginning of selection. Lines are numbered by multiples of 7.]

¶ [My dere childe, first thiself enable With all thin herte to vertuous disciplyne Afor thi soverayne standing at the table, Dispose thi youth aftir my doctryne To all norture thi corage to enclyne. First when thu spekist be not rekles, Kepe feete and fingeris and handes still in pese.] 7

++Mi dere sone, first þi silf able w{i}t{h} al þin herte to vertuose discipline,-- A-fore þi souereyn stondinge at þe table Dispose þou þ{e}e aftir my doctryne-- To al nortur þi corage to encline. First while þou spekist, be not richelees; Kepe boþe fyngir and hond stille in pees; 7

++Be symple of chiere, cast nat thyn ye aside, Agenst the post lete nat thy bak abyde; Gaase nat aboute, to{ur}nyng ou{er}all{e}; Make nat thy myrro{ur} also of the wall{e}, Pyke nat thy nose, and in especiall{e} Be right wele ware, and sette hieron thi thought, By-fore thy sou{er}ayne cracche ne rubbe nought. 14

++Be symple in cheer; caste not þi looke a-side, gase not about, t{ur}nynge þi siȝt ou{er}al. aȝen þe post lete not þi bak abide, neiþ{er} make þi myrro{ur} also of þe wal. Pike not pi nose; & moost in especial be weel waar, sette her-on þi þouȝt, to-fore þi sou{er}eyn cratche ne picke þ{e}e nouȝt. 14

¶ Who spekith{e} to the in any man{er} place, Rudely cast nat thyn ye adowne, But with a sadde chiere loke hym in the face; Walke demurely by strete in the towne, Advertise the with{e} wisdom and Reasoun{e}. With{e} dissolute laughters do thow non offence To-fore thy sou{er}ayn, whiles he is in presence. 21

¶ Who-so speke to þ{e}e in ony man{er} place, lu{m}pischli caste not þin heed a-dou{n}, but w{i}t{h} a sad cheer loke him in þe face. walke demurely bi streetis in þe tou{n}, And take good hede bi wisdom & resou{n} þat bi no wantowne lauȝinge þ{o}u do noo{n} offence To-fore þi sou{er}eyne while he is i{n} p{re}sence. 21

¶ Pare clene thy nailes, thyn handes wassh{e} also To-fore mete, and whan thow dooest arise; Sitte in that place thow art assigned to; Prease nat to hye in no man{er} wise; And til thow se afore the thy service, Be nat to hasty on brede for to byte, Of gredynesse lest men wolde the endwyte. 28

++Pare clene þi nailis; þi{n} hondis waische also to-fore þi mete, [&] wha{n}ne þou doist arise. sitte þ{o}u in þ{a}t place þ{a}t þ{o}u art a-signed to; Prece not to hie in no maner wise; And wha{n}ne þou seest afore þ{e}e þi seruice, be not to hasti upon breed to bite lest men þ{er}of Do þee edwite. 28

¶ Grennyng and mowes at the table eschowe; Cry nat to lowde; kepe honestly silence; To enboce thy Iowis with{e} mete is nat diewe; With{e} ful mowth{e} speke nat, lest thow do offence; Drynk nat bretheles for hast ne necligence; Kepe clene thy lippes from fat of flessh{e} or fissh{e}; Wype clene thi spone, leve it nat in thy dissh{e}. 35

++Gre{n}nynge & mowy{n}ge at þi table eschewe; Crie not to lowde: honestli kepe silence. To enbrace þi iowis w{i}t{h} breed, it is not dewe; w{i}t{h} ful mouþ speke not lest þ{o}u do offence; Drinke not bridelid for haste ne necligence; Kepe clene þi lippis from fleisch & fische; Wipe faire þi spoon; leue it not i{n} þi dische. 35

¶ Of brede I-byten no soppis that thow make; In ale nor wyne with{e} hande leve no fattenes; With{e} mowth{e} enbrewed thy cuppe thow nat take; Enbrewe no napery for no rekelesnes; For to souppe [loude] is agenst gentiles; [N]eu{er} at mete begynne thow nat stryf; Thi teth{e} also thow pike nat with{e} no knyf. 42

++Of breed w{i}t{h} þi teeþ no soppis þou make; Lowde for to soupe is aȝen gentilnes: W{i}t{h} mouþ enbrowide þi cuppe þ{o}u not take, In ale ne i{n} wiyn w{i}t{h} hond leue no fatnes; Defoule not þe naprie bi no richelesnes. Be waar þ{a}t at þe mete þ{o}u bigy{n}ne no striif; Þi teeþ also at þe table picke w{i}t{h} no knyf. 42

¶ Of honest myrth{e} late be thy daliaunce; Swere none othes, speke no ribawdrye; The best morsel, have in remembraunce, Hole to thyself alwey do nat applie; Part with{e} thy felaw, for that is curtesie: Laade nat thy trencho{ur} with{e} many remyssailes; And from blaknes alwey kepe thy nayles. 49

++Of honest mirþe eu{er}e be þi daliaunce; Swere noo{n} ooþis; speke no ribaudie. Þe beste morsels,--haue þis i{n} reme{m}brau{n}ce,-- Holli alwey þi silf to take do not applie. P{ar}te w{i}t{h} þi felawis, for þat is curteisie. Lete not þi trencho{ur} be w{i}t{h} many morsels; And fro blaknes kepe weel þi nailis. 49

¶ Of curtesye also agenst the lawe, With{e} sowne dishonest for to do offence; Of old surfaytes abrayde nat thy felawe; Toward thy sou{er}ayne alwey thyn aduertence; Play with{e} no knyf, take heede to my sentence; At mete and soupp{er} kepe the stille and soft; Eke to and fro meve nat thy foote to oft. 56

++Of curtesie it is aȝen þe lawe, W{i}t{h} dishoneste, sone, for to do difence; Of oolde forfetis vpbraide not þi felawe; Towarde þi sou{er}eyn do eu{er}e reu{er}ence. Pleie w{i}t{h} no knif, take hede to my sentence; At mete & at sop{er} kepe þee stille & softe, And eek to & fro meeue not þi feeþ to ofte. 56

¶ Droppe nat thi brest with{e} sawce ne with{e} potage; Brynge no knyves vnskoured to the table; Fil nat thy spone, lest in the cariage It went beside, whiche were nat comendable; Be quyke and redy, meke and s{er}uisable, Wele awaityng to fulfille anone What that thy sou{er}ayn{e} comav[{n}]dith{e} the to be done. 63

++Droppe n{o}t þi brest w{i}t{h} seew & oþ{er} potage, Bri{n}ge no foule knyues vnto þe table; Fille not þi spoon lest i{n} þe cariage It scheede bi side, it were not co{m}mendable. Be quik & redi, meke & seruiable, Weel awaiti{n}ge to fulfille anoo{n} What þ{a}t þi sou{er}eyn co{m}maundiþ to be doon. 63

¶ And whereso eu{er} that thow dyne or soupe, Of gentilesse take salt with{e} thy knyf; And be wele ware thow blow nat in the cuppe. Reu{er}ence thy felawe, gynne with{e} hym no stryf; Be thy power{e} kepe pees al thy lyf. Interrupt nat, where so thow wende, None other mans tale, til he have made an ende; 70

++And whe{re}-so-eu{er}e þ{o}u be to digne or to suppe, Of gentilnes take salt w{i}t{h} þi knyf, {and} be weel waar þ{o}u blowe n{o}t i{n} þe cuppe. Reu{er}ence þi felawis; bigy{n}ne w{i}t{h} he{m} no strijf; To þi power kepe pees al þi lijf. Intrippe no ma{n} whe{re} so þat þou wende, No man in his tale, til he haue maade an eende. 70

¶ With{e} thy fyngres make thow nat thy tale; Be wele avised, namly in tendre age, To drynk by mesure both{e} wyne and ale; Be nat copious also of langage; As tyme requyrith{e}, shewe out thy visage, To gladde ne to sory, but kepe atwene tweyne, For losse or lucre or any case sodayne. 77

¶ W{i}t{h} þi fyngris marke n{o}t þi tale; be weel avysid, & nameli in tendir age, To dri{n}ke mesurabli boþe wiyn & ale. Be n{o}t to copiose of langage; As tyme req{ui}riþ schewe out þi visage, To glad, ne to sory, b{u}t kepe þ{e}e euene bitwene For los, or lucre, or ony case sodene. 77

¶ Be meke in mesure, nat hasti, but tretable; Ou{er} moche is nat worth{e} in no man{er} thyng; To children it longith{e} nat to be [vengeable,] Sone meeved and sone forgyvyng; And as it is remembrid bi writyng, Wrath{e} of children is sone ou{er}gone, With{e} an apple the p{ar}ties be made atone. 84

++Be soft i{n} mesure, not hasti, but treteable; Ouer soft is nouȝt in no maner þing To childre{n} longiþ not to be ve{n}geable, Soone meued and soone fiȝtinge; And as it is reme{m}brid bi writynge, wraþþe of childre{n} is ou{er}come soone, W{i}t{h} þe p{ar}tis of an appil be{n} made at oon. 84

¶ In children werre now myrth{e} and now debate, In theyr quarel no grete violence; Now pley, now wepyng, sielde in one estate; To theyr playntes gyve no credence; A Rodde refo{ur}myth{e} al theyr insolence; In theyr corage no Ranco{ur} doth{e} abyde; Who sparith{e} the yerd, al vertu set aside. 91

++In childre{n} werre is now mirþe & now debate, In her quarel is no violence, now pleie, now wepi{n}ge, & seelde i{n} oon state; to her pleyntis ȝeue no credence; A rodde reformeþ al her necligence; in her corage no ranco{ur} dooþ abide, who þ{a}t spariþ þe rodde all u{er}tues settiþ a-side. 91

LENVOYE.

¶ Go, litel bille, bareyn of eloquence, Pray yonge children that the shal see or Reede, Though{e} thow be compendious of sentence, Of thi clauses for to taken heede, Whiche to al vertu shal theyr yowth{e} leede. Of the writyng, though{e} ther be no date, If ought be mysse,--worde, sillable, or dede,-- Put al the defaute vpon Iohn{e} Lydegate. 99

++A! litil balade, voide of eloquence, I p{ra}ie ȝ{o}u ȝonge children þ{a}t þis schal se & rede, Þouȝ ȝe be copious of sentence, Ȝit to þese clausis for to take hede Which al i{n}to v{er}tues schal ȝo{ur}e ȝouþe lede. In þis writynge, þouȝ þer be no date, Yf ouȝt be mys i{n} word, sillable, or dede, I submitte me to correcciou{n} w{i}t{h}oute ony debate. 99

+Thus eendith þe book of curteisie þ{a}t is clepid stans puer ad mensam.+

* * * * * * * * *

Errata (noted by transcriber):

The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke, collations: l. 59: [[CU _for_ first ne _read_ ner]] [_text reads “fist” for “first”_]

* * * * * * * * *

The Notes to the Book of Curtasye originally appeared in this location, immediately before the Index. They have been moved to accompany the primary text.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

[Transcriber’s Note:

The Table of Contents is repeated here in slightly abbreviated form for convenience in using the Index. All verse selections have continuous line numbers; the exact page number is not needed. References in the form “line B” are to the “ABC“ selections, “Aristotle” and “Lerne or Be Lewde”. Items marked [[added by editor]] are from the “Additions to Index” at the end of this selection.

Incorrect page numbers are shown in [[double brackets]] at the end of the line, typically in the form [[258 for 261]].

The paragraph beginning “To save the repetition...“ is from the original text.]

Forewords, or General Preface i Education in Early England iv Cleanliness, or Dirt, of Men, Houses, &c. lxiii Notice of the separate Poems lxviii Preface to Russell’s Boke of Nurture lxix Collations and Corrections xcii John Russell’s Boke of Nurture 1 Notes thereon 84 Lawrens Andrewe on Fish 113 Wilyam Bulleyn on Boxyng and Neckeweede 124 Andrew Borde on Sleep, Rising, and Dress 128 William Vaughan’s Fifteen Directions to preserve Health 133 The Dyet for every Day (Sir John Harington’s) 138 On Rising, Diet, and Going to Bed (from the same) 140 Recipes (for Fritters, Jussell, and Mawmeny) 145 Recipes (for Hares and Conies in Civeye, and for Doucettes) 146 Wynkyn de Worde’s Boke of Keruynge 147 Notes thereon 173 The Boke Of Curtasye 175 The Booke Of Demeanor 207 Bp. Grossetest’s Household Statutes 215 Stanzas and Couplets of Counsel 219 The Schoole Of Vertue 221 Whate-ever thow sey, avyse thee welle! 244 A Dogg Lardyner, & a Sowe Gardyner 246 Maxims in -ly 247 Roger Ascham’s Advice to Lord Warwick’s Servant 248 The Babees Book 250 Lerne or be Lewde 258 The A B C of Aristotle 260 Vrbanitatis 262 The Boris Hede furst 264* The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke, or Edyllys be (left-hand pages) 265-273 The Young Children’s Book (right-hand pages) 266-274 Stans Puer ad Mensam (left-hand pages) 275-281 Stans Puer ad Mensam (right-hand pages) 276-282 Notes to the Boke of Curtasye, &c. 283

_Items from the Postscript are not included in the Index_

* * * * * * * * *

INDEX.

To save the repetition of _p._ and _l._ for _page_ and _line_, I have adopted Mr Morris’s plan, in his Chaucer Glossary, of putting a / between the numbers of the page and line, so that 5 / 115 stands for page 5, line 115. Where no line is named, then _p._ for _page_ is prefixed. The French references are to Cotgrave, except where otherwise specified. The Index, though long, does not pretend to completeness. The explanations of words given in the notes to the text are not repeated here.

Abbots of Westminster & Tintern not to sit together, 76/1141-4.

Abbot with a mitre, 70/1013, 72/1051; without one, l. 1015; 72/1059.

A B C of Aristotle, p. 260, p. 258. [[258 for 261]]

A bofe, 216/9, above.

Abrayde, 277/52, upbraid.

Abremon, a fish, p. 113.

A-brode, 62/906, spread open.

Abstinence, 8/108; 153/6.

Abylle, 267/44, fit, convenient, beseeming; L. _habilis_, suitable, fit.

Accounts, yearly, taken to the Auditor, 196/590.

Achatis, 201/555, purchases. Fr. _achet_, a bargaine, or purchase. Cotgrave.

Addes, 153/11, adze.

Aduertence, p. 277, attention, respect, reverence.

Affeccion, 52/763, disposition.

After-dinner nap, 65/947-54, to be taken standing against a cupboard, p. 128.

Ages of man, the four, p. 53, p. 104.

Ahuna, a monster of the sea, p. 114.

Alay, 16/232, temper.

Alaye, p. 151, carve.

Aldermen, the old, rank above the young, 77/1157.

Ale; is to be 5 days old, 12/178; p. 92; 154/19. Fr. _Gutale_ ou _Guttale_. Ale, good Ale. Cot.

Ale or wine, the sauce for capons, 26/411.

Algate, 26/400, always.

Aliene, 75/1109, foreigners.

Alle, p. 216, No. ix. hall.

Allhallows Day, fires in hall begin on, 189/393.

Allhallowsday, 205/837.

Alloft, 69/996, above, over the vessel of herbs.

Almandes, 5/74, almonds.

Almond, 44/625, a whelk’s operculum.

Almonds, good against sour food, 8/102; eat it with raw fruit, 153/1.

Almond, iardyne, cream of, 52/744; cream and milk of, 35/520; cream of, 49/705; 56/825; 157/8; p. 167, last line.

Almoner, his duties, 201/729; to remove a towel, 204/814.

Alms to be given to the poor, p. 216, No. viii.

Alms-dish, 23/346; 200/687; 201/730; loaf for, 202/731; it has the leavings in the lord’s cup, 203/787, and a piece of everything he is served with, 204/799. See John Fitz Roberts’s account for altering and ornamenting an almsdish for Hen. VI., that belonged to the _Duk d’Excestre_, in Rymer X. 388, col. 1.

Aloes epatick, 135/12; Fr. _hepatique_, Liuer-helping; comforting a whole, or curing a diseased, liuer. Cot.

Als, 197/599, also.

Altar, minister at the high, with both hands, 182/167.

Alycaunt, p. 86, p. 89, a wine.

Amber, 141/3; _adj._ 49/699.

Amberdegrece, 132/9, a scent.

Angel and 3 Shepherds, device of, 49/702.

Anger, avoid, 236/764.

Anhonest, 180/96, unmannerly, improper; 180/124, unpolite.

Annaunciande, 201/705, announcing, who announces guests?

Answer sensibly, 252/71.

Answer, servants mustn’t, 215/13.

Ape tied with a clog, 180/108.

Apparel, rules for, 214/159, &c.

Apple fritter, 33/502, &c.

Apple, a raw, cures indigestion, 153/5; and the fumes of drink, 8/105.

Apples, 52/757; 55/813; 152/19. “The dyvell choke hym, he hath eaten all the _appels_ alone.” Palsgrave, p. 484, col. 2.

Apples and pears roasted, 164/17, &c.

[[Citation could not be identified. Roast apples and pears are mentioned together at 152/26 and 6/80.]]

Apprentise of lawe, rank of, 73/1070.

Apprentices, thievish, hanging good for, p. 125.

Apys mow, 179/59; apes grimace.

_Aquarius_, p. 199, the Ewerer or Water-bearer.

Aquetons, 197/597, acquittance.

Ar, 201/710, before.

Archbishop, 72/1047.

Archbishop ranks with a prince, 70/1010; is to dine alone, 171/4.

Archdeacon, rank of, 70/1016; 72/1060.

Areche, 19/290, retch?

Areise, 43/609, tear off?

Arere, 26/407, cut.

Areyse, 27/418, 425; 28/429, &c.; tear or cut off.

_A B C_, p. 260, p. 258.

Arm, don’t claw it, 193/329.

Armes, servauntes of, 156/28, ? in livery, or men-at-arms.

Artificers, rich; rank of, 71/1037.

Asche, 45/643, ask.

Ashore, 5/71, slantwise, aslope; 20/299, astraddle.

Asise, 60/879, way, manner.

Aslout, 39/560; aslant.

Aspidochelon, a great whale-fisshe, p. 114.

Assaying bread, by the panter, 200/691; water, 201/702; meat, by the sewer, 202/764. _See_ Credence, and Tasting.

Asseles, 196/566, sets the lord’s seal to.

Astate, 185/276; rank.

At, 256/182, with; 184/242, that.

Aþer, 200/689, either, each.

Attend at school, 209/21.

Attirling, 287/41, shrew; A.S. _Attor_, _Ater_, poison.

Atwytynge, 18/274, twitting, blaming others.

Audibly, speak, 235/687.

Auditor, the lord’s, all officers to account to, once a year, 196/587-94.

Aunterose, p. 260, l. A, venturesome.

Aurata (a fish), p. 114.

Autumn, the device of, 53/766; p. 54.

Ave, 48/692.

Ave-Maria, 181/147.

Aveyner, his duties, p. 197.

Avise, 35/525, opinion, learning.

Awoydes, 204/821, removes, puts off.

Ayselle, 42/596, a kind of vinegar.

Baase (the fish), 58/842. _See_ Base.

Babulle, 1/12. Au fol la marotte. Prov. We say also, Giue the foole his _bable_; or what’s a foole without a _bable_? Cotgrave, under _fol._

Back; turn it on no one, 253/90; not on him you give a cup to, 180/121.

Backbite no man, 272/99.

Bacon and peas, 54/797.

Bailiffs of a city, rank of, 71/1033.

Bailiffs of farms, &c., to be talked to pleasantly, p. 218, No. xvi.

Baked herrings with sugar, 166/7.

Bakemete, 54/802, meat-pie.

Bake metes, 30/476-7, game pies, &c.; ? sweet pies, 54/809; how to carve, 159/19; how assayed, 203/771-6.

Baker, gets money from the treasurer, 196/582; his duties, 198/623-28.

Bakes, 179/60, as _bokes_, bulges, stuffs.

Balena, a whale or mermaid, pp. 115, 123, 119, last line.

Banker, 63/924, cloth to cover a bench.

Barbe, p. 151, cut up.

Barme, 61/891, bosom.

Barnard’s blowe, p. 126, a secret blow by a highwayman.

Baron, 70/1013, 72/1051; of the Exchequer, 70/1014; 72/1061.

Baron of the Exchequer, appeal lies to, from an Auditor, 196/594.

Base, the fish, 51/735; 166/13; 167/6.

Bason, 63/926, washing basin.

Basshe, 45/645, be abashed, ashamed.

Bastard, 9/119; 89/7; 153/20; a sweet wine.

Bate, 182/188, quarrelling.

Bath, how to make one, p. 66-7; a medicated one, p. 67-9.

Bayle, 196/576, bailiff.

Bearer of meat to stand or kneel as the sewer does, 203/777.

Beastlynes, 232/460; nasty practise, t.i., gnawing bones.

Beaver, considered as a fish, 37/547.

“The beuer, whose hinder feet and taile onlie are supposed to be fish. Certes the taile of this beast is like vnto a thin whetstone, as the bodie vnto a monsterous rat.... It is also reported that their said tailes are a delicate fish.” Harrison, _Desc. Brit._, i. 225, col. 2.

See Giraldus Cambrensis, _Works_, vol. v. p. 59, ed. 1867.

Beckoning, don’t use it, 184/249.

Bed, how to undress a lord for, p. 65-6.

Bed and Bedroom, how to air and prepare, 63/919-30.

Bed, offer your bed-fellow his choice of place in, 185/293.

Bed, prayer on going to, 240/987-8.

Bedchamber, how to prepare your master’s, pp. 63, 65.

Bedchamber door, lights stuck on, 193/509.

Bedes, for church service, 63/918.

Bedrooms, don’t sleep in ratty ones, or those deprived of sun, p. 132.

Beds of straw, &c., to be 9 ft. long and 7 ft. broad, 191/436-7.

Beef, 34/517; 48/688; p. 105; powdered, p. 102, note to l. 694; stewed, 54/798; how to carve, 25/393.

“Touchyng the _befe_: I do estymate him of nature melancolyke, and engendre and produce grosse blode well norisshyng folkes robustes and of stronge complexion, whiche occupy them in great busynesse and payne.” --_Du Guez’s Introductorie_, p. 1071.

Behight, 41/605, direct.

Behoveable, 54/804, necessary.

Belch not, 178/113.

Believe fair words, don’t, 183/205.

Bengwine, p. 134; Fr. _Benjoin_, the aromaticall gumme called Benjamin or Benzoin. Cot.

Benym, 24/368, deprive.

Be-sene, 21/318, become, suit.

Bete, 63/930, feed, nourish.

Bete, 67/990, remedy, cure.

Betowre, 37/541, the bittern, q.v.; 49/696; how to carve, 27/421; p. 162.

Better, give place to your, 253/89.

Bilgres, 69/994; bugloss? p. 110.

Birds, how to carve, pp. 25-8, 30-1, 161-62.

Birth to be looked to first, 74/1105.

Bishop, rank of, 70/1012.

Bisketes, 231/389, biscuits.

Bite not thy bread, 178/49.

Bithe, 47/678, are.

Biting your lips is bad, 178/89.

Bittern, to unjoint or carve, p. 162; 165/1. _See_ Betowre.

Blaknes, 278, 277/49, black dirt.

Blamanger and Blanchmanger, p. 101, bottom. _See_ Blanger mangere and Blaunche manger.

Blandrelles, 157/10, white apples. _See_ Blaundrelles.

Blanger mangere, 49/693.

Blanked, 169/23. _See_ Blanket.

Blanket, 64/935. Fr. _blanchet._ A blanket for a bed; also, white woollen cloth. Cot. Is to be kept in the privy.

Blasting, 20/304; cp. Fr. _Petarrade_: f. Gunshot of farting. Cotgrave.

Blaunche manger, 157/3.

Blaunche powder, 6/80, note; p. 85, p. 10, note 3; 152/26.

Blaunderelle, 50/714; Blawnderelles, 6/79; p. 85, white apples.

Blaynshe powder, p. 10, note 3.

Blow and puff not, 20/303.

Blow not like a broken-winded horse, 210/53.

Blow, don’t, on your food to cool it, 180/111.

Blood Royal, Babees of, _The Babees Book_, addressed to, 250/15.

Blood Royal ranks above property, 74/1094; 171/16.

Blush or change colour, don’t, 187/337.

Blysse, 266/12, 23, make the sign of the cross on or over.

Blythe, 178/47, joy? = (in) faith.

Boar pasty, 31/489.

Boar, 48/686.

Boards of the privy to be covered with green cloth, 63/932.

Body to be kept upright, 235/676.

Bof, 202/750, ? not “_boeuf_, an ox, a beefe,” Cot.; but _a-bof_ (dishes), above, up.

Boke, the, 185/261.

Bold, don’t be too, p. 258, p. 260, l. B.

Bolde, 192/454, finely?

Bole Armoniake, p. 134. Fr. _Armoniac_, a gumme spring from the Cyrenian _Ferula_ or _Fennell-giant_.

Bolkynge, 19/298, belching. A.S. _bealcian_, to belch; to bolke, belche, _roucter_. Palsgrave.

Bombace, p. 139, cotton; cp. bombast.

Boner, 183/191. Fr. _bonaire_, gentle, courteous, affable. Cot.

Bones not to be thrown on the floor, 269/79; to be put into voyders, 230/358.

Bonet, 169/29, nightcap.

Book, stick to it well, 227/168.

Boorde, p. 260, l. B, joke, play. “To _bourde_ or iape with one in sporte, _truffler_, _border_, _iouncher_.” Palsgrave.

Boorde, bourde, p. 258, p. 260, l. B; Fr. _bourder_, to toy, trifle, dally; bourd or ieast with. Cot.

Borbotha, a slippery fish, p. 115.

Borclothe, 30/468, table-cloth.

Bordclothe, 4/62, table-cloth. “The table clothes and towelles shoulde be chaunged twyes every weeke at the leste; more if neede require.” H. Ord. p. 85.

Borde, 178/31, table.

Borde, Andrew, extracts from, pp. 89, 91, &c.; on _Sleep, Rising, and Dress_, p. 128-32.

Border, p. 151, carve.

Botery, 12/176-7.

Botre, 193/489, buttery.

Bouȝt, 13/188, 189 _n_, 191, fold; 268/27, 29; 269/17; ‘_Mal feru_, A malander in the _bought_ of a horse’s knee.’ Cot.

Bow when you answer, 253/83.

Boxyng, p. 124, smacking the face.

Boys to walk two and two from school, not hooping and hallooing, 228/238-264.

Boystous, 257/195, rude; Boystows, _rudis_. Prompt.

Boystousnesse, 256/182; _Ruditas._ Prompt.

Brade, 199/666, broad.

Bragot, 55/817; p. 107.

Brandrels, 152/24, blaundrels, white apples.

Brawn of boar, 48/686; 54/796.

Brawn of boar: this was the first dish at dinner in Harrison’s time, 1577-87; see his _Description_ of Britain, bk. iii, ch. 1 (N. Sh. Soc.). [[entry added by editor]]

Brawn of a capon, 163/27.

Brawn, how to carve, 24/378; pp. 94, 156.

Brayd, at a, 15/226, sharply, quickly.

Brayde, 13/188, instant, same time.

Brayde, 11/146, start, slip.

Brayde, at a, 200/678, quickly.

Bread to be cut, not broken, 255/141; 267/24; at dinner to be cut in two, 178/35.

Bread, how to chop, p. 4; how assayed, 200/691-2.

Bread and cheese, 55/815.

Break your bread, 178/51.

Break not wind, 20/304.

Bream, 51/736; 58/841; pp. 108, 115.

Bream, sea-, 40/578; 49/698; 52/746; 58/848.

Breath, as it may smell, keep your mouth shut, 211/69.

Breche (? drawers), clean, 60/871.

Brede, 13/192, breadth.

Breke, 21/315; p. 151, carve venison.

Breke a cony, 29/448.

Bresewort, 68/993. “In the curious treatise of the virtues of herbs, Royal MS. 18 A. vi., fol. 72 b, is mentioned ‘_bryse-wort_, or bon-wort, or daysye, _consolida minor_, good to breke bocches.’” Way, Promptorium, p. 52, note 1.

Brest, 19/288, ? for fist.

Bret, Brett, a fish, 41/583; 51/735; 59/852. Fr. _Limaude_, f. A Burt or _Bret_-fish. Cot.

Breue, 190/413, book, score-up.

Breuet, 194/536, briefed (with green wax).

Breve, 195/553, set down in writing, keep accounts of.

Brewe, 36/540, a bird; 49/706; 157/8; how to carve, 27/422; to untache or carve, p. 160.

Bridelid, 278/33, ? a wrong reading; or, with food in one’s mouth; Fr. _boire sa bride_, A horse to draw vp his bit into his mouth with his tongue. Cot.

Broach a pipe of wine, how to, 5/69, p. 152, 121/69. [[last selection unidentified]]

Broche?, 161/6.

Broiled herrings, 52/748.

Broke-lempk, 69/994; p. 68, note.

Broken, 214/158, with hernia?, E. Engl. _bursten_.

Broken meat or food for the poor, 202/739.

Brothellis, 267/38, low rude people. Fr. _bordeau_, a brothell or bawdie house; _bordelier_, a wencher, haunter of baudie-houses. Cotgrave. Adulterous friars are called _brothels_ in Piers Plowman’s Crede, l. 1540, v. 2, p. 496, ed. Wright. See Arth. and Merlin, &c., in Halliwell;--a blackguard, Towneley Mysteries, p. 142, “stynt, _brodels_, youre dyn.”

Browers, 199/663; _brower_ must be a napkin or doyley. “Can it be a bib put on when taking _broo_ or broth in, against the spilling of what is supped up? (Or rather, wiping the fingers from the _broo_, sauce, or gravy, that men dipped their bits of meat into.) Halliwell curiously explains _broo_, top of anything. ‘Tak a knyf & shere it smal, the rute and alle, & sethe it in water; take the _broo_ of that, and late it go thorow a clowte’-- evidently the juice. Ital. _broda_, broth, swill for swine, dirt or mire; _brodare_, to cast broth upon.” --H. Wedgwood.

Browes, p. 160, last line; p. 173. A.S. _briw_, es.; m. Brewis, the small pieces of meat in broth; pottage, frumenty, &c., _briwan_, to brew. Somner.

Brows, how to use the, 210/29; 213/132.

Browynge, 179/75, broth, grease. _See_ Browes.

Brush your master well, 62/913; all robes lightly, 64/940-3; your cap, 228/78.

Brushed (well), breeches, 60/873.

Brydelynge, 19/288, ? the passage seems corrupt.

Brytte, a fish, 166/12.

Buche, 31/492, in squares. Sloane MS. 1315, reads “Custarde, enche square checke hit with your knyfe.”

Buffe, p. 133, leather made of buck’s skin.

Bulch not, 294/113. [[294 for 212]]

Bulk, 267/47. A.S. _bealcian_, to belch. “Bolkyn, _ructo_, eructo, orexo.” Prompt.

Bulke, 29/452, thorax, breast; 159/16.

BULLEYN, Wilyam; on Boxyng and Neckeweede, p. 124-7.

Bultelle clothe, 12/164.

Bun, 14/211; 15/218.

Bushel of flour to make 20 loaves, 198/625-6.

Business, attend to your own, 268/56.

Bustard, 28/433; 37/541; p. 97; 49/695; p. 102; 157/4.

Butler and Panter’s duties, p. 152-1. [[152-1 for 152/1]]

Butler, his duties, 196/423-30; is the panter’s mate, /425.

Butt or fresh-water flounder, p. 115.

Butter, sweet, of Claynos or hakeney, 39/559.

Butter, one of the _fruits_ to be eaten before dinner, 46/667-8.

Butter and fruits to be eaten before dinner, 152/22.

Butter, wholesome first and last, 7/89; 152/31.

Butter, 7/89-92; p. 85; 152/20, 22.

Buttiler, p. 3, l. 40-1. ‘Butler, the officer in charge of the _buttery_ or collection of casks; as Pantler, the officer in charge of the pantry.’ Wedgwood.

Buying, swear & lie not in, 270/76.

Bydene, 4/62, properly.

Cabages, 35/521; p. 97; 159/29.

Calf, boiled, on Easter-day, p. 160.

Calves-foot jelly, 34/515.

Calves-skin garments to be worn in summer, p. 139.

Camamelle, 68/992, chamomile.

Camelyne sauce, p. 36, note 6.

Camphire, 135/13.

Campolet wine, 153/20, p. 174.

Cancer, the creuyce or cray-fish, p. 115.

_Candelarius_, 204/822-3, the chandler.

Candle, one to each mess at dinner, 205/837.

Candlemas-eve, squires’ allowances stop on, 189/394; 205/837.

“_Aujourd’huy Febvrier demain Chandelier._ Prov. (For Candlemas day is euer the second of Februarie.)” Cot.

Candles, 34/510.

Canel, 5/66; p. 84, a spout.

Canelle, 11/142; 10/135; 153/24, 31; a spice.

Canelle-boon, 29/449; 159/14. Fr. _Clavicules_, f. The kannell bones, channell bones, necke-bones, craw-bones, extending (on each side ore) from the bottom of the throat vnto the top of the shoulder. Cot. The merry-thought of a bird. The haunch-bones below correspond to the clavicles or kannell bones above.

Canne, 266/4; cunne, 265/3, know.

Cannelles, 152/15, channels, spouts.

Canterbury, Bp. of, 73/1077. _See_ Archbishop.

Canterbury, the prior of, 77/1145.

Cap, take it off before a lord, 262/4; before your better, 274/137; when speaking to any man, 226/80; be free of, 229/274, salute every one.

Capitaius, a fish, p. 116.

Capon, 48/689; 54/801; p. 106.

“Of all meates the best and most utille to the body of man is of capons, chyckyns, faisantes, partriches, yonge partriches, _plouuiers_, _pigeons_, quailles, snites (_becasses_§), wod-cockes, turtell doves, knyghtes (_cheualiers_†), stares, sparows, or _passeriaux_, finches, uerdieres,* frions, gold finches, linotes, thrushe, felde fare, and all kyndes of small byrdes (whereof the names ben without nombre) ben metes norisshyng and of litell degestion, and that engendre good blode.” _Du Guez’s Introductorie_, p. 1071-2.

[Footnote §: _Beccasse_, f. A Woodcock. _Becasse petite_, A Snite or Snipe.]

[Footnote †: _Chevalier_, A daintie Water-fowle, as big as a Stock-doue, and of two kinds, the one red, the other blacke. Cot.]

[Footnote *: _Verdrier_, m. The Gold-hammer, Yellow-ha{m}mer, Yowlring. Cot.]

Capon, how to carve, 26/409; to sauce or carve, p. 161.

Capon, boiled, 54/799; verjuice its sauce, 36/534. “Capons boyled, and chekyns, ben lykewyse of good nourysshyng, and doth engender good blode, but whan they ben rosted, they ben somewhat more colloryke, and all maner of meates rosted, the tone more the tother lesse.” Du Guez, p. 1071.

Capon pie, 31/481.

Capon, roast, how to carve, 16½1.

Cappe, 65/964, night-cap.

Cappe-de-huse, 62/909, ? cape for the house, Fr. _cappe_, a short cloake, or loose and sleeuelesse garment, which hath, instead of a Cape, a Capuche behind it. Cot.

Caprik, 9/120; p. 91, No. 13, a sweet wine.

Caraway, Careawey, 6/79, caraway-seeds, (from καρον, cumin; Lat. _careum_; Ar. _karawiya_; Mahn,) 50/713; 152/25; 157/11; 231/389.

Cardinal, rank of a, 70/1008; 72/1045.

Carding, eschew, 234/599.

Cariage, p. 280, 279, l. 59, act of carrying.

Carowayes, 231/389, caraway-seed cakes.

Carp, 40/578; 51/735; 58/842; p. 116.[1]

[Footnote 1: And of the carp, that it is a deyntous fyssche, but there ben but fewe in Englonde; and therefore I wryte the lasse of hym. --_Jul. Berners’s Book of St Alban’s._]

Carpentes, 169/9, 18, carpets under foot? _See_ carpettes for cupbordes, l. 19.

Carpets, about a bed, windows, &c, 63/927-8.

Carry your body up, 213/133.

Carver, his duties, p. 24-32; assays the wine?, and carves the lord’s meat, 209/789-95. [[209 for 203]] _See_ Keruynge.

Carving of fish, p. 166-7; of flesh, p. 157.

Carving-knives, panter to lay two, 200/673.

Cast, 197/607, armful or pitchfork-full.

Cast of bread, 198/631, ? armful, lot taken up at one heave.

Cast up thy bed, 226/61.

Castles, the Receiver sees to repairs of, 197/601.

Castyng, 187/336, ?

Cat, don’t stroke it at meals, 180/107.

Cate, 274/143, ? cat (_hond_, hound).

Cathedral prior sits above others, 77/1150.

Cato quoted, 232/491.

Cats to be turned out of bedrooms, 66/969; p. 108, p. 109; 169/34.

Caucius, a fish, p. 116.

Cawdrons, the sauce for swans, p. 159, last line. _See_ Chawdon.

Cellar, yeomen of the, 21/311.

Celle, 12/176, cell.

_Cena Domini_, fires in hall stop on, 189/398; [[189 for 95]] Shere Thursday or Maundy Thursday, day before Good Friday.

Cetus, the greatest whale, p. 116.

Ceuy, 55/822, chive-sauce.

Chafer, 192/466, a heater.

Chaffire, 45/639. “Chafowre to make whote a thynge, as watur. _Calefactorium._” Prompt.

Chalcedony to be worn in a ring, p. 141.

Chambur, bason for, 66/971.

Chamberlain, the duties of one, p. 59-69, p. 168-9.

Chancellor, his duties, 195/563.

Chandelew, 199/642, chandlery, stock of candles.

Chandler, his bread, 198/628; his duties, p. 204-11.

Change (countenance or temper?) don’t, 270/92.

Char, 180/96, turn, trick.

Chardequynce, 152/21, chare de quynces, 5/75; conserve of quinces, or quince marmalade. _Charequynses_, 10łb. the boke, vs̃--2ł., 10s. A.D. 1468, _H. Ord._ p. 103. Marmalet of Quinces. R. Holme, Bk. III., p. 80, col. 1.

Charger, 44/633; Chargere, 26/405, a kind of dish.

Charity, the fruits of, p. 233, cap. x.

Charlet, 159/28; p. 173.

Chat after meals, p. 142.

Chatter, don’t, 253/94; 257/186.

Chafing-dysshe, 162/2, heating dish.

Chaundeler, 299/492, chandler, officer in charge of the candles.

Chawdon (chawdron, p. 161), the sauce for swan, 36/535; p. 97.

Chawdwyn, the sauce for swans, 48/688.

Cheeks, don’t puff ’em out, 211/65; don’t stuff yours out like an ape’s, 179/57.

Cheese, hard, 6/78; 7/85; p. 84, p. 85; 7/84-8; 8/102; 152/24.

Cheese, 55/815; 152/19.

Cheese, the best cement for broken pots, p. 85. Ruin cheese, p. 7, note 3; 85/3.

