Chapter 6

_Stepe stayred_ [_þe_] _stones of his stoute throne_, Bright shone the stones of his firm throne. 1397 _hiled_ = covered. 1398 _bounet_, went about. 1402 _strake steuen_ = struck up sound. 1403 _wrasten krakkes_, sounds (notes) are raised. 1410 _foles_, fowls, birds. _flakerande_, flickering, fluttering. 1412 _on blonkken bak_, on the back of horses. In lines 1407-1412 we have evidently an allusion to the “table subtilties” of the fourteenth century. 1420 _weȝed_, served. 1425 _dotage_, folly.

P. 78.

l. 1435 _schin_, shall. 1446 _besten blod_, blood of beasts; _busily_, laboriously. 1462 _fylyoles_, round towers.

P. 79.

l. 1472 Penitotes. So in MS., but read _Peritotes_. 1478 _cost_, contrivance. 1495 _iaueles_ = worthless wretches, used by Hall and Spenser.

P. 80.

l. 1501 _wlates_, is disgusted. 1504 _wayned_, granted. 1505 _glotoun_, a general term of reproach. 1507 _vus_ = _use_, drink. 1510 _kyppe_, take, seize, catch up. 1511 _birlen_, pour out. 1517 _dotel_, fool. 1520 as each one was disposed so tossed he off the cup.

P. 81.

l. 1537 _neue_, fist. 1542 _lers_, features, but (?) _fers_, fears. 1543 _as a rad ryth_, as a frightened hound (literally mastiff). 1545 _runisch saueȝ_, strange words. 1554 _skelten_, hasten. 1557 _þo draȝtes_, the characters. 1559 _ede_ = went, but _bede_, bade, commanded. 1560 _warlaȝes_, wizards. 1566 _malt_, to soothe. 1568 _gered_, clothed.

P. 82.

l. 1585 _he wed wel ner_, he became nearly mad. 1603 _in stoundes_, at times.

P. 83.

l. 1606 _spured_, asked, enquired of. 1634 _tede_ = _tene_, ten (?) 1637 _apyke_, adorn, clothe.

P. 84.

l. 1650 _loȝed_, made low. 1654 _pouer_, power. 1674 _wasterne_, wilderness; _dowelle_, dwelle. 1675 _braken_, fern.

P. 85.

l. 1678 _soly_, seat. 1684 _ay_ (?) = hay. 1686 _ouer-seyed_, passed over. 1690 _wykes_, members. 1692 _clyde_, plaister (?). 1694 _bresed_, rough, bristly; Sir F. Madden interprets it _broken_. 1695 _campe hores_, shaggy hairs. 1697 _glede_, kite. 1701 _wayned_, recovered. 1707 _haȝerly_, properly.

P. 86.

l. 1713 _auyled_, defiled. 1716 _wale wyne_, choice wine; _in waryed stoundes_, in accursed moments.

P. 87.

l. 1755 _daȝed_, dawned. 1759 _blykned_ = _blaykned_, became dark, blackened. 1760 _Mourkenes_, becomes murky. 1761 _lyst_, path. 1768 _layted_, sought. 1773 _ledes of armes_, men of arms. 1775 _þester_, darkness.

P. 88.

l. 1785 _slyppe_, escape. 1786 _honde-whyle_, a moment. 1788 _blende_, mingled. 1792 _now is a dogge also dere_, now is as valuable as a dog. 1808 _telled_ = raised (?) _telles_ = raises. 1811 _gere_, clothing.

Errata (noted by transcriber)

Line 91 text: w{i}t{h} marchal Note to line 91: þe marchal [_Each line printed as shown_]

Minor spelling variations-- such as added or missing final “e”-- between the main text and endnotes were left as printed.

[Sidenote 9] _fowle_ (?). [_fowle_ (?),] [65 Sidenote] ... “pull in the plough.” [plough,”] [263 Sidenote] No law was laid upon them.] [them,] [320 Sidenote] ... door in the side, together with ... [side. together] [349 Sidenote] ... to destroy all flesh. [flesh,] [577 Sidenote] [Fol. 65a.] [Fol. 65.] [614 Sidenote] ... wash their feet, and bring ... [feet. and] [667] Þe{n}ne swenged forth saré & swer by hir trawþe, [swer hy hir _but 1864 edition has “by”_] [721 Sidenote] [Fol. 67a.] [Fol, 67a] [937 Sidenote] [Fol. 70a.] [Fol. 70a,] [937 Sidenote] ... “preach to them the peril” of delay. [“preach to them the peril” of delay.”] [1674] & in wast{er}ne walk [wast{ur}ne _corrected from Notes and 1864 edition_] [1737 Sidenote] ... divided, and given ... [divided. and]

ORPHANED QUOTATION MARKS [211] “I schal telde vp my trone i{n} þe tra mou{n}tayne [682] “How myȝt I hyde myn hert fro habraham þe trwe, [899] “Wyth þy wyf & þy wyȝeȝ & þy wlone deȝtters, [1642] “Ryche ky{n}g of þis rengne rede þe oure lorde,

NOTES 365 [364] 414 kytheȝ vncouþe [kytheȝ, vncouþe] 449 ... _wern_ = _were_ (?). [_second note numbered 448 and printed on previous line_] 461 _smach_ smack, scent [_definition printed in italics_] 501 ... (see B. l. 857). [_Printed as shown, with superfluous “B.”_] 654 _sothly_ = truly (? _sotly_, foolishly