Cheese, have a clean trencher for, 256/183.

Cheese, fruit, and biscuits, for dessert, 231/388.

Cheese, only take a little, 269/76.

_Fourmage est bon quand il y en a peu_: Prov. The lesse cheese the better; or, cheese is good when a miserable hand giues it. Cot.

Chekker, 196/594, the Exchequer.

Chekkid, 25/389; 31/492, cut into chequers or squares.

Chekmate, 8/96.

Cherlis, 267/34, 48, poor, rude, and rough people.

Cherries, 6/77; 46/668; 152/23.

Chet, 199/501, coarse bread; chet loaf to the almsdish, 200/687.

Cheven (Cheuene, 166/13), chub, 51/736, note 3; 58/842. Fr. _Vilain_, the _Cheuin_ or Pollard fish (called so because it feedes vpon nothing but filth). Cot. _See_ Chub.

Cheve, 24/369, end.

Chewettes, 161/4; p. 171; 173/3.

[Transcriber’s Note: Reference to “p. 171” could not be identified. Chewets are mentioned on 161/4, 165/3 and 173/24.]

Chicken, boiled, 54/799; roast, 54/808; chicken pie, 31/481.

Chickens, how to carve, 25/397.

Chide not, 253/102. “I lyken the to a sowe, for thou arte ever chyding at mete.” Palsgrave, p. 611, col. 2.

Chief Justices, rank of, 70/1014; 72/1052.

Childe, or young page, the King’s, 75/1124.

Children soon get angry, 279, 280/81; 281, 282/85; give ’em an apple then, 280/84; and a rod when they’re insolent, 281, 282/89.

Children, to wait on their parents at dinner before eating their own, 229/297; 231/423; the duty of, 241/5.

Chin, hold it up when you speak, 262/14; keep it clean at dinner, 272/107.

Chine, 25/393. Fr. _Eschinon_: m. The _Chyne_, or vpper part of the backe betweene the shoulders. _Eschine_: f. The _Chyne_, backe bone, ridge of the backe. 1611, Cotgrave.

Chip, p. 84; 152/4. “I chyppe breed. _Je chappelle du payn ... je descrouste du pain ..._ and _je payre du pain._ Chyppe the breed at ones, for our gestes be come.” Palsgrave, p. 484, col. 1. _See_ “choppe” and “chyppere.”

Choke, don’t, by drinking with your mouth full, 180/98.

Choppe (loaves), 4/51; p. 184.

Chub, p. 51, note 3. _See_ Cheuen.

Church, how to behave in, 233/332 (this is the part that would follow at the end of the _Booke of Demeanor_, p. 296).

Church, behave well at; go to, 266/17.

Chyme of a pipe, 152/18, rim.

Chymné, 192/461, fire-place or brasier.

Chyne, 5/70, rim of a cask.

Chyne, 25/393; 159/15, 16, back, loin. _See_ Chine.

Chyne, p. 151, carve.

Chynchynge, 153/11, pinching. Metaphorically “_chynchyn_ or sparyn mekylle, _perparco_.” Prompt.

Chyppere, 152/4, a knife to chip bread with.

Cinnamon and salt as sauce for venison, &c., 37/542-3.

Cinnamon, eaten with lamprey-pie, 44/636; with fish, 58/842, 847; 168/11.

Cinnamon, 153/30.

Ciryppe, 56/826, syrop.

Civeye (chive sauce), hares and conies in, p. 309; 55/822.

Clared wyne, 153/19.

Clarey, 9/120; p. 91, No. 14; Clarrey, 153/21. Sp. _Clarea_: f. Clary drinke of hony and wine. Some say Muscadell, others call it Nectar or kingly drinke. 1591, Percivale, ed. Minsheu, 1623.

Clarke of the crowne and th’eschekere, 70/1019.

Claryfinynge, 9/124.

Claw, don’t, 253/81; 262/18; 274/139.

Claw not your head, &c., 18/279.

“I clawe, as a man or beest dothe a thyng softely with his nayles. _Je grattigne ..._ Clawe my backe, and I wyll clawe thy toe.” Palsgrave.

Claynos buttur, 39/559.

Cleanse your spoon, 179/74.

Clene, 262/28, fitting, courteous.

Clerk of the Kitchen, 195/549; his duties, 195/553-62; gets money from the Treasurer, 196/579.

Clof, 192/462, ? [[Can it be “cloth”?]]

Cloke, 62/909, cloak.

Cloos-howse, 80/1202, lock-up place for food.

Cloth, how to lay the, 13/187, &c., 154/23; how to take it off the table, 231/399.

Cloth, keep it clean, 269/61, 81; 272/123; 277/39; 278/40; don’t wipe your knife on it, 272/122; or your nose, 263/53.

Clothes, don’t wipe your nose on, 210/48. _See_ Apparel. “Graue clothes make dunces often seeme great clarkes.” Cot., u. _fol._

Clothing of officers, given out by the clerk of the kitchen, 195/561; of lord and lady, by the chancellor, 195/563.

Cloven-footed fowls, skin of, is unwholesome, 163/18. [[163 for 165]]

Clowche, 33/503, belly? Not “clowchyn or clowe (clewe), _glomus_, _globus_.” Prompt.

Clutch at the best bit, don’t, 263/29.

Coat, long, 60/872.

Cock and hen, p. 105.

Cock, shooting at; girls not to go to, 289/81.

Cockes, 24/375, cooks.

Cod, 58/845; 168/12.

Cod, how to carve, 40/576; names of, p. 99.

Codling, a fish, p. 59, note; 167/7.

Codware not to be clawed, 19/286; not to be exposed, 20/305.

Coffyn, cofyn, 30/478; 31/481; 96/2, 22, &c., crust of a pie.

Cold, head and feet to be kept from, p. 138.

Cold fritter is not to be eaten, 33/502.

_Colericus_, 53/772; p. 54; p. 104.

Colice, 56/824, broth.

Collector, the Pope’s, 70/1023; 72/1063.

Cologne, the kings of, 50/712.

Colombyne gynger, 10/131; Columbyne gyngre, 52/758; a kind of ginger. ? what.

Coloure de rose, 9/114. _See_ note there; it was a wine, p. 86, extract from the _Four Elements._

Colvering, 126/3, ?

Comade, 96/4; sauce of whipped eggs and milk.

Comb for the hair, 61/885.

Comb your head often, p. 130; nothing recreateth the memorie more, p. 128.

Comb your head, 266/14; do it 40 times every morning, p. 139.

Comb your lord’s head, 65/963; 169/2, 28.

Comedies, 34/510, quaint dishes?

Comenynge, 81/1220, communication, teaching.

Comfit, 50/714; p. 104.

Commende, 254/120. Fr. ?_Commander,_ to recommend, or to commit ouer vnto the care of another. _À Dieu vous command._ God be with you. Cot.

Commensed, 77/1154, taken a degree.

Commyn, 46/671, communicate, talk.

Companions, pray for your, 182/161.

Compleccion, 52/764, device.

Compleccyon, 165/11, disposition. My _complexcyon_ a-cordyth to eny mete, But rere sopers j refowse, lest j shuld surfett. Piers of Fullham, l. 197-8.

Compostes, 5/75, note; 6/79; 152/21; 154/19. _See_ Recipe 100, _Forme of Cury_, p. 49.

Conche or muscle fish, p. 116.

Concoction, 136/12, digestion.

Concordable, 54/796, suitable.

Condel, smale, 205/826, tapers.

_Confiteor_, the, to be learnt, 181/154.

Confites, 5/75; p. 85, note to l. 82, comfits.

Confyte, 51/731, a comfit.

Congaudence, 79/1190, congratulation, satisfaction.

Conger, 38/555; 41/583; 51/733; p. 117. Richard Sheale, the minstrel and ballad-writer, says,

“I can be content, if it be out of Lent, A piece of beef to take, my hunger to aslake. Both mutton and veal is good for Richard Sheale; Though I look so grave, I were a very knave If I would think scorn, either evening or morn, Being in hunger, of fresh salmon or _congar_.”

Knight’s Life of Caxton, p. 48.

Conger, salt, 57/833.

Congettynge, 80/1202, conspiracy, tricks.

Connynge, 81/1220-2, learning, knowledge.

_Contrarotulator_, p. 195, the controller.

Controller, his work, 195/541, 550; sits on the dais in hall, 177/20. “I feel by William Peacock that my nephew is not yet verily acquainted in the king’s house, nor with the officers of the king’s house he is not taken as none of that house; for the cooks be not charged to serve him, nor the sewer to give him no dish, for the sewer will not take no men no dishes till they be commanded by the _controller_.” Clement Paston, P. Letters, ed. 1841, v. 1, p. 144 (XV. vol. iv. p. 53, orig.).

Cold of speech, be, 272/98.

Cony, 34/517; 49/694; 54/807; p. 107. “And conÿs, hares, rabettes (_laperaus_), buckes, does, hartes, hyndes, robuckes, or lepers (_cheureus ou saillanz_), holde also all of melancoly.” Du Guez.

Cony, how to carve, 29/447; 159/12; to unlace or cut up, p. 162.

Cony, with mustard and sugar, 36/538.

Conyd, 274/149, learnt.

Coochele, sea-snails, p. 116.

Cook must obey a marshal, 79/1182.

Cooks are always finding out new dishes, and nearly killing people, 33/505.

Coost, 49/705, rank, succession? Fr. _coste à coste_, in euen ranke, side by side. Cotgrave.

Cope, 200/689, covering, towel ?

Copious of talk, don’t be, 279, 280/74.

Coral, 141/3.

Coretz, a fish, p. 119.

Cornys, p. 218, No. xvi. different kinds of grain.

Cote, 267/48, cot, cottage.

Cottell, 168/14, cuttle-fish.

[Transcriber’s Note: Also p. 174 (note on “Cottell”).]

Cotyn, cotton, to be kept in the privy, 64/935.

Couche, 154/25.

Couertoure, 202/753, dish-cover; 203/791, cover, or lid of a wine-cup.

Cough not, 18/271; before your lord, 19/297.

Counturpynt, 192/455, counterpane.

Countyng, 194/535, reckoning.

Courteous, be, to God, and kneel at prayers, 182/163.

Courtesy came from heaven, 265/4; 266/6; all virtues are included in it, 265/8; 266/10.

Courtesy and gentleness, delight in, 256/180.

Courts (fines of), 196/577.

Couth, 272/118, ? truly, indeed, A.S. _cudlice_, certainly.

Couthe, 180/114, known persons, friends.

Coverlet of a bed, 63/923.

Cowd, 3/34-5, knew.

Cowche, 13/187, and note, the undermost table-cloth.

Cowheels mixed with jellies, 34/515.

Crab, how to carve and dress one, 42/590-601; 165/14. [[165 for 167]]

Crache, 274/139; 275/14; 276/14. ‘Clawyn or cracchyn, scratche, _Scalpo, scrato, grado_.’ Cath. in P. Pl.; ‘_Krauwen, krabben_, kratsen, _ofte schrabben_.’ Hexham.

Craftsmen, their duty, 242/12.

Cram your mouth full, don’t, 267/38.

Crane (the bird), 36/539; p. 97; 49/695; p. 102, and note *, for their fighting pigmies.

Crane, how to carve, 28/429; or dysplaye, p. 162.

Crane’s trump, take care of it, 28/431; 157/4. [[157 for 159]]

Crawe, 19/288; Fr. _iabot_, the craw, crop, or gorge of a bird. Cotgrave.

Crayfish, how it catches oysters, p. 115; p. 117; freshwater, p. 116. _See_ Creues, &c.

Cream, cow- and goat-, 7/81; 8/93; p. 85; 54/803; is bad, 152/27. “The dyvell burst him, he hath eaten all the _creame_ without me.” Palsgrave, p. 472, col. 2.

Credence, 80/1195-9, tasting food against poison. Only done for the highest ranks, down to an earl.

Creed, to be learnt by boys, 181/167.

Creues (crayfish), how to carve, 167/20.

Crevice, freshwater, 58/848.

Crevis dewe douȝ, fresh-water cray-fish; how to carve, 43/618.

Crevise, freshwater, 50/707.

Crevise or cray-fish, how to carve, 42/602; the names of, p. 100.

Crochettis, 197/446, hooks.

Cropyns, 24/362, crops, craws, of birds.

Croscrist, 181/144.

Cross, make the sign of, on rising, 266/12.

Croups of birds indigestible, 158/7.

Cruddes, 8/93, curds.

Culpon, p. 151, cut into chunks.

Cup, don’t ask a friend to take it, but give it him yourself, 180/123.

Cupboard, 13/193, table or stand for cups, &c., to stand on; is in the marshal’s charge, 189/390; to be covered with carpets, 169/19.

Cupborde, bread and wine stand on (or in), 194/511.

Cuppeborde in a bed-room, 63/928.

Cups to be silver, p. 136.

Cure, 78/1174, charge.

Cure, 21/324; 31/492; custom, way of doing a thing.

Cure, 28/435, directions.

Cure, 24/375, craft, art, practice.

Curies, 33/506, dodges, curious dishes.

Curlew, 49/706; 157/8; how to carve, 27/421; to untache or cut up, p. 162.

_Sir Degrevant_, l. 1406, p. 235, has ffatt conyngus and newe, ffesauntys and corelewe.

Cursie, 230/328, curtsey.

Curtains, bed-, 66/968; four to a bed, 191/448.

_Curtasye, the Boke of_ (Sloane MS. 1986), p. 175-205.

Curtesy, 156/9, a bow or salutation.

Curtsey, make your, decently, 214/153.

Cury, 34/513, dodges, sleights.

Cushion, to be put on the chair, 61/882.

Cuspis, p. 32, note 2.

Custade costable, 54/802, a kind of custard.

Custard, how to carve, 31/492; p. 95; 157/1; 159/21.

Cut your meat, don’t bite it, 269/63.

Cut, 153/22, cute wine.

Cute, 9/118; p. 87, No. 3, a sweet wine. Fr. _Vin cuict._ Wine boyled on the fire to a certaine thicknesse, and then put into vessells, and reserved for sweet sawces. Cot.

Cute, 10/138, baking.

Cute, gynger of iij, 11/159.

Cuttid, 20/305, short-coated.

Cuttlefish, p. 174.

Cyueye (chive or onion sauce), hares and conies in, p. 309.

Dace, 40/575; p. 98, bottom, 58/841; Fr. _Sophie_ ... the Dace or Dare-fish. Cot.

Damsons, 6/77; p. 91, last note (wrongly headed, l. 177); 46/668; 152/23.

Dangle like a bell, don’t, 214/152.

Dates, 5/74; p. 32, note 2; 51/731; 152/21, 23; p. 167, last line.

Dates in confite, 56/825; in confetes, 166/11; capte with mynced ginger, 166/19.

Daungeresnes, 46/659, of great difficulty.

Daw, a, sticks its neck askew, 19/285.

Dean, rank of, 70/1016; 72/1060.

Debt, keep out of, 270/80.

Degree, University; rank of clerks that have taken one, 71/1028.

Degree (of men), the duty of each, p. 241-8. [[8 for 3]]

Delicatis, 50/713; delicacies.

Delphin, or mermaid, p. 117.

_Demeanor, The Booke of_, p. 207-14.

Demeene, 78/1163; learn ? or arrange.

Demurely, walk in the streets, 275, 276/18.

Depelled, 142/12, driven out.

Dere, 47/684, injury.

Deshe, 177/20, dais.

Despisers of courtesy are not fit to sit at table, 271/99; 181/137.

Dewe, 43/618, of water.

Dewgarde, leche, 157/10.

Dewynge, 51/732, service.

Deynteithe, 52/752, ? inclination, desire.

Deynteithly, 55/814, toothsomely.

Deyntethe, adj., 50/723, toothsome, dainty.

Deyntethe, sb., 194/527, dainty.

Diaper towel, 154/31.

Diapery, towelle of, 13/193.

Diatrion piperion, to be used against rheums, p. 137.

Dice, don’t play at with your lord, 184/228.

Diet, 31/488, food.

Diet, one for every day, p. 133.

Difence, 278/51; ? Fr. _defense_, a reply, answer, argument, or allegation vsed, or vrged in defence. Cot. _Faire defense_ is now to forbid, prohibit.

Dig your thumb into your nose, don’t, 186/327.

Digest his stomak, his food, 65/947.

Digne, 71/1024, worthy.

Diligences, 79/1183, duties.

Dim sight, remedy for, p. 135.

Dinner described, from the laying of the cloth, 199/655, to the removal of the board and trestles, 204/822.

Dinner of flesh, p. 48-50, p. 100; of fish, p. 50-2; fruits to be eaten before, 46/667-8.

Dinner at noon, what the page is to do at, 254/128.

Dinner and supper, the only meals allowed, p. 141.

Dip your meat in the saltcellar, don’t. _See_ Salt.

Dipping slices of meat in sauce, 30/467.

Dirty clothes forbidden, 214/167.

Disallow, 29/1181.

Dischmetes, 34/514. [[entry added by editor]]

Dise, 8/112, an adze?

Dish taken away, don’t ask for it again, 256/166; 179/83.

Dish-side, spoon not to be laid on, 179/73; 272/126.

Dismember, p. 151, carve.

_Dispendu_, 201/543 (? eatables, &c., not money), disposed of, consumed.

Dispenses, 195/555, payments, expenditure.

Dissolute laughters, avoid, 275/20.

Diswere, 191/436, doubt. Halliwell. “Platt-D. _waren_ is to certify, assure; to prove by witnesses, &c.; _wahr_, true, is, I believe, what is certain, sure. ‘_Ik will jou de Waarschup darvan bringen_,’ I will bring you the truth of it, will bring you certain intelligence of it. _Diswere_ then would be uncertainty.” --H. Wedgwood.

Do to others as you would they’d do to you, 182/175.

Doctor of both laws (Canon and Civil), _utriusque juris_, 71/1024; 72/1062.

Doctor of divinity, rank of, 70/1021; 72/1062.

Doctors of 12 years’ standing, rank above those of nine, 77/1153.

Document, 250/6, L. _documentum_, that which teaches, a lesson, example for instruction; Fr. _document_, precept, instruction, admonition. Cot.

Dog, don’t claw yours at dinner, 179/87.

Dogs to be turned out of bedrooms, 66/969; p. 109; 169/33. One reason for turning dogs out of the bedroom at night is given in Palsgrave’s “I wolde gladly yonder dogge were hanged, he never ceased whowlyng all nyght,” p. 784-5.

Donne, 169/23, down.

Dorray, 51/733, dorée.

Doree, the fish, 41/582; 166/12.

Dosurs, 189/391, canopies, hangings: ‘Docere of an halle: _Dorsorium, auleum_.’ Prompt. Fr. _Vn_ dossier _de pavillon_. The head of a Pauillion, or Canopie; the peece that hangs down at the head thereof. Cot.

Doted daf (confounded ass, stupid fool), don’t be one, 186/326.

Doublet, 60/872; 61/892; 62/899; 169/1.

Douȝ, 43/618, soft, fresh (water).

Dowcetes, dowcettes, a dish, 32/494; recipe at p. 309; 49/699; 54/809. [[309 for 146]]

Dowled drink not to be given to any one, 154/22; _dowld_, dead, flat (Yorkshire), Halliwell; not ‘_dollyd_, sum what hotte, _tepefactus_.’ Prompt.

Dowt, 79/1188, fear.

Doyle, 19/285, skew.

Draconites, 141/7, the dragonstone.

Dragons herbe, p. 134.

Drapery, 64/946, cloths.

Draughtes, 25/388, drawn lines, scorings.

Dresser, in the kitchen, 195/557.

Dressing described, p. 168-9.

Drink hinders digestion, p. 136.

Drink, how assayed, 203/785-93; how to hand, 209/9.

Drink not behind a man’s back, 269/75; wipe your mouth first, 272/105.

Drink all in the cup, don’t, 185/289.

Drink with full mouth, don’t, 272/110.

Drink moderately, 279, 280/73.

Drivel not with your mouth, 19/292.

Drop soup on your breast, don’t, 279, 280/57.

Dropynge from the eyes, 18/283.

Drunk, don’t get, p. 258, p. 260, l. D.

Drunkelewe, 216/1, drunken; ’drunkelew _ebriosus_.’ Prompt. For the _-lewe_ = _-ly_; cp. ‘delicat horses that ben holden for delyt, that they ben so faire, fat, and _costlewe_.’ Chaucer. _Parsones Tale_, Poet. Works, ed. Morris, iii. 298; _costlewe_ furring in here gownes, _ib._ p. 296.

Drunken servants to be turned away, 216/1.

Dry thy mouth before drinking, 179/81.

Duchess, 200/680.

Duck: see _Mallard_.

‘The ducke maketh a clere voyce, & causeth ma_n_ to lay gladdly in the armes & geueth hy_m_ the sede of nature / & the sewet is of it very good to souple all maner of paynes in the bodi of man.” --_Noble Lyfe._ L. i. back.

Dugard, leche, 50/708.

Duke of royal blood, 70/1011; 72/1048.

Duke to dine alone, 171/4.

Dumb, don’t be, 184/255.

Dysfygure, p. 151, carve.

Dysplaye, p. 151, carve.

Earl, the lowest rank for which food was tasted by a servant, 80/1198.

Ears, not to be picked, 267/33; 19/289; to be kept clean, 226/99.

Ease (quiet), live in, 270/82.

Easter-day feast, p. 160.

Easter to Whit-sunday, feasts and service from, p. 160.

Eat properly, 263/40; not hastily, 265/19.

Eat, don’t, till your mess is brought from the kitchen, 178/43.

Echeola, the pearl-muscle, p. 117.

Echynus, p. 118.

Edwite, 278/28, blame, reproach, turt; A.S. _edwítan._

Eel, salt, 57/834.

Eels, bred from slime, p. 114.

Eels, roasted, 41/588; 58/848.

Eels, names of, p. 99.

Eels, 50/719; 51/737; 55/820; p. 104.

Eernesful, p. 260, l. E; A.S. _geornes_, earnestness; _geornfull_, full of desire, eager, anxious.

Egestyon, 130/15, evacuations.

Egge, 22/335, edge.

Eggs, 54/803; p. 106.

Egre, 57/837; Fr. _aigre_, eagre, sharpe, tart, biting, sower. Cot.

Egret, 36/539; p. 97; 49/697, great white heron.

Egret, how to carve, 27/421; to breke or carve, p. 162.

Elbows, don’t lean on, at meals, 267/45; 180/125.

_Elemosinarius_, 201/728-9, the Almoner.

Elenge, p. 260, l. E.

Elephant, don’t you snuffle like he does, 211/59.

Elizabeth, 265/6; 266/8.

Embrowyng, 255/147, dirtying, soiling; Fr. _embroué_, bedurtied, soiled, defiled. Cot.

Emperialle, 15/231, set out, deck, adorn.

Emperor, after the pope, 70/1006.

Empty your mouth before speaking, 263/59; 272/110; 277/32; 278/32.

Enboce, p. 277, } l. 31, stuff out; Enbrace, p. 278, } ? Fr. _emboucher_, to mouth or put into the mouth of.

Enbrewe, 22/331, dirty, soil.

Enbrowide, 278/39; Fr. _embroué_, ... bedurtied, soiled, defiled. Cotgrave.

Enbrowynge, 30/468, soiling, dirtying.

Enclyne, 177/23, bow.

End of a meal, what to do at the, 257/190.

Endoured, 161/3, glazed; endoured pygyons, 164/15.

Endure, 35/524, make to last; ‘_endurer faut pour durer_:’ Pro. To dure we must endure. Cotgrave.

Enemies, man’s three, 183/219.

Englandis gise, a flesh feast after, 35/526.

Enlased, 26/412, cut up, carved.

Enourmyd, 250/17, adorned; O. Fr. _aorner_, L. _adornare_; not _enorer_, honour.

Entende, 64/936, 939, attend.

Entendyng, 46/665, listening for orders, attending.

Enter a lord’s place, how to, 252/58.

Entremete, 254/109, interfere.

Envy no one, 237/795.

Equal, give way to your, 185/276; don’t play with him, 264/77.

Errands, going, 209/13.

Esox, a fish of the Danube, p. 118.

Esquyere, þe body, 70/1016, the Esquire of the King’s person.

Est, 187/346, host.

Estate, how to lay or make, with a cloth, 13/192; 17/152; p. 92.

Estate, 65/957, rank, 73/1072-3.

Estates, 72/1053, ranks, persons.

Euwere, 199/641, water-bringer; L. _aquarius_, Fr. _eauïer_, is a gutter, channell, sinke, sewer, for the voiding of foule water. Cotgrave.

Evacuate yourself, p. 133.

Evy, 7/91, heavy.

Ewer, 64/937; 231/413, jug of water; water-bearer, 199/641, 655, &c.

Ewerer, strains water into the basins, 200/695.

Ewery, 13/192, drinking vessels.

Ewery, 154/31, stand or cupboard for water-vessels; how to dress it, 155/23.

Exonerate, 130/16, unload, disburden.

Eyebright water, 135/2.

Eyes, don’t make ’em water by drinking too much, 263/57.

Eyes, don’t wipe ’em on the table-cloth, 180/116; wash them, p. 134; p. 139.

Eyes, how to use the, 210/33.

Eyes, not to be cast about, 275, 276/8; 231/679.

Eyroun, p. 146, eggs.

Facche, 42/599, fetch.

Face, look in the man’s you’re speaking to, 262/16; 270/67.

Facett, 250/8; Fr. _Facet_: m. A Primmer, or Grammer for a young scholler. Cotgrave. Faceet, booke, _Facetus_ (well-speaking, polite). Pr. Parv.

Falconers, 195/564.

Fall, if any one does, don’t laugh at him, 184/235.

Familiar, don’t be too, p. 258, F; p. 260, line F.

Familiar friends, always admit, p. 217, No. xv.

Fande, 76/1143, try, experience?

Fangle, 229/268, toy, thing.

Farsed, 23/358; p. 94, stuffed.

Fast now and then, p. 142.

Father and mother; worship and serve them, 182/172.

Fathers and mothers, duty of, 241/4.

Fatnes, 277/37; 278/39, fat, grease.

Faucettes, 152/16, taps.

Fawcet, 5/68; p. 84; 152/16, a tap. Yn tyme therfore tye vp your tryacle tappe; Let not to long thy _fawset_ renne. Piers of Fullham, l. 228-9. _Early Pop. P._, v. 2, p. 10. Stryke out the heed of your vesselles, our men be to thrustye to tarye tyll their drinke be drawen with a _faulsed_. Palsgrave, p. 740, col. 1. Fr. _Guille_: f. The quille or _faucet_ of a wine vessell. Cot.

Fawn, 49/694; how to carve, 28/441.

Fawn, and ginger sauce, 36/537.

Fawte, 82/1238, make default or mistakes.

Fayge, fruyter, 157/10; p. 173.

Featherbed to be beaten, 63/921; 169/12.

Feed elegantly, 256/185.

Feede onely twice a day, p. 141.

Feet to be kept still, 270/66; 275/7; 279, 280/56.

Feet and hands together, 235/677.

Feet, what birds to be served with their, 28/435.

Fele, 11/155, 157, perceive, taste; 24/364, ? taste or see; 23/349, understand.

Feleyly, 270/94, fellowly, sociable.

Felle, 262/21; 264/89; ? stern, or discreet. _See_ Cold.

Fende, 82/1233, defend.

Fenel-water, p. 139.

Fenelle, the brown, 67/991.

_Fercularius_, 202/749, the Sewer.

Fere, 50/719, company; _in fere_, together.

Fere, 53/774, companion. [[83 for 53]]

Fermys, 197/596, rents; Fr. _ferme_, a farme or lease, a thing farmed, a toll, rent, mannor or demesne in farme. Cot.

Ferour, 197/612, 615, farrier; Fr. _Mareschal ferrant._ Cot.

Few words, use, 270/73.

Fieldfares, 165/3.

Fieldmen, how they fly at their food, 256/176.

Figs, fritters of, p. 145.

Figs, 152/21; 166/18, in Cornwall, raisins are called figs, ‘a thoomping _figgy_ pudden,’ a big plum pudding. _Spec. of Cornish Dialect_, p. 53.

Filthy talking, against, p. 239, cap. xii.

Finger, don’t point with, 270/69; don’t mark your tale with, 279, 280/71.

Fingering, avoid it, 184/249.

Fingers, meat to be eaten with, 269/55; nose not to be blown with, 262/19; 118/284; 210/51; [[118 for 18]] not to be put in one’s cup, 118/272; [[118 for 18]] or on the dish, 267/27; keep ’em clean, 272/107; wipe ’em on a napkin, 232/465.

Fingers, two, & a thumb, to be put on a knife, 21/320-4; 22/326.

Fingers and hands, keep still, 275/7; 276/7.

Fingers and toes to be kept still, 186/320.

Fins of fish to be cut off, 39/560.

Fire at meals in winter, p. 142.

Fire, have a good one, 169/20.

Fire in bed-room, p. 128.

Fire in hall at every meal from Nov. 1 to Feb. 2, 189/393-8.

Fire to dress by, 61/888.

Fire to be clear, 60/877.

Fire-screens for a lord, 192/462.

First course of fish, p. 166.

Fish, a dinner of, three courses, & one of fruit, p. 50.

_Ieune chair vieil poisson_: Prov. Old flesh and young fish (is fit for the dish). Cot.

Fish, carving & dressing of, p. 37; p. 98, &c.; p. 166; how assayed, 203/767-70; sauces for, p. 56; 168/4; sewynge or courses of, p. 166.

Fish, salt, 57/833.

Fish, names of, from Yarrell, p. 152; [[152 for 110]] extracts from Laurens Andrewe on, p. 113.

Fisshe, p. 121, p. 123, the flesh or body of fish. [[122 for 123]]

Fist, close your hand in it, 264/71; keep your opinions to yourself.

Fist, not to be put on the table, 267/45.

Fit servants only to be engaged, p. 215.

Flapjack, 96/13, a fried cake.

Flasche, 65/985, dash.

Flauer, 130/11, warm & air.

Flaunes, 161/4; p. 173; flawne, 96/12, a kind of tart; Fr. _flans_: m. Flawnes, Custards, Egge-pies. Cotgrave. Du. _een kees vlaeye_, a Cheese-cake or Flawne. Hexham.

Flax, wild, 69/994.

Flea, don’t scratch after one, 18/279.

Flemings, great drinkers, p. 131, note.

Flesche-mought, 18/280, louse.

Flesh, carving of, p. 26; p. 157; [[26 for 24]] how assayed, 203/767-70; sauces for, p. 39; [[39 for 35]] sewynge or succession of dishes of, p. 156.

Flesh, a dinner of, p. 40. [[40 for 48]]

Flette, 201/711, room, floor.

_Fleumaticus_, 54/792; p. 104.

Flewische, 53/777, melancholy.

Flounders, 55/819; 58/842; 168/10.

Flyte, 178/54, quarrel; don’t, 270/92.

Focas or phocas, p. 118.

Follow your better, how to, 264/83-6.

Foole, 96/12, as in gooseberry-fool.

Foot-cushion, 61/882-4.

Footmen to run by ladies’ bridles, 198/621.

Foot-sheet, how to prepare it, 61/879-84; 65/956; 67/988.

Foot-sheet, the lord sits on it while he is undressed for bed, 193/488.

For, 3/34, because; 178/42, notwithstanding.

For, 18/275, against, to stop or prevent.

Forcast, 180/104, plot, scheme for.

Forder, 235/698, further.

Fordo, 180/100, done for, killed.

Forehead, to be joyful, 170/37. [[170 for 210]]

Forenoon, work in the, p. 141.

Forewryter, 77/1243, transcriber?

Forfeits to a lord, go to the treasurer, 196/577.

Forfetis, 281/52; Fr. _forfaict_: m. A crime, sinne, fault, misdeed, offence, trespasse, transgression. Cot.

Forgive, 182/185.

Formes, 189/389; 192/464, forms, benches.

Foul tales, don’t tell, at table 255/140.

Fourpence a piece for hire of horses, 188/376. _See_ Notes, p. 283.

Four slices in each bit of meat, 159/18.

Foxskin garments for winter, p. 139.

Franklin, a feast for one, p. 54.

Franklins, rank of, 71/1071.

Fray, 81/1210, fright.

Freke, 184/255, man, fellow; A.S. _freca_, one who is bold.

Fretoure powche, 49/700; fruture sage, 50/708.

Friars, give way to them on pilgrimages, 186/303.

Fricacion, or rubbing of the body, is good, p. 130 n.

Fried things are fumose or indigestible, 21/358; 30/500; 32/512; 54/6. They generally came in the last course (see _Modus Cenandi_). Du Guez, after speaking of the English dishes in order, pottage, beef, mutton, capons, river birds, game, and lastly, small birds, says, “howbeit that in Spaine and in Fraunce the use [succession at dinner] of suche metes is more to be commended than ours ... for they begynne always with the best, and ende with the most grosse, which they leave for the servantes, where-as we do al the contrary,” p. 1072.

Friend, don’t mistrust or fail him, 219/3.

Friendly, don’t be too, p. 258, p. 260, line F.

Friezeadow coats for winter, p. 127. [[127 for 133]]

Fritters, 33/501; 34/511; 51/725, 737; 54/810; 157/24-6; 161/32; 163/3. [[161/32, 163/3 for 163/32, 165/3]] _See_ Fruter, &c.

Friture, a, 51/725.

Frogs shelter themselves under the leaves of _Scabiosa_, p. 109, note on l. 987.

Frote, 19/288, wring, twist. Fretyn or chervyn (chorvyn), _Torqueo._ Prompt.

Frown, don’t, 173/132. [[173 for 213]]

Froyze, 96/13, pancake, or omelet.

Fruits to be eaten before dinner, 46/667-8. But of all maner of meate, the moost daungerous is that whiche is of fruites (_fruitz crudz_), as cheres, small cheryse (_guingues_[2]), great cherise (_gascongnes_), strauberis, fryberis (_framboises_), mulberis, _cornelles_,[3] preunes, chestaynes nuts, fylberdes, walnuttes, cervyse, medlers, aples, peres, peches, melons, _concombres_, and all other kyndes of fruites, howbeit that youth, bycause of heate and moystnesse, doth dygest them better than age dothe. _Du Guez’s Introductorie_, p. 1073-4. fryberis (_framboises_), mulberis

[Footnote 2: _Guisnes_: f. A kind of little, sweet, and long cherries; tearmed so because at first they came out of Guyenne; also any kind of Cherries. Cotgrave.]

[Footnote 3: _Corneille_, a Cornill berrie; _Cornillier_, The long cherrie, wild cherrie, or Cornill tree. Cotgrave.]

Frumenty potage, 25/391, furmity.

Frumenty, 37/547; 38/549; with venesoun, 33/518.

Frusshe, p. 151, carve.

Fruter Crispin & Napkin, p. 96.

Fruture viant, sawge & pouche, 33/501, ? meat, sage, & poached fritters.

Fruturs, 34/511; Fruyters, 161/32, fritters; [[161 for 163]] recipes for, p. 145.

Fryture, a, 51/737, fritter.

Fuel, a groom for, 189/385.

Full belly and hungry, 265/17.

Fumose, 23/353, fume-creating, indigestible.

Fumositees, p. 23-4.

Fumosities, p. 23; p. 94; 151/4; p. 158, indigestibilities, indigestible things creating noxious fumes in the belly that ascend to the brain; such to be set aside, 25/396.

Fumosity, 8/105; p. 86.

Furs to be brushed every week, 64/943.

Fustian, 63/922, a cloth over and under the sheets of a bed.

Fustyan, whyte, 130/2.

Fygges, 5/74; p. 84, figs.

Fyle, 191/435, fill?

Fylour, 191/447, a rod on which the bed-curtains hung. “_Fylour_ looks like _felloe_, G. _felge_, which is explained as something bent round; it would apply to the curtain-rod round the top of the bed.” Wedgwood.

Fylynge, 263/52, dirtying; A.S. _fúlian_, to foul; _fýlnes_, foulnes; _fýlð_, filth.

Fynne, p. 151, cut up.

Fyr, 184/232, further.

Fyr hous, 194/514, privy?

Fysegge, p. 216, No. x, phiz, face.

Fytt, 213/806, section of a poem. [[213 for 204]]

Fytte, 67/980, while, time.

Fyxfax, to be taken out of the neck, 28/444.

Gabriel, angel, 265/5; 266/7; 148/692. [[148 for 48]]

Galantyne sauce, 40/569; 58/840; 167/27, 29; 168/9.

Galantyne, to be mixed with lamprey pie, 44/634; recipe for, p. 100.

Galingale, p. 44, last line but one; p. 100. Galingale: Sp. _Júncia avellanda_, _Júnca odoróso_, galingale. --Minsheu. [[entry added by editor]]

Gallants, shortcoated, denounced, 20/305.

Galleymawfrey, 96/14, a dish.

Gallowgrass, p. 124.

Game, some, to be played before going to business, p. 131.

Gamelyn sauce, 36/539; 37/541.

Gaming, the fruits of, p. 234, cap. vi.

Ganynge, 19/294, yawning: Ganynge or Ȝanynge, _Oscitus_. Prompt. I gane, or gape, or yane, _ie baille_. Palsgrave, _ib._ “I _yane_, I gaspe or gape. _Je baille._” Palsgrave.

Gape not, 19/294; when going to eat, 272/65.

Gaping is rude, 211/77.

_Garcio_, 191/434-5, groom (of the chamber).

Gardevyan, 80/1202, a safe for meat.

Gares, 190/420, causes.

Garlic, 58/843.

Garlic, the sauce for roast beef and goose, 36/536.

Garlic, green, with goose, 164/2.

Gastarios, a fish, p. 118.

Gate, on coming to a lord’s, what to do, 177/5. See also 252/58.

Gaze about, don’t, 192/175.

Gele, p. 49, note 2; gelly, 166/11, jelly.

Gelopere sauce, 165/4; p. 173.

Gentilmen welle nurtured, 71/1038.

Gentilwommen, rank of, 71/1039.

Gentlemen, one property of, 220/18.

Gentlemen of the chamber, 191/433.

Gentlemen’s table in hall, 178/33.

Gentyllis, 273/93, gentlefolk.

Geson, 54/803, scarce.

Gesse, 230/350, guest.

Gestis, 79/1189, guests.

Getting-up in the morning, a lord, how dressed, p. 61.

Gild, 25/231, gilt plate.

Ginger, white and green, 5/75; colombyne, valadyne, and maydelyn, 10/131-2; columbyne, 52/758; green, 152/21.

Ginger sauce with lamb, kid, &c., 36/537.

Ginger, 58/847; with pheasant, 164/19.

Girdle, 64/907.

Girls, young, pick their noses, 186/328.

Girls: home-education, xxv, xv, &c. [[entry added by editor]]

Glaucus, a white fish, p. 118.

Glorious (boasting), don’t be too, p. 258, p. 260, line G.

Glosand, 186/313, lying.

Glose, 183/199, deceit, lie.

Glosere, 268/59. Fr. _flateur_, a flatterer, _glozer_, fawner, soother, foister, smoother; a claw-backe, sycophant, pickthanke. Cot.

Gloves to be taken off on entering the hall, 177/16.

Gloves, perfumed, 132/8-9. Cp. in the account of Sir John Nevile, of Chete, in _The Forme of Cury_, p. 171, “for a pair of perfumed Gloves, 3_s._ 4_d._; for a pair of other Gloves, 4_d._”

Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 79/1177; 82/1230; p. lxxxii.

Glowtynge, 18/281, looking sulky, staring. Halliwell. Sw. _glutta_; Norse, _glytta_, _gletta_, look out of the corner of the eye. Wedgwood.

Gnastynge, 20/301, note 5.

Gnaw bones, don’t, 232/457.

Goatskin gloves, 132/9.

Goben, 39/566, cut into lumps.

Gobone, 167/2, cut in lumps; 167/29, a piece.

Gobyn, 41/580; p. 99, gobbets.

Gobyns, 45/638, lumps, pieces.

‘God be here!’ say on entering, 270/86.

Good cheer, make, at table, 269/53, be jolly.

Good manners, learn, 232/507.

‘Good Morning;’ say it to all you meet, 266/20.

Goodly, 62/908, nattily.

Goose, how to carve, 26/402; p. 163, last line but one; garlic its sauce, 36/536; roast, 54/801; p. 222.

Goshawk, p. 103, note on Heironsew.

Gown, a man’s, 62/904.

Gowt of a crayfish, 43/607.

Grace, 46/663, the prayer before dinner, 229/305-322; to be said by the Almoner, 221/729.

Grace after dinner, sit still till it’s said, 271/82; pages to stand by their lord while it’s said, 257/197.

Gradewable, p. 170, graduated, have taken degrees.

Gramed, 23/348, angered, vexed.

Granat, 141/11, a garnet.

Grapes, 6/77; 46/668; 152/21.

Gravelle of beeff or motoun, 34/519.

Gravus, a fish, p. 118. [[120 for 118]]

Graynes, 9/123; 10/137, 141; p. 91. Fr. _Maniguet_, the spice called Graines, or graines of Paradise. Cot.

Graynes of paradice, 151/32.

Graytly, 61/886; entirely, quite.

Grayue, 196/576, 589, 597, reeve, outdoor steward.

Greable, 13/192, suitable.

Great birds, 49/698.

Grece (fat), hen of, 158/29.

Green cheese, p. 84, n. to l. 74.

Green fish, 58/851; 188/8, 29, ling. Fr. _Moruë_: f. The Cod, or Greenefish (a lesse and dull-eyed kind whereof is called by some, the Morhwell). _Moruë verte._ Greenefish. _Moruyer. Poissonnier moruyer._ A Fishmonger that sells nothing but Cod, or Greenefish. Cot.

Green sauce, 58/851; 168/13, 14.

Green wax, accounts to be briefed with, 192/536.

Greet the men you meet, 200/251.

Greithe, 61/880, ready.

Greke, 9/120; 86/31; p. 90, No. 12, a sweet wine.

Grene metis, 8/97, green vegetables.

Greve, 81/1214. Fr. _grief_, trouble.

Greyhounds fed on brown bread, 198/628; p. 84, note on l. 51; each has a bone, &c., 198/633. “_Eau & pain, c’est la viande du chien._ Prov.: Bread and water is diet for dogs.” Cot.

Greyn, 62/914, a crimson stuff or cloth.

Grin, don’t, 269/57; 277, 278/29.

Grisynge, 20/301, grinding.

Groan not, 19/298.

Groggynge, 18/273, grumbling. Grutchyn, gruchyn, _murmuro_. Prompt. _Gruger_, to grudge, repine, mutter. Cot.

Grone fische, 38/555.

Groom of the King may sit with a knight, 75/1122-5; 204/1. [[204 for 172]]

Grooms of the Chamber, their duties, p. 191-2.

Groos, 29/461, large.

Grossetest, Bp., his Household Statutes, p. 207-10.

Grouellynge, _adv._ 129/8, 12, face downwards.

Growelle of force, 34/519; p. 97.

Gruell of befe or motton, 159/27.

Grumbling of servants to be put down, p. 208.

Gudgeons, 55/819; p. 118.

Guns blasting, (breaking wind,) to be avoided, 20/304. The parallel passage in Sloane MS. 2027 (fol. 42, last line), is. “And all_e_ wey be ware thyn ars be natte carpyng.”

Gurdylstode, 191/442, girdlestead, waist.

Gurnard, 40/574; 51/725; 58/849; baked, 198/9.

Ȝyme, 186/304, attend to, wish, like.

Gymlet, 5/67, 71.

Gynger, 3 kinds of, 10/131-2; p. 91.

Haberdine, ‘Mouschebout: m. The spotted Cod whereof Haberdine is made.’ Cot.

Hable, 254/111, fitting, due.

Had, 274/149, ? held in the memory.

Hadde-y-wyste, 264/72; vain after-regret, ‘had I but known how it would have turned out.’

Haddock, 58/845, 200/11.

Haddock, how to carve, 39/576.

Haft of a knife, 200/675.

Hair, don’t scratch, for lice, 18/280; to be combed, 173/125. [[173 for 213]]

Hake, 58/845; p. 107; 166/31.

Hakenay buttur, 39/559.

Halata, p. 118.

Hale, 253/101, A.S. _hál_, healthy.

Half-penny; farrier paid one a day, 197/616; hunter one for every hound, 198/629.

Halke, 2/24; A.S. _hylca_, hooks, turnings. Somner.

Hall, who should not keep it (? meaning), 72/1048; who seated in, 217/19-22.

Hall, head of the house to eat in, p. 209, No. xv. [[209 for 215]]

Halybut, a fish, 41/584; 39/735; 166/12; 167/11.

Hammering in speech is bad, 212/109.

Hand to be cleaned when you blow your nose in it, 199/90; put it on your stomach to warm the latter, p. 129.

Handkerchief for the nose, 210/49; ‘Jan. 1537-8, my ladys grace lanes handekerch_ers_ silk_ys_.’ P. P. Exp. of Princess Mary, p. 54.

Handle nothing while you are spoken to, 253/83.

Hands and feet, keep ’em quiet, 216/317. [[216 for 186]]

Hands, to be washed, 277, 278/22; before meals, 187/343, 201/713-21; to be wiped before taking hold of the cup, 255/156.

Hands to be clean at meals, 263/41, 51; 265/9; 266/13.

Hang in hand, 183/199; be delayed.

Hanging down your head is wrong, 213/130.

Hard cheese, the virtues of, 150/29. _See_ Cheese. [[150 for 152]]

Hare, 34/517; chive sauce to, _see_ Ceuye.

Harington, Sir John; the Dyet for every day, p. 138-9; on Rising and going to Bed, p. 140-1.

Harm of others, don’t talk, at table, 180/102.

Harpooning whales, p. 116.

Harts-skin garments to be worn in summer, p. 139.

Harvest, the device of, 52/754.

Hastily, don’t eat, 265/19.

Hasty, don’t be, 279, 280/78.

Hat, 62/909.

Haylys, 184/253, salute. O.N. _heilsa_, Dan. _hilsa_, to salute, to cry hail to. Wedgwood.

Head and hands, keep quiet, 253/80.

Head, don’t hang it, 255/148; don’t cast it down, 276/16; don’t bend it too low, 193/330.

Heads of field- and wood-birds unwholesome; they eat toads, p. 197-8. [[197-8 for 165-6]]

Headsheet, 63/925; 65/950; 66/965.

Hede, 271/91, host, master or lord of a house at a meal.

Hedge-hogs’ countenauces, 210/43.

Heelfull_e_, 250/10, health-ful, help-ful.

Heere, 35/524; Sloane MS. 1315 reads _hele_, health.

Heironsew (the heron), 49/696; p. 103. _See_ Heron.

Hele, 199/655, cover.

Helle, 254/131, ? not ‘clear, A.S. _helle_,’ but from _hyldan_, to incline, bend, and so pour.

Help all, be ready to, 183/193.

Help others from your own dish, p. 217, No. xiv.

Hemp, the names of, p. 124; its advantages, p. 125-6.

Hen, fat, how to carve, 26/409; 34/517.

Henchman, p. ii.; Mayster of the henshmen--_escvier de pages dhonnevr._ Palsgrave.

Hende, 254/122, hands.

Henderson’s Hist. of Ancient and Modern Wines, p. 87, &c.

Her, 185/294, higher.

Herald of Arms, 71/1035; king or chief herald, l. 1036.

Herber, 190/427, lodge, accommodate.

Herbe benet, 68/993.

Herbe John, 68/992.

Herbs in sheets to be hung round the bath-room, 67/977.

Herne, 2/24, corner.

Heron, to dysmembre or carve, p. 162. _See_ Heyron-sewe.

Heronsew, 157/5; to be cooked dry, 165/20.

‘I wol nat tellen of her straunge sewes, Ne of her swannes, ne here _heron-sewes_.’

Chaucer, March. Tale, l. 60, v. 2, p. 357, ed. Morris.

Herring, L. Andrewe on the, p. 114.

Herrings, baked, 50/722; fresh, 58/844; fresh, broiled, 52/748; salt, 57/832.

Herrings, how to carve and serve, 38/550-3.

Herrings, white, or fresh, how to serve up, 45/641-5, 166/28.

Hethyng, 185/266, contempt.

Heyhove, 68/993, a herb.

Heyriff, 68/993, a herb.

Heyron-sewe, 36/539; p. 97, the heron: how to carve it, 27/422.

Hiccup not, 19/298.

High name, the, 181/152, God?

Highest place, don’t take unless bidden, 187/347.

Hit, _for_ his, 29/456.

Hith{e}, 53/783, it.

Hold your hand before your mouth when you spit; 272/115-18.

Hole of the privy to be covered, 64/933.

Holy water, take it at the church-door, 182/160.

Holyhock, 67/991.

Holyn, 189/399. ?

Hom, 185/273, them.

Homes, servants to visit their own, p. 207, No. xi. [[207 for 217]]

Honest, 269/74, fitting, proper.

Honeste, 65/954, propriety, decency.

Honey, not clarified, used for dressing dischmetes, 34/514.

Hood, a man’s, 62/909.

Hood, take it off, 217/16. [[217 for 177]]

Hoopid, 12/167, made round like a hoop.

Hor, 187/272, their.

Hornebeaks, p. 97, note on l. 533.

Horse-hire, 4d. a day, 188/375.

Horsyng, 195/564, being horsed, horses.

Hose, p. 108; to be rubbed, 226/91. Du. _koussen_, Stockins or Hosen; _opper-koussen_, Hose or Breeches; _onder koussen_, Nether-stockins; _boven koussen_, Upper-hosen, or Briches. Hexham.

Hosen, 130/10; 168/31.

Hosyn, 60/873; 62/895-8; 65/961; p. 108, breeches.

_Hostiarius_, 190/430-1, usher.

Hot dishes, a dodge to prevent them burning your hands, 202/757-60.

Hot wines, p. 83, in extract from A. Borde. [[Citation could not be identified.]]

Houndfisch, 41/584; p. 99; 56/827; 58/844; 167/11, dogfish.

‘He lullith her, he kissith hir ful ofte; With thikke bristlis on his berd unsofte, Lik to the skyn of _houndfisch_, scharp as brere, (For he was schave al newe in his manere,) He rubbith hir about hir tendre face.’ Chaucer, Marchaundes Tale, v. 2, p. 223, ed. Morris.

Houndes-fysshe, mortrus of, 168/2.

Household bread, 4/55; to be 3 days old, 152/6.

Housholde, Babees that dwelle in, 251/45; Forewords, pp. ii., x., xi., &c.

Howndes Dayes, p. 118, Cap. xv., dog-days.

Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 82/1230; App. to Russell Pref.

Hunte, 198/629, huntsman; pl.,

Huntes, 198/628, huntsmen.

Hure, 24/376, hood, cap.

Hurtilberyes, 7/82; p. 85, n. to l. 81, 152/24.

Husbands, the duty of, 237/8.

Hyacinth, 141/11, jacinth, a precious stone.

Hyȝt, 183/201, promised, vowed.

Jack and Jill, don’t chatter with, 271/90.

Iangelynge, 253/94, chattering, (don’t be), p. 258, p. 261, line I.

Iangle (chatter), don’t, 252/68; 229/266.

Iangylle, 271/90, chatter; ‘iangelyn, or iaveryn, iaberyn, _garrulo blatero_.’ P. Parv.

_Janitor_, 188/360-1, the porter.

Iapynge, 253/95, joking.

Iardyne, almond, 52/744.

Idle, don’t be, 268/32.

Jealousy, hate it, p. 258, p. 260, line G.

Jelies, 34/511; iely, 49/693.

Jelly, 34/511; 35/520; 51/731; 56/825; p. 97.

Iestis, 59/858, proceedings, dinners.

Iettis, p. 261, l. N, fashions.

Iettynge, p. 261, l. I, showing-off,

‘I _iette_ w^t facyon and countenaunce to set forthe myselfe, _ie braggue_.’ Palsgrave, in Way.

Iettynge, 20/300, note 3. Fr. _Poste_ a rakehell, or Colledge-seruant, thats euer gadding or _ietting_ abroad. Cot.

Ignorance, the evils of, 228/230.

Imbrowe, 255/157, dirty, soil.

Improberabille, 54/795, very proper?

Impytous, p. 132, impetuous (last line).

Infect, 83/1249. Fr. _infecter_, to infect; poison; depraue, corrupt. Cot.

Ingredyentes, 11/144, materials.

Inhumanitie, 225/155, discourtesy.

Interrupt no one, 282/69. [[282 for 279]]

Intrippe, 283/69, interrupt. [[283 for 280]]

John the Baptist’s day to Michaelmas, feasts from, p. 164.

John, Duke, a yeoman in his house got a reward, 199/647.

Iolle of þe salt sturgeoun, 44/622; p. 99; 167/23.

Ioncate, 7/82; p. 85; 152/28, junket, orig. cream-cheese made in wicker-baskets, from L. _juncus_, a rush. Mahn. ‘_Junkets_, Cakes and Sweetmeats with which Gentlewomen entertain one another, and Young-men their Sweethearts; any sort of delicious Fare to feast and make merry with.’ Philipps.

Iowtes, p. 160, last line; p. 171. [[171 for 173]]

Irweue, 85/3. ? Fr. _Mulette_ ... the maw of a Calfe, which being dressed is called the Renet-bag, _Ireness_-bag, or Cheslop-bag. Cot.

Judges, the duty of, 24½.

Iusselle, 35/520; 54/805; 159/28; recipe for, p. 145.

Justices, the under, rank of, 70/1018; 72/1061.

Ivory comb, 62/902.

Karle, 267/48, churl, poor man.

Karpyng, 263/62, talking. Carpynge, _Loquacitas, collocutio._ Prompt.

Kater, 196/580, cater, provide.

Kepe, 202/760, take care.

Kepyng (stingy), don’t be, p. 258, p. 261, line K.

Kercheff, 61/885.

Kerpe, 272/120, ? is it complain, or only talk, chatter; ‘carpyn or talkyn, _fabulor_, _confabulor_, _garrulo_,’ Pr. Parv. ‘to carpe, (Lydgate) this is a farre northen verbe, _cacqueter_.’ Palsgrave, _ib._ note. Or is it break wind? _See_ Guns. The Sloane MS. 2027, fol. 42, has for l. 304 of Russell, p. 20, ‘And alle wey be ware thyn ars be natte _carpyng_.’

Keruynge of flesshe, p. 157; of fysshe, p. 166.

Kerver, termes of a, p. 149. [[149 for 151]]

Keuer, 17/265-6, cover, put covers or dishes for.

Kickshaw, 96/14, a tart.

Kid, 49/694; 54/807; with ginger sauce, 46/537; how to carve, 28/441.

Kidney of fawn, &c. to be served, 159/9.

Kind, be always, 183/195.

Kind, don’t be too, p. 258, p. 261, line K.

King ranks with an emperor, 70/1007; 72/1045.

King’s Messengers, 171/31.

King’s officers, 17½5.

King’s servants to be received as one degree higher than they are, 75/1117-27.

Knaves’ tricks, beware of, p. 258, p. 261, line K.

Knee, don’t put yours under other men’s thighs, 180/119.

Kneel on one knee to men, on both to God, 182/163-6.

Kneel, the Ewerer to do so, on giving water to any one, 199/653.

Kneel to your lord on one knee, 252/62.

Knife, don’t play with your, 279, 280/54; don’t put it in your mouth, 256/162; 180/113; take salt with it, 272/97. (When were saltspoons introduced?)

Knife, don’t pick your teeth with, 180/94.

Knives to be clean, 279, 280/58; to be sharp, 263/42; to be clean and sharp, 255/137; 272/119; to be wiped on a napkin, not on the tablecloth, 22/332.

Knives to be put up after meals, 257/191.

Knives, for bread, 4/50-2; for the table, _ib._, l. 63.

Knives, the Butler’s three, p. 152; the lord’s, 200/675.

Knight, the rank of a, 70/1016; 72/1058.

Knop, 192/453, knob, bunch?

Kommende, 253/104, this may possibly be like 254/120, commend (_q.v._) a cup to you to drink; but 270/71, ‘sey welle’, looks as if praise were meant.

Kymbe, 61/886, comb.

Kyn, 217/13, birth. [[217 for 177]]

Kynraden, 185/279; A.S. _cynnryne_, a family course, parentage.

Labour not after meals, p. 136.

Lace- or buckle-shoes, 62/896.

Ladies, how to behave to, 264/73.

Ladies soon get angry, 165/8.

Lady of low degree has her lord’s estate or rank, 171/19.

Lakke, 269/76, blame; Du. _laecken_, to vituperate, blame, or reproach. Hexham.

Lamb, 54/807; p. 106; how to carve, 28/441.

Lamb and ginger sauce, 36/537.

Lambur, 193/480. ? has it anything to do with Fr. _lambrequin_, the point of a labell, or Labell of a file in Blazon; _Lambel_, a Labell of three points, or a File with three Labells pendant (Cot.). Ladies wore and wear ornaments somewhat of this kind.

Lambskins, p. 131.

Lamprey, 50/724; 58/840; p. 119. See Henry V.’s commission to _Guillielmus de Nantes de Britanniâ_ to supply him and his army with Lampreys up to Easter, 1418. From the Camp at Falaise, Feb. 6. _Rymer_, ix. 544.

Lamprey, names of a, p. 99, bottom.

Lamprey pasty, 167/25.

Lampreys, fresh, pie of, how to serve, 44/630-45; p. 99.

Lamprey, salt, how to carve, 39/566; 167/2.

Lampron, names of a, p. 100.

Lampurnes, 50/719; 55/820; 58/848; bake, 51/725; rost, 51/737; 41/588, lamperns.

Landlords, their duty, 242/13.

Lands of a lord, his Chancellor oversees, 196/571.

Lapewynk, 37/542; p. 98, lapwing.

Lappes, 191/452, wraps.

Lapwing, how to carve, 27/417; p. 158, last line.

Lark (the bird), 28/437, 37/542, 49/698, p. 103.

Laske, 7/91, loose (in the bowels).

Last, 15/227, uppermost.

Laugh, don’t, with your mouth full, 179/67; 272/109.

Laugh loudly, don’t, 264/75.

Laugh not, 269/57; not too often, 183/215.

Laughing always is bad, 212/85.

Lauour, 16/232, washing-basin?. _Lavacrum_, a lavour, Reliq. Ant. i. 7. _Esguiere_: f. An Ewer, a Lauer. Cotgrave (see Halliwell).

Law, how kept, 268/53.

Law, men of, their duty, 242/11.

Law, 187/330, low.

Lawes, 183/217, laughs.

Lawnde, 2/16, and note.

Lay the Cloth, how to, 13/187; 154/23.

Leaking of wine pipes, 8/110; 153/10.

Lean not on the table, 255/146.

Learning, its roots bitter, its fruits pleasant, 228/202.

Leche, a, 51/725, 737; 54/810.

Leche dugard, 50/708.

Leche fryture, 52/749. see _Leschefrites_, _leschefrayes_, in the index to the _Ménagier de Paris_. [[“see” reference added by editor]]

Leche Lombard, 48/689; 157/2. See ‘Lumber’ in _Nares_. The recipe in _Forme of Cury_, p. 36, is

Take rawe Pork, and pulle of the skyn, and pyke out þe skyn [&] synew{is}, and bray the Pork in a mort{er} w{i}t{h} ayreñ rawe; do þ{er}to sug{ur}, salt, raysoñs, corañce, dat{is} mynced, and powdo{ur} of Pep{er}, powdo{ur} gylofre, a{nd} do it i{n} a bladder, and lat it seeþ til it be ynowhȝ. and whan it is ynowh, kerf it, leshe it in likenesse of a peskodde, and take grete raysoñs and grynde hem in a mort{er}, drawe hem up wiþ rede wyne, do þ{er}to mylke of almãnd{is}, colo{ur} it with sañders a{nd} safroñ and do þ{er}to powdo{ur} of pep{er} a{nd} of gilofre, and boile it. and whan it is iboiled, take powdo{ur} of canel and gyng{er}, and te{m}p{er} it up with wyne. and do alle þise thyng{is} togyd{er}. and loke þat it be rẽnyns, and lat it not seeþ aft{er} that it is cast togyder, {and} s{er}ue it forth.

Leche, whyte, 157/7.

Leeches, 34/516, strips of meat, &c., dressed in sauce or jelly.

Lees, 26/407; 30/466, strips; 43/610, slices.

Leessez, 33/504; 34/546, strips of meat in sauce.

Lede, 179/78, leaved, left.

Left hand only to touch food, 22/329.

Legate, 70/1013; the pope’s, l. 1023.

Legh, 191/441, ?_law_, hill, elevation, A.S. _hlæw_; or _lea_ land, ground.

Legs not to be set astraddle, 20/299.

Legs of great birds, the best bits, 26/403, 410; 27/426; 30/471.

Lele, 196/593; loyally?, justly.

Lemman, 44/635, dear young friend; A.S. _leof_, dear.

Lengthe, 31/488, lengthen.

Lered, 65/956, taught, told.

Lerynge, 56/831, teaching.

Lesche, _v. tr._, p. 151, slice.

Lessynge, 153/17, remedy, cure.

Lesynge, 9/116, curing, restoring to good condition.

Lete, 8/110; p. 86, leak.

Letters, the use of, 228/186.

Leues, 202/741, remains.

Leuys, 203/787, remains.

Lewd livers to dread, 239/933.

-lewe, _see_ drunkelewe.

Liar, don’t be one, 19/292; 183/213.

Liberal, don’t be too, 260/11, p. 263, line L. [[260 for 258, 263 for 261]]

Lice, 18/280; p. 93.

Lick not the dish, 19/295.

Licoure, 25/382, sauce, dressing.

Lie not, 270/75.

Lie far from your bedfellow, 186/297.

Lies, 9/116, deposit, settlement.

Light payne, 22/339, fine bread for eating.

Lights to be put above the Hall chimney or fire-place, p. 192/467-8.

Line of the blood royal, 171/24.

Linen, body-, to be clean, 60/876.

Linen, used to wipe the nether end, 64/935.

Ling (the fish), 38/555; p. 98; p. 58, note 8; 59/852; 168/6.

Lining of a jacket, the best, p. 131.

Lips; don’t put ’em out as if you’d kiss a horse, 211/73.

Lips, keep ’em clean, 277, 278/34.

Lis, 3/31, relieve. ‘ac _a-lys_ us of yfele,’ but deliver us from evil, Lord’s Prayer. Rel. Ant.i. 204.

Listen to him who speaks to you, 187/331.

Lite, 56/830, little.

Litere, 191/435, litter, straw or rushes for beds.

Livery of candles, Nov. 1 to Feb. 2, 205/839. Fr. _La Livrée des Chanoines._ their liverie, or corrodie; their stipend, exhibition, dailie allowance in victuals or money. Cot.

Loaf, small, to be cut in two, 202/735.

Loaves, _two_ to be brought when bread is wanted, 203/781-4.

Lobster. ‘Finallie of the legged kinde we have not manie, neither haue I seene anie more of this sort than the _Polypus_ called in English the lobstar, crafish or creuis, and the crab, [q.v.]. _Carolus Stephanus_ in his _maison rustique_, doubted whether these lobstars be fish or not; and in the end concludeth them to grow of the purgation of the water as dooth the frog, and these also not to be eaten, for that they be strong and verie hard of digestion.’ _Harrison_, v. i. p. 224-5.

Lokere, 268/60, ? not look, oversee, superintend, and so oppress; but from Dutch _Loker_, an allurer, or an inticer, _locken_, to allure or entise, Hexham; _lokken_, to allure, bait. Sewel.

Lombard, leche, 48/689; 157/2. _See_ Leche Lombard. ‘Frutour _lumbert_ ... Lesshe _lumbert_.’ Oxford dinner, 1452. Reliq. Ant.i. 88.

Look steadily at whoever talks to you, 252/65.

London bushel, 20 loaves out of a, 198/625.

London, Mayor of, 76/1137.

Londoner, an ex-Mayor, 71/1025; 73/1067.

Long hair is unseemely, 213/126.

Long pepper, 153/33.

Longe wortes, 34/518, ? carrots, parsnips, &c.

Lord, a, how dressed, p. 61-2; p. 168; how undressed and put to bed, p. 65-6; p. 169; his pew and privy, p. 63; washing before dinner, 254/129; after, 257/199. _See_ Hands, &c.

Lord, how to behave before one, 262/3; how to serve one at table, p. 275-6.

Lord, let yours drink first, 269/69.

Lord or lady when talking, not to be interrupted, 254/106.

Lordes nurrieris, 71/1039; p. 110.

Lords’ beds, 191/443.

Lorely, 181/135, loosely about? A.S. _leóran_, _leósan_, to go forth, away, or forward, leese, lose.

Lothe (be loth to lend), p. 258, p. 261, line L.

Lothe, 178/48, be disgusted.

Loud talking and laughing to be avoided, 19/290-1.

Loued, 197/600, allowed, given credit for.

Love God and your neighbour, 268/51.

Love, the fruits of, 237/815.

Lowly, be, 229/278.

Lowne, 209/12, lout.

Lowt, 41/579, lie.

Lowte, 262/8, do obeisance, bow.

‘I lowte, I gyue reuerence to one, _Ie me cambre, Ie luy fais la reuerence._’ Palsgrave, in Way.

A.S. _hlútan_, to bow.

Lumpischli, 276/16, ‘to be lumpish, _botachtigh zijn: botachtigh_, Rudish, Blockish, or that hath no understanding.’ Hexham.

Lyer, 146/11, ? the cook’s _stock_ for soup; glossed ‘a mixture’ by Mr Morris in _Liber Cure Cocorum_. And make a _lyoure_ of brede and blode, and _lye_ hit þerwithe ... _ib._ p. 32, in ‘Gose in a Hogge pot.’ ?Lat. _liquor_, or Fr. _lier_ to soulder, vnite, combine. Cot.

Lyft, p. 151, carve.

Lying, against, p. 239, cap. xiii.

Lykorous, 19/292, lip-licking?

Lynse wolse, 132/5, linsey-woolsey.

Lynd, 270/61, Du. _lindt_, soft, milde, or gentle. Hex.

Lyour, 191/446, a band.

Lytulle of worde, 178/34, sparing in speech.

Lyvelode, 74/1087-8, property.

Lyueray, 188/371, pl. lyuerés, 189/395, allowances of food, &c. See _Livery_.

Lyuerey, p. 216, No. vii. servant’s dress. Fr. _livrée_ ... One’s cloth, colours, or deuice in colours, worn by his seruants or others. Cotgrave.

Mackerel, 39/559; p. 40; p. 98; [[41 for 40]] salt, 57/834; how to carve, 40/575-6.

Mackeroone, 96/14, a tart.

Magistrates, their duty, 242/18.

Make, 274/143, stroke?

_Malencolicus_, p. 54; p. 104.

Malice, 237/783, 817.

Mallard, 164/28; how to carve it, 26/402; 158/25.

Mallard, &c., how they get rid of their stink, 165/32-3.

Maluesy, 153/20; Malvesyn, 9/120; p. 86; p. 90, No. 12; p. 93, No. 6; the sweet wine Malmsey.

Malyke or Malaga, figs of, 166/18.

Mameny, 49/705; 52/744; recipe at p. 145.

Manchet, 198/627, fine bread.

Manerable, 75/1113, well-trained.

Manerly, 13/195; 63/923, neatly.

Maners, 197/601, dwelling-houses, mansions, Fr. _manoir_, a Mansion, Mannor, or Mannor-house. Cot.

Manger, a horse’s, 197/610.

Mangle your food, don’t, 256/176-9. ‘I mangle a thing, I disfygure it with cuttyng of it in peces or without order. _Je mangonne_ ... and _je mutille_. You have mangylled this meate horrybly, it is nat to sette afore no honest men (_nul homme de bien_) nowe.’ Palsgrave.

Manners maketh man, 263/34; are more requisite than playing, 233/513.

Man’s arms, the use of, 268/38.

Mansuetely, 61/887. Fr. _mansuet_, gentle, courteous, meeke, mild, humble. Cot.

Mantle, 65/957, cloak or dressing-gown.

Mantle of a whelk, 44/625.

Many words are tedious, 252/75.

Mark, Matthew, Luke, and John, bless yourself by, 181/151.

Marquess and Earl are equal, 70/1012; 72/1049.

Marshal of the Hall, p. 69-78, p. 170-2; his duties, p. 188-90; arrests rebels, 189/381; seats men by their ranks, 189/403; has a short wand, 187/356; attends to all bed-chambers except the lord’s, 190/427-30.

Marshal or usher comes up to a guest, 178/30.

Marshallynge, 78/1165, arranging of guests.

Martyn, skin or fur of, for garments, p. 139.

Martynet, 157/9; 159/7, the martin (bird).

Mary, the Virgin, 48/691.

Mase, 183/216, makes.

Mass, hear one daily, 266/17.

Mass heard by the nobles every morning, but not by business men, p. 130.

Master, don’t go before your, 185/281; don’t waste his goods, 4/47; 219/9.

Master, don’t strive with your, 183/226. _Iamais ne gaigne qui plaide à son seigneur; ou, qui procede à son Maistre._ Pro. No man euer throue by suing his Lord or Maister; (for either God blesses not so vndutifull a strife, or successe followes not in so vnequal a match.) Cot.

Master of a craft sits above the warden, &c., 78/1159.

Master of the Rolls, rank of, 70/1017; 72/1060.

Masters, duties of, p. 241/6.

Mastic, to be chewed before you rest, p. 139.

Maistirs of the Chauncery, rank of, 71/1027; 73/1068.

Mawes, 178/55, mocks; 187/341.

Mawmeny, recipe for, p. 145.

Maydelyn_e_ gynger, 10/132.

Mayor of Calais, 70/1020; 72/1064.

Mayor of London, 70/1014; 72/1051.

Mays, 194/533, makes.

Mead, p. 107.

Meals, 3 a day to be eaten, p. 135; only 2 a day, p. 141.

Measure is treasure, 232/477.

Mede, 181/135, reward; _for no kyn mede_, on no account whatever.

Medelus (meddlesome), don’t be too, p. 258, p. 261, line M.

Medicinable bath, how to make, p. 67-9.

Meek, don’t be too, like a fool, 182/179.

Meene, 261/15, mean, middle course. _See_ Moderation.

Melle, 268/56, mix, meddle.

Men must work, 268/31.

Mené, smaller, 197/604, lower officers of the household.

Menewes in sewe of porpas, 166/6; in porpas, 167/35.

Menske, 178/32, civility; 184/234, favour. From A.S. _mennisc_, human: _cf._ our double sense of ‘humanity.’ H. Coleridge. Cp. also ‘kind’ and ‘gentle.’

Menskely, 185/291, moderately.

Menuce, 55/819; menuse, 52/747, minnows.

Meny, 270/88, household.

Merchants, duty of, 242/14; rank of, 71/1037; 73/1071.

Merlynge, 39/558, the fish whiting; 57/834; 166/31.

Mermaid, p. 117.

Merry, be, before bed-time, p. 128.

Merry, don’t be too, p. 258, p. 261, line M.

Mertenet, 37/542; p. 98, the martin; Mertenettes, 49/706.

Mertinet, 28/437; p. 95, martin.

Mess, each, at dinner, to be booked at 6d., 190/413.

Mess, who may sit 2 or 3 at a, 72/1055; who 3 or 4, l. 1057; who 4 and 4, l. 1066.

Message, when sent on, how to behave, p. 236, cap. viii.

Mesurabli, p. 261, l. ¶, moderate. Mesurably, _Mensurate_ (_moderate_). Prompt.

Mesure, 8/107, moderation.

Metely, 61/890, meet, fitting.

Metes, 58/845, fish.

Methe, 58/817, mead.

Metheglin, p. 107.

Metis, 8/95, vegetables; _ib._ l. 101, food.

Michaelmas to Christmas, feasts from, p. 164.

Milk, 8/93. ‘_Vin sur laict, c’est souhait; laict sur vin, c’est venin._’ Prov. Milke before wine, I would twere mine; milke taken after, is poisons daughter. Cot. u. _Souhait._

Minnows, p. 104; 166/6.

_Misereatur_, to be learnt, 181/154.

Misty, _adj._, 62/911.

Mocker, don’t be a, 268/59.

Moderation, 8/107; 153/5; 232/477. _See_ Meene. Cp. p. 104 of the _Old English Homilies_, ed. Morris, 1868. ‘Brutes eat as soon as they get it, but the wise man shall have times set apart for his meals, and then in reason keep to his regimen.’

Mood, temper, passion.

Morning prayer, p. 225.

Morter, 66/968, bed-candle; 160/32; 193/503, a kind of candle used as a night-light. [[160 for 169]] Morter, _a Mortarium_, a light or taper set in churches, to burn possibly over the graves or shrines of the dead. _Cowel._ Qu. if not a cake of wax used for that purpose. Note in Brit. Mus. copy of Hawkins’s Hist. of Music, ii. 294.

Mortrowes, 35/520; 54/805; 56/827.

Mortrus, 164/31.

Motes, 16/236; 18/272, bits of dust, &c.

Moths in clothes, p. 115, last line.

Mought, flesche-, 18/280, flesh-moth, louse. ‘Mowȝte, clothe wyrme (mouhe, mow, mowghe), _Tinea_; Mought that eateth clothes, _uers de drap_.’ Palsgrave; A.S. _moððe_. Prompt.

Moughtes, 64/945; p. 108, moths.

Mouth, don’t eat on both sides of, 179/65.

Mouth, drink not with a full, 255/149; nor speak, 255/152.

Mouth, wipe it before drinking, 255/155.

Mowes (faces), don’t make, 277, 278/29. Fr. ‘Monnoye de Singe. _Moes_, mumps, mouthes; also, friskes, leaps, gambolls.... Mopping, mumping, _mowing_; also friskes, gambolls, tumbling tricks.’ Cotgrave.

Mowynge, 278/29; 19/291; making faces in derision, grimacing; ‘mowe or skorne,’ _vangia vel valgia_. Pr. Parv.

Mullet, 58/841, 850; 166/13.

Mulus, a sea-fish, p. 119.

Muscadelle, 9/118; p. 89, No. 6; 153/21, a sweet wine.

_Musclade_ is Span. _mezclada_, mixture. Ital. _mescolanza_ is used, in Genoa at least, for a fry of small fish. --H. H. Gibbs. Minsheu has _mézela_, _méscla_ or _mezcladura_, a medlie, mingling. [[entry added by editor]]

Musclade of almonds, 55/821; in wortes, 55/821; 167/34; of minnows, 50/719.

Muscles (fish), 55/819; p. 107; p. 116.

Musculade, 166/6; 167/34.

Musculus, the cocke of balena, p. 119.

Mustard, 48/686; p. 100; 54/796; 58/843; 159/33.

Mustard and sugar, the sauce for pheasants, &c., 36/538.

Mustard for brawn, &c., 36/533; with fish, 59/853; with salt fish, 38/557; 57/832.

Mustela, the see-wesyll, p. 119.

Mutton, 48/688; p. 105. ‘The moton boyled is of nature and complexion sanguyne, the whiche, to my jugement, is holsome for your grace.’ _Du Guez_, p. 1071.

Mutton, salt, to be eaten with mustard, 36/533; stewed, 54/798.

Mutton, loin of, how to carve, 25/393.

Mylet, 51/735, mullet.

Myllewelle, the fish, 38/555; 50/723.

Myñ, 199/666, less.

Mynce, p. 151, carve.

Mynse, 26/400, mince.

Mysloset, 183/208, ? mispraised or misgoing, misleading.

Mystere, 199/639, craft, service.

Nails to be clean, 265/10; 277-8/22; 18/270; not to be picked at meals, 255/150; to be kept from blackness, 277-8/49.

Nape in the neck, the cony’s to be cut out, 29/455.

Nape, 199/659, tablecloth.

Naperé, 199/642, napry, table-cloths and linen; /656, table-cloth.

Napery, 4/61.

Nature, all soups not made by, are bad, 35/523.

Neckweed, p. 124, a hempen halter.

Neck-towel, 13/194; p. 92; [[82 for 92]] to wipe knives on, 201/727.

Neghe, 178/25, eye.

Neeze, 211/61, sneeze.

Nereids, p. 119; p. 115.

Nesch{e}, 45/644, tender; 67/985, soft.

Newfangled, don’t be, 258/13.

Nice, 33/508, foolish.

Nice, don’t be too, p. 258, p. 261, line N.

Night-cap to be of scarlet stuff, p. 129; must have a hole in the top, to let the vapour out, p. 137.

Night-gown, 193/483.

No fixed time for meals, p. 141.

_Noble Lyfe and Natures of Man, &c._, by Laurens Andrewe, p. 113, &c. &c.

Nombles, 35/521; see Promptorium, p. 360, note 1.

Nombles of a dere, 159/29, entrails, from _umbilicus_.

Noon, dinner at, 254/128.

Norture, give your heart to it, 275, 276/5.

Nose, don’t blow it on your dinner napkin, 263/53; when you blow it on your fingers, wipe ’em, 179/90.

Nose, don’t pick it, 275, 276/12; at meals, 255/150; at table, 267/38.

Nose _not_ to be wiped, 274/141; not to be wiped on your cap, &c., 210/47-52.

Nose-napkin, 226/94.

Nottys, 6/78; p. 85, nuts.

Nowelte, 53/784, novelty.

Nown{e}, 179/87, own.

Nurrieris, 71/1039; p. 110.

Nurture, 45/651, correct way.

Nurture makes a man, 263/34, 30; needful for every one, 177/4.

Nurtured, pray to be, 254/117.

Nuts, 152/19, 20.

Nyen, 180/116, eyes.

Oaths, hate ’em, p. 258, p. 261, line O.

Oats, green, in a bath, 69/995.

Ob. 198/620, halfpence.

Obedient, servants to be, p. 207, No. vi. [[207 for 216]]

Office, 202/738, mark of office?

Officers in Lords’ courts, 187/327.

Officers, their duty, 242/19.

Officers of shires, cities, and boroughs, their ranks to be understood, 76/1130-2.

Onions with salt lamprey, 40/569; p. 198.

Onone, 196/591, anon, at once.

Open-clawed birds to be cooked like a capon, 164/23.

Opon, 196/580, up in?, about, over.

Opponents, answer them meekly, 186/311.

Orchun, a sea-monster, p. 120.

Order in speech, keep, 235/696.

Orders of chastity and poverty, monks, rank of, 71/1030.

Orped, 258/14; p. 261, l. O, daring; orpud _audax_, bellipotens. Pr. Parv.

Oryent (jelly), 52/746, bright.

Osey, 153/19; p. 206, a sweet wine.

Osprey, how to carve, 26/402; p. 95.

Osulle, 28/438, the blackbird.

Ouemast, 200/671, uppermost.

Ouerþwart (don’t be), p. 258, p. 261, l. O; Fr. _Pervers_, peruerse, crosse, aukeward, _ouerthwart_, skittish, froward, vntoward. Cot.

Oyster, p. 120.

Oysters in ceuy (chive sauce), 55/822, and grauey; 167/34.

Ox; he is a companionable beast, p. 105.

Oxen, three in a plough never draw well, 185/287.

Ozey, 9/119; p. 90, No. 10, a sweet wine.

Page, the King’s, 75/1123.

Pagrus, a fish, p. 120.

Pale, 101/16, grow pale? [[101 for 153]]

Palettis, 197/435, pallets, beds of straw or rushes.

Palled, 13/183, stale, dead.

Panter, 200/667.

Pantere, 3/40; pantrer, 190/405, 425; originally the keeper and cutter-up of bread, see his duties, p. 4; ‘_Panetier_, a Pantler.’ Cot. His duties, to lay the bread, knives, &c., 200/667.

Panter and butler, p. 208, No. xii. [[208 for 217]]

Pantry, 193/499.

Paraunce, heiers of, 193/497, heirs apparent.

Parelle, 23/343, ‘the thoþer parte’ in Sloane MS. 1315.

Parents, salute them, 226/71; 229/294; wait on ‘em at table, 230/337. ’What man he is your father, you ought to make courtesye to hym all though you shulde mete hym twenty tymes a daye.’ Palsgrave, ed. 1852, p. 622, col. 1.

Paris, candles of, 205/836.

Parish priests, rank of, 71/1032.

Parker, 196/589; 197/599, park-keeper.

Parsley roots, 56/826.

Parsons, the duty of, 242/10; rank of, 71/1031; 73/1069.

Partridge, 49/697; p. 103; how to carve, 25/397; 26/417; or wynge, p. 161.

Partridge, with mustard and sugar, 36/538.

Passage, 33/507, ? passage through the bowels, or passing out of the world.

Past, 203/773, pasty.

Pastey of venison, &c., 31/490.

Pasty, lamprey, 44/631; p. 100.

Patentis, 196/566, letters patent, grants, gifts by deed.

Paternoster, 181/145.

Patience, the fruits of, 237/821.

Pavilowne, 73/1079, pavilion, tent.

Payne puff, 32/497, a kind of pie, 49/699; 157/7; 163/32.

Peacock in hakille ryally, 49/695; p. 103.

Peacock, 28/433; and tail, 157/5. as to his voice, see Roberts’s _Fables Inédits_, T. Wright’s _Piers Plowman_, ii. 548. [[reference added by editor]]

Pearl-muscle, the, p. 117.

Pearl-oyster, p. 120.

Pearls from your nose, do not drop, 18/283.

Pears, 52/757; 55/813; 57/826; 152/19. ‘Apres la poire, le vin ou le prestre. Prov. After a (cold) Peare, either drinke wine to concoct it, or send for the Priest to confesse you.’ Cot.

Peas and bacon, 25/392; 34/518.

Peautre, 153/28, pewter; cp. Margaret Paston’s Letter, Dec., between 1461 and 1466, modernized ed. 1841, v. 1, p. 159. ‘Also, if ye be at home this Christmas, it were well done ye should do purvey a garnish or twain of _pewter_ vessell, two basins and two ewers, and twelve candlesticks, for ye have too few of any of these to serve this place.’ Orig. ed. vol. iv. p. 107, Letter xxx.

Pece, 203/792, cup.

Peck of oats a day for a horse, 197/608.

Pecocke of the se, p. 120.

Pecten, a fish that winks, p. 120.

Peeres, 6/78, 80, pears.

Pegyll sauce, 165/4; p. 174.

A malard of the downghyll ys good y-nogh for me wythe plesaunt _pykle_, or yt ys elles poyson, perde. Piers of Fullham, l. 196-7. _E. Pop. P._ vol. 2, p. 9.

Pen, paper, and ink, to be taken to school, 217/116. [[217 for 227]]

Pentecost to Midsummer, feasts from, 163/13.

Pepper, 58/843, eaten with beef and goose, 36/536.

Pepyns, 6/79; p. 85, pippins. Fr. _pepin-percé_, (The name of) a certaine drie sweet apple. Cot.

Percely, 168/1, parsley.

Perceue, 62/917, look to, see.

Perch, 56/824; 58/850.

Perch (_percus_), p. 120.

Perch in jelly, 50/707; 52/746; 157/9; 166/16.

Perche, 10/128; 11/146, suspended frame or rod.

Perche, to hang cloths on, 152/14.

Perche for ypocras strainers, 153/26.

Percher, 66/968, a kind of candle.

Perchers, 192/467; Perchoures, 169/32; 205/826, candles, lights.

_Per-crucis_, the, 181/152.

Peregalle, 70/1010, quite equal.

Pereles, 72/1231, peerless, without equal.

Pericles, the advice of, 238/891.

Peritory, 67/991.

Perueys, or perneys, 32/499; p. 96, a sweet pie.

Peson, 37/547.

Peson and porpoise, good potage, 50/720.

Pessene, 166/23, peason, pease-broth?

Pestelles, 164/11, 28, legs. Pestle is a hock, Fr. _Faucille_ (in a horse), the bought or pestle of the thigh. Cot.

Pestilence, silk and skins not to be worn during, p. 139.

Petipetes, or pety-pettys, p. 32, note 2; l. 499, note 3. ‘_Petipetes_, are Pies made of Carps and Eels first roasted, and then minced, and with Spices made up in Pies.’ R. Holme.

Petycote, 60/872; 61/891; 168/22, 30. Randle Holme, Bk III., chap. ii. §xxvii., p. 19, col. 1, says, ‘He beareth Argent, a Semeare, Gules; Sleeves faced or turned up, Or _Petty-Coat_ Azure; the skirt or bottom Laced, or Imbrauthered of the third. This is a kind of loose Garment without, and stiffe Bodies under them, & was a great fashion for Women about the year 1676. Some call them Mantua’s; they have very short Sleeves, nay, some of the Gallants of the times, have the Sleeves gathered up to the top of the Shoulders and there stayed, or fastned with a Button and Loope, or set with a rich Jewel.’ He gives a drawing of it two pages before.

Petycote of scarlet over the skirt, p. 131.

Pety peruaunt, 32/note 2; 96/xx. [[linenote 500]]

Pety perueis, or perneis, 50/707; 52/748.

Petyperuys, 157/9.

Pewter basons, 153/28.

Pheasant, how to carve, 27/417; to alaye or carve, p. 161.

Pheasant to be cooked dry, and eaten with ginger, 163/17; [[163 for 164]] with mustard and sugar, 36/538; stewed, 48/688; p. 101.

Pick not your nose, teeth, or nails, 255/150; 18/283. _See_ Nose, &c.

Pick not your teeth with your knife, 277, 278/42.

Pick yourself, don’t, 276/14.

Pick your teeth with a knife, or fingers, don’t, 180/93.

Pie, how to carve a, 31/482.

Pie, 203/773.

Pig, how to carve, 28/446; 48/689; roast, 54/801.

Pig and ginger sauce, 36/537.

Pig’s feet, 161/9.

Pigeon, 28/438; baked, 29/491; roast, 54/808.

Pight, 76/1134, placed.

Pigmies, p. 102, note.

Pike, 50/724; p. 119; 57/839; how to carve, 39/562; p. 164, last line; colice of, 56/824. [[164 for 166]]

Pike, names of a, p. 99.

Pike not your nose, 18/283.

Pilgrimages vowed, to be performed, 183/201.

Pillow, 53/925; 66/965.

Piment, 153/22, a sweet wine. _See_ Notes to Russell, p. 86-8.

_Pincernarius_, 190/422-3, butler.

Pinions indigestible, 24/363.

Pinna, a fish, p. 120.

Pippins, 50/713; 152/25.

_Pistor_, 198/622-3, the baker.

Plaice, p. 120; how to carve, 40/570; 167/3.

Plaice with wine, 57/839.

Planer, 4/58, (ivory) smoother (for salt); 152/9.

Platere, 26/408; plater, 44/633, platter.

Playes, 204/818, folds.

Pliȝt, 16/242, fold.

Plite, 28/434, manner.

Plommys, 6/77, plums.

Plover, 36/539; p. 97; 49/697; p. 158, last line; 165/1.

Seththe sche brouȝt hom in haste Ploverys poudryd in paste. _Sir Degrevant_, p. 235, l. 1402.

Plover, how to carve, 27/417; to mynce or carve, p. 163.

Plummets of lead, 131/4.

Plums, 46/668; 152/20.

Plyed, 200/690, folded.

Plyte, 155/31, plait.

Points, truss your masters, 62/898. To _truss ... the points_ was to tie the laces which supported the hose or breeches. Nares.

Polippus, a fish, p. 117, p. 120.

Pommander, p. 141, a kind of perfume made up in a ball and worn about the person. _See_ recipes in Halliwell’s Gloss.

Poor, think of them first, 265/16.

Poor men, their duty, 242/17.

Pope has no peer, 70/1006; 72/1045; his father or mother is not equal to him, 74/1097-1104.

Pork, 164/12, 28, 30, 32.

Porpoise, 41/582; 55/823; p. 97, note on l. 533.

Porpoise, fresh, 58/849; salt, 38/548; 57/835; 166/25.

Portenaunce, 161/9, belongings, an animal’s intestines. Palsgrave (in Halliwell).

Porter at the gate, 177/6; to have the longest wand, 187/355; his duties and perquisites, p. 188.

Port-payne, 17/262; p. 93; a cloth for carrying bread. Cp. ‘þen brede he brynges, in towell{e} wrythyñ,’ 200/685; cp. 203/784.

Possate, 8/94; p. 85; posset, 152/33.

Post, don’t lean against it, 253/82; 275/9; 276/10; 186/325.

Potage, 34/516-17; p. 102; 49/693; 52/745; 56/829; 159/30; 164/10, 13.

Potage to be served after brawn, 48/687; p. 102;

‘physicions ben of opynyon that one ought to begyn the meate of vitayle (_uiandes liquides_) to thende that by that means to gyve direction to the remenant.’ 1532-3. Giles du Guez’s _Introductorie_, ed. 1852, p. 1071.

Potage, how assayed, 203/765; how to be supped, 234/443-50; to be supped quietly, 179/70; eat it with a spoon, don’t sup it, 255/144.

Potelle, 11/148, a liquid measure.

Potestate, 62/915, man of power, noble.

Pouder, 167/16, ? ginger or pepper.

Poudre, 164/22, ? ginger, see l. 19.

Poudres, 163/17, spices?

Powche, 33/501, ? poached-egg, p. 96, 49/700.

Powder, 42/589, 597; ? salt & spice, 43/620. _The Forme of Cury_ mentions ‘powdour fort,’ p. 15, p. 24, and ‘powdo{ur} douce,’ p. 12, p. 14, p. 25. Pegge, Pref. xxix., ‘I take _powder-douce_ to be either powder of galyngal (for see Editor’s MS. II. 20, 24;) or a compound made of sundry aromatic spices ground or beaten small, and kept always ready at hand in some proper receptacle. It is otherwise termed _good powders_, 83. 130. and in Editor’s MS. 17. 37. 38 (but see the next article,) or _powder_ simply No. 169. 170. (p. 76), and p. 103, No. xxxv.’

Powder, 40/573, ? not _sprinkle_ verb, but _brine_ or _salt_ sb.

Powders for sauce, 26/412.

Powdred, 36/533; p. 97, salted. Dutch _besprenght vleesch_, Powdered or Salted meate. Hexham. Cotgrave has ‘Piece de laboureur salé. A peece of _powdered_ beefe. Salant ... salting; _powdering_ or seasoning with salt. Charnier, a _poudering_ tub. Saliere ... a salt-seller, also, a _powdering_ house.’ ‘Item that theire be no White Salt [see p. 30] occupied in my Lordis Hous withowt it be for the Pantre, or _for castyng upon meit_, or for seasonynge of meate.’ _North. Hous. Book_, p. 57. The other salt was the _Bay-Saltt_ of p. 32. ‘_Poudred_ Eales or Lamprons 1 mess. 12d.’ _H. Ord._ p. 175.

Powdur, 57/838; 58/847, ? blanche powder. Fr. ‘_Pouldre blanche_, A powder compounded of Ginger, Cinnamon, and Nutmegs; much in vse among Cookes.’ Cotgrave.

Powt not, 19/294.

Praised, when, rise up and return thanks, 253/104.

Praising (flattering), don’t be, p. 259, p. 261, line P.

Pray, pp. 137, 140.

Prayer, morning, p. 225; evening, p. 240.

Prayer, the best, 254/117-19.

Prayers to be said, p. 135.

Precedence, the degrees of, p. 70-78; p. 110.

Prechoure of pardon; rank of one, 71/1028; 73/1069.

Precious stone, to be worn in a ring, p. 141.

Preket, 193/510, ? not a spike to stick a light on, but a kind of candle. See note 3 on 214/825. One of the said groomes of the privy chamber to carry to the chaundrie all the remaine of morters, torches, quarries, _pricketts_, wholly and intirely, withoute imbesseling or purloyning any parte thereof. _H. Ord._ p. 157. [[214 for 205]]

Prelates, the duty of, 241/3.

Press up among the gentlefolk, don’t, 262/25.

Press not too high, 277, 278/25.

Prest, 28/434; preste, 254/115; ready.

Prestly, 62/910, readily.

Pricks, Pref. p. ci.-ciii.; Sp. _fiél_, the pinne set at buts or _pricks_ which archers measure to. Minsheu. [[Citation could not be identified.]]

Priest, don’t blame him, 184/244.

Primate of England, 73/1082.

Prince, rank of a, 70/1009.

Princes & dukes, don’t be privy with them, p. 259, p. 261, line P.

Princes, the duty of, 241/1.

Prior of a Cathedral, 70/1015; simple, l. 1016; 72/1059; the ranks of.

Priors of Canterbury & Dudley not to mess together, 77/1145-8.

Private dinners and suppers not to be allowed, p. 218, No. xvii.

Privehouse, 63/931, privy (to be kept clean).

Privy members not to be exposed, 20/305; 213/141; or clawed, 19/286.

Privy seat, cover it with green cloth, 169/21.

Promises, keep your, 268/48.

Property, the difference it makes in the way men of the same rank are to be treated, p. 76-7.

Prothonat, p. 170; prothonotary, 72/1063.

Prouande, 197/605; provender, forage for horses, used in l. 608 for oats.

Provyncialle, 70/1021; 72/1062; ? governor of a province.

Prow, 271/86, advantage, duty, the correct thing to do.

Prowe, 16/236; advantage.

Prowl not for fleshmoths in your head, 18/280.

Puff not, 20/303.

Pullets, p. 164, last line.

Pulter, 196/581. Fr. _Poullailler_, a Poulter or keeper of pullaine. Cot.

Purpayne, 154/11. _See_ Port-payne.

Purpose, 50/720, porpoise; roasted on coals, 50/724.

Purveyde, 252/71, provided beforehand.

Pyment, 9/118; p. 97, No. 4; p. 96, a sweet wine. [[97, 96 for 87, 86]]

Pyndynge, 33/507, tormenting, torturing, A.S. _pinan_.

Pyntill, a whelk’s, 44/625.

Quail, to wynge or carve, p. 162.

Quails, 28/437; 37/544; p. 98; 49/706.

Quarelose, p. 261, l. Q, querulous; Quarel, or querel, or playnt, _Querela_. Prompt.

Quarell (square) of a glasse wyndowe, p. 131, last line.

Queder, 201/715, whether of two; _neuer þe queder_, never mind which of the two?

Queeme, p. 261, l. Q; A.S. _cweman_, to please.

Quelmes, 201/703, covers.

Queneborow, the Mayor of, not to be put beside the Mayor of London, 76/1138.

Quere, 200/693, circle?

Questions, three, to ask your companions, 186/299.

Queynt, don’t be, p. 259, p. 261, l. 2.

Quick in serving, be, 279, 280/61.

Quinces, 56/826; baked, 50/708; in sirup, 168/1.

Quosshyns, 63/924, cushions.

Qweche, 186/301, who, what.

Qwyle, 190/431, while.

Qwysshenes, 192/456, cushions for a bed, ? pillows.

Qwyte, 201/701, white.

Rabettes sowkers, 29/457; p. 95; 49/697, sucking rabbits.

Rack for horses, 197/610.

Rage not too much, 259/17; p. 261, l. R.

Rage, p. 264, l. 76, break bounds, riot.

Rain, the peacock’s cry a token of, p. 103, note on Peacock.

Raisins, 5/74; 152/21.

Rakke, 9/115, rake, go, move, Sw. _räcka_, to stretch or reach to. Wedgwood, u. _rake_. [[ä written as e over a]]

Rash and reckless, be not, 19/296.

Raspise, 9/118; p. 88; [[98 for 88]] raspys, 153/21, a sweet wine. All maner of wynes be made of grapes, excepte _respyce_, the whiche is made of a berye. --A. Borde, _Dyetary of Wynes_, sign. F. i. [[reference added by editor]]

Raw fruits are bad, 8/97; 152/35.

Ready to serve, always be, 254/110, 115.

Raynes, towaile of, 14/213; p. 92. Rennes, in Brittany.

What avayleth now my feather bedds soft? Sheets of _Raynes_, long, large, and wide, And dyvers devyses of clothes chaynged oft. _Metrical Visions_, by George Cavendish, in his Life of Wolsey, ed. Singer, ii. 17.

In _Sir Degrevant_ the cloths are ‘Towellys of Eylyssham, Whyȝth as the seeys fame,’ 225/1385.

Reason, be ruled by, 219/2; 234/627.

Rebels in court to be arrested, 189/382.

Reboyle, 8/110; 9/113; p. 86; 153/9, ferment and bubble out of a cask.

Reboyle, 8/115, fermentation.

Rechy, 23/359, ? causing belches.

Receiver of rents, forfeits, &c., the, 196/575, 587; his duties, p. 197.

Receyte, 154/17, sediment, dregs.

Receytes, 33/508, takings-in, stuffing themselves with choice dishes.

Red landlord or landlady, don’t go to any, 186/307.

Red wyne, properties of, 10/140.

Refet, 167/8, fish entrails, roe, &c.

Refett, 40/576; p. 99; ? roe, 57/839; p. 108.

Regardes, 52/756, things to look at.

Rehete, 256/171; Fr. _rehaiter_, to reuiue, reioyce, cheere vp exceedingly; Cotgrave. ‘ranimer, réjouir, refaire.’ Burguy.

Rekles, richelees, 275, 276/6, careless.

Remelant, 178/52, remnant.

Removing from castle to castle, 188/373.

Remyssailes, 277/48, ? pieces put on; Fr. _remettre_, to com{m}it or put vnto. Cot. leavings. [[definition added by editor]]

Renners, 10/127, strainers; 153/27; 154/15.

Renysshe wine, 153/20, Rhenish.

Sche brouȝthe hem Vernage and Crete, And wyne of the _Reyne_, l. 1704. And evere sche drow hem the wyn, Bothe the Roche and the _Reyn_, And the good Malvesyn, l. 1415. _Sir Degrevant_, Thornton Romances.

Repairs of castles, &c., the Receiver sees to, 197/601.

Repeat gossip and secrets, don’t, 264/78.

Replye, 199/661, fold back.

Reprove no man, 264/67.

Rere, p. 151, carve; 202/754, raise, lift up.

Rerynge, 26/399, cutting.

Resayue, 196/575, receive.

_Resceu_, 195/542, received.

Residencers, rank of, 73/1069.

Resty, 13/359, mouldy, as rusty bacon, wheat, &c., 156/6. [[156 for 158]]

Retch not, 18/271.

Revelling, don’t be, 259/17; p. 261, l. R.

Revengeful, don’t be, 259/20; p. 261, l. V. [[Second citation unidentified: word does not occur in _The ABC of Aristotle_.]]

Reverence thy fellows, 279, 280/67.

Rewarde, 190/421, 418, name of the second supply of bread at table.

Rewe, A.S. _hreówan_, to rue, repent; _hreówian_, to feel grieved, be sorry for.

Reynes, 155/14. _See_ Raynes.

Reynes, a kercher of, 169/28.

Reyse, p. 158, last line, cut off; 159/14. ‘how many bestis berith lether, and how many skyn? Alle that be ... _arracies_, that is to say, the skyn pullyd ovyr the hed, beryth skyn.’ Twety, in _Rel. Ant._, i. 152.

Reysons, 5/74, raisins; 152/21.

Rialte, 59/858, royalty, courtly customs?

Ribaldry, avoid, 264/76; don’t talk, 277, 278/44.

Rice, standing and liquid, 56/827-8; standing, 168/2.

Rich, their duty, 242/16.

Right hand, the carver’s, not to touch the food, 22/327.

Right shoulder after your better’s back, 264/85.

Right side, sleep on it first, p. 129.

Righteousness, the reward of, 182/181.

Riotous, don’t be, 259/17; p. 261, l. R.

Rise when your lord gives you his cup, 254/120.

Rise early, 266/11; 226/58.

Rising, what to do on, p. 130, 133.

River-birds, p. 165. ‘And all foules (_uolatilles_) and byrdes of water (_riuiéres_), as ben swannes, gese, malardes, teales, herons, bytters (_butors_), and all suche byrdes ben of nature melancolyke, lesse neverthelesse rosted then boyled.’ _Du Guez_, p. 1071.

River water in sauce, 36/540.

Roach, 40/574; p. 98; 58/841, 849.

But in stede of sturgen or lamprons he drawyth vp a gurnerd or gogeons, kodlynges, konger, or suche queyse fysche As wolwyche _roches_ that be not worth a rusche.

Piers of Fullham, l. 17-20, _E. Pop. P._, v. 2, p. 3.

Roast apples and pears, 152/26.

Roast beef; garlic its sauce, 36/536.

Roast porpoise, 166/8.

Rob, 187/327, rub.

Robe, 62/908.

_Robbe d’autruy ne fait honneur à nulluy_: Prov. No apparell can truly grace him that owes [= owns] it not. Cotgrave, u. _Autruy._

Robes; yeomen and servants to wear, p. 216, No. vii.

Roche alum, p. 134.

Rochet, 167/5; p. 174, roach. ‘Rutilus, the Roach or _Rochet_; a Fish.’ Phillips.

Rods, four officers to bear, 187/353.

Romney modoun, 8/96, 104; 9/116, 119; p. 86; p. 89, note 7 and 6; 152/34; 153/3, 21.

Roppes, 34/512, bowels.

Rose, coloured, 153/14, a wine? ‘Eau clairette. A water (made of Aquauite, Cinnamon, Sugar, and old red Rose water) excellent against all the diseases of the Matrix.’ Cot.

Rosewater, 135/2; p. 139; after a bath, 67/985.

Roughe, 45/644, roe.

Rovnynge, 253/95, whispering.

Rounde, 269/54; Fr. _suroreiller_, to round, or whisper in the eare. Cot.

Rownyng, 184/250, whispering.

Rub yourself every day, p. 133; p. 138, 139, 142.

Rub yourself, don’t, 275/14.

Rub your teeth, p. 133.

Rubus, a fish, p. 121.

Ruffelynge, 16/250, ruffling.

Rumbus, a fish, p. 120.

Russell, John: his _Boke of Nurture_, p. 1-83; describes his position and training, p. 79, 81, 82.

Rybbewort, 68/992.

Ryme, 193/507 ? haste; A.S. _hrým, hrúm_ is soot; _rúm_, room, space; _ryman_, to make room, give place, make way. Bosworth.

Ryoche, a fish, p. 121.

Sad, 276/17, steady, fixed.

Saddles, old, for yeomen, 197/613.

Sadly, 43/621, quietly?

Sadnes, 21/308, sobriety.

Saffron, capons coloured with, 161/1.

Sage, fruture, 50/708.

Salads, 8/97; green, are bad, 152/35. ‘He that wine drinkes not after a (cold) _sallate_, his health indangers (and does wrong to his pallate).’ Cot. See a recipe for Salat of 14 vegetables, &c., in _The Forme of Cury_, p. 41, No. 76.

Sale, 178/44, hall.

Salens, 166/8; p. 174, a fish.

Salere, 256/159; saller, 200/670; Fr. _saliere_, a salt-cellar, a table or trencher salt. Cot.

Salmon, 41/583; 57/833; p. 121; 167/10.

Salmon bellows, 50/179; salted, 38/555.

Salmon’s belly, 55/823.

Salpa, a fish, p. 121.

Salt to be white, 4/57; put some on your trencher, 256/161; take it with your knife, 279, 280/65; 232/440; don’t dip meat into it, 267/29. _See_ Saltcellar.

Salt as sauce, p. 161-2.

Salt and wine, fresh-herring sauce, 45/645.

Salt fish and salmon, 166/30.

Salt-fish, how to serve up, p. 38-9.

Saltcellar, 14/199; 155/1, 3.

Saltcellar, dip no food into it, 256/159; 267/29; 181/129.

Salt-sellere, 4/60, salt-cellar.

Salute thy school-master and -fellows, 227/150-4.

Samoun bellows, 50/719.

_Sanguineus_ or Spring, 51/729; p. 104; 53/769, 787.

Sans, 63/922, sense, smell.

Saphire, 141/7.

Sarcell (Fr. _cercelle_, (the water-fowle called) a Teale, Cot.), how to breke or carve, p. 163.

Sargeaunt of law, rank of, 71/1026; 73/1067.

Satchell for school-books, 226/110; 227/160.

Satin, a lord’s cloak of, 62/914.

Sauce, p. 151, carve.

Sauces for flesh, p. 35-7; for fish, p. 56-9; 166/4; for fowles, p. 159; for the second course of a dinner, p. 163.

Sauerly, 26/415, as if he liked it.

Sawcere, 32/495.

Sawge, 33/501, ? sage.

Say, fruyter, 159/24; p. 173.

Sayed, 193/495, 498, tried, tasted against poison.

Sayes, 202/764, assays, tastes.

Sayntis, 183/201, saints’ shrines.

Scabiose, 69/994; p. 109.

Scandal, don’t talk, 272/99.

Scarlet, 62/914, scarlet stuff or cloth.

Schone, 196/590, shall.

Schyn, shall, 197/607.

School, boy going to, how to behave, p. 227; what to learn at, p. 181, The Second Book.

School, go to, after dinner, 209/19.

Schrubbynge, 20/300, rub, scrub.

Schyuer, 200/692, slice; “schyvyr, _fissula_, _abscindula_.” Prompt.

Scilla, a sea-monster, p. 121.

Scissors for candle-snuff, 205/829.

Scorn no one, 253/100; 264/65.

Scorn not the poor, 268/57.

Scoring on a rod the messes for dinner, 190/407; done to check the cook, 190/415.

Scorning to be avoided, 19/291.

Scorpion of the sea, p. 122.

Scratch yourself before your lord, don’t, 276/14.

Screen in hall, 178/28.

Screens against heat to be provided, 192/462.

Sea-bull (_focas_), p. 118.

_Seager’s Schoole of Vertue_, p. 221-43; Pref. to Russell, p. lxxviii.

Seal, 55/823; 166/13; 167/35.

Seal? (ȝele), 38/548; 39/583.

Sea-mouse, p. 119.

Sea-snails, p. 116.

Seaward, 45/642, just from the sea.

Seche, 21/315, carve certain birds?

Secrets, don’t tell ’em to a shrew, 184/245.

Seeke, 9/116, sick, (wine) out of condition.

Seew, 280/57, ? a stew; sew, _cepulatum_. Prompt. _See_ Sewes.

Sege, 65/954, evacuating oneself; p. 63, note 2.

Seluage, 199/657, 661, edge of a table-cloth.

Semblaunt, 183/192, seeming, countenance.

Semble, 76/1140, putting together.

Semethe, 43/621, seems good to, it pleases.

Sen, 250/3, since.

Sendell, 62/914, a fine silk stuff; Fr. _cendal_. H. Coleridge.

_Seneschallus_, 194/520-1, the steward.

Sentory, 68/992, centaury.

Seneca’s advice, 238/887.

Sere, 256/164; 185/262, several, different.

Serjeant of arms, rank of, 71/1034.

Serra, a fish, p. 121. [[71 for 121]]

Seruice, 278, 277/26, food served to a person, allowance.

Servants, duties of, p. 215; 241/7.

Servants to sit at meals together, not here 4 and there 3, p. 216, No. ix.

Server with the dishes, follows the steward, 194/532.

Service to be fairly to all, p. 217, No. xiii.

Serving at table, how to behave when, p. 229-31.

Servitors to carry dishes to the dinner-table, 49/682-3.

Set not an hawe, 8/99, value not a haw.

Sewe, p. 146; 164/31, ? stew.

Sewe, 55/819, course.

Sewere, 45/654, 657, the arranger of dishes on a table. Du. _een opperste Tafel-dienaer_, A Master-suer, or a Stuard that sets the courses or messes of meate on the table. Hexham.

Sewer, his duties, p. 46-7; p. 156-7.

Sewes (service, courses), on fish-dayes, p. 55.

Sewes, 154/17, stews or dishes of food?

Sewes, 33/509; 35/523, soups or stews.

Sewynge, borde or table of, 156/26, serving-up.

Sewynge of flesshe, p. 156.

Sewynge, in, 51/734, serving, course; ? not _inseuynge_, ensuing.

Shall, 169/14, _for_ shake. _See_ Pref. p. lxxxix. l. 5.

Shame the reward of lying, 240/960.

Share with your fellows, 270/95; 277, 278/47.

Share fairly a joint gift, 183/197.

Sheets to be clean, 63/922; to be sweet and clean, 169/14.

Shene, 198/622, fair, beautiful.

Shewethe, 45/657, arranges courses and dishes.

Shirt, a clean, 60/871; 168/22; to be warmed, l. 25.

Shirt-collar, 226/85.

Shoes to be clean, 226/92; servants not to wear old ones, p. 216, No. vii.

Shoeing horses, ½ a day for, 197/616.

Shoñ, shoes, 60/874; 65/961.

Shore, a-; Shaylyng with the knees togyther, and the fete a sonder, _a eschais_. Palsgrave, p. 841, col. 2. _Fauquet_, A shaling wry-legd fellow. Cotgrave.

Short word, the first, is generally true, 183/211.

Shovelar, Shoveller, 28/433; 37/541; p. 98, 157/6, the bird.

Show out thy visage, 279, 280/75.

Shrimps, how to serve up, 45/646-9; 52/748; 56/824; 58/850; 167/32.

Shrukkynge, 19/287, shrugging. Schruggyn, _frigulo_. Prompt.

Shyn, shall, 191/435.

Sicurly, 73/1080, surely, certainly.

Side, 16/248, breadth.

Sigh not before your lord, 19/297.

Signet, 36/535, cygnet, swanling.

Skyft, 183/198. A.S. _scyft_, division; _scyftan_, to divide.

Skyfted of, 189/402, shifted off.

Silence fittest for a child at table, 232/489.

Silent, be, 209/8; while your lord drinks, 253/92.

Silk to be worn in summer, p. 133.

Silk garments, p. 139.

Silver, the dishes of, 202/757.

Silver given away by the almoner as he rides, 202/743.

Sinews indigestible, 24/362.

Siren or Mermaid, ‘a dedely beste,’ p. 121-2.

Sirippe, 51/733, syrup.

Sireppis, 33/509; 35/524, syrops, t.i. stews or gravies.

Siruppe, 25/397; 26/400; sauce for partridges, &c.

Sit, don’t, till bidden, 265/14; 270/89; sit properly, 214/149; sit down when you’re told to, 253/97; and where you’re told, 270/91; 187/345. _Il se peut seoir sans contredit qui se met là ou son hoste luy dit_: Prov. He needs not feare to be chidden that sits where he is bidden; (the like is) _Il se peut bien seoir a table quand le maistre luy commande_: Prov. Well may he sit him downe whom he that may sets downe.

Sixpence, the value of each mess at dinner, 190/413.

Sixpence the receiver’s fee, 197/598.

Skynnery, 64/946, skins, furs.

Skins, indigestible, 24/367; of cloven-footed birds not wholesome, 165/28; to be cut off boiled flesh, 165/7; to be pared off salt fish, 38/553.

Skins the huntsman’s perquisite, 198/636.

Skirt of a man’s dress, 179/91.

Slake, appease; A.S. _slacian_, to slacken.

Slake, 31/483-4, cut.

Slander, don’t talk, 180/101.

Sleep at mid-day not wholesome, 65/952.

Sleep, how much to be taken, 130/5; evils of too much, 226/54.

Slegh, 186/300, cunning, careful.

Sling, p. 19, note; blow your nose with and through your fingers. ‘Still in use in America.’ G. P. Marsh.

Slippers brown as the waterleech, 60/874; 67/987; 168/31.

Slutt, 42/590, awkward animal.

Smack your lips, don’t, 232/455.

Small pieces, eat, 267/37.

Smallache, 68/993.

Small birds, how to carve, 30/473.

Sneeze; turn your back to people when you sneeze, 211/61.

Smaragd (an emerald) good against falling-sickness, p. 141.

Snetyng, p. 262, l. 19, snotting, wiping your nose with your fingers. ‘Mouchement: u. A _snyting_, or wiping of the nose.’ Cot.

Sniff not too loud, 18/284.

Snite not (blow with your fingers) your nose too loud, 18/284. ‘Deux pour vn. The _Snyte_-knave; tearmed so, because two of them are worth but one good _Snyte_.’ Cotgrave. ‘To _Snite_. To wipe, or slap. _Snite_ his snitch; wipe his nose, i.e. give him a good knock.’ 1796. _Dict. of the Vulgar Tongue._

Snyte or snipe, how to carve, 27/421; p. 163; 37/544; 98/2; 49/706; p. 104; 165/3.

Snuff of candles taken away with scissors, 205/829.

Snuffers, 205/830.

Snuffle, don’t, 211/57.

Socks, 60/873; 61/894; 62/895; 65/961; 67/987; 130/12.

Socrates wiped his nose on his cap, a bad example, 210/45.

Soil the cloth, don’t, 255/147.

Solaris, a fish, p. 122.

Soles, 40/578; 50/724; p. 122; 58/841.

Soleyn, 50/709, solemn.

Solopendria, a fish, p. 122.

Somet, 194/540, summed.

Somon, 51/733, salmon.

Sops, 33/509.

Sore, 178/42, sorrow, pain.

Sorrel with goose, 164/2.

Sotelte, 202/758, dodge, way.

Sotelte, a device after each course of a dinner, 48/690; 49/702; 50/710; 52/726, 738; 52/750, 765; p. 53-54; 157/2. Does Chaucer allude to these when speaking of the ‘excesse of divers metis and drinkis, and namely of suche maner of bake metis and dische metes brennyng of wilde fuyr, and _peynted and castelid with papire_, and semblable wast, so that is abusion for to thinke.’ _Persones Tale_, ed. Morris, iii. 299. ‘A soteltie with writing of balads’ came at the end of the first course of Hen. VII.’s marriage-feast in 1487. _Italian Relation_, p. 115. Rabett sowker, in 2nd course, _ib._

Souls in purgatory, pray for, 268/30.

Sowkers, 29/457, suckling.

Sows fed with fish, p. 104, note on l. 737.

Sowse, 23/360, pickled.

Spain, tapetis or carpets of, 192/457.

Sparling, names of a, p. 99.

Sparlynge, 59/833, the fish sperling. Fr. _esperlan_, a smelt, Cot. Spurlin, a smelt, Fr. _esperlan._ Skinner, in Prompt.

Sparrows, 28/437; 37/543; 49/706; p. 104.

Speak well of all men, 272/100.

Speaker of the Parliament, rank of, 72/1052.

Speche, 205/845, book or division of a poem.

Speech mars or makes a man, 264/81-2.

Speke, 156/17, speak of.

Spermyse chese, p. 84-5, note to l. 74.

Spiced cakes, 55/816.

Spicery, 12/171, spices; p. 91.

Spicery and store; Clerk of the Kitchen keeps the, 195/559.

Spicery, the officer of the, 46/666.

Spices, 55/813.

Spill the gravy on your parents’ clothes, don’t, 230/342.

Spill your food, don’t, 269/59.

Spit not, 18/271; modestly, 212/101; not over much at meals, 232/498.

Spit on or over the table, don’t, 267/43; 179/85; 167/43. [[Citation on page 167 unidentified]]

Spit in the washing basin, don’t, 271/87; or loosely about, 181/134.

Spit, when you do, cover your mouth with your hand, 272/117.

Spit and snite, don’t, 262/19; when you do, tread it out, 212/107.

Splat, 40/576, split open.

Splatte, p. 151, carve.

Splaye, p. 151, carve.

Splayd, 13/186, set out; 63/928, displayed, decked.

Sponges for bathing, 66/978; 67/979-84.

Spony stele, 200/677, the spoon handle.

Spoon, don’t leave yours in the dish, 255/145.

Spoon, not to be filled full, 279, 280/59; not to be put in the dish, 272/125; not to stand in the dish, 179/71.

Spoon; wipe it clean, 277, 278/35; take it out of the dish when you’ve finished, 267/42.

Spowt not with your mouth, 19/293.

Spoyle, p. 151, carve.

Spring, the device of, 53/771.

Sprottes, 167/33, sprats.

Spycery, 156/25.

Spyrre, p. 251, l. 37; A.S. _spyrian_, to track, seek, inquire, investigate, Sc. _speir_. O.N. _spiria._

Spyrryng, p. 251, l. 39, seeking, inquiring.

Squatinus, a fish, p. 123.

Squire’s table, who may sit at, 66/1040; 169/3. [[169 for 171]]

Squirt not with your mouth, 19/293.

Squyer, his wages paid by the treasurer, 196/586.

Stabulle, 182/169, support.

Stamell, 132/5, a kind of fine worsted. Halliwell; Fr. _estamé_, worsted. Cot.

Stammering is a foul crime, 236/708.

Stand, if you do, be ware of falling, 184/239.

Stand not still on stones, p. 132.

Stand upright, 276/16; 213/1.

_Stans Puer ad Mensam_, two English texts, p. 275-82.

Standard, 49/694, ? the chief dish at a dinner, served standing, 157/3. ‘A large or standing dish,’ says Pegge, on Sir J. Nevile’s ’a Roe roasted for Standert,’ _Forme of Cury_, p. 173, ‘for a Standert, Cranes 2 of a dish,’ p. 174, l. 3.

Standarde, 166/12, ? chief dish of fish.

Stapulle, 72/1064, Calais.

Stare about, don’t, 252/68; 259/18; p. 261, l. S; 209/3.

State, 17/252, a grand curl-up or arrangement of a cloth or towel.

State, 17/253; p. 93, master of the house. [[83 for 93]]

States, 55/821, nobles? ‘_de twaelf Genooten ofte Staten van Vranckrijck_, The twelve Peeres or _States_ of the Kingdome of France.’ 1660. Hexham.

Staunche, 12/174; Fr. _estancher_, to stanch or stop the flow of liquid. Sp. _estancar_, to stop a leak; _estanco_, water-tight. A _stanch_ vessel is one that will hold the water in or out, whence fig. _stanch_, firm, reliable. Wedgwood.

Staunche, 185/273, stop, stay.

Stealing dishes, to be watched against, 47/680.

Sted, 43/614, treated, served.

Steward, his duties, 194/521 (many are false, l. 522); he sits on the dais in hall, 177/20; carries a staff, 187/354; 188/358; is to keep good order in hall, p. 217, No. xiii.

Stewe or bath, p. 66.

Stewed beef or mutton, 54/798.

Stewed pheasant, 48/688.

Stinking breath not to be cast on your lord, 20/302.

Stirring, don’t be too, 259/18; p. 261, l. S.

Stockdove, 25/397.

Stockfish, 39/558; p. 98; 58/845; p. 121. ‘The Icelandic fare is not more inviting than the houses. Stockfish and butter eaten in alternate mouthfuls form the ordinary materials of a meal. The former, however, has to be pummelled on a stone anvil with a sledge hammer before even the natives can bite it; and, after it has undergone this preparation, seems, according to Mr Shepherd, to require teeth to the manner born. The latter is made from sheep’s milk, and as it is kept through the winter in skins, becomes “rancid beyond conception in the early spring.”’ --_Chronicle_, Aug. 10, 1867, on _Shepherd’s North-West Peninsula of Iceland._

Stocks, the porter keeps the, 188/362.

Stomach the body’s kitchen, 136/14-15.

Stomacher, 61/893; 168/30.

Stop strife between brothers, 185/271.

Stork; it snuffles, don’t you, 211/59.

Stork, 28/433; 49/695; 157/4. _See_ Pigmies.

Storuyn, 212/766, spoilt by cold. [[212 for 203]]

Stounde, 66/965, moment.

Straddle, don’t, 214/151.

Strangers, honour them, 171/28; always admit, p. 217, No. xv.; share good food with them, 256/169; the porter warns them, 188/368.

Strangers, visitors and residents, 75/1109-10.

Strawberies, 6/78; 7/82; p. 85, note to l. 81; 152/24.

Straynoure, p. 146/14, strainer.

Streets, how boys are to walk in, 227/134.

Stretch your limbs, pp. 130, 133, 138.

Strife not to be allowed in a household, p. 216, No. v.

Strive not with your lord, 183/226. _See_ Master.

Strongere, 204/801, stranger, guest.

Strye, 183/223, destroy.

Stryke, 18/280, stroke. ‘I stryke ones heed, as we do a chyldes whan he dothe well. _Je applanie_ ... My father sayeth I am a good sonne, he dyd stryke my heed by cause I had conned my lesson without the booke.’ Palsgrave. See also ‘I stryke softely’ and ‘I stroke ones heed,’ p. 741, ed. 1852.

Strynge, p. 151, carve.

Stuff, 42/592, 594, crab’s flesh; 167/16, a crab’s inside.

Stuff, 31/485, gravy?

Stuff your jaws, don’t, 277, 278/31.

Sturgeon, 41/583; 52/746; 58/850; p. 122; 166/16; salt, 57/836.

Stut, 236/706, to stutter, is a foul crime.

Subjects, their duty, 242/15.

Suffrigan, 70/1013; Fr. _suffragant_, A Suffragan, a Bishops deputie. Cot.

Sugar and mustard, the sauce for partridges, &c., 36/538.

Sugar and salt as a sauce, with Curlews, &c., 36/540.

Sugar, strewed on baked herrings, 50/722; 38/550.

Sugar candy (sugre candy, 10/139); 52/757; 135/11; p. 141; 166/18.

Summedelasse, 204/808, some deal less.

Summer, the device of, 51/739-43.

Sun, face and neck to be kept from, 132/8.

Sup not your food up lowdly, 272/127; 277/40; 278/37; 179/69.

_Supervisor_, 195/544-5, surveyor.

Suppers to be light, p. 131; to be larger than dinners, p. 142. See the one in Sir Isumbras, _Thornton Romances_, p. 235, &c.

Surnape, how to lay, p. 16-17; p. 92-3; 155/26; it was the upper towel or cloth for the master of the house to wipe his hands on after washing them when dinner was done. The sewer to bring it after dinner, 204/809-20.

Surueynge borde, 47/675, table or dresser on which the cook is to put the dishes for dinner.

Surveyor of the dishes for dinner, 46/672; 47/674, 676.

Surveyor, his duties, 195/545.

Suwe, 264/83; O.Fr. _seure_, _sevre_, Fr. _suivre_, L. _sequor_, follow.

Swallow, 28/438 (the bird).

Swan, 48/688; p. 97; [[91 for 97]] how to carve, 26/402; to lyfte or carve, p. 161.

Swan; its sauce is chaudon, 56/535; p. 97; its skin is to be cut off, 165/15.

Swashbucklers, hanging good for, p. 125.

Swear not, 270/75.

Swear no oaths, 277, 278/44.

Swearing, against, p. 236, cap. xi. _See_ Ascham’s account and condemnation of it in 1545, _Toxophilus_, p. 45, ed. Giles, and in his _Schoolmaster_, p. 131, of the little child of four roundly rapping out his ugly oaths.

Sweet words, ware; the serpent was in ’em, 183/207.

Swenge, 96/1, beat up.

Swordfish, 41/582; p. 118; salt, 57/836.

Swyng, p. 145, beat, whip, mix.

Syce, 192/469, candle-stick or holder; but ‘Syse, waxe candell, _bougee_.’ Palsgrave in Halliwell.

Syde, p. 151, carve.

Syles, 200/695, strains. See _Corrigenda_.

Sylour, 191/445, tester and valances of a bed.

Hur bede was off aszure, With testur and _celure_, With a bryȝt bordure Compasyd ful clene.

_Sir Degrevant_, l. 1473-6; p. 238. A tester ouer the beadde, _canopus_. Withals.

Symple condicions (how to behave when serving at table, &c.), p. 18; p. 93. [[83 for 92]]

Synamome, 10/131, 136.

Syngeler, 79/1184, single.

Syngulerly, 73/1074, 1079, by itself.

Table for dinner, how the ewer and panter are to lay it, p. 199-201.

Table, how to lay and serve the, pp. 13-18; how to wait at, p. 229, cap. iii.

Table, how to behave when sitting at, 231/423; 255/136; 263/39; 265/15; 270/94.

Table-cloth, don’t dirty it with your knife, 180/110; 272/119; 277/39; 278/40; or wipe your teeth on it, 180/115.

Table-knife, 22/334, ? a broad light knife for lifting bread-trenchers on to the table.

Table-knives, 152/13.

Tacches, 20/306, faults, ill manners.

Tacchis, p. 261, l. K; 258/10; tricks, ways; tetch’e, or maner of condycyone, _mos_, _condicio_. Prompt. He that gentyl is, wylle drawe hym vnto gentil _tatches_, and to folowe the custommes of noble gentylmen. Caxton’s Maleore, v. i. p. 250, ed. 1817.

Take leave of all the company after dinner, 271/91-3.

Take the best bit, don’t, 277, 278/45.

Talwijs, p. 261, l. T; 259/19; full of slander; A.S _tál_, reproach, blame, slander, accusation, false witness, a fable, tale, story. Bosworth (from whom all the A.S. words are quoted). Du. _taalvitter_, a censorious critick. Sewel. ‘_Talu_ has for its first signification _censure_; and “_wise at censure_,” _censorious_, is an ancient Momus.’ Cockayne.

Talk at meals, don’t, 267/51; 272/101.

Talk loud, don’t, 277, 278/30.

Talk too much, don’t, 269/58; 219/6; 279, 280/74.

Talking to any man, how to behave when, p. 235, cap. vii.; 252/64; 270/65; 275, 276/16.

Tamed, 23/345, trimmed, or ? cut down.

Tampyne, 5/68, a stopper.

Tansey, 159/26; is good hot, 33/503.

Tansy cake, p. 96.

Tansye fryed, 161/10.

Tansey gyse, a, 52/749, a dish of tansey of some kind.

Tantablin, 96/14, a kind of tart.

Tapet, 193/484, cloth.

Tapetis, 192/457, 460, cloths, carpets, or hangings.

Tarrer, p. 5, l. 65, l. 71, an auger. _Tarere_ por percier. _De L’Oustillement au Villain._ ed. 1833, p. 10. _Tarré_ ... Hauing an ouerture or hole. _Taré_, worme-eaten, or full of holes. Cot.

Tarryours, 152/14, augers.

Tartlett, 35/521.

Tarts, 161/4; 164/29.

Tast, 63/922, test, try.

Taste every dish, 256/165.

Tastynge, 80/1195-9 (tasting or testing food, to see that there’s no poison in it), is only done for a king, &c., down to an earl, 193/495-6. _See_ Credence.

Tattle, don’t, 264/78.

Tayme, p. 151, cut up.

Teal, p. 164, last line; how to carve, 26/401; p. 95; p. 163.

Teal pie, 31/481.

Teeth, to be washed, 226/100; to be kept white, 213/121; how to keep clean, p. 134.

Teeth not to be picked at meals, 255/150; 263/54; 20/301; 232/495; not to be picked with a knife, 277, 278/42; or a stick at meals, 180/93.

Temper, 42/595, season, sauce; 44/636, mix.

Temper thy tongue and belly, 232/476.

Temperance is best, p. 261, l. T; 259/19.

Temporaunce, 130/4, moderate temperature.

Tenants, to be asked after, p. 218, No. xvi.

Tench, how to carve, 41/586; p. 122.

Tenche in gelly, 166/14.

Tene, 21/319, trouble.

Tene, 64/934, vex, trouble.

Tent, heed, attention.

Tent, 190/430, attend to, take charge of.

Tepet, 179/92, a man’s tippet.

Testudo, p. 123, the tortoise or turtle.

Þan, 53/785, that, which.

Thank him who gives you food, 271/92.

Þaughe, 52/761, though.

The, 263/32, thrive.

Þegre, 264/66, degree, state.

Theologicum, 87/7, the monks wine.

Think before you speak, 252/71.

Third man, never be, 185/287.

Þo, 262/5, do, put.

Thornback, 41/584; p. 99, two notes; 58/844; 167/10; 168/11.

Thorpole, 167/10. _See_ Thurle-polle.

Three or four at a mess, 171/13; 72/1057.

Threpole, 168/8; ? thurlepolle.

Throat, don’t get food into your wrong one, or it will do for you, 180/99.

Thrushes, 28/438; 37/543; 165/3.

Thumb, don’t dip yours into your drink, 181/127.

Thurle-polle, 41/584; p. 99; salt, 57/837.

Thye, p. 151, carve.

Tiȝt, 74/1095, draws, grows, from A.S. _teon_.

Time (a) for all things, 234/587.

Tintern, the abbot of, the poorest of all abbots, 76/1142.

Tintinalus, a fish, p. 122.

Toes, keep ’em still, 186/320.

Tome, 177/10, opportunity.

Tongue; don’t let yours walk, 232/472; don’t poke it out and in, 212/97; charm it, 229/284.

Tooth-picker (A.D. 1602), p. 136, p. 142; Sp. _escarvadientes_, a tooth-picker, a tooth-scraper. 1591, Percivale, by Minsheu, 1623.

Top crust for the lord, 139/342; p. 271. [[139 for 23]]

Torches, 193/508; 205/825.

Torn clothes to be mended, 226/102.

Tornsole, 153/25; 154/1; Pegge says ‘Not the flower Heliotrope, but a drug. Northumb. Book, p. 3, 19. I suppose it to be _Turmeric_. V. Brooke’s Nat. Hist. of Vegetables, p. 9, where it is used both in victuals and for dying.’ _Forme of Cury_, p. 38. _See_ Turnsole.

Torrentyne of Ebrew, 9/119; p. 90, No. 11; a sweet wine.

Torrentyne, 57/835; p. 107; the trout. Fr. _torrentin_ is ‘Belonging to, or abiding in, torrents, or swift and violent streames.’ Cot. _See_ Turrentyne.

Torrentille, 38/548; p. 98, a fish. ? what.

Tortes, 193/492; p. 193, note 2, a kind of light; 193/510; 205/825; 204/note 1. [[193 for 192]]

Totter, don’t, 214/151.

Towel, don’t dirty it at dinner, 263/52.

Towel, a narrow and a broad, to wash with after dinner, 204/811.

Towel, 2 knights to hold before the lord’s sleeves, 201/713.

Towse, 53/781, ? oakum.

Trace, 46/664, way; 234/630, track, path.

Trample not with your feet, 20/299.

Transsene, p. 151, cut up.

Traunche, p. 151, cut up.

Tre, 201/701, wood.

Treasurer, his duties, 196/573-94; he sits on the dais in hall, 177/20.

Treatablie, 230/323, distinctly.

Trencher bread, 4/56; p. 84; to be 4 days old, 152/7. ‘Item that the _Trenchor Brede_ be maid of the Meale as it cummyth frome the Milne.’ _Northumberland H. Book_, p. 58.

Trenchere lovis, 14/197; p. 84; 154/35; p. 157; loaves of coarse unsifted meal; the panter to bring in three, 200/667.

Trencher-knife, p. 22, note 2; 152/3.

Trencher, no filth to be on, 269/73; not to be loaded with scraps, 277/48; 278/48.

Trenchers, how to be laid on table, p. 22; four to the lord, and one a-top, 201/723; p. 160, and the collations of the first edition.

Trestis, 204/822, trestles.

Trestuls, 189/389; trestles, 192/464.

Tretably, 235/673, ? Fr. _traictable_, courteous, gracious, tractable, pliant, facile, intreatable. Cotgrave.

Trete, 43/612, trouble?

Treteable, 279, 280/78; Fr. _traictable_.

Trifelynge, 19/287, ? rocking, swaying about.

Trinity, bless oneself with, 181/149.

Trompe, the crane’s, 28/431-2; 159/5.

Trout, 40/578; 51/735; p. 123; 167/9.

True, be, in word and deed, 268/41.

Trusse, 62/898, pull.

Tunny, p. 97, note on l. 533.

Turbot, 41/583; 51/735; 167/10; fresh, 59/852.

Turnsole, 9/123; 11/143; p. 91; turnesole is used to make _pownas_ colour (? _pownas_, puce) in _Forme of Cury_, recipe 68, p. 38. _See_ Tornsole.

Turrentyne salt, 168/7.

Turrentyne, sele, 166/25; p. 174.

Tursons, p. 50, note 6.

Tuske, p. 151, carve.

Tutia, 135/10, for Tutia; Fr. _Tuthie_: f. Tutie; a medicinable stone or dust, said to be the heauier foyle of Brasse, cleauing to the vpper sides and tops of Brasse-melting houses: and such doe ordinary Apothecaries passe away for _Tutie_; although the true _Tutie_ be not heauie, but light and white like flocks of wooll, falling into dust as soon as it is touched; this is bred of the sparkles of brasen furnaces, whereinto store of the minerall Calamine, beaten to dust, hath been cast. Cotgrave.

Two at a mess, who may sit, 72/1049; 179/7; [[179 for 171]] who, two or three, 72/1051-5; carver is to put on, 179/9.

Two fingers and thumb, carver is to put, on a knife, 21/320; p. 157.

Two fingers, a lord to eat with, 30/467.

Twopence or threepence a day, the wages of a groom or page, 198/619-20.

Twynkelynge, 18/281, blinking.

Twyte, 256/179, hack; ‘telwyn, or thwytyn (twhytyn, twytyn). _Abseco, reseco._’ P. Parv.

Tyer, 153/21, Tyrian wine.

Tyere, p. 151, cut up.

Tymbre that fyre, p. 151, put wood on it.

Tyre, 9/119; p. 90, No. 9, a sweet wine.

Unbrace, p. 151, carve.

Unbrushen, 64/944.

Uncleanness to be abhorred, p. 140.

Uncountabulle, 195/544, not accountable to any other officer of the household?

Uncover thy head when talking to any man, 236/722.

Undefied, 23/359, ? unqualified, unguarded against, uncooked.

Undercrust of a loaf to be cut in three, 178/39.

Undertraunche, p. 151, cut up.

Undress by the fire, p. 136; in winter, p. 142.

Undressing described, p. 169; and going to bed, 193/487, &c., 194/516.

Unfed, better than untaught, 236/725.

Unjoint, p. 151, carve.

Unlace, 21/315, 322; p. 151, carve (a cony); 26/410 (a capon).

Unsunken, 191/441.

Untache, p. 151, carve.

Upbrayde, 25/395, reproach.

Upper-crust of a loaf for the lord, 23/342; p. 157 at foot; to be cut in four, 178/37.

Upright, sit, 270/93.

Upright, p. 129, with the face upwards. “I throwe a man on his backe or _upright_, so that his face is upwarde. _Je renuerse._” Palsgrave.

Urinal, 169/34. _See_ Vrnelle.

Urine, retain it not, 214/145.

Usher, the duties of one, p. 69-78; p. 170-2.

Usher of the Chamber, 190/432; his duties, 192/473 to 194/520; he carries the smallest wand, 187/354.

Usher and marshal; all other household officers obey him, 79/1180.

Valadyne gynger, 10/132.

Valance, 191/447, hangings of a bed.

Vampeys, 61/894.

Vantage, 198/635, gain, perquisites.

Vaunte, fryter, 157/2, ? meat.

Veal, 54/807.

Veal, verjuice its sauce, 36/534.

Veele, 31/486, veal.

Velany, 178/56, abusing.

Velvet, 62/914.

_Venator_, 198/628-9, the huntsman.

Venemous, don’t be, p. 261, l. V.

Venesoun, how to carve, 25/383-91; Andrew Borde’s opinion of, p. 94-95.

Veniable, p. 261, l. V, revengeful.

Venison, 37/542; how to carve, 158/13.

Venison baked, 48/689; p. 101; roast, 28/444; 49/694; 165/2.

Venison pastey, 31/489.

Venprides, 55/820. ?

Ventes, 159/13, anus; p. 162, l. 3 from foot.

Venure, 31/489, beast that is hunted.

Vewter, 198/631, fewterer; ‘in hunting or coursing, the man who held the dogs in slips or couples, and loosed them; a dog-keeper.’ Halliwell. _Vaultre_, a mongrel between a hound and a maistiffe; fit for the chase of wild bears and boars. Cot. ‘The Gaulish hounds of which Martial and Ovid speak, termed _vertagi_, or _veltres_, appear to have been greyhounds, and hence the appellations _veltro_, Ital., _viautre_, _vaultre_, Fr., _Welter_, Germ. The Promptorium gives “Grehownde, _veltres_,” p. 209. Various details regarding the duties of the “foutreres,” and their fee, or share of the produce of the chace, will be found in the Mayster of Game, Vesp. B. xii, fol. 99, 104, b.’ Way in _Promptorium_, p. 291.

Verjuice, 58/841, 843.

Verjuice, p. 159, 168/9, at foot.

Verjuice, the sauce for boiled capon, &c., 36/534; for crab, 42/596; with goose, 164/3.

Vernage, 9/118; p. 87, No. 1; 153/22.

Ryche she tham drewe Vernage and Crete. _Sir Degrevant_, p. 235, l. 1408, l. 1703.

Vernagelle, 9/118; p. 87, No. 2.

Viant, 33/501, ? meat.

Viaunt, fruture, 48/689, meat fritters?

Vicars, rank of, 71/1031.

Vice, avoid, 234/610.

Vilony, 265/8; 266/10, discourtesy, rudeness; p. 261, l. V.

Vinegar, 57/835; 58/847.

Vinegar as a sauce, 36/536.

Vinegar for crayfish, 43/611.

Vines, tender, with goose, 164/2.

Virtue, the first of, 232/493.

Viscount, rank of, 70/1013; 72/1049.

Vngryȝt, 202/751, undished?, not uncooked.

Vnhynde, 179/80, ungentle, uncourteous.

Vnkende, 204/816, ? unsuitably; A.S. _uncynd_, unnatural, unsuitable.

Vnkunnynge, 252/54, want of knowledge.

Vnskilfully, without reason; O.N. _skil_, reason.

Voider, put your scraps into it, 272/131; one to be on the table, 230/376, 358; 231/382. ‘A Voider to take vp the fragmentes, _vasculum fragmentarium, analactarium, vel aristophorum_.’ Withals. Fr. _Portoire_, Any thing that helpes to carry another thing; as a _Voyder_, Skep, Scuttle, Wheelebarrow, &c. Cotgrave.

Vomit away from company, 213/117.

Voyd, 50/716, clear.

Voydance, 262/20. The side-note is doubtless wrong; the getting it out of the way applies to the _snetyng_ of the line above. But see 214/145-7.

Voyder, 272/131, vessel to empty bones and leavings into.

_Vrbanitatis_, p. 262-4.

Vre, 78/1173; 236/716, custom, practice.

Vrinal, 137/15, a glass vessel in which urine could be looked at and through.

Vrnelle, 63/926; 66/971; Fr. _Vrinal_, an Vrinall; also, a Jordan, or Chamberpot. Cot.

Wade not too deep, 259/21; p. 261, l. W.

Wadrop, 190/429, wardrobe.

Wafers to eat, 50/715; 52/759; 55/816; 157/11; 166/19.

Wager, don’t lay with your lord, 184/227.

Wages of grooms and yeomen kept account of by the Clerk of the Kitchen, 195/556; of grooms and pages, 197/617-20; paid by the Treasurer, 196/585.

Walk gently in the morning, p. 140.

Walk decently, 214/157.

Wall, don’t make it your mirror, 275, 276/11.

Walle-wort, 68/992.

Waloande, 179/63, guggling, speaking with the mouth full.

Wand, teeth not to be picked with, 180/94.

Wanhope, 3/30, despair.

Wanton laughing is wrong, 276/20.

Wantons, young, want hanging, p. 125.

Warden of a craft, 78/1160.

Wardrobe, 64/940; is in the Usher’s charge, 193/479.

Wardrop, 196/565.

Wardropere, 193/481, keeper of the wardrobe.

Warm water to wash hands in, 62/902.

Warm your clothes in winter, p. 143.

Warming-pan, p. 136, last line.

Wash (vasshe) before going to bed, a lord does, 194/513.

Wash in summer, not winter, p. 138.

Wash on rising, your hands, 226/74; before eating, 187/343; 265/9; and face, 266/13; before leaving the table, 271/84; after meals, 257/193; p. 142.

Washing after dinner, how done, 201/713-21; 231/403-416; 257/200.

Washing directed, p. 130; p. 139.

Wastable, 13/179.

Waste not, 259/20; p. 261, l. W; 269/56.

Wate, 201/739, know.

Water, how to assay, 202/702.

Water, Ewerer to give, to all, 200/643.

Water for the teeth, W. Vaughan’s, p. 134.

Water-leech, slippers to be brown like one, 60/874.

Watery, 18/282.

Wax, all candles & morters of, 204/827-33.

Wayte, 17/265, watch; 28/436, take care.

Wayue, 186/322, glance, move, let wander.

Wearisome, 52/751.

Weldsomly, 2/17, at will.

Welke, _marceo_, to welke, _sicut flores_. _marcidus_, welked. _emerceo_, to wax drie and welkynge. Gloss. _Reliq. Ant._ v. 1, p. 6.

Wesselle clothes, 188/367, ? cloths, for vessells.

Weste, Richard, his _Schoole of Vertve_, referred to, p. 207; his acrostic, p. 208.

Westminster, the Abbot of, 76/1141.

Wether or ram, p. 105, note on l. 799. [[779 for 799]]

Whale, likes harmony, p. 116. Fr. _Tinet_: m. The Whall tearmed a Horlepoole, or Whirlepoole. Cot.

Whale, roast, how to carve, 41/581; salt, 57/837; 168/8.

Whelk, how to carve a, 44/624.

Whelks, 52/747; 166/17. Fr. _Turbin._ The shell-fish called a _Welke_ or Winkle. Cot.

Whene, 195/548, ? same as _cweme_, agreeable.

Whileere, 24/377, a time ago, before.

Whils, 254/133, until.

Whisper, don’t, 253/95; 269/54.

Whispering, avoid it, 184/250.

White bread, 7/92; 200/686.

White herrings, 45/642.

White payne or bread, 14/204.

Whiting, 40/575; 58/845; how to carve, 167/6.

Whole-footed fowls, skin of, is wholesome, 165/19.

Whot, 52/757, ? white, not “hot,” as in side note: cf. blaundrelle, 50/714.

Widgeon, 165/1.

Wife, is to honour her husband, 185/267; takes her husband’s rank, 74/1092. On the first of June, 1582, John Wolfe paid the Stationers’ Company 8_d._ for a licence “to imprinte two ballades,” of which the latter was “a settinge forth of the variety of mens mindes, esteaminge rather welth with a wanton wife, then vertue in a modeste mayde.” _Collier’s Extracts_, ii. 165. For _variety_ in this entry, Mr Collier proposes to read _vanity_. See also the ballad,

Faine would I have a vertuous wife Adorned with all modestie,

in _Collier’s Extracts_, i. 162-3.

Wight, quick, nimble. Swed. _vig._

Wild, don’t be, 182/156.

Wild boar, 48/686.

Sche brouȝt fram the kychene A scheld of a wylde swyne, Hastelettus in galantyne. _Sir Degrevant_, p. 235, l. 1397-9.

Wind, let it out with secresy, 214/145.

Windows of a bedroom to be shut at night, p. 129.

Wine, livery or allowance of, 205/843.

Wines, 8/109; sweet, p. 9; p. 86-7; the names of, p. 153.

Wing, cut under, not over, in whole-footed birds, 164/5.

Wings of smaller birds, the best bits, 27/418; 30/473.

Winter, the Device of, 52/766.

Wipe your mouth before drinking, 272/105.

Wipe your nose, don’t, 274/141.

Wise men eat the fish, 219/12.

Wisps of straw for bed-making, 191/439.

Wite, wot, know, A.S. _witan._

Withy leaves in a bath, 69/995.

Wives, the duty of, 242/9.

Wolfskin garments for winter, p. 139.

Woman (?) not to sit at a Bishop’s table, p. 216, No. x.

Woman-kind, speak never uncourteously of, 184/259.

Woman’s milk, 135/13.

Wombelonge, 29/451, belly-wise, on its belly.

Won, 197/605, supply.

Wont, 182/190, wants, fails.

Woodcock, 37/542; p. 98; 49/697; 165/1; how to carve, 27/421; p. 163.

Woollen cloth to be brushed every week, 64/943.

Work after meals to be avoided, p. 131.

Worship God, 182/157.

Worshipfulle, sb., 45/655, worshipful person.

Worth, 272/114, estimation.

Worthier men, let them be helped first, 263/45.

Wortus, 34/517; A.S. _wyrt_, _wurt_, 1. wort, a herb, plant, a general name for all sorts of herbs, scented flowers, and spices; 2. a root. (Bosworth.)

Wralling, 211/60, wawling, caterwauling, ‘quarrelling or contending with a loud voice.’ Halliwell.

Wrap bread stately, how to, 14/209; 155/10.

Wrappe, sb., 14/212, cover.

Wrappe, 14/212, wrap, cover.

Wrapper, 15/224; 155/13.

Wrast, 178/26, wresting, twist.

Wrawd, 42/590, froward.

Wrinkled, don’t let your countenance be, 210/41.

Wry not your neck askew, 19/285.

Wyn, 191/447; A.S. _wyn_, joy, pleasure.

Wyneberries, 6/78; p. 85.

Wynge, p. 151, carve.

Wynkyn de Worde’s _Boke of Keruynge_, p. 147-74.

Wynkynge, 18/282.

Wynne, 270/79; A.S. _win_, labour (not _wyn_, _win_, pleasure).

Wyt, 268/41, will.

Ȝane, 19/294, yawn; A.S. _ganian_.

Yardehok, 67/991.

Yawn not, 19/294; when you do, hide behind a napkin, 211/82.

Y-chaffed, 61/893, warmed; Fr. _chauffé_.

Ycoruyn, 203/765, carved, cut.

Yeoman of the Crown, 71/1033.

Yeoman-usher is under the marshal, 189/383.

Yeomen in hall, 178/27.

Yerbis, 48/687, herbs.

Ȝett, 22/339, formerly ?, see l. 204.

Yȝes, 35/527, eyes.

Ygraithed, 15/225, prepared.

Ynons, 40/569; p. 98, onions.

Yn-same, 271/93, in the same way. Cut out the hyphen.

Ȝomon of chambur, 193/507.

Ȝomon-ussher, sleeps all night on the floor at his lord’s door, 194/519.

York, Archbp. of, 73/1078; Bps. of, l. 1081.

Youth, if lawless, old age despised, 219/14.

Ypocras, how to make it, p. 9-12; p. 153.

Ypocras, 52/759; 166/19.

Ypocras to drynk, 50/715.

Yoxinge, 19/298, note 4. I _yeske_, I gyue a noyse out of my stomacke. _Je engloute._ When he _yesketh_ next, tell hym some straunge newes, and he shall leave it. Palsg.

Ypullished, 4/63, polished.

Yse, 81/1222, look at.

Ywys, 250/12; A.S. _gewis_, certainly.

Zole, 51/737, sole ?

ADDITIONS TO INDEX.

[Transcriber’s Note:

This page is retained for completeness. All items have been added to the main Index, marked as [[added by editor]] in double brackets.]

_Brawn of boar_: this was the first dish at dinner in Harrison’s time, 1577-87; see his _Description_ of Britain, bk. iii, ch. 1 (N. Sh. Soc.).

_Dischmetes_, 34/514.

_Galingale_: Sp. _Júncia avellanda_, _Júnca odoróso_, galingale. --Minsheu.

_Girls_: home-education, xxv, xv, &c.

_Leche fryture_: see _Leschefrites_, _leschefrayes_, in the index to the _Ménagier de Paris_.

_Musclade_ is Span. _mezclada_, mixture. Ital. _mescolanza_ is used, in Genoa at least, for a fry of small fish.--H. H. Gibbs. Minsheu has _mézela_, _méscla_ or _mezcladura_, a medlie, mingling.

_Peacock_: as to his voice, see Roberts’s _Fables Inédits_, T. Wright’s _Piers Plowman_, ii. 548.

_Raspise_: All maner of wynes be made of grapes, excepte _respyce_, the whiche is made of a berye.--A. Borde, _Dyetary of Wynes_, sign. F. i.

_Remyssailes_: leavings.

* * * * * * * * *

Errata (noted by transcriber):

Minor punctuation irregularities such as missing periods (full stops) were silently corrected. Here and elsewhere, inconsistent hyphenization of “Salt(-)cellar” is unchanged.

To save the repetition of _p._ and _l._ [repitition] _Cena Domini_ [_note 189/398 printed as “95/398”: linenote 5_398 on p. 95_] Michaelmas to Christmas, feasts from, p. 164. [Chrismas]

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

[_Postscript, added after the Index had been printed._]

+Ffor to serve a lord.+

[_From the Rev. Walter Sneyd’s copy of Mr Davenport Bromley’s MS._]

[Transcriber’s Note:

In long paragraphs, sidenotes are labeled [a], [b]... Numbered sidenotes are from the original text.]

Mr Sneyd has just told me that Mr Arthur Davenport’s MS. _How to serve a Lord_, referred to in my Preface to Russell, p. lxxii., is in fact the one from Mr Sneyd’s copy of which his sister quoted in her edition of the ‘Italian Relation of England’ mentioned on pp. xiv. xv. of my _Forewords_. Mr Sneyd says: ‘I made my copy nearly forty years ago, during the lifetime of the late Mr A. Davenport’s grandfather, who was my uncle by marriage. I recollect that the MS. contains a miscellaneous collection of old writings on various subjects, old recipes, local and family memoranda, &c., all of the 15th century, and, bound up with them in the old vellum wrapper, is an imperfect copy of the first edition of the Book of St Alban’s. On Mr Arthur Davenport’s death, last September, the MS. (with the estates) came into the possession of Mr Davenport Bromley, M.P., but a long time must elapse before it can be brought to light, as the house you mention is still unfinished, and the boxes of books stowed away in confusion.’ On my asking Mr Sneyd for a sight of his copy, he at once sent it to me, and it proved so interesting-- especially the Feast for a Bride, at the end-- that I copied it out directly, put a few notes to it, and here it is.[1] For more notes and explanations the reader must look the words he wants them for, out in the Index at the end of Part II. The date of the Treatise seems to me quite the end of the 15th century, if not the beginning of the 16th. The introduction of the Chamber, p. 356, the confusion of the terms of a Carver, ‘unlose _or_ tire _or_ display,’ p. 357--enough to make a well-bred Carver faint: even Wynkyn de Worde in 1508 and 1513 doesn’t think of such a thing--the cheese shred with sugar and sage-leaves, p. 355, the ‘Trenchours of _tree or_ brede,’ l. 16, below, &c., as well as the language, all point to a late date. The treatise is one for a less grand household than Russell, de Worde, and the author of the _Boke of Curtastye_ prescribed rules for. But it yields to none of the books in interest: so in the words of its pretty ‘scriptur’ let it welcome all its readers:

“Welcombe you bretheren godely in this hall! Joy be unto you all that en[2] this day it is now fall! that worthy lorde that lay in an Oxe stalle mayntayne your husbonde and you, w{i}t{h} your gystys all!”

[I. _Of laying the Cloth and setting out the Table._]

Ffirst, in servise of all thyngys in pantery and botery, and also for the ewery. ffirst, table-clothis, towelles longe and shorte, covertours[3] and napkyns, be ordeyned clenly, clene and redy accordyng to the tyme. Also basyns, ewers, Trenchours of tree or brede, sponys, salte, and kervyng knyves.

[Sidenote: 1. Have your table-cloths and napkins ready, also trenchers, salts, &c.]

Thenne ayenst tyme of mete, the boteler or the ewer shall brynge forthe clenly dressed and fayre applyed[3] Tabill-clothis, and the cubbord-clothe, cowched uppon his lefte shulder, laying them uppon the tabill ende, close applied[4] unto the tyme that he have firste coverd the cubbord; and thenne cover the syde-tabillis, and laste the principall tabill with dobell clothe drau{n}, cowched, and spradde unto the degre, as longeth therto in festis.

[Sidenote: 2. Bring your cloths folded, lay them on the table, then cover the cupboard, the side-table, and the chief table.]

Thenne here-uppon the boteler or panter shall bring forthe his pryncipall salte, and iiij or v loves of paryd brede, havyng a towaile aboute his nekke, the tone half honge or lying uppon his lefte arme unto his hande, and the kervyng knyves holdyng in the ryght hande, iuste unto the salte-seler beryng.

[Sidenote: 3. Bring out the chief salt-cellar, and pared loaves, and hold the carving-knives in your right hand.]

Thenne the boteler or panter shall sette the seler in the myddys of the tabull accordyng to the place where the principall soverain shalle sette, and sette his brede iuste couched unto the salte-seler; and yf ther be trenchours of brede, sette them iuste before the seler, and lay downe faire the kervyng knyves, the poynts to the seler benethe the trenchours.

[Sidenote: 4. Put your chief salt-cellar before the chief person’s seat, his bread by it, and his trenchers before it.]

Thenne the seconde seler att the lower ende, with ij paryd loves[5] therby, and trenchours of brede yf they be ordeyned; and in case be that trenchours of tree shalbe ordeyned, the panter shall bryng them with nappekyns and sponys whenne the soverayne is sette att tabill.

[Sidenote: 5. Put the second salt-cellar at the lower end. If wooden trenchers are used, bring them on.]

Thenne after the high principall tabill sette with brede & salte, thenne salte-selers shall be sette uppon the syde-tablys, but no brede unto the tyme such people be sette that fallith to come to mete. Thenne the boteler shall bryng forth basyns, ewers, and cuppis, Pecys,[6] sponys sette into a pece, redressing all his silv{er} plate, upon the cubbord, the largest firste, the richest in the myddis, the lighteste before.

[Sidenote: 6. Put salt-cellars on the side-tables. 7. Bring out your basins, &c., and set all your plate on the cupboard.]

[II. _Of Washing after Grace is said._]

Thenne the principall servitours moste take in ij handys, basyns and ewers, and towell, and therwith to awayte and attende unto the tyme that the grace be fully saide; and thenne incontynent after grace saide, to serve water with the principall basyn and ewer unto the principall soverayne, and ij principall servitours to holde the towell under the basyn in lenght before the sovrayne; and after that the sovrayne hath wasshe, to yeve thenne water unto such as ben ordeyned to sytte at the sovrayne-is messe.

[Sidenote: 8. Let the chief servants have basins, &c., ready, and after Grace, hold the best basin to the chief lord, with the towel under; and then let his messmates wash.]

[III. _Of the Lord & Guests taking their Seats, & getting their Trenchers, Spoons, Napkins, & Bread._]

Thenne after the wesshing servid, the sovrayne will take his place to sitte, and to hym such persons as hit pleaseth hym to have. uppon which tyme of sittyng, the servitorys moste diligently a-wayte to serve them of qussyons, and after that done, to make such personys to be sette at the lower messe as the principall soverayne aggrees that be convenyent.

[Sidenote: 9. The chief lord takes his seat, then his messmates theirs; then the lower-mess people theirs.]

[a] Be it remembrid that evermore at the begynnyng of grace the covertour of brede shalbe avoyded and take away. [b] thenne the karver, havyng his napkyn at all tymes uppon his left hand, and the kervyng knyf in his right hande, and he shall take uppon the poynte of his knyf iiij trenchours, [c] and so cowche them iustely before the principall, iij lying iustely to-geder, ij under, and on{e} uppon, and the fowerth before, [d] iustely for to lay uppon salte. and the next, lay iij trenchours; [e] and soo iij or ij after her degree. [f] therto the boteler most be redy with sponys and napkyns, that ther as the trenchours be cowched, lay the spone and the napkyn therto, and soo thorowe the borde.

[Sidenote: [a] (When Grace begins, the bread cover is to be taken away.) [b] 10. The Carver takes 4 trenchers on his knife-point, [c] and lays them before the chief lord, [d] (one to put his salt on,) [e] and 3 or 2 before the less people. [f] 11. The Butler gives each man a spoon and a napkin.]

Thenne the kerver shall take into his hande on or ij loves, and bere hem to the syde-tabill ende, and ther pare hem quarter on first, and bring hym hole to-geder, and cowche ij of the beste before the sovrayne, and to others by ij or on after ther degree.

[Sidenote: 12. The Carver pares 2 loaves, lays 2 before his lord, and 2 or 1 to the rest.]

[IV. _Of the Courses of the Dinner._]

[_First Course._]

Thenne the kerver or sewer most asserve[A] every disshe in his degre, after order and course of servise as folowith: first, mustard and brawne, swete wyne shewed therto.[7]

[Sidenote: 13. Serve brawn,]

[Textnote A: ? Assewe.]

POTAGE.

Befe and moton. swan or gese. grete pies, capon or fesaunt; leche, or fretours. Thenne yef potage be chaungeabill after tyme and season of the yere as fallith, as here is rehercid: by example, ffor befe and moton ye shall take

Pestelles or chynys of porke, or els tonge of befe, or tonge of the harte powderd;[8] Befe stewed, chekyns boylyd, and bacon.

[Sidenote: beef, swan, pheasant, fritters. As a change for beef, have legs or chines of pork, or tongue of ox or hart.]

[_The Second Course._]

Thenne ayenste the secunde cours, be redy, and come in-to the place. [a] the kerver muste avoyde and take uppe the service of the first cours,--begynnyng at the lowest mete first,--and [b] all broke cromys, bonys, & trenchours, before the secunde cours and servise be served. [c] thenne the seconde cours shall be served in manner and fourme as ensample thereof here-after folowyng:

[d] Potage. pigge Conye Crane heronsewe betoure Egrete Corlewe wodecok Pert[r]igge Plover Snytys quaylys ffretours leche la{m}me stewed Kidde rosted Veneson rosted heronsewe betoure pigeons [e] Rabetts [f] a bake mete Stokke-dovys stewed cony telys malard [g] wodecok [h] grete byrdys

[Sidenote: [a] 14. Clear away the 1st course, [b] crumbs, bones, and used trenchers. [c] 15. Serve the Second Course: [d] Small birds, lamb, kid, venison, [e] rabbits, [f] meat pie, [g] teal, woodcock. [h] Great birds.]

[V. _How to clear the Table._]

After the seconde cours served, kerved, and spente, hit must be sene, [a] cuppys to be fillid, trenchours to be voyded. thenne by goode avysement the tabill muste be take uppe in manner as folowith:--first, when tyme foloweth,[B] [b] the panter or boteler muste gader uppe the sponys; after that done by leyser, the sewer or carver shall be-gynne at the loweste ende, [c] and in order take uppe the lowest messe; after the syde-tabill be avoyded and take uppe, and thenne to procede to the Principall tabill, and ther honestly and clenly avoyde and withdrawe all the servise of the high table. [d] ther-to the kerver muste be redy, and redely have a voyder to geder in all the broke brede, trenchours, cromys lying upon the tabill; levyng none other thyng save the salte-seler, hole brede (yf any be lefte), and cuppys.

[Sidenote: [a] 16. Fill men’s cups and remove their trenchers. [b] 17. Collect the spoons. [c] 18. Take up the lowest dishes at the side-tables, and then clear the high table. [d] 19. Sweep all the bits of bread, trenchers, &c., into a voyder.]

[Textnote B: ? aloweth]

[Transcriber’s Note:

In the following paragraph, [**] represents a hand-drawn symbol that could not be identified. It is not explained in the editor’s notes.]

[VI. _How to serve Dessert._]

After this done by goode delyberacion and avysement, the kerver shall take the servise of the principall messe in order and rule, begynnynge at the lowest, and so procede in rule unto the laste,[9] [a] and theruppon the kerver to have redy a voyder, and to avoyde all man{er} trenchours [&] broke brede in a-nother clene disshe voyder, [b] and cromys, which with the kervyng-knyf[10] shall be avoyded from the tabill, and thus p{ro}cede unto the tabill be voyded. [c] Thenne the kerver shall goo unto the cuppebord, and redresse and ordeyne wafers in to towayles of raynes or fyne napkyns which moste be cowched fayre and honestly uppon the tabill, and thenne serve the principall messe first, and so thorowe the tabill .j or ij yf hit so requere: [d] therto moste be servid swete wyne [**] and in feriall[11] tyme serve chese shraped with sugur and sauge-levis,[12] or ellis that hit be faire kervid hole, or frute as the yere yeveth, strawberys, cherys, perys, appulis; [e] and in winter, wardens,[13] costardys roste, rosted on fisshe-dayes with blanche pouder, and so serve hit forth [**] [f] Thenne aftur wafers and frute spended, all maner thinge shalbe take uppe and avoyded, except the principall salt-seler, hole brede, and kervyng-knyves, the which shalbe redressed in man{er} and fourme as they were first sette on the table; the which, [h] principall servitours of the pantre or botery, havyng his towaile, shall take uppe, and bere hit into his office in like wyse as he first brought hit unto the Tabill.

[Sidenote: [a] 20. Take away the cups, &c., from all the messes, putting the trenchers, &c., in a voyder, [b] and scraping the crumbs off with a carving-knife. [c] 21. Serve wafers in towels laid on the table, [d] and sweet wine. In holiday time serve cheese, or fruit; [e] in winter, roast apples. [f] 22. Clear away all except the chief salt-cellar, whole bread, and carving-knives; [g] take these to the pantry.]

[VII. _How the Diners shall wash after Dessert._]

[a] Thenne the principall servitours, as kerver and sewer, moste have redy a longe towaile applyed dowble, to be cowched uppon the principall ende of the table; and that towell must be iustely drawen thorowe the tabill unto the lower ende, and ij servitours to awayte theruppon that hit be iustely cowched and sprad. after that done, [b] ther muste be ordeyned basyns, and ewers w{i}t{h} water hote or colde as tyme of the yere requerith, and to be sette uppon the tabill, and to stonde unto the g{ra}ce be saide; [c] and incontynent after grace seide, the servitours to be redy to awayte and attende to yeve water, first to the principall messe, [d] and after that to the seconde. [e] incontynent after this done, the towayle and tabill-clothis most be drawen, cowched, and sprad, and so by litill space taken uppe in the myddis of the tabill, [f] and so to be delyvered to the officer of pantery or botery.

[Sidenote: [a] 23. Lay a fresh cloth all along the chief table. [b] 24. Have ready basons and jugs with hot or cold water; [c] and after Grace, hand basins and water to the first mess, [d] then the second. [e] 25. Take off and fold up the towels and cloth, [f] and give ’em to the Panter.]

[VIII. _Of the Removal of the Table, and the separate Service to grand Guests in the Chamber._]

[a] Thenne uprysyng, servitours muste attende to avoyde tabills, trestellis, formys and stolys, and to redresse bankers and quyssyons. [b] then the boteler shall avoyde the cupborde, begynnyng at the lowest, p{ro}cede in rule to the hieste, and bere hit in-to his office. Thenne after mete, hit moste be awayted and well entended by servitours yf drinke be asked. [c] and yf ther be knyght or lady or grete gentil-woman, they shall be servid uppon kne with brede and wyne. [d] Thenne it moste be sene yf strangers shalbe brought to chamber, and that the chamber be clenly appareld and dressed according to the tyme of the yere, as in wynter-tyme, fyer, in som{u}r tyme the bedd couerd w{i}t{h} pylawes and hedde-shetys in case that they woll reste. [e] and after this done, they moste have chere of neweltees in the chamber.[14] as [f] Iuncate,[15] cheryes, pepyns, and such neweltees as the tyme of the yere requereth; [g] or ellis grene ginger comfetts,[16] with such thynge as wynter requereth; [h] and swete wynes, as ypocrasse, Tyre, muscadell, bastard vernage, of the beste that may be had, to the honor and lawde of the principall of the house.

[Sidenote: [a] 26. Clear away tables, trestles, forms; and put cushions on other seats. [b] 27. Butler, put the cups, &c., back into your office. [c] 28. Serve knights and ladies with bread and wine, kneeling. [d] 29. Conduct strangers to the Chamber. [e] 30. Serve them with dainties: [f] junket, pippins, [g] or green ginger; [h] and sweet wines.]

[IX. _How to Carve._]

to lose and t[i]re or sawse a capon:[17] [a] begynne at the lifte legge first of a Swan;[18] & lyfte a gose y-reared at the right legge first, and soo a [b] wilde fowle. To unlose, tire, or display a crane:[19] cutte away the nekke in a voyde plate, rere legge and whyngge as of a capon; take of ij leches of the briste, and cowche legge and whyngge and lechis into a faire voyde plater; mynse the legge, and poyntes of whinge; sawse hym w{i}t{h} mustard, vinager, and pouder gynger, and serve hit before the sovrayne, and the carcas in a charger besyde: serve it hole before the sovrayne. and he[20] may be served and dressed as a capon, save one thyng, his breste bone.[21] [c] To tyre or ellis to dismember an heronsew:[22] rere legge and whinge as of a crane; cowche them aboute the body on bothe sydes, the hedde and the nekke being upon the golet: s{er}ve him forth, and yf he be mynsed, sawse hym with mustard, burage,[23] suger, and powder of gynger.

[Sidenote: [a] How to carve a Swan, Goose, [b] Wild-fowl, Crane, [c] Heronsew,]

To lose or untache a bitorn:[24] kitte his nekke, and lay hit by the hedde in the golette; kitte his whynge by the joynte; rere hym legge and whynge, as the heron; serve him fourth; no sawse unto hym but only salte.

[Sidenote: Bittern,]

To lose or spoyle an Egrete[25]: rere uppe his legge and whynge, as of a henne, aboute the carcas: no sawse to him but salte.

[Sidenote: Egret,]

To tyre or to ele[26] a partorich[27] or a quayle[28] y-whyngged: rere uppe whynge and legge, as of an henne; cowche them aboute the carcas; no sawse save salte, or mustard and sugar. To lose or unlase a fesaunt:[29] rere uppe legge and whynge as an henne; cowche legge and whynge aboute the carcas; serve hym fourth; no sawse but salte: but and yf he be mynsed, take whyte wyne, sugur, mustard, and a lyttell of powder gynger.

[Sidenote: Partridge, Quail, Pheasant.]

ffor to make a feste for a bryde.

The ffirst cours: brawne, [a] with the borys hed,[30] lying in a felde, hegge[31] about w{i}t{h} a scriptur, sayng on this wyse;

[b] “Welcombe you bretheren godely in this hall![32] Joy be unto you all that en[33] this day it is now fall! that worthy lorde that lay in an Oxe stalle mayntayne your husbonde and you, w{i}t{h} your gystys, alle!”

[c] Ffurmente w{i}t{h} veneson, swanne, pigge. Ffesaunte, w{i}t{h} a grete custard, w{i}t{h} a sotelte, [d] A lambe stondyng in scriptour, sayng on this wyse: “I mekely unto you, sovrayne, am sente, to dwell with you, and ever be present.”[32]

[Sidenote: _A Bridal Feast._ _First Course._ [a] Boar’s head, and a Device [b] of Welcome. [c] Venison and Custard, with a Device of [d] Meekness.]

The second course.

Veneson in broth, viaunde Ryalle,[34] veneson rosted, crane, cony, a bake mete, leche damaske,[35] w{i}t{h} a sotelte: An anteloppe sayng[36] on a sele that saith with scriptour

“beith all gladd & mery that sitteth at this messe, and prayeth for the kyng and all his.”[37]

[Sidenote: _Second Course._ Venison, Crane, &c., and a Device of Gladness and Loyalty.]

The thirde course.

Creme of Almondys, losynge in syruppe, betour{e}, p{ar}trich, plover, snyte, poud{er} veal, leche veal, wellis[38] in sotelte, Roches in sotelte,[39] Playce in sotelte; a bake mete w{i}t{h} a sotelte: an angell w{i}t{h} a scriptour, “thanke all, god, of this feste.”

[Sidenote: _Third Course._ Sweets, &c., Game, with a Device of Thankfulness.]

The iiij cours.

Payne puff,[40] chese, freynes,[41] brede hote, with a cake,[42] and a wif lying in childe-bed, w{i}t{h} a scriptour saing in this wyse, “I am comyng toward your bryde. yf ye dirste onys loke to me ward, I wene ye nedys muste.”[43]

[Sidenote: _Fourth Course._ Cheese and a cake with a Device of Child-bearing and a promise of babies.]

Another course or servise.

Brawne with mustard, umblys of a dere or of a sepe;[44] swanne, capon, lambe.

[Footnote 1: Though it goes against one’s ideas of propriety to print from a copy, yet when one wants the substance of a MS., it’s better to take it from a copy, when you can get it, than fret for five years till the MS. turns up. When it does so, we can print it if necessary, its owner permitting.]

[Footnote 2: on.]

[Footnote 3: For bread, see § III., p. 352.]

[Footnote 4: Folded. Cf. ‘a towaile applyed dowble’ below. Fr. _plier_, to fould, plait, plie. Cotgrave.]

[Footnote 5: What is done with these loaves does not appear. The carver in Motion 12, Section IV., pares the loaves wherewith he serves the guests.]

[Footnote 6: Goblets or cups: ? also ornamental pieces of plate. ‘A _peece_ of wyne’ occurs in _Ladye Bessiye_, Percy Folio, Ballads & Romances, vol. iii., and in the Percy Society’s edition. John Lord Nevill of Raby, in 1383, bequeaths 48 silver salt-cellars ... 32 _peces_, 48 spoons, 8 chargers, 27 jugs, &c. _Domestic Architecture_, ii. 66. ‘_Diota._ Horat. Any drinking _peece_ having two eares, a two-eared drinking cup.’ _Nomenclator_ in Nares.]

[Footnote 7: Sewed or served therewith.]

[Footnote 8: salted or pickled.]

[Footnote 9: ? firste. The directions for taking-away seem repeated here, unless these second ones apply only to the spoons, napkins, &c. The cups are wanted for dessert.]

[Footnote 10: crumb-brushes were not then invented.]

[Footnote 11: Fr. _ferial_, of or belonging to a holyday. _Vn ferial beuveur_, a square drinker, a faithfull drunkard; one that will take his liquor soundly. Cotgrave. _Feries_, Holydaies, feastiuall daies, properly such holydaies as Monday and Tuesday in Easter week, &c. Cot.]

[Footnote 12: So “Apples and Cheese scraped with Sugar and Sage” at the end of the Second Course of the Dinner at the Marriage of Roger Rockley & Elizabeth Nevile, daughter of Sir John Nevile, the 14th of January in the 17th year of Henry the VIIIth. (A.D. 1526.) _Forme of Cury_, p. 174.]

[Footnote 13: Wardens are baking pears; costards, apples.]

[Footnote 14: I do not suppose that each guest retired to his own bed-room, but to the general withdrawing-room,--possibly used as a general bed-room also, when the Hall had ceased to be it. “The _camera_ usually contained a bed, and the ordinary furniture of a bed-chamber; but it must be remembered that it still answered the purpose of a parlour or sitting-room, the bed being covered over during the daytime with a handsome coverlid, as is still the custom in France & other foreign countries to this day.” --_Domestic Architecture_, iii. 94-5.]

[Footnote 15: See _Ioncate_ in Index, and Russell, l. 82.]

[Footnote 16: See Russell, l. 75, and, for wines, l. 117, and notes p. 86-91.]

[Footnote 17: There must be some omission here. See Russell, l. 409, and W. de Worde, pp. 161, 163.]

[Footnote 18: See Russell, l. 403. Wynkyn de Worde, p. 161, directs the swan to be carved like the goose is, on p. 163.]

[Footnote 19: See Russell, l. 427-32; Wynkyn de Worde, p. 162. _Rere_ is cut off.]

[Footnote 20: that is, the crane.]

[Footnote 21: See Russell, l. 431 and note; W. de Worde, p. 159, l. 5; p. 162.]

[Footnote 22: Russell, l. 422; Wynkyn de Worde, p. 162, p. 164, l. 20.]

[Footnote 23: Borage is a favourite flavouring for cups and other drinks.]

[Footnote 24: Russell, l. 421; Wynkyn de Worde, p. 162.]

[Footnote 25: Russell, l. 421; Wynkyn de Worde, p. 162.]

[Footnote 26: Fr. _aile_, wing; but _ailer_, to give wings unto. Cotgrave.]

[Footnote 27: Russell, l. 397, l. 417; W. de Worde, p. 161.]

[Footnote 28: Russell, l. 437; W. de Worde, p. 162.]

[Footnote 29: Russell, l. 417; Wynkyn de Worde, pp. 161, 164.]

[Footnote 30: See the carol from the Porkington MS., “The Boris hede furste,” in _Reliq. Ant._ vol. ii., and above, p. 264*, and p. 388.]

[Footnote 31: hedged or edged.]

[Footnote 32: The verse is written as prose.]

[Footnote 33: on]

[Footnote 34: Here is the Recipe in _Household Ordinances_, &c., p. 455, for “Viande Riall for xl. Mess:”

Take a galone of vernage, and sethe hit into iij. quartes, and take a pynte therto, and two pounde of sugre, ii lb. of chardekoynes [quinces? ‘Quynce, a frute, _pomme de quoyn_,’ Palsgrave], a pounde of paste-roiale, and let hit sethe untyl a galone of vernage. Take the yolkes of 60 eyren, and bete hom togeder, and drawe hom thurgh a straynour, and in the settynge doune of the fyre putte the ȝolkes therto, and a pynte of water of ewrose, and a quartrone of pouder of gynger, and dresse hit in dysshes plate, and take a barre of golde foyle, and another of sylver foyle, and laye hom on Seint Andrews crosse wyse above the potage; and then take sugre plate or gynger plate, or paste royale, and kutte hom of losenges, and plante hom in the voide places betweene the barres: and serve hit forthe.]

[Footnote 35: Leyse Damask. Leland, Coll. iv. p. 226; Leche Damaske, ibid. vi. p. 5; in _Forme of Cury_, p. 141.]

[Footnote 36: ? Fr. _seoir_, to sit.]

[Footnote 37: Written as prose, which it is.]

[Footnote 38: ? welkis.]

[Footnote 39: Roches or Loches in Egurdouce. _H. Ord._ p. 469.]

[Footnote 40: See the Recipe for it, p. 32, note 2; and in _Household Ordinances_, p. 450.]

[Footnote 41: flaunes ? see p. 173; or _chese-freynes_ for cheese-cakes.]

[Footnote 42: Were the cheese and cake meant as a symbol of the Groaning Cake & Cheese (so called in allusion to the mother’s complaints at her delivery) mentioned by Brand, _Pop. Ant._ ii. 44, ed. 1841, or was the cake the wedding-cake?]

[Footnote 43: ? must get a baby: or is _ye_ = _I_?]

[Footnote 44: sheep.]

* * * * * * * * *

Suffer, & hold your tongue.

[Balliol MS. 354, ffl ij Cxv, or leaf 231.]

[Transcriber’s Note:

This selection contains two unusual characters:

--paired final “l” joined by a tilde-like line, shown here as łł because the more accurate form l͠l is likely to display incorrectly or not at all --final “m” with a round flourish, shown here as m̑ although the actual curve is much larger]

On the subject of this song, compare, among many others, “Whate-ever thow sey, avyse thee welle,” above, p. 244; “I hold hym wyse and wel i-tauȝt, Can ber an horn and blow it nauȝt,” in the Percy Society’s Songs and Carols, p. 23. Lydgate’s “Lyke thyn Audience, so vttyr thy Langage,” in my _Polit. Rel. & Love Poems_, p. 25; &c.

he is wise, so most I goo, that cañ be mery, & suffer woo.

Be mery, & suffer, as I thé vise. wher-eu{er} thow sytt or rise, be wełł ware whom̑ thow dispise. _thou_ shalt kysse who is thy ffoo. he is wise, so most I goo, that cañ be mery, & suffer woo.

Beware to whom̑ {tho}u spek{e} thy wiłł, ffor thy speche may greve thé yłł; here & see, & goo than stiłł; but wełł is he _that_ can do soo. he is wise, so most I goo, that cañ be mery, & suffer woo.

Many a ma{n} holdyth hy{m} so stowght, what-so-eu{er} he thynk{e}, he seyth it owt; but if he loke wełł a-bowt, his tonge may be his most ffoo. he is wise, so most I goo, that cañ be mery, & suffer woo.

Be mery now, is ałł my songe; {the} wise ma{n} tawght both old & yonge, ‘who ca{n} suffer & hold his tonge, he may be mery, & no-thyng woo.’ he is wise, so most I goo, that cañ be mery, & suffer woo.

Yff any mañ displese thé owght, Suffer w{i}t{h} a mery thowght, let care away, & greve {the}e nowght, & shake thy lappe, & lat it go. he is wise, so most I goo, that cañ be mery, & suffer woo. Explicit.

* * * * * * * * *

The Houshold Stuff occupied at the Lord Mayor’s Feast, a.d. 1505.

[_Balliol MS. 354, ffl C iii. All the final ll’s are crossed in the MS._]

here ffolowith suche howshold stuff as must ned{is} be ocupied at {th}e mayres fest yerely kepte at {th}e yelde hall.

[Sidenote: nap{er}y]

ffirst, v diap{er} table clothes // iiij Cowchers[1] of playñ clothe // iiij longe towell{is} of dyap{er} // Ite{m} x doz napkyns / It{em} ij doz Ewry towell{is}. It{em} viij shet{is} for coberde clothes // It{em} a doz cou{er}-payns[2] ffor wafere.

¶ Receyte for ypocras.

¶ Item Cynamo{n} x ll / Gyng{er} iiij ll / Grayns j ll / Sug{er} iiij ll //

¶ Butlers towell{is}.

¶ xxxvj butlers towell{is}, {th}e length of a towell an ell {& a half}[3] // & q{uar}t{er} brode / {tha}t is, iiij towell{is} of an ell {& a half},[3] of ell brode clothe.

¶ ffor {th}e mayres offessers.

¶ ffirst ffor sewers & carwers / iiij towell{is} of fyne clothe, ij ell{is} longe, & half a yarde brode, {summa} iiij ell{is}.

[Sidenote: ffl C iij back]

ffor drawers of ale & wyne.

viij apurns, s{u}m{ma} viij ell{is} ¶ It{em} x portpayns to bere in brede/ ¶ s{um}ma xxxviij ell{is}.

¶ wyne.

Rede wyne, a tonne / Claret wyne, a pipe; whit wyne, a hogg{is}hede / ypocras xl. galons.

¶ Brede.

viij quarters of chet brede / In ma{n}chettis vij^s[4] In tre{n}char brede viij^s / In ob[5] brede iiij; It{e}m in wafers ix^xx messe[6] / & {th}e waferer must brynge Cou{er}payns for to s{er}ue owt his wafers.

¶ Ale pott{is} & Tappis.

xxviij barrell{is} ale / Ertheñ pott{is} for wyne & ale lx doz // pychars xij doz / ij doz stenys[7] It{em} viij C assheñ cuppis / iiij doz tappis.

¶ plate.

It{e}m iiij doz stondyng Cuppis / xxiiij doz boll{is}

It{em} v doz salt{is}: xl doz spones / ij doz gilt sponys / xviij basons w{i}t{h} ewers / a payy{er} of gilt basons // xx silu{er} pott{is}.

Explic{i}t {th}e butlers charge {tha}t he must spek{e} ffor.

pewt{er} at the feste

ffirst i{n} platters gret & small xij^xx x doze{n}[8] It{e}m dyshis gret & small--xij^xx x doz{en}[8] It{em} i{n} saws{er}s gret & small xij^xx x doz{en}[8] It{em} i{n} chargers gret & small x doz{en}

At {th}e gyvyng vp of {th}e verder of {th}e wardmot Inquest{is} aft{er} xij^th day.

In dishis xx doz{en} // In plat{er}s x doz{en} // In saws{er}s iij doz{en} // In chargers j doz{en}

ffor the wacche at mydsomer

In platt{er}s xij doz{en} // In dyshes xxiiij doz{en}

all this was i_n th_e tyme of Iohñ wyngar, mayre of london.

for {th}e hire viij^d {th}e garnyshe of pew{ter}

Lord Mayor Whyngar was Richard Hill’s master. On ffl C lxxvj of the MS. is the entry, “Iste liber p{er}tineth Rycardo Hill, s{er}uant w{i}t{h} M{aster} Wyng{er} ald{er}ma{n} of londo{n}.”

At the back of ffl ijC xx of the MS., in the list of Mayres & Sheryff{is}, is this entry:

[1]505 Johñ Wyngar Roger Acheley } Will{ia}m brown } A^o xx^o (Kyng Henry the vij^th).

[Footnote 1: Cp. Russell, l. 187, p. 13.]

[Footnote 2: See Russell’s _portpayne_, l. 262, p. 17.]

[Footnote 3: MS. ell d.]

[Footnote 4: I suppose this and the following s’es to mean _shillings_.]

[Footnote 5: _ob_ bred is ha’penny bread. On ffl C xviij of the MS. is

The Assise of Bred with-in London.

The q{uar}t{er} whet at iij^s // aft{er} v^s.

The fferdyng whit loff coket / xvij oz & d [=½] & ob weight[*] The ob [ha’penny] whit loff xxxv vnc{is} & j d weight The q^a[†] symnell xv oz ij d ob in weight The ob whet loff lij oz d. & j d ob weight The peny whet loff Cv oz d & q{uar}t{er} & ob weight The ob lof of all graynes lxx oz & ij d weight]

[Footnote 5*: Half a pennyweight.]

[Footnote 5†: ? _quadranta_, farthing.]

[Footnote 6: ix ^xx = 9 × 20, = 180. _messe_ may be _in effe_: the long s’es are crossed like f’s.]

[Footnote 7: _Stean_, a stone vessel. ‘A great pot or _stean_,’ Hollyband’s Dictionarie, 1593. Halliwell.]

[Footnote 8: ? (12 × 20 + 10)12 = 3000.]

* * * * * * * * *

The ordre of goyng or sittyng.[1]

[_Balliol MS. 354, ffl C lxxxxi, or leaf 203, back._]

A pope hath no pere[A] An emprowr{e} A-lone A kyng A-lone An high cardynall A p{ri}nce, A kyng{is} son A duk{e} of blod royall A busshop A markes An erle A vycownt A legate A baroñ An abbot mytered the ij cheff Iugys {th}e mayre of londoñ {th}e chif baroñ of {th}e cheker // An Abbot w{i}t{h}out myt{er} A knyght A pryour{e} A deañe An Arche-dekoñ {th}e M{aste}r of {th}e rollis {th}e vnder Iugis {th}e vnd{er} barons of {th}e cheker the mayre of caleis A p{ro}vyncyall A doct{ur} of diuinite A p{ro}thonotory ys boue[B] the popes colectour[C] A doct{ur} of both lawes A s{er}geant of lawe the M{aste}rs of cha{n}nsery A p{er}soñ of Chyrche A seculer prest A marchañt A gentylmañ An Artificer A yema{n} of good name

[Textnotes: A: This is struck through with a heavy black-line. B: Last letter blotched. C: Struck through with several thin lines.]

[Footnote 1: Compare with Russell, p. 70-71, and Wynkyn de Worde, p. 170-1. It differs little from them.]

* * * * * * * * *

Latin Graces.

(_From the Balliol MS. 354, leaf 2._)

[Transcriber’s Note:

Large boldface initials are marked with a double ++ before the letter. Sidenotes are grouped after each paragraph; where a paragraph is long, individual sidenotes are marked [a], [b] ... Aside from sidenotes and footnotes and their markers, bracketed text is in the original.]

[“These graces are the usual ones still said in all colleges and religious communities abroad, and are for some part those given at the end of each of the four volumes into which our Roman Breviaries for the year are divided. As a youth, while studying at Rome, I used to hear them in our hall; and, knowing them by heart, never found them too long.” --Daniel Rock, D.D.]

The grace {tha}t shuld be said affore mete & aft{er} mete / ałł the tymes in the yere.

[Sidenote: _A general Grace._]

Benedicite; do{mi}n{u}s. Oculi o{mn}i{u}m i{n} te spera{n}t, domine / et tu das esca{m} illor{um} i{n} tempore oportuno. Aperis tu manu{m} tua{m} / & Imples omne A{n}i{m}al b{e}n{e}dicc{i}o{n}e.

[Sidenote: The eyes of all wait upon thee, O Lord.]

++Gloria p{a}tri & filio: & sp{irit}ui s{an}cto. Sicut erat i{n} pri{n}cipio, & nu{n}c, et se{m}p{er}: & i{n} secula s{e}c{u}lor{um}. Ame{n}. kyrieleyson, {christ}eleyson, kyrieleyson: pat{er} n{oste}r. Et ne nos: Sed libera nos: Oremus.

[Sidenote: Glory be to the Father, &c. Lord, have mercy upon us.]

++B{e}n{e}dic, domine, nos, & dona tua que de tua largitate sum{us} sumpturi / per / ++Iube d{omi}ne b{e}n{e}dicere.

[Sidenote: Lord, bless us.]

++Mense celest{is} p{ar}ticipes faciat nos Rex et{er}ne glorie / Ame{n} / ++Deus caritas e{st}: & q{u}i manet in aritate, i{n} deo manet, & deus i{n} eo: Sit de{us} in nobis, & nos maneam{us} in ipso. Amen.

[Sidenote: Make us partakers of the heavenly table.]

post pra{n}diu{m}.

[Sidenote: _Grace after Dinner._]

++Deus pacis & dileccio{n}is maneat se{m}p{er} nobiscu{m}: Tu aut{em}, d{omi}ne, miserere n{ost}ri: Deo gr{aci}as / ++Confiteant{u}r t{ib}i, d{omi}ne, o{mn}ia tua. Et s{an}cti tui b{e}n{e}dica{n}t tibi / Glo{r}ia: ++Agim{us} t{ib}i gr{aci}as, o{mn}ipote{n}s de{us}, p{ro} vniu{er}sis b{e}n{e}ficijs tuis. Qui viuis & regnas de{us}: P{er} o{mn}ia secula seculor{um}: Amen.

[Sidenote: May the God of peace be with us! We thank thee, O Lord, for thy benefits.]

++Laudate d{omi}n{u}m, o{mn}es ge{n}tes: laudate eu{m}, o{mn}es populi. Q{uonia}m co{n}firmata est sup{er} nos mi{sericordi}a eius: & veritas d{omi}ni manet i{n} et{er}nu{m}. Gloria p{at}ri: Sicut erat: kyrieleyson, {christ}eleyso{n}, kirieleyson / ++P{ate}r {nost}er / Et ne nos. S{ed} libera.

[Sidenote: Lord, have mercy upon us! Christ, have mercy upon us!]

++Disp{er}sit, dedit pauperibus: ++Iusticia eius manet i{n} seculu{m} s{e}c{u}li: [a] ++B{e}n{e}dica{m} d{omi}n{u}m i{n} o{mn}i te{m}pore: Se{m}per laus ei{us} i{n} ore meo: ++In d{omi}no laudabitur a{n}i{m}a mea: Audiant ma{n}sueti, & letent{u}r: ++Magnificate d{omi}n{u}m mecu{m}. Et exaltem{us}[D] nome{n} ei{us} i{n} id ip{su}m: [b] ++Sit nomen d{omi}ni b{e}n{e}dictu{m}: Ex hoc nu{n}c & vsq{ue} i{n} s{e}c{u}l{u}m: Oremus: ++Retribuere dignare, d{omi}ne deus, o{mn}ib{us} nobis bona ffacientib{us} p{ro}pt{er} nome{n} sanct{u}m, tuu{m}, vita{m} et{er}nam: Amen: B{e}n{e}dicamus d{omi}no: Deo gra{cia}s. [c] ++Aue regina celor{um}, mat{er} reg{is} angelor{um}: [d] O maria, flos v{er}ginu{m}, velut rosa vel liliu{m}, fu{n}de p{re}ces ad filiu{m} p{ro} salute fideliu{m}. Aue maria. ++Merit{is} & p{re}cib{us} sue pie matris, b{e}n{e}dicat nos fili{us} dei p{at}ris / Ame{n}.

[Sidenote: [a] I will bless the Lord alway. [b] May the name of the Lord be blessed for ever! [c] Hail, Queen of Heaven, [d] flower of virgins! pray thy Son to save the faithful!]

[Textnote D: MS. exultem{us}.]

On ffisshe days.

[Sidenote: _Grace on Fish-Days._]

++B{e}n{e}dicite; d{omi}n{u}s. [a] Ede{n}t pauperes, & saturabu{n}t{u}r: et laudabu{n}t d{omi}num q{u}i requiru{n}t eu{m}; viue{n}t corda eor{um} in s{e}c{u}l{u}m s{e}c{u}li: [b] Gl{or}ia p{at}ri. Sicut erat &c. kyrieleyson. {christ}eleyson / kyrieleyson / p{at}er n{ost}er. Et ne nos: S{ed} libera: Orem{us}: ++Benedic d{omi}ne: ++Iube d{omi}ne: ++Cibo sp{irit}ualis alimonie reficiat nos rex eterne glorie / Ame{n}. [c] ++Gracia d{omi}ni nostri Ih{es}u {christ}i, & caritas dei, & co{m}municacio s{an}cti sp{irit}us [d] sit semp{er} cu{m} o{mn}ib{us} nobis. Ame{n} / [e] & in lent leve / Gr{aci}a d{omi}ni // & say // [f] ++Frange esurienti pane{m} tuu{m}, & egenos vagosq{u}e induc i{n} domu{m} tua{m}: cu{m} videris nudu{m} operi eu{m}. [et c]arne{m} tua{m} ne despexeris: ait d{omi}nus o{mni}pote[ns].

[Sidenote: [a] The poor shall eat and be satisfied. [b] Glory be to the Father, &c. [c] The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ [d] be with us all. [e] _In Lent._ [f] Break thy bread to the hungry, and take the wanderer to thy home.]

Grace aft{er} dyner{e}.

[Sidenote: _Grace after Dinner._]

++Deus paci[s &c. Memori]a{m}[E] fecit mirabiliu{m} suoru{m} misericors & [miserator d{omi}n{u}]s; esca{m} dedit time{n}tib{us} se. Gloria. Sic[ut erat, &c.]

[Textnote E: Only half the ã is left.]

[Sidenote: _Four Short Graces._]

Short g{r}ace affore dyn{er}.

[Sidenote: 1. _Before Dinner._]

++B{e}n{e}dicite; d{omi}n{u}[s].[F] .... Apponenda b{e}n{e}dicat dei dextera. [In nomine patris &] filii & sp{irit}us s{anc}ti / ame{n}.

[Textnote F: An inch of the MS. broken away.]

[Sidenote: [leaf 2, back.]]

Shorte grace aft{er} dyn{er} / & aft{er} sop{er} / bothe.

[Sidenote: 2. _After Meals._]

++Pro tali co{n}uiuio b{e}n{e}dicam{us} d{omi}no: Deo gr{aci}as. ++Mat{er}, ora filiu{m} vt post hoc exiliu{m} nobis donet gaudiu{m} sine fine. ++Aue maria: / Oremus. Meritis & p{re}cibus.

[Sidenote: Bless the Lord for this meal. Mary, pray for us!]

Grace affore sop{er}.

[Sidenote: 3. _Before Supper._]

++Benedicite[G]; d{omi}n{u}s: Cena{m} sa{n}ctificet q{u}i nobis o{mn}ia prebet: In no{m}i{n}e p{at}ris.

[Sidenote: Giver of all, sanctify this supper.]

[Textnote G: MS. Benedictus, _altered to_ Benedicite.]

¶ Grace aft{er} soper.

[Sidenote: 4. _After Supper._]

++Benedict{u}s deus in donis suis: Et s{an}ctus in o{mn}ib{us} operib{us} suis / ++Adiutoriu{m} n{ost}r{u}m i{n} no{m}i{n}e d{omi}ni: Qui fecit celu{m} et t{er}ra{m}. Sit nome{n} d{omi}ni b{e}n{e}dictu{m} / Ex hoc nu{n}c, et vsq{ue} in s{e}c{u}l{u}m / Oremus: Meritis et p{re}cib{us} sue pie matris b{e}n{e}dicat nos fili{us} dei patris.

[Sidenote: The Lord is holy in all his works. Blessed be the name of the Lord.]

¶ ++In vigilia pasche.

[Sidenote: _On Easter-Eve._]

++B{e}n{e}dicite; d{omi}n{u}s. ++Edent pauperes &c. ++Glo{r}ia p{at}ri, Sicut erat: kirieleyson. {christ}eleyson. kyrieleyson. P{ate}r n{oste}r: Et ne nos. Set libera. Orem{us} / Benedic d{omi}ne: ++Iube d{omi}ne b{e}n{e}dicere / ++Cibo sp{irit}ualis alimonie & c{etera} / leccio / Si co{n}surrexist{is} cu{m} {christo}, que sursu{m} su{n}t, querite vbi {christu}s est in dextera dei sedens.

[Sidenote: Christ, have mercy upon us! Seek those things that are above.]

post prandiu{m}.

[Sidenote: _Grace after Dinner._]

[a] ++Deus pacis & dileccionis: ++Memoria{m} fecit / Glo{r}ia p{at}ri Sicut erat; [b] ++Agimus t{ib}i gracias. ++Laudate d{omin}um o{mn}es gentes: Q{uonia}m co{n}firma[ta]: Glo{r}ia p{at}ri: Sicut erat. D{omi}n{u}s vobiscu{m}: Et cu{m} sp{irit}u tuo. Orem{us} / [c] Sp{iritu}m in nobis, d{omi}ne, tue caritat{is} infu{n}de, vt quos sacrame{n}t{is} paschalib{us} saciasti: tua facias pietate co{n}cordes // [d] Per eu{n}dem d{omin}um n{ost}r{u}m ih{esu}m {christu}m, filiu{m} tuu{m}: q{u}i tecu{m} viuit & regnat i{n} vnitate eiusdem sp{irit}uss{an}cti, deus / p{er} o{mn}ia s{e}c{u}la seculor{um}. Ame{n}.

[Sidenote: [a] God of Peace, [b] We give thee thanks, O Lord. [c] Pour into us thy Spirit, through Jesus Christ our Lord.]

¶ ++In die pasche.

[Sidenote: _On Easter-Day._]

++B{e}n{e}dicite. d{omi}n{us}. [a] Hec dies qua{m} fecit d{omi}n{us}, exultem{us} & letemur in ea. Glo{r}ia p{at}ri. Sicut: kirieleyso{n}. {christ}eleyson. kyrieleyson: P{ate}r n{oste}r / Et ne / Orem{us}. [b] B{e}n{e}dic d{omi}ne: ++Iube d{omi}ne b{e}n{e}dicere / ++Mense celest{is} ++Expurgate vetus ferme{n}tum[H] vt sitis noua co{n}sp{er}sio, sicut estis asimi: [c] Eteni{m} pascha n{ost}r{u}m i{m}molatus est {christu}s, itaq{ue} epulemur in domino.

[Sidenote: [a] This is the day which the Lord hath made: Let us rejoice and be glad in it. [b] Bless us, O Lord! [c] Our passover is slain, even Christ.]

[Textnote H: MS. serme{n}tum.]

¶ post pra{n}diu{m}.

[Sidenote: _After Dinner._]

++Qui dat esca{m} o{mn}i carni, co{n}fitemini deo celi. ++Tu aute{m}: ++Laudate d{omin}um. Q{uonia}m co{n}firmata / Glo{r}ia p{at}ri. ++In resurreccione tua, {christ}e. Celi & t{er}ra lete{n}t{u}r / all{elui}a. Orem{us}. Spiritu{m} in nobis &c{etera}. ++P{er} eu{n}de{m}: ++In vnitate eiusde{m}. B{e}n{e}dicam{us} domino, deo gracias / ¶ Eode{m} modo dicit{u}r p{er} tota{m} ebdomad{am}. ++Retribuere.

[Sidenote: Of thy resurrection, Christ, the heavens and the earth are glad. Thanks be to God!]

Ante cenam.

[Sidenote: _Before Supper._]

B{e}n{e}dicite. d{omi}n{us}. cena{m} s{an}ctificet q{u}i nobis o{mn}ia p{re}bet / ++In no{m}i{n}e p{at}ris & filii & sp{irit}uss{an}cti: Ame{n}.

¶ post cenam.

[Sidenote: _After Supper._]

++Hec dies / : / v{er}s{us}. ++In resurreccione tua, {christ}e / Celi & t{er}ra letent{u}r. all{elui}a. D{omi}n{us} vobiscu{m}: Et cu{m} sp{irit}u tuo. Sp{iritu}m in nobis: B{e}n{e}dicamus d{omi}no: Deo gr{aci}as.

[Sidenote: This is the day, &c. Hallelujah. Let us bless the Lord!]

Explicit.

Having thus given the Graces as they stand in the Manuscript, I add the scheme of them which Mr Bradshaw has had the kindness to draw out. He says, “Here is a case in which nothing but parallel arrangement can afford a clue to the apparent confusion. The people who used these services were so thoroughly accustomed to them, that a word or two was enough to remind them of what was to follow--sometimes a whole series of prayers, or verses and responds, or suffrages. If your object is to give people of the present day an idea of the meaning of these things, it is almost useless to print them straight as they are in the MS. Even as I have written them out, _inserting_ nothing whatever except the names of the speakers in a bracket, you will perhaps not catch much of the thread. You may remember that at Trinity even now it takes two people to say what is substantially the same Grace as this.”

[Transcriber’s Note:

The following section was printed in columns on five sets of facing pages, labeled 1.1, 1.2... In this e-text the four versions are interlocked, distinguished by different indentations; notations such as [[1.2, 1.3, 1.4 same]] in double brackets mean that the remaining columns contain the same text. The designation [_blank_] and the sets of four dots .... are in the original text. There are no numbered footnotes.]

THE GRACE THAT SHULD BE SAID AFFORE METE AND AFTER METE ALL THE TYMES IN THE YERE. 1.1

ON FISSHE DAYS. 1.2

IN VIGILIA PASCHE. 1.3

IN DIE PASCHE. 1.4

(_Sacerdos_) Benedicite.

(_Resp._) Dominus.

[[1.2, 1.3, 1.4 same]]

(_Psalm_) Oculi omnium in te sperant, domine: et tu das escam illorum in tempore oportuno.

Aperis tu manum tuam: et imples omne animal benediccione.

(_Psalm_) Edent pauperes, et saturabuntur, et laudabunt dominum qui requirunt eum: vivent corda eorum in seculum seculi.

(_Psalm_) Edent pauperes ....

(_Psalm_) Hec dies quam fecit dominus: exultemus et letemur in ea.

Gloria patri et filio: et spiritui sancto. Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper: in secula seculorum. Amen. Kyrieleyson. Christeleyson. Kyrieleyson. Pater noster .... [i.e. the Lord’s prayer.]

[[1.2, 1.3, 1.4 same]]

(_Sacerdos_) Et ne nos [inducas in tentationem.]

(_Resp._) Sed libera nos [a malo.]

[[1.2, 1.3, 1.4 same]]

(_Sacerdos_) Oremus. Benedic, domine, nos, et dona tua que de tua largitate sumus sumpturi. Per [christum dominum nostrum.]

[_Resp._ Amen.]

[[1.2, 1.3, 1.4 same]]

(_Lector_) Iube domine benedicere.

[[1.2, 1.3, 1.4 same]]

(_Sacerdos_) Mense celestis participes faciat nos rex eterne glorie. Amen.

(_Sacerdos_) Cibo spiritualis alimonie reficiat nos rex eterne glorie. Amen.

(_Sacerdos_) Cibo spiritualis alimonie, &c.

(_Sacerdos_) Mense celestis ....

(_Lectio_) Deus caritas est, et qui manet in caritate, in deo manet, et deus in eo. Sit deus in nobis, et nos maneamus in ipso.

(_Resp._) Amen.

[*](_Lectio_) Gracia domini nostri ihesu christi, et caritas dei, et communicatio sancti spiritus, sit semper cum omnibus nobis.

(_Resp._) Amen.

(_Leccio_) Si consurrexistis cum christo, que sursum sunt querite, ubi christus est in dextera dei sedens.

[_Resp._ Amen.]

(_Lectio_) Expurgate vetus fermentum, ut sitis nova conspersio sicut estis asimi: etenim pascha nostrum immolatus est christus. Itaque epulemur in domino.

[_Resp._ Amen.]

[Footnote *: _And in lent leve_ ‘Gracia Domini,’ _and say_: (_Lectio_) Frange esurienti panem tuum, et egenos vagosque induc in domum tuam; cum videris nudum, operi eum, et carnem tuam ne despexeris. Ait dominus omnipotens. [_Resp._ Amen.]]

POST PRANDIUM. 2.1

[_On Fish Days._] GRACE AFTER-DYNER. 2.2

[_On Easter Eve._] POST PRANDIUM. 2.3

[_On Easter Day._] POST PRANDIUM. 2.4

(_Sacerdos_) Deus pacis et dileccionis maneat semper nobiscum. Tu autem domine, miserere nostri.

(_Resp._) Deo gracias.

(_Sacerdos_) Deus pacis ....

(_Sacerdos_) Deus pacis et dileccionis....

(_Sacerdos_) Qui dat escam omni carni: confitemini deo celi. Tu autem ....

[_Resp._ Deo gracias.]

(_Psalm_) Confiteantur tibi, domine, omnia tua: et sancti tui benedicant tibi.

Gloria [patri] ....

(_Psalm_) [Memoriam] fecit mirabilium suorum misericors, et miserator dominus: escam dedit timentibus se.

Gloria .... Sic[ut erat .... (_an inch of the MS. broken away._) ....]

(_Psalm_) Memoriam fecit....

Gloria.... Sicut erat....

....

(_Capitulum_) Agimus tibi gracias, omnipotens deus, pro universis beneficiis tuis, qui vivis et regnas deus per omnia secula seculorum. amen.

(_Capitulum_) Agimus tibi gracias ....

....

(_Psalm_) Laudate dominum omnes gentes: laudate eum omnes populi.

Quoniam confirmata est super nos misericordia ejus: et veritas domini manet in eternum.

[[1.3, 1.4 same]]

Gloria patri .... Sicut erat .... Kyrieleyson. Christeleyson. Kyrieleyson. Pater noster ....

[[1.3, 1.4 same]]

(_Sacerdos_) Et ne nos ....

(_Resp._) Sed libera ....

....

....

(_Sacerdos_) Dispersit, dedit pauperibus:

(_Resp._) Iustitia ejus manet in seculum seculi.

....

(_Sacerdos_) In resurrectione tua, Christe:

(_Resp._) Celi et terra letentur. alleluia.

(_Sacerdos_) Benedicam dominum in omni tempore:

(_Resp._) Semper laus ejus in ore meo.

(_Sacerdos_) In domino laudabitur anima mea:

(_Resp._) Audiant mansueti, et letentur.

(_Sacerdos_) Magnificate dominum mecum:

(_Resp._) Et exaltemus nomen ejus in id ipsum.

[_After Dinner._] 3.1

[_On Fish Days._] 3.2

[_On Easter Eve._] 3.3

[_On Easter Day._] 3.4

(_Sacerdos_) Sit nomen domini benedictum:

(_Resp._) Ex hoc nunc, et usque in seculum.

[_Blank._]

....

(_Sacerdos_) Dominus vobiscum:

(_Resp._) Et cum spiritu tuo.

(_Sacerdos_) Oremus. Retribuere dignare, domine deus, omnibus nobis bona facientibus, propter nomen sanctum tuum, vitam eternam. amen.

(_Sacerdos_) Oremus. Spiritum in nobis, domine, tue caritatis infunde, ut quos sacramentis paschalibus saciasti, tua facias pietate concordes. _Per eundem_ dominum nostrum ihesum christum, filium tuum, qui tecum vivit et regnat _in unitate_ ejusdem spiritus sancti, deus per omnia secula seculorum. amen.

(_Sacerdos_) Oremus. Spiritum in nobis, &c. Per eundem &c., in unitate....

(_Sacerdos_) Benedicamus domino:

(_Resp._) Deo gracias.

....

(_Sacerdos_) Benedicamus domino:

(Resp.) Deo gracias.

_Et eodem modo dicitur per totam ebdomadam._

Retribuere....

(_Antiphona de sancta maria._) Ave regina celorum Mater regis angelorum O maria flos verginum Velut rosa vel lilium Funde preces ad filium Pro salute fidelium.

(_Vers._) Ave Maria....

(_Oratio_) Meritis et precibus sue pie matris, benedicat nos filius dei patris. amen.

....

SHORT GRACE AFFORE DYNER. 4.1

[_On Fish Days._] 4.2

[_On Easter Eve._] 4.3

[_On Easter Day._] 4.4

(_Sacerdos_) Benedicite.

(_Resp._) Dominus.

[_Blank._]

[_Blank._]

[_Blank._]

(_Sacerdos_) .... apponenda benedicat dei dextera .... [In nomine patris et] filii et spiritus sancti. amen.

SHORTE GRACE AFTER DYNER & AFTER SOPER BOTHE.

(_Sacerdos_) Pro tali convivio benedicamus domino.

(_Resp._) Deo gracias.

(_Antiphona de sancta maria_)

Mater ora filium Ut post hoc exilium Nobis donet gaudium Sine fine.

(_Vers._) Ave Maria ....

(_Sacerdos_) Oremus Meritis et precibus....

GRACE AFFORE SOPER. 5.1

[_On Fish Days._] 5.2

[_On Easter Eve._] 5.3

[_On Easter Day._] ANTE CENAM. 5.4

(_Sacerdos_) Benedicite.

(_Resp._) Dominus.

[_Blank._]

[_Blank._]

(_Sacerdos_) Benedicite.

(_Resp._) Dominus.

(_Sacerdos_) Cenam sanctificet qui nobis omnia prebet. In nomine patris ....

(_Sacerdos_) Cenam sanctificet qui nobis omnia prebet. In nomine patris, et filii, et spiritus sancti. amen.

GRACE AFTER SOPER.

POST CENAM.

(_Sacerdos_) Hec dies ....

(_Sacerdos_) Benedictus deus in donis suis:

(_Resp._) Et sanctus in omnibus operibus suis.

(_Sacerdos_) In resurrectione tua, christe:

(_Resp._) Celi et terra letentur. alleluia.

(_Sacerdos_) Adjutorium nostrum in nomine domini:

(_Resp._) Qui fecit celum et terram.

(_Sacerdos_) Sit nomen domini benedictum:

(_Resp._) Ex hoc nunc et usque in seculum.

....

(_Sacerdos_) Dominus vobiscum:

(_Resp._) Et cum spiritu tuo.

(_Sacerdos_) Oremus. Meritis et precibus sue pie matris, benedicat nos filius dei patris.

(_Sacerdos._) Spiritum in nobis....

(_Sacerdos_) Benedicamus domino:

(_Resp._) Deo gracias.

EXPLICIT.

SCHEME OF THE LATIN GRACES.

Common Fast Easter Easter Days. Days. Eve. Day. +-------+-------+--------+---------+ Before | 1.1| 1.2| 1.3| 1.4| Before dinner | A | D | H | L | dinner | | | | | +-------+-------+--------+---------+ | 2.1| 2.2| 2.3| 2.4| | B | E | I | M | { | | | | |} After { +-------+-------+--------+---------+} After dinner { | 3.1| 3.2| 3.3| 3.4|} dinner | C | blank | K | N | | | | | | +=======+=======+========+=========+ Short | 4.1| 4.2| 4.3| 4.4| Short Graces for Graces | F | blank | blank | blank | either dinner | | | | | or supper +=======+=======+========+=========+ Before | 5.1| 5.2| 5.3| 5.4| Before and after | G | blank | blank | O | and after _supper_ | | | | | _supper_ +-------+-------+--------+---------+ Common Fast Easter Easter Days. Days. Eve. Day.

The alphabetical order is that in which the matter is found written in the manuscript.

HENRY BRADSHAW.

* * * * * * * * *

Symon’s Lesson of Wysedome for all Maner Chyldryn.

[_From MS. Bodl. 832, leaf 174._]

[Transcriber’s Note:

This selection was printed with long “s” (ſ).]

[The Rev. J. R. Lumby has kindly sent me the following amusing ‘lesson of wysedome’ to ‘all maner chyldryn’, signed Symon, which he found in the Bodleian. Mr G. Parker has read the proof with the MS. Lydgate sinned against most of its precepts. It makes the rod the great persuader to learning and gentleness.]

[Sidenote: Children, attend. You’d be better unborn than untaught.]

All man{er} chyldryn, ye lyſten & ler{e} A leſſon of wyſedome þ{a}t ys wryte her{e}! My chyld, y rede þ{e} be wys, and take hede of þ{i}s ryme! Old men yn p{ro}u{er}be ſayde by old tyme 4 ‘A chyld wer{e} bet{er} to be vnbor{e} Than to be vntaught, and ſo be lor{e}.’[1]

[Sidenote: You mustn’t have your own way always.]

The chyld þ{a}t hath hys wyll alway Shal thryve late, y thei[2] wel ſay, 8 And þ{er}-for eu{er}y gode ma{n}nys chyld That is to wanton and to wyld, Lerne wel this leſſon for ſ{er}tayn, That thou may be þ^e bet{er} man. 12 Chyld, y warne þ{e}e yn al wyſe

[Sidenote: Tell the truth, don’t be froward, hold up your head, take off your hood when you’re spoken to.]

That þu tel trowth & make no lyes. Chyld, be not froward, be not prowde, But hold vp þy hedde & ſpeke a-lowde; 16 And when eny man ſpekyth to the, Do of þy hode and bow thy kne,

[Sidenote: Wash your hands and face. Be courteous.]

And wayſch thy hand{es} & þy face, And be curteys yn eu{er}y place. 20 And wher{e} þ{o}u comyſt, w{i}t{h} gode chere In halle or bowr{e}, bydde “god be her{e}!”

[Sidenote: Don’t throw stones at dogs and hogs. Mock at no one. Don’t swear.]

Loke þ{o}u caſt to no ma{n}nes dogge, W{i}t{h} ſtaff ne ſtone at hors ne hogge; 24 Loke þ{a}t þ{o}u not ſcorne ne iape Noþ{er} w{i}t{h} man, maydyn, ne ape; Lete no ma{n} of þ{e}e make playnt; Swer{e} þ{o}u not by god noþ{er} by ſaynt. 28

[Sidenote: Eat what’s given you, and don’t ask for this and that.]

Loke þ{o}u be c{ur}teys ſtondyng at mete; And þ{a}t men ȝeuyth þ{e}e, þ{o}u take & ete; And loke that þ{o}u nother crye ne crave, And ſay “that and that wold y have;” 32 But ſtond þ{o}u ſtylle be-for{e} þ^e borde, And loke þ{o}u ſpeke no lowde worde.

[Sidenote: Honour your father and mother: kneel and ask their blessing. Keep your clothes clean.]

And, chyld, wyrſhep thy fad{er} and thy mod{er}, And loke þ{a}t þ{o}u greve noþ{er} on ne oþ{er}, 36 But eu{er} among þ{o}u ſhalt knele adowne, And aſke her{e} bleſſyng and her{e} beneſowne. And, chyld, kepe thy cl{o}þ{e}s fayr{e} & clene, And lete no fowle fylth on hem be ſene. 40

[Sidenote: Don’t go bird’s-nesting, or steal fruit, or throw stones at men’s windows, or play in church.]

Chyld, clem þ{o}u not ou{er} hows ne walle For no frute[3], brydd{es}, ne balle; And, chyld, caſt no ſtonys ou{er} men hows, Ne caſt no ſtonys at no glas wyndowys; 44 Ne make no crying, yapis, ne playes, In holy chyrche on holy dayes.

[Sidenote: Don’t chatter. Get home by daylight.]

And, chyld, y warne þ{e}e of anoþ{er} thynge, Kepe þ{e}e fro many word{es} and yangelyng. 48 And, chyld, whan þ{o}u goſt to play, Loke þ{o}u come home by lyght of day.

[Sidenote: Keep clear of fire and water, and the edges of wells and brooks.]

And, chyld, I warne the of a-noþ{er} mat{er}, Loke þ{o}u kepe þ{e}e wel fro fyr{e} and wat{er}; 52 And be war{e} and wyſe how þ{a}t þ{o}u lokys Ou{er} any brynk, welle, or brokys; And when þ{o}u ſtondyſt at any ſchate[4], By war{e} and wyſe þ{a}t þ{o}u cacche no ſtake, 56 For meny chyld w{i}t{h}-o{u}t drede Ys dede or dyſſeyuyd throw ywell hede.

[Sidenote: (leaf 175.)]

[Sidenote: Take care of your book, cap, and gloves, or you’ll be birched on your bare bottom.]

Chyld, kepe thy boke, cappe, and glouys, And al thyng þ{a}t þ{e}e behouys; 60 And but þ{o}u do, þ{o}u ſhat far{e} the wors, And þ{er}-to be bete on þe bar{e} ers.

[Sidenote: Don’t be a liar or thief, or make faces at any man.]

Chyld, be þ{o}u lyer noþ{er} no theffe; Be þ{o}u no mecher[5] for myſcheffe. 64 Chyld, make þ{o}u no mowys ne knakk{es} Be-for{e} no men, ne by-hynd her{e} bakk{es}, But be of fayr{e} ſemelaunt and co{n}tenaunce, For by fayr{e} man{er}ys men may þ{e}e a-vaunce. 68

[Sidenote: When you meet any one, lower your hood and wish ’em “god speed.”]

Chyld wha{n} þ{o}u goſt yn eny ſtrete, Iff þ{o}u eny gode man or woma{n} mete, Avale thy hode to hym or to her{e}, And bydde, “god ſpede dame or ſer{e}!” 72 And be they ſmalle or grete, This leſſon þ{a}t þ{o}u not for-gete,-- For hyt is ſemely to eu{er}y ma{n}nys chylde,--

[Sidenote: Be meek to clerks. Rise early, go to school, and learn fast if you want to be our bishop.]

And namely to clerk{es} to be meke & mylde. 76 And, chyld, ryſe by tyme and go to ſcole, And far{e} not as Wanton fole, And lerne as faſt as þ{o}u may and can, For owr{e} byſchop is an old man, 80 And þ{er}-for þ{o}u moſt lerne faſt Iff þ{o}u wolt be byſſhop when he is paſt. Chyld, y bydde þe on my bleſſyng That þ{o}u for-ȝete nat þ{i}s for no thyng, 84

[Sidenote: Attend to all these things, for a good child needs learning, and he who hates the child spares the rod.]

But þ{o}u loke, hold hyt wel on þy mynde, For þ^e beſt þu ſhalt hyt fynde; For, as þe wyſe man ſayth and p{re}uyth, A leve chyld, lor{e} he be-houyth; 88

[Sidenote: (leaf 175 b.)]

And as men ſayth þ{a}t ben leryd, He hatyth þ^e chyld þ{a}t ſparyth þ^e rodde; And as þe wyſe man ſayth yn his boke Off p{ro}u{er}bis and wyſedomes, ho wol loke, 92

[Sidenote: As a spur makes a horse go, so a rod makes a child learn and be mild.]

“As a ſharppe ſpor{e} makyth an hors to renne Vnd{er} a man that ſhold werre wynne, Ryȝt ſo a ȝerde may make a chyld To lerne welle hys leſſon, and to be myld.” 96 Lo, chyldryn, her{e} may ȝe al her{e} and ſe How al chyldryn chaſtyd ſhold be;

[Sidenote: So, children, do well, and you’ll not get a sound beating. May God keep you good!]

And þ{er}for, chylder{e}, loke þ{a}t ye do well, And no harde betyng ſhall ye be-falle: 100 Thys may ȝe al be ryght gode men. God g{ra}unt yow g{ra}ce ſo to p{re}ſ{er}ue yow.

Amen! ------ Symon. ------

[Footnote 1: Compare “Better vnfedde then vntaughte” in _Seager’s Schoole of Vertue_, above, p. 236, l. 725.]

[Footnote 2: thee]

[Footnote 3: Cp. Lydgate’s Tricks at School, _Forewords_, p. xliv.]

[Footnote 4: ? meaning. _Skathie_, a fence. Jamieson. _Skaith_, hurt, harm. Halliwell.]

[Footnote 5: A mychare seems to denote properly a sneaking thief. Way. Prompt., p. 336. _Mychare_, a covetous, sordid fellow. Jamieson. Fr. _pleure-pain_: m. A niggardlie wretch; a puling _micher_ or miser. Cotgrave.]

* * * * * * * * *

The Birched School-Boy

of about 1500 A.D.

(_From the Balliol MS. 354, ffl ij C xxx._)

[As old Symon talks of the rod (p. 383-4, ll. 62, 90), as Caxton in his Book of Curtesye promises his ‘lytyl John’ a breechless feast, or as the Oriel MS. reads it, a ‘byrchely’ one,[1] & as the Forewords have shown that young people did get floggings in olden time, it may be as well to give here the sketch of a boy flea-bitten, no doubt, with little bobs of hazel twigs, that Richard Hill has preserved for us. Boys of the present generation happily don’t know the sensation of unwelcome warmth that a sound flogging produced, and how after it one had to sit on the bottom of one’s spine on the edge of the hard form, in the position recommended at College for getting well forward in rowing. But they may rest assured that if their lot had fallen on a birching school, they’d have heartily joined the school-boy of 1500 in wishing his and their masters at the devil, even though they as truant boys had been ‘milking ducks, as their mothers bade them.’]

hay! hay! by this day! what avayleth it me thowgh I say nay?

[Sidenote: Learning is strange work; the birch twigs are so sharp.]

¶ I wold ffayñ be a clarke; but yet hit is a strange werke;[2] the byrchyñ twygg{is} be so sharpe, hit makith me haue a faynt harte. what avaylith it me thowgh I say nay?

[Sidenote: I’d sooner go 20 miles than go to school on Mondays.]

¶ On mo{n}day i{n} {th}e mornyng whañ I shall rise at vj. of the clok,[3] hyt is the gise to go to skole w{i}t{h}out a-vise I had lever go xx^ti myle twyse! what avaylith it me thowgh I say nay?

[Sidenote: My master asks where I’ve been. ‘Milking ducks,’ I tell him,]

¶ My master lokith as he were madde: “wher hast {tho}u be, thow sory ladde?” “Milked dukk{is}, my moder badde:” hit was no m{er}vayle thow I were sadde. what vaylith it me thowgh I say nay?

[Sidenote: and he gives me pepper for it.]

¶ My mast{er} pep{er}ed my ars w{i}t{h} well good spede: hit was worse thañ ffynkll sede; he wold not leve till it did blede. Myche sorow haue be for his dede! what vaylith it me thowgh I say nay?

[Sidenote: I only wish he was a hare, and my book a wild cat,]

¶ I wold my mast{er} were a watt[4] & my boke a wyld Catt, & a brase of grehownd{is} in his toppe: I wold be glade for to se that! what vayleth it me thowgh I say nay?

[Sidenote: and all his books dogs. Wouldn’t I blow my horn! Don’t I wish he was dead!]

¶ I wold my mast{er} were an hare, & all his bok{is} hownd{is} were, & I my self a Ioly hontere: to blowe my horñ I wold not spare! ffor if he were dede I wold not care. what vaylith me thowgh I say nay?

Explicit.

[Footnote 1: See Caxton’s Book of Curtesye, in the Society’s Extra Series, 1868.]

[Footnote 2: Compare the very curious song on the difficulty of learning singing, in _Reliquiæ Antiquæ_, i. 291, from Arundel MS. 292, leaf 71, back.]

[Footnote 3: See Rhodes, p. 72, l. 61; and Seager, p. 226, l. 58.]

[Footnote 4: a hare.]

* * * * * * * * *

The Song of the School Boy at Christmas.

[Printed also in _Reliquiæ Antiquæ_, i. 116, ‘From MS. Sloane, No. 1584, of the beginning of the sixteenth century, or latter part of the fifteenth, fol. 33^ro., written in Lincolnshire or Nottinghamshire, perhaps, to judge by the mention of persons and places, in the neighbourhood of Grantham or Newark.’ J. O. Halliwell.]

+Ante ffine{m}+ t{er}mini Baculus portamus, Caput hustiarii ffranger{e} debemus; Si p{re}ceptor nos petit quo debemus Ire, Breuiter respondem{us}, “no{n} est tibi scire.” O p{ro} nobilis docter, Now we youe pray, Vt velitis conceder{e} to gyff h{us} leff to play. Nunc p{ro}ponimus Ire, w{i}t{h}out any ney, Scolam dissolver{e}; I tell itt youe in fey, Sicut istud festum, merth-is for to make, Accipim{us} n{ost}ram diem, owr leve for to take. Post natale festu{m}, full sor shall we qwake, Qu{um} nos Revenim{us}, latens for to make. Ergo nos Rogamus, hartly and holle, Vt isto die possimus, to brek upe {th}e scole.

Non min{us} hic peccat q{u}i sens{um} condit in agro, Qua{m} qui doctrinam Claudet in ore suo.

* * * * * * * * *

The Boar’s Head.

[_Balliol MS. 354, ffl_ ij C xij, _or leaf 228._]

Caput Apri Refero, } fote[1] Resonens laudes do{mi}no. }

The boris hed In hond{is} I brynge with garlond{is} gay & byrd{is} syngynge; I p{ra}y you all helpe me to synge, Qui estis in conviuio.

The boris hede, I vnderstond, ys cheff{e} s{er}uyce in all this londe: wher-so-ever it may he fonde, Seruitur cu{m} sinapio.

The boris hede, I dare well say, anon after the xij^th day he taketh his leve & goth a-way, Exiuit tu{n}c de patria.

See other carols on the Boar’s Head, in _Songs and Carols_, Percy Soc., p. 42, 25; Ritson’s _Ancient Songs_; Sandys’s _Carols_, and _Christmastide_, p. 231, from Ritson,--a different version of the present carol,--&c.

[Footnote 1: I suppose this means the _foot_, the burden.]

* * * * * * * * *

Errata (noted by transcriber):

Ffor to serve a lord. [Footnote 34: ... ‘Quynce, a frute, _pomme de quoyn_,’] [_close quote missing_]

Latin Graces, col. 1.1. (_Sacerdos_) Mense celestis participes faciat [_opening parenthesis invisible_]

The Boar’s Head wher-so-ever it may he fonde [_text unchanged_]

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

_Collected Sidenotes_

[This section was added by the transcriber. It contains the editor’s summaries of each selection, given in the form of sidenotes.]

Russell’s _Boke of Nurture_: Sidenotes

In the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, God keep me! I am an Usher to a Prince, and delight in teaching the inexperienced. It is charitable to teach ignorant youths. If any such won’t learn, give them a toy. One May I went to a forest, and by the Forester’s leave walked in the woodland, where I saw three herds of deer in the sunshine. A young man with a bow was going to stalk them, but I asked him to walk with me, and inquired whom he served. ‘No one but myself, and I wish I was out of this world.’ ‘Good son, despair is sin; tell me what the matter is. When the pain is greatest the cure is nearest!’ ‘Sir, I’ve tried everywhere for a master; but because I know nothing, no one will take me.’ ‘Will you learn if I’ll teach you? What do you want to be?’ ‘A Butler, Sir, Panter, Chamberlain, and Carver. Teach me the duties of these.’ ‘I will, if you’ll love God and be true to your master.’ A Panter or Butler must have three knives: 1 to chop loaves, 1 to pare them, 1 to smooth the trenchers. Give your Sovereign new bread, others one-day-old bread; for the house, three-day bread; for trenchers four-day bread; Have your salt white, and your salt-planer of ivory, two inches broad, three long. Have your table linen sweet and clean, your knives bright, spoons well washed, two wine-augers some box taps, a broaching gimlet, a pipe and bung. To broach a pipe, pierce it with an auger or gimlet, four fingers- breadth over the lower rim, so that the dregs may not rise. Serve Fruit according to the season, figs, dates, quince-marmalade, ginger, &c. Before dinner, plums and grapes after, pears, nuts, and hard cheese. After supper, roast apples, &c. In the evening don’t take cream, strawberries, or junket, unless you eat hard cheese with them. Hard cheese keeps your bowels open. Butter is wholesome in youth and old age, anti-poisonous, and aperient. Milk, Junket, Posset, &c., are binding. Eat hard cheese after them. Beware of green meat; it weakens your belly. For food that sets your teeth on edge, eat almonds and cheese, but not more than half an ounce. If drinks have given you indigestion, eat a raw apple. Moderation is best sometimes, at others abstinence. Look every night that your wines don’t ferment or leak Always carry a gimlet, adze, and linen cloths; and wash the heads of the pipes with cold water. If the wine boil over, put to it the lees of red wine, and that will cure it. Romney will bring round sick sweet wine.

_The names of Sweet Wines._

_Recipe for making Ypocras._ Take spices thus, Cinnamon, &c., long Pepper. Have three basins and three straining-bags to them; hang ’em on a perch. Let your ginger be well pared, hard, not worm-eaten, (Colombyne is better than Valadyne or Maydelyne); your sticks of Cinnamon thin, hot and sweet; Canel is not so good. Cinnamon is hot and dry, Cardamons are hot and moist. Take sugar or sugar candy, red wine, graines, ginger, pepper, cinnamon, spice, and turnesole, and put each powder in a bladder by itself. Hang your straining-bags so that they mayn’t touch,--first bag a gallon, others a pottle. Put the powders in two or three gallons of red wine; then into the runner, the second bag, (tasting and trying it now and then), and the third vessel. If it’s not right, add cinnamon, ginger, or sugar, as wanted. If it’s not right, add cinnamon, ginger, or sugar, as wanted. Mind you keep tasting it. Strain it through bags of fine cloth, hooped at the mouth, the first holding a gallon, the others a pottle, and each with a basin under it. The Ypocras is made. Use the dregs in the kitchen. Put the Ypocras in a tight clean vessel, and serve it with wafers.

_The Buttery._ Keep all cups, &c., clean. Don’t serve ale till it’s five days old. Be civil and obliging, and give no one stale drink.

_To lay the cloth_, &c. Wipe the table. Put a cloth on it (a cowche); you take one end, your mate the other; lay the fold of the second cloth(?) on the outer edge of the table, that of the third cloth(?) on the inner. Cover your cupboard with a diaper towel, put one round your neck, one side on your left arm with your sovereign’s napkin; on that, eight loaves to eat, and three or four trencher loaves: in your left the salt-cellar. In your right hand, spoons and knives. Put the Salt on the right of your lord; on its left, a trencher or two; on their left, a knife, then white rolls, and beside them a spoon folded in a napkin. Cover all up. At the other end set a Salt and two trenchers.

_How to wrap up your lord’s bread in a stately way._ Cut your loaves all equal. Take a towel two and a half yards long by the ends, fold up a handful from each end, and in the middle of the folds lay eight loaves or buns, bottom to bottom; put a wrapper on the top, twist the ends of the towel together, smooth your wrapper, and quickly open the end of it before your lord. After your lord’s lay the other tables. Deck your cupboard with plate, your washing-table with basins, &c. Have plenty of napkins, &c., and your pots clean. Make the _Surnape_ with a cloth under a double napkin. Fold the two ends of your towel, and one of the cloth, a foot over, and lay it smooth for your lord to wash with. The marshal must slip it along the table, and pull it smooth. Then raise the upper part of the towel, and lay it even, so that the Sewer (arranger of dishes) may make a state. When your lord has washed, take up the Surnape with your two arms, and carry it back to the Ewery. Carry a towel round your neck. Uncover your bread; see that all diners have knife, spoon, and napkin. Bow when you leave your lord. Take eight loaves from the bread-cloth, and put four at each end. Lay for as many persons as the Sewer has set potages for, and have plenty of bread and drink. Be lively and soft-spoken, clean and well dressed. Don’t spit or put your fingers into cups. Stop all blaming and backbiting, and prevent complaints.

_General Directions for Behaviour._ Don’t claw your back as if after a flea; or your head, as if after a louse. See that your eyes are not blinking and watery. Don’t pick your nose, or let it drop, or blow it too loud, or twist your neck. Don’t claw your cods, rub your hands, pick your ears, retch, or spit too far. Don’t tell lies, or squirt with your mouth, gape, pout, or put your tongue in a dish to pick dust out. Don’t cough, hiccup, or belch, straddle your legs, or scrub your body. Don’t pick your teeth, cast stinking breath on your lord, fire your stern guns, or expose your codware before your master. Many other improprieties a good servant will avoid.’ ‘Sir, pray teach me how to carve, handle a knife, and cut up birds, fish, and flesh.’ ‘Hold your knife tight, with two fingers and a thumb, in your midpalm. Do your carving, lay your bread, and take off trenchers, with two fingers and thumb. Never touch others’ food with your right hand, but only with the left. Don’t dirty your table or wipe your knives on it. Take a loaf of trenchers, and with the edge of your knife raise a trencher, and lay it before your lord; lay four trenchers four-square, and another on the top. Take a loaf of light bread, pare the edges, cut the upper crust for your lord, and don’t touch it after it’s trimmed. Keep your table clean.

_Indigestibilities._ You must know what meat is indigestible, and what sauces are wholesome. These things are indigestible: Fat and Fried, Raw and Resty, Salt and Sour, also sinews, skin, hair, feathers, crops, heads, pinions, &c., legs, outsides of thighs, skins; these destroy your lord’s rest.’ ‘Thanks, father, I’ll put your teaching into practice, and pray for you. But please tell me how to carve fish and flesh.’

_Carving of Meat._ Cut _brawn_ on the dish, and lift slices off with your knife; serve it with mustard. Venison with furmity. Touch _Venison_ only with your knife, pare it, cross it with 12 scores, cut a piece out, and put it in the furmity soup. Touch with your left hand, pare it clean, put away the sinews, &c. _Partridges_, &c.: take up by the pinion, and mince them small in the sirrup. Larger roast birds, as the _Osprey_, &c., raise up [? cut off] the legs, then the wings, lay the body in the middle, with the wings and legs round it, in the same dish. _Capons:_ take off the wings and legs; pour on ale or wine, mince them into the flavoured sauce. Give your lord the left wing, and if he want it, the right one too. _Pheasants_, &c.: take off the wings, put them in the dish, then the legs. _Woodcocks_, Heronshaws, Brew, &c. break the pinions, neck, and beak. Cut off the legs, then the wings, lay the body between them. _Crane_: take off the wings, but not the trompe in his breast. _Peacocks_, &c.: carve like you do the Crane, keeping their feet on. _Quails_, larks, pigeons: give your lord the legs first. _Fawn_: serve the kidney first, then a rib. Pick the fyxfax out of the neck. _Pig_: 1. shoulder, 2. rib. _Rabbit_: lay him on his back; pare off his skin; break his haunch bone, cut him down each side of the back, lay him on his belly, separate the sides from the chine, put them together again, cutting out the nape of the neck; give your lord the sides. Sucking rabbits: cut in two, then the hind part in two; pare the skin off, serve the daintiest bit from the side. Such is the way of carving gross meats. Cut each piece into four slices (?) for your master to dip in his sauce. Of large birds’ wings, put only three bits at once in the sauce. Of small birds’ wings, scrape the flesh to the end of the bone, and put it on your lord’s trencher.

_How to carve Baked Meats._ Open hot ones at the top of the crust, cold ones in the middle. Take Teal, &c., out of their pie, and mince their wings, stir the gravy in; your lord may eat it with a spoon. Cut Venison, &c., in the pasty. Custard: cut in squares with a knife. Dowcets: pare away the sides; serve in a sawcer. Payne-puff: pare the bottom, cut off the top. Fried things are indigestible. Poached-egg (?) fritters are best. Tansey is good hot. Don’t eat Leessez. Cooks are always inventing new dishes that tempt people and endanger their lives: Syrups Comedies, Jellies, that stop the bowels. Some dishes are prepared with unclarified honey. Cow-heels and Calves’ feet are sometimes mixed with unsugared leches and Jellies. Furmity with venison, mortrewes, jussell, &c., are good. Other out-of-the-way soups set aside. Such is a flesh feast in the English way. Sauces. Sauces provoke a fine appetite. Have ready Mustard for brawn, &c., Verjuice for veal, &c., Chawdon for cygnet and swan, Garlic, &c., for beef and goose, Ginger for fawn, &c., Mustard and sugar for pheasant, &c., Gamelyn for heronsew, &c., Sugar and Salt for brew, &c., Gamelyn for bustard, &c., Salt and Cinnamon for woodcock, thrushes, &c., and quails, &c.

_How to carve Fish._ With pea soup or furmity serve a Beaver’s tail, salt Porpoise, &c. Split up Herrings, take out the roe and bones, eat with mustard. Take the skin off salt fish, Salmon, Ling, &c., and let the sauce be mustard, but for Mackarel, &c., butter of Claynes or Hackney (?) Of Pike, the belly is best, with plenty of sauce. Salt Lampreys, cut in seven gobbets, pick out the backbones, serve with onions and galentine. Plaice: cut off the fins, cross it with a knife, sauce with wine, &c. Gurnard, Chub, Roach, Dace, Cod, &c., split up and spread on the dish. Soles, Carp, &c., take off as served. Whale, porpoise, congur, turbot, Halybut, &c., cut in the dish, and also Tench in jelly. On roast Lamprons cast vinegar, &c., and bone them. Crabs are hard to carve: break every claw, put all the meat in the body-shell, and then season it with _vinegar or verjuice_ and powder. (?) Heat it, and give it to your lord. Put the claws, broken, in a dish. The sea Crayfish: cut it asunder, slit the belly of the back part, take out the fish, clean out the _gowt_ in the middle of the sea Crayfish’s back; pick it out, tear it off the fish, and put vinegar to it; break the claws and set them on the table. Treat the back like the crab, stopping both ends with bread. The fresh-water Crayfish: serve with vinegar and powder. Salt Sturgeon: slit its joll, or head, thin. Whelk: cut off its head and tail, throw away its operculum, mantle, &c., cut it in two, and put it on the sturgeon, adding vinegar. Carve Baked Lampreys thus: take off the piecrust, put thin slices of bread on a Dish, pour galentyne over the bread, add cinnamon and red wine. Mince the lampreys, lay them on the sauce, &c., on a hot plate, serve up to your lord. White herrings fresh; the roe must be white and tender serve with salt and wine. Shrimps picked, lay them round a sawcer, and serve with vinegar.” “Thanks, father, I know about Carving now, but I hardly dare ask you about a Sewer’s duties, how he is to serve.”

_The Duties of a Sewer._ “Son, since you wish to learn, I will gladly teach you. Let the Sewer, as soon as the Master begins to say grace, hie to the kitchen. I. Ask the Panter for fruits (as butter, grapes, &c.), if they are to be served. II. Ask the cook and Surveyor what dishes are prepared. III. Let the Cook serve up the dishes, the Surveyor deliver them and you, the Sewer, have skilful officers to prevent any dish being stolen. IV. Have proper servants, Marshals, &c., to bring the dishes from the kitchen. V. You set them on the table yourself.

_A Meat Dinner._

_First Course._ 1. Mustard and brawn. 2. Potage. 3. Stewed Pheasant and Swan, &c. 4. Baked Venison. 5. A Device of Gabriel greeting Mary.

_Second Course._ 1. Blanc Mange (of Meat). 2. Roast Venison, &c. 3. Peacocks, heronsew, egrets, sucking rabbits, larks, bream, &c. 4. Dowcets, amber Leche, poached fritters. 5. A Device of an Angel appearing to three Shepherds on a hill.

_Third Course._ 1. Almond cream. 2. Curlews, Snipes, &c. 3. Fresh-water crayfish, &c. 4. Baked Quinces, Sage fritters, &c. 5. Devices: The Mother of Christ, presented by the Kings of Cologne.

_Dessert._ White apples, caraways, wafers and Ypocras.

_Clear the Table._

_A Fish Dinner._

_First Course._ 1. Minnows, &c. 2. Porpoise and peas. 3. Fresh Millwell. 4. Roast Pike. 5. A Divice: A young man piping on a cloud, and called _Sanguineus_, or Spring.

_Second Course._ 1. Dates and Jelly, 2. Doree in Syrup, 3. Turbot, &c. 4. Eels, Fritters, 5. A Device: A Man of War, red and angry called _Estas_, or Summer.

_Third Course._ 1. Almond Cream, &c., 2. Sturgeon, Whelks, Minnows, 3. Shrimps, &c., 4. Fritters. 5. A Device: A Man with a Sickle, tired, called Harvest.

_Fourth Course._ Hot apples, Ginger, Wafers, Ypocras. The last Device, _Yemps_ or Winter, with grey locks, sitting on a stone. These Devices represent the Ages of Man: _Sanguineus_, the 1st age, of pleasure. _Colericus_, the 2nd, of quarrelling. _Autumpnus_ the 3rd, of melancholy. _Winter_, the 4th, of aches and troubles. These Devices give great pleasure, when shown in a house.

_Inscriptions for the Devices._ _Spring._ Loving, laughing, singing, benign. _Summer._ Prickly, angry, crafty, lean. _Autumn._ Sleepy, dull, sluggish, fat, white-faced. _Winter._ Envious, sad, timid, yellow-coloured.

_A Franklin’s Feast._ Brawn, bacon and pease, beef and boiled chickens, roast goose, capon, and custade.

_Second Course._ Mortrewes, veal, rabbit, chicken, dowcettes, fritters, or leche, spiced pears, bread and cheese, spiced cakes, bragot and mead.

_Dinners on Fish-days._ Gudgeons, minnows, venprides (?) musclade (?) of almonds, oysters dressed, porpoise or seal, pike cullis, jelly, dates, quinces, pears, houndfish, rice, mameny. If you don’t like these potages, taste them only.

_Fish Sauces._ Mustard for salt herring, conger, mackerel, &c. Vinegar for salt porpoise, swordfish, &c. Sour wine for whale, with powder. Wine for plaice. Galantine for lamprey. Verjuice for mullet. Cinnamon for base, carp, and chub. Garlic, verjuice, and pepper, for houndfish, stockfish, &c. Vinegar, cinnamon, and ginger, for fresh-water crayfish, fresh porpoise, sturgeon, &c. Green Sauce for green fish (fresh ling): Mustard is best for every dish. Other sauces are served at grand feasts, but the above will please familiar guests.” “Fair fall you, father! You have taught me lovesomely; but please tell me, too, the duties of a Chamberlain.”

_The Chamberlain’s Duties._ He must be diligent, neatly dressed, clean-washed, careful of fire and candle, attentive to his master, light of ear, looking out for things that will please. The Chamberlain must prepare for his lord a clean shirt, under and upper coat and doublet, breeches, socks, and slippers as brown as a water-leech. In the morning, must have clean linen ready, warmed by a clear fire. When his lord rises, he gets ready the foot-sheet; puts a cushioned chair before the fire, a cushion for the feet, and over all spreads the foot-sheet: has a comb and kerchief ready, and then asks his lord to come to the fire and dress while he waits by. 1. Give your master his under coat, 2. His doublet, 3. Stomacher well warmed, 4. Vampeys and socks, 5. Draw on his socks, breeches, and shoes, 6. Pull up his breeches, 7. Tie ’em up, 8. Lace his doublet, 9. Put a kerchief round his neck, 10. Comb his head with an ivory comb, 11. Give him warm water to wash with, 12. Kneel down and ask him what gown he’ll wear: 13. Get the gown, 14. Hold it out to him; 15. Get his girdle, 16. His Robe. 17. His hood or hat. 18. Before he goes brush him carefully. Before your lord goes to church, see that his pew is made ready, cushion, curtain, &c. Return to his bedroom, throw off the clothes, beat the featherbed, see that the fustian and sheets are clean. Cover the bed with a coverlet, spread out the bench covers and cushions, set up the headsheet and pillow, remove the urinal and basin, lay carpets round the bed, and with others dress the windows and cupboard, have a fire laid. Keep the Privy sweet and clean, cover the boards with green cloth, so that no wood shows at the hole; put a cushion there, and have some blanket, cotton, or linen to wipe on; have a basin, jug, and towel, ready for your lord to wash when he leaves the privy. In the Wardrobe take care to keep the clothes well, and brush ’em with a soft brush at least once a week, for fear of moths. Look after your Drapery and Skinnery. If your lord will take a nap after his meal, have ready kerchief, comb, pillow and headsheet (don’t let him sleep too long), water and towel. When he goes to bed, 1. Spread out the footsheet, 2. Take off your lord’s Robe and put it away. 3. Put a cloak on his back, 4. Set him on his footsheet, 5. Pull off his shoes, socks, and breeches, 6. Throw the breeches over your arm, 7. Comb his head, 8. Put on his kerchief and nightcap, 9. Have the bed, and headsheet, &c., ready, 10. Draw the curtains, 11. Set the night-light, 12. Drive out dogs and cats, 13. Bow to your lord, 14. Keep the night-stool and urinal ready for whenever he calls, and take it back when done with.

_How to prepare a Bath._ Hang round the roof, sheets full of sweet herbs, have five or six sponges to sit or lean on, and one great sponge to sit on with a sheet over and a sponge under his feet. Mind the door’s shut. With a basinful of hot herbs, wash him with a soft sponge, throw rose-water on him; let him go to bed. Put his socks and slippers on, stand him on his footsheet, wipe him dry, take him to bed to cure his troubles.

_To make a Medicinal Bath._ Boil together hollyhock centaury, herb-benet, scabious, withy leaves; throw them hot into a vessel, set your lord on it; let him bear it as hot as he can, and whatever disease he has will certainly be cured, as men say.

_The Duties of an Usher and Marshal._ He must know the rank and precedence of all people. I. 1. The Pope. 2. Emperor. 3. King. 4. Cardinal. 5. Prince. 6. Archbishop. 7. Royal Duke. II. Bishop, &c. III. 1. Viscount. 2. Mitred abbot. 3. Three Chief Justices. 4. Mayor of London. IV. (The Knight’s rank.) 1. Cathedral Prior, Knight Bachelor. 2. Dean, Archdeacon. 3. Master of the Rolls. 4. Puisné Judge. 5. Clerk of the Crown. 6. Mayor of Calais. 7. Doctor of Divinity. 8. Prothonotary. 9. Pope’s Legate. V. (The Squire’s rank.) 1. Doctor of Laws. 2. Ex-Mayor of London. 3. Serjeant of Law. 4. Masters of Chancery. 5. Preacher. 6. Masters of Arts. 7. Other Religious. 8. Parsons and Vicars. 9. Parish Priests. 10. City Bailiffs. 11. Serjeant at Arms. 12. Heralds (the chief Herald has first place), 13. Merchants, 14. Gentlemen, 15. Gentlewomen may all eat with squires. I have now told you the rank of every class, and now I’ll tell you how they may be grouped at table. I. Pope, King, Prince, Archbishop and Duke. II. Bishop, Marquis, Viscount, Earl. III. The Mayor of London, Baron, Mitred Abbot, three Chief Justices, Speaker, may sit together, two or three at a mess. IV. The other ranks (three or four to a mess) equal to a Knight, unmitred Abbot, Dean, Master of the Rolls, under Judges, Doctor of Divinity, Prothonotary, Mayor of Calais. V. Other ranks equal to a Squire, four to a mess. Serjeants of Law, ex-Mayor of London, Masters of Chancery, Preachers and Parsons, Apprentices of Law, Merchants and Franklins. Each estate or rank shall sit at meat by itself, not seeing another. The Bishop of Canterbury shall be served apart from the Archbishop of York, and the Metropolitan alone. The Bishop of York must not eat before the Primate of England. Sometimes a Marshal is puzzled by Lords of royal blood being poor, and others not royal being rich; also by a Lady of royal blood marrying a knight, and _vice versâ_. The Lady of royal blood shall keep her rank; the Lady of low blood shall take her husband’s rank. Property is not so worthy as royal blood, so the latter prevails over the former, for royal blood may become King. The parents of a Pope or Cardinal must not presume to equality with their son, and must not want to sit by him, but in a separate room. A Marshal must look to the rank of every estate, and do honour to _foreign visitors_ and residents. A well-trained Marshal should think beforehand where to place strangers at the table. If the King sends any messenger to your Lord receive him one degree higher than his rank. The King’s groom may dine with a Knight or Marshal, A Marshal must also understand the rank of County and Borough officers, and that a Knight of blood and property is above a poor Knight, the Mayor of London above the Mayor of Queenborough, the Abbot of Westminster above the poor Abbot of Tintern, the Prior of Canterbury above the Prior of Dudley, the Prior who is Prelate of a Cathedral Church above any Abbot or Prior of his diocese, a Doctor of 12 years’ standing above one of 9 (though the latter be the richer), the old Aldermen above the young ones, and 1. the Master of a craft, 2. the ex-warden. Before every feast, then, think what people are coming, and settle what their order of precedence is to be. If in doubt, ask your lord or the chief officer, and then you’ll do wrong to no one, but set all according to their birth and dignity. Now I have told you of Court Manners, how to manage in Pantry, Buttery, Carving, and as Sewer, and Marshal, as I learnt with a Royal Prince whose Usher and Marshal I was. All other officers have to obey me. Our office is the chief, whether the Cook likes it or not. All these offices may be filled by one man, but a Prince’s dignity requires each office to have its officer, and a servant under him, (all knowing their duties perfectly) to wait on their Lord and please his guests. Don’t fear to serve a prince; take good heed to your duties, watch, and you need not fear. _Tasting_ is done only for those of royal blood, as a Pope, King, Duke, and Earl: not below. Tasting is done for fear of poison; therefore keep your room secure, and close your safe, for fear of tricks. A Prince’s Steward and Chamberlain have the oversight of all offices and of tasting, and they must tell the Marshal, Sewer, and Carver how to do it. I don’t propose to write more on this matter. I tried this treatise myself, in my youth, and enjoyed these matters, but now age compels me to leave the court; so try yourself.” “Blessing on you, Father, for this your teaching of me! Now I shall dare to serve where before I was afraid. I will try, and shall learn by practice. May God reward you for teaching me!” “Good son, and all readers of this _Boke of Nurture_, pray for the soul of me, John Russell, (servant of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester;) also for the Duke, my wife, father, and mother, that we may all go to bliss when we die.” Little book, commend me to all learners, and to the experienced, whom I pray to correct its faults. Any such, put to my copying, which I have done as I best could. The transcriber is not to blame; he copied what was before him, and neither of us wrote it, I only corrected the rhyme. God! grant us grace to rule in Heaven with Thine elect!

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Andrewe, Extracts on Fish: Sidenotes

_Eel._ Is of no sex; is best roasted. _Herring._ Is delicious when fresh, or salted. Dies when it feels the air. _Whale?_ Shipmen cast anchor on him, and make a fire on him. He swims away, and drowns them. _Ahuna._ When the Ahuna is in danger, he puts his head in his belly, and eats a bit of himself. _Balena._ (The woodcut is a big Merman. ? Whale.) Are seen most in winter; breed in summer. In rough weather Balena puts her young in her mouth. _Crevice_ (Sea and Fresh Water Crayfish). How they engender, and hybernate. How the Crayfish manages to eat Oysters. Fresh-Water Crayfish is hard to digest. _Carp._ Is difficult to net. _Whale._ Likes Harmony. Gets harpooned, rubs the harpoon into himself, and slays himself. Phocas. Kills his wife and gets another. Halata. Takes her young out of her womb to look at ’em. _Pike:_ eats venomous beasts; is begotten by a West Wind. Sea-Mouse Musculus is the cock of Balena. _Lamprey._ Must be boiled in wine. Mulus: has 2 beards. Orchun. Is Balene’s deadly enemy. Pecten: winks. Pinna. How he catches small fishes. Serra. Cuts through ships with his fins. Siren. Siren is like an eagle below, sings sweet songs to mariners, and tears them to pieces. _Sturgeon._ Eats no food, has no mouth, grows fat on east wind. Has no bones in his body.

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Wilyam Bulleyn on _Boxyng & Neckeweede_: Sidenotes

For saucy louts, the best cure is Boxing.

The names of Hemp. Neckweed (a halter) is good for thievish apprentices, for swashbucklers past grace, and all scamps. Also for young spendthrifts who after their parents’ death waste their all with harlots and in gambling which makes men beggars, or thieves. A life of reckless debauchery and robbery ends with Hemp. The use of Hemp to the Sailor, Plowman, Fisher and Archer.

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Andrew Borde on _Sleep, Rising, and Dress_: Sidenotes

After Dinner, sleep standing against a cupboard. Before bedtime be merry. Have a fire in your bedroom, but stand a good way off it. Shut your windows. Lie first on your left side. To sleep groveling on the belly, is bad; on the back upright, is worse. Wear a scarlet nightcap. Have a flock bed over your featherbed. On rising, remember God, brush your breeches, put on your hose, stretch, go to stool. Truss your points, comb your head, wash your hands and face, take a stroll, pray to God. Play at tennis, or wield weights. At meals, eat only of 2 or 3 dishes; let supper-dishes be light. Wear a scarlet petycote. Line a jacket with white and black lambskin sewn diamond-wise. Keep your neck warm. Wear goatskin gloves. Don’t stand long on grass or stones. Don’t sleep in ratty rooms. Don’t take cold in your feet.

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William Vaughan’s _Fifteen Directions to preserve Health_: Sidenotes

1. Stretch yourself. 2. Rub yourself. 3. Go to stool. 4. Put on your clothes. 5. Comb your head. 6. Clean your teeth. (How to keep the teeth sound and the breath sweet. Use Vaughan’s Water made after this recipe. It’s better than 1000 Dentrifices.) 7. Wash. The best remedy for dim sight. 8. Say your Prayers. 9. Set to work. Be honest. 10. Eat only three meals a day. Eat light food before heavy. Drink hinders digestion. Use silver cups. 11. Don’t work directly after meals, but talk, wash, and clean your teeth. 12. Undress by the fire in winter. 13. Before bed, chew Mastic, and 14. Pray to God. Look at your water in a Urinal. Have a hole in your nightcap. 15. Against rheums, eat white pepper.

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Harington, _The Dyet for every Day_: Sidenotes

Stretch your limbs, rub your body and head; protect yourself from cold; dress, washing in Summer, warming yourself in Winter. In Summer wear deer’s and calves’ skins, in Winter, wolf and fox skins. Comb your head 40 times, wash your face, clean your eyelids, rub your neck well.

Harington, _On Rising, Diet, and Going to Bed_: Sidenotes

On rising, empty your bladder and belly, nose and lungs. Cleanse your whole body. Say your Prayers. Walk gently, go to stool. Work in the forenoon. Always wear a precious stone in a ring; hold a crystal in your mouth; for the virtue of precious stones is great. Eat only twice a day. Don’t drink between dinner and supper. Don’t have one fixed hour for your meals. In Winter eat in hot well-aired places. Fast for a day now and then. Eat more at supper than dinner. After meals, wash your face, and clean your teeth, chat and walk soberly. Don’t sit up late. Before bed, rub your body gently. Undress by a fire in Winter, and warm your garments well Put off your cares with your clothes, and take them up again in the morning.

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_The Boke of Keruynge_: Sidenotes

_The Book of Carving and Arranging; and the Dishes for all the Feasts in the year._

Terms of a Carver: Slice brawn, spoil a hen, unbrace a mallard, untache a curlew, border a pasty, thigh small birds, splat a pike, fin a chub, barb a lobster

The Butler has 3 knives: 1. a squarer, 2. a chipper, 3. a smoother. Trencher-bread must be 4 days old; the Salt-Planer of ivory; table cloths kept in a chest, or hung on a perch. To broach a Pipe, have 2 augers, funnels, and tubes, and pierce the Pipe 4 inches from the bottom. Always have ready fruits and hard cheese. Beware of cow cream. Hard cheese is aperient, and keeps off poison. Milk and Junket close the Maw. For food that sets your teeth on edge, eat an almond and hard cheese. A raw apple will cure indigestion. See every night that your wines don’t boil over or leak. You’ll know their fermenting by their hissing.

_Names of Wines_ Campolet, Rhenish, &c

_To make Ypocras._ Take spices; put 6 bags on a perch, 6 pewter basins under, ginger and cinnamon. (Of the qualities of spices.) Pound each spice separately, put ’em in bladders, and hang ’em in your bags, add a gallon of red wine to ’em, stir it well, run it through two bags, taste it, pass it through 6 runners, and put it in a close vessel. Keep the dregs for cooking. Have your Compost clean, and your ale 5 days old, but not dead.

_To lay the Cloth._ Put on a _couch_, then a second cloth, the fold on the outer edge; a third, the fold on the inner edge. Cover your cupboard, put a towel round your neck, one side lying on your left arm; on that, 7 loaves of eating bread and 4 trencher loaves. In your left hand a saltcellar, in your right the towel. Set the saltcellar on your lord’s right, and trenchers on the left of it. Lay knives, bread, spoons, napkins, and cover ’em up.

_To wrap your Lord’s bread stately._ Square the loaves; take a Reynes towel 2½ yards long by the ends; put it on the table, pinch up a handful of one end, and lay it between 2 towels, and on it lay your 6 or 7 loaves bottom to bottom. Put salt, cups, &c., on the other tables. See that your _Ewery_ is properly supplied, and your ale-pots kept clean.

_To arrange the Surnape._ Put a cloth under a double towel, hold 3 ends together, fold them in a foot-broad pleat, and lay it smooth. After washing, the Marshal must carry the surnape out. Leave out half a yard to make estate. When your lord has washed, remove the Surnape. When he is seated, salute him, uncover your bread, kneel on your knee till 8 loaves are served out (?) Provide as many cups as dishes.

The _Sewer_ or arranger of dishes must ascertain what dishes and fruits are prepared daily for dinner; and he must have people ready to carry up the dishes.

_The Succession of Dishes._ 1. Brawn, &c. 2. Pheasant, &c. 3. Meat Fritters, &c 4. For a standard, a peacock with his tail. 5. Doucettes, Paynpuff, Brew, Snipe, Petyperuys and Fayge, Caraways, &c. Clear the table

_Keruynge of Flesshe._ Your hands must be clean; only two fingers and a thumb should be put on your knife, or on fish, flesh, or fowl. Wipe your knife on your napkin. Lay 4 trenchers for your lord, with 2 or 4 on them and the upper crust of a fine loaf. Give heed to what is indigestible, as resty, fat things, feathers, heads, legs, &c.

_Keruynge of Flesshe._ How to carve Brawn, Venison, (cut it in 12 bits and slice it into the furmity,) Pheasant, Stockdoves, (mince the wings into the syrup,) Goose, Teal, &c., (take off the legs and wings,) Capon, (mince the wing with wine or ale,) Plover, Lapwing, Bittern, Egret. How to carve a Crane, (mind the trump in his breast,) Shoveler, Quail, Martins, Swallow, Fawn, Kid, Roast Venison, Cony, (lay him on his belly with his two cut-off sides, on each side of him.) Cut 4 strips to each bit of meat, for your lord to pick it up by. Open hot Meat-Pies at the top; cold in the middle. Cut Custards in inch blocks. Doucettes, pare off sides and bottom. Fritters hot are good, cold bad. Tansey is good. Jelly, Blanche Manger, Charlet, &c., are good, and no other potages.

_Sauces for all maner of Fowles._ Mustard for beef; Verjuice for boiled chickens; Cawdrons for swans; Garlick, &c., for beef. Ginger for lamb; Gamelyne for heronsewe, &c.; Salt, Sugar and Water of Tame for brew, &c. White salt for lapwings, &c. Cinnamon and salt for thrushes &c.

_The Dinner Courses from Easter to Whitsunday._ From Easter to Pentecost, set bread, trenchers and spoons: 6 or 8 trenchers for a great lord, 3 for one of low degree. Then cut bread for eating. For Easter-day Feast: First Course: A Calf, boiled and blessed; boiled Eggs and green sauce; Potage, with beef, saffron-stained Capons. Second Course: Mameny, Pigeons, Chewets, Flawnes. Supper: Chickens, Veal, roast Kid, Pigs’-Feet, a Tansey fried. Green Sauces of sorrel or vines, for the first course.

_Keruyng of all maner of Fowles._ _How to carve a Capon._ Sauce: green sauce or verjuice. _Swan._ Chawdron is the sauce for him. _Pheasant._ No sauce but Salt. _Partridge._ Sauce for Partridges. _How to carve a Quail._ Sauce: salt. _Crane._ Sauce: ginger, mustard, vinegar, and salt. _Heron._ Sauce as before. _Rittern._ Salt, the sauce. _Egret._ Salt, the sauce. _Curlew._ Salt, as sauce. _Brew._ Salt, as sauce. _Cony (or Rabbit.)_ Sauce: vinegar and ginger. _Sarcel or Teal._ _Plover._ _Snipe._ _Woodcock._

Sauces for the Second Course. First Course: Beef and Capons. How to sauce and carve a Roast capon: lay him out as if ready to fly. Second Course: Potage, Charlet, young Geese, Payne Puff, &c. How to carve a Goose. Goose must be eaten with green garlic or verjuice.

_Dinner Courses from the Nativity of St John the Baptist_, (June 24,) _to Michaelmas._ First Course: soups, vegetables, legs of Pork, &c. Second Course: roast Mutton, glazed Pigeons, Fritters, &c. Serve a Pheasant dry, with salt and ginger: a Heronsewe with salt and powder (blanche?) Treat open-clawed birds like capons.

_Dinner Courses from Michaelmas to Christmas._ First Course: legs of Pork, &c. Second Course: Widgeon, Fieldfares, Chewets, Beef, with sauces Gelopere and Pegyll. Cut the skin off boiled meats. Carve carefully for Ladies; they soon get angry. Carve Goose and Swan like other birds. The skin of cloven-footed birds is unwholsome; of whole-footed birds wholesome, because the water washes all corruption out of ’em. Chicken’s skin is not so pure, because their nature is not to enter into the river. River birds cleanse their foul stink in the river. Take off the heads of all field birds, for they eat worms, toads, and the like.

_Sewynge of Fysshe._ _First Course:_ _Musculade._ Salens, &c., baked Gurnet. _Second Course:_ Jelly, dates, &c. For a standard, Mullet, Chub, Seal, &c. _Third Course:_ Bream, Perch, Whelks; and pears in sugar candy. Figs, dates capped with minced ginger, &c. All over! Clear the table.

_Carving and Dressing of Fish_ Put tails and livers in the pea broth and furmity. How to carve Seal Turrentyne, baked Herring, white Herring, Green Fish, Merling, Hake, Pike, salt Lamprey, Plaice. Gurnard, Bream, Roach, Whiting, Codling. Carp, Trout, Conger, Thornback, Halibut, Tench, and Crab. How to dress and serve up a Crab. How to dress and carve a Crayfish, a Joll of Sturgeon, a fresh Lamprey, pasty. (sauce, Galentyne with red wine and powdered cinnamon.) Fresh Herring, &c. Sprats, Musculade in worts, Oysters. Dates, pears, Mortrewes of Dogfish.

_Sauces for Fish._ Mustard for Salmon, &c.; Vinegar for salt Whale, &c.; Galentyne for Lamprey; Verjuice for Roach, &c.; Cinnamon for Chub, &c.; Green Sauce for Halibut, &c.

_The Duties of a Chamberlain._ He must be cleanly, and comb his hair; see to his Lord’s clothes, and brush his hose; in the morning warm his shirt, and prepare his footsheet; warm his petycote, &c.; put on his shoes, tie up his hose, comb his head, wash his hands, put on the robe he orders. Make ready his Closet in the Church or Chapel, then come home to his Bed-chamber, take off the bed-clothes. Make his lord’s bed again with clean sheets, and lay hangings round the bed, and windows, &c. Keep the privy clean, and the board covered with green cloth, and provide down or cotton for wiping. When he goes to bed, let him wash; put him on a mantle, take off his shoes, &c. Comb his head, put on his night-cap, draw the curtains round him, drive out the dogs and cats, set the urinal near, and then take leave.

_Of the Marshal and Usher._ He must know the orders of precedence of all ranks. A Cardinal before a Prince. The Mayor of London ranks with the 3 Chief Justices. The Knight’s equals. The ex-Mayor of London. The Esquire’s equals. Who must dine alone, who 2 together, who 2 or 3, who 3 or 4. The Marshall must know who are of royal blood, for that has the reverence. He must take heed of the King’s officers, do honour to strangers, and receive a Messenger from the King as if one degree higher than he is, for a King’s groom may sit at a Knight’s table.

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The Boke of Curtasye: Sidenotes

In this book you may learn Courtesy. Every one needs it. On reaching a Lord’s gate, give the Porter your weapon, and ask leave to go in. If the master is of low degree, he will come to you: if of high, the Porter will take you to him. At the Hall-door, take off your hood and gloves, greet the Steward, &c., at the dais, bow to the Gentlemen on each side of the hall both right and left; notice the yeomen, then stand before the screen till the Marshal or Usher leads you to the table. Be sedate and courteous if you are set with the gentlemen. Cut your loaf in two, the top from the bottom; cut the top crust in 4, and the bottom in 3. cut the top crust in 4, and the bottom in 3. Put your trencher before you, and don’t eat or drink till your Mess is brought from the kitchen, lest you be thought starved or a glutton. Have your nails clean. Don’t bite your bread, but break it. Don’t quarrel at table, or make grimaces. Don’t cram your cheeks out with food like an ape, for if any one should speak to you, you can’t answer, but must wait. Don’t eat on both sides of your mouth. Don’t laugh with your mouth full, or sup up your potage noisily. Don’t leave your spoon in the dish or on its side, but clean your spoon. Let no dirt off your fingers soil the cloth. Don’t put into the dish bread that you have once bitten. Dry your mouth before you drink. Don’t call for a dish once removed, or spit on the table: that’s rude. Don’t scratch your dog. If you blow your nose, clean your hand; wipe it with your skirt or put it through your tippet. Don’t pick your teeth at meals, or drink with food in your mouth, as you may get choked, or killed, by its stopping your wind. Tell no tale to harm or shame your companions. Don’t stroke the cat or dog. Don’t dirty the table cloth with your knife. Don’t blow on your food, or put your knife in your mouth, or wipe your teeth or eyes with the table cloth. If you sit by a good man, don’t put your knee under his thigh. Don’t hand your cup to any one with your back towards him. Don’t lean on your elbow, or dip your thumb into your drink, or your food into the salt cellar: That is a vice. Don’t spit in the basin you wash in or loosely (?) before a man of God.

If you go to school you shall learn: 1. Cross of Christ, 2. Pater Noster, 3. Hail Mary and the Creed, 4. In the name of the Trinity, 5. of the Apostles, 6. the Confession. Seek the kingdom of God, and worship Him. At church, take holy water; pray for all Christian companions; kneel to God on both knees, to man only on one. At the Altar, serve the priest with both hands. Speak gently to your father and mother, and honour them. Do to others as you would they should do to you. Don’t be foolishly meek. The seed of the righteous shall never beg or be shamed. Be ready forgive, and fond of peace. If you cannot give an asker goods, give him good words. Be willing to help every one. Give your partner his fair share. Go on the pilgrimages (?) you vow to saints, lest God take vengeance on you. Don’t believe all who speak fair: the Serpent spoke fair words (to Eve). Be cautious with your words, except when angry. Don’t lie, but keep your word. Don’t laugh too often, or you’ll be called a shrew or a fool. Man’s 3 enemies are: the Devil, the Flesh, and the World. Destroy these, and be sure of heaven. Don’t strive with your lord, or bet or play with him. In a strange place don’t be too inquisitive or fussy. If a man falls, don’t laugh, but help him up: your own head may fall to your feet. At the Mass, if the priest doesn’t please you, don’t blame him. Don’t tell your secrets to a shrew. Don’t beckon, point, or whisper. When you meet a man, greet him, or answer him cheerily if he greets you: don’t be dumb, lest men say you have no mouth. Never speak improperly of women, for we and our fathers were all born of women. A wife should honour and obey her husband, and serve him. Try to reconcile brothers if they quarrel. At a gate, let your equal precede you; go behind your superior and your master unless he bids you go beside him. On a pilgrimage don’t be third man: 3 oxen can’t draw a plough. Don’t drink all that’s in a cup offered you; take a little. If you sleep with any man, ask what part of the bed he likes, and lie far from him. If you journey with any man, find out his name, who he is, where he is going. With friars on a pilgrimage, do as they do. Don’t put up at a red (haired and faced) man or woman’s house. Answer opponents meekly, but don’t tell lies. Before your lord at table, keep your hands, feet, and fingers still. Don’t stare about, or at the wall, or lean against the post. Don’t pick your nose, scratch your arm, or stoop your head. Listen when you’re spoken to. Never harm child or beast with evil eye (?) Don’t blush when you’re chaffed, or you’ll be accused of mischief. Don’t make faces. Wash before eating. Sit where the host tells you; avoid the highest place unless you’re told to take it.

_Of the Officers in Lords’ Courts._ Four bear rods; three wands: 1. Porter, the longest, 2. Marshal, 3. Usher, the shortest, 4. Steward, a staff, a finger thick, half a yard long.

_Of the Porter._ He keeps the Gate and Stocks, takes charge of misdoers till judged, also of clothes, and warns strangers. He is found in meat and drink. On his lord’s removing, he hires horses at 4d. a piece, the statute price.

_Of the Marshal of the Hall_ _How long Squires shall have allowances, and Fire shall burn in the Hall._ He shall arrest rebels, when the steward is away. Yeoman-Usher and Groom are under him. The Groom gets fuel for the fire, and makes one in Hall for every meal; looks after tables, trestles, forms, the cup-board, and hangings of the Hall. Fires last from Allsaints’ Day to Candlemas Eve, (Nov. 1 to Feb. 2.) and thus long, Squires receive their daily candle? The Marshal shall seat men in the Hall.

_Of the Butler, Panter, and Cooks serving him._ They are the Marshal’s servants. He shall score up all messes served, and order bread and ale for men, but wine for gentlemen. Each mess shall be reckoned at 6d. and be scored up to prevent the cook’s cheating. If bread runs short, the Marshal orders more, ‘a reward.’

_Of the Butler’s duties._ He shall put a pot and loaf to each mess. He is the panter’s mate. The Marshal shall see to men’s lodging. The Lord’s Chamber and Wardrobe are under the Usher of the Chamber.

_Of the Usher and Grooms of the Chamber._ 1. Usher, 2. Yeoman-usher, 3. Two grooms and a Page. _The Duties of the Grooms of the Chamber._ They shall make palets of litter 9 ft. long, 7 broad, watered, twisted, trodden, with wisps at foot and side, twisted and turned back; from the floor-level to the waist. For lords, 2 beds, outer and inner, hung with hangings, hooks and eyes set on the binding; the valance hanging on a rod (?), four curtains reaching to the ground; these he takes up with a forked rod. The counterpane is laid at the foot, cushions on the sides, tapestry on the floor and sides of the room. The Groom gets fuel, and screens. The Groom keeps the table, trestles, and forms for dinner; and water in a heater. He puts 3 wax-lights over the chimney, all in different syces.

_The Usher of the Chamber_ walks about and sees that all is served right, orders the table to be set and removed, takes charge of the Wardrobe and Bedchamber, bids the _Wardroper_ get all ready before the fire, nightgown, carpet, 2 cushions, a form with a footsheet over it; on which the lord changes his gown. The Usher orders what’s wanted from the Buttery: a link from the Chandler, and ale and wine. (No meat shall be assayed except for King, Prince, Duke or Heirs-apparent.) From the Pantry the Usher takes fine and coarse bread, and a wax-light that burns all night in a basin. (The Yeoman-Usher removes the torches.) The Usher puts lights on the Bedroom door, brings bread and wine, (the lord washing first,) offers the drink kneeling; puts his lord to bed, and then goes home himself. The Yeoman-Usher sleeps at the Lord’s door.

_Of the Steward._ Few are true, but many false. He, the clerk, cook and surveyor consult over their Lord’s dinner. Any dainty that can be had, the Steward buys. Before dishes are put on, the Steward enters first, then the Server. The Steward shall post into books all accounts written on tablets, and add them up.

_Of the Controller._ He puts down the receipt and consumption of every day.

_Of the Surveyor._ He, the steward, and controller, receive nothing, but see that all goes straight. The Controller checks daily the Clerk of the kitchen’s account.

_Of the Clerk of the Kitchen._ He shall keep account of all purchases, and payments, and wages, shall preside at the Dresser, and keep the spices, stores, &c., and the clothes of the officers.

_Of the Chancellor._ He looks after the servants’ clothes, and horses, seals patents, and grants of land, &c., for life, or during the lord’s pleasure. He oversees the land too, and is a great man.

_Of the Treasurer._ He takes from the Receiver what is collected from bailiff and grieve, courts and forfeits. He gives the Kitchen clerk money to buy provisions with, and the clerk gives some to the baker and butler. The Treasurer pays all wages. He, the Receiver, Chancellor, Grieves, &c., account once a year to the Auditor, from whom they can appeal to a Baron of the Exchequer.

_Of the Receiver of Rents._ He gives receipts, and gets a fee of 6d. He pays fees to park-keepers, and looks after castles and manor-houses.

_Of the Avener._ He shall give the horses in the stable two armsful of hay and a peck of oats, daily. A Squire is Master of the Horse; under him are Avener and Farrier, (the Farrier has a halfpenny a day for every horse he shoes,) and grooms and pages hired at 2d. a day, or 3 halfpence, and footmen who run by ladies’ bridles.

_Of the Baker._ Out of a London bushel he shall bake 20 loaves, fine and coarse.

_Of the Huntsman and his Hounds._ He gets a halfpenny a day for every hound. The Feuterer 2 lots of bread if he has 2 leash of Greyhounds, and a bone for each, besides perquisites of skins, &c.

_Of the Ewerer or Water-bringer._ He has all the candles and cloths and gives water to every one.

_Who may wash his hands, and where._ The bringer of Water shall kneel down. The Ewerer shall cover the lord’s table with a double cloth, the lower with the selvage to the lord’s side; the upper cloth shall be laid double, the upper selvage turned back as if for a towel. He shall put on cleaners for every one.

_Of the Panter._ He carries 3 loaves cut square for trenchers, and the covered Saltcellar, 2 Carving-knives, and sets the 3rd, and a spoon to his lord.

_Of the Lord’s Knives, (Bread, and Washing.)_ The hafts of 2 are laid outwards, that of the 3rd inwards, and the spoon handle by it. More trencher loaves are set, and wine served to the Duchess. 2 Trencher-loaves, and salt, to the lord’s son; and 1 loaf and saltcellar set at the end of the table. Then 3 loaves of white bread are brought, and 1 coarse loaf is put in the Alms-dish. To assay bread, the Panter kneels, the Carver cuts him a slice, and he eats it. The Ewerer strains water into his basins, on the upper one of which is a towel folded dodgily. Then the water is assayed in a cup of white wood. The Carver takes up the basins; a knight takes down the towel, and wipes the cup, into which the Carver pours water; the knight hands it to him; he assays it, and empties the cup. Two knights hold the towel before the lord’s sleeves, and hold the upper basin while the Carver pours water into the lower; then he puts the lower into the upper, and empties both, takes them to the Ewerer, returns to the lord’s table, lays 4 trenchers for him, with 1 above. The Carver takes 3 to cut the lord’s messes on, and has a cloth round his neck to wipe his knives on.

_Of the Almoner._ He says grace, sets down the Alms-dish, and the Carver puts the first loaf in it. The other loaves he pares round, cuts one in two, and gives the upper half in halves to him. The Almoner has a staff in his hand. He keeps the broken food and wine left, for poor men at the gate, and is sworn to give it all to them. He distributes silver as he rides.

_Of the Sewer (or setter-on of Dishes)._ The Cook assays the meat before it’s dished. The Sewer puts the cover on it, and the cover must never be raised for fear of treason. (A Dodge: If the silver dish burns you, put bits of bread under it.) The Sewer assays all the food: potage with a piece of bread; fish or flesh, he eats a piece; baked meats hot, he lifts up the crust, and dips bread in the gravy; baked meats cold, he eats a bit. The meat-bearer stands or kneels as the Sewer does. When bread is wanted, the Butler puts one loaf on the table, the other on the cupboard. The Butler assays all the wine. What is left in the lord’s cup goes to the Alms-dish. The Carver fills the empty cup, assays it, and gives it the lord or puts it down. He carves the lord’s meat, and lays it on his trencher, putting a piece of every thing in the Alms-dish, except any favourite piece or potage sent to a stranger. (To say more about the Carver would require another section, so I pass it over.) After dinner the Sewer brings the Surnape, a broad towel and a narrow, and slides it down. The Usher takes one end of the broad one, the Almoner the other, and when it is laid, he folds the narrow towel double before his lord and lady. After grace removes them, lays the table on the floor, and takes away the trestles.

_Of the Chandler._ He can make all kinds of candles, little and big, and mortars of wax. He snuffs them with short scissors. In bed-chambers wax lights only shall be burnt; in hall, Candles of Paris, each mess having one from Nov. 1 to Feb. 2 (see l. 393), and squires one too. The Butler shall give Squires their daily bread and ale all the year, and Knights their wine. May Christ bring us to His dwelling-place. Amen!

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Bp. Grossetest’s Household Statutes: Sidenotes

All servants should serve truly God and their Master; doing fully all that their Master orders, without answering. The upper servants must be honest and diligent, and engage no untrusty or unfit man. iv. Dishonest, quarrelsome, and drunken servants must be turned out. v. All must be of one accord, vi. obedient to those above them, vii. dress in livery, and not wear old shoes. viii. Order your Alms to be given to the poor and sick. ix. Make all the household dine together in the Hall. x. Let no woman dine with you. Let the Master show himself to all. Don’t allow grumbling. xi. Let your servants go to their homes. xii. Tell your Panter and Butler to come to the table before grace. Tell off three yeomen to wait at table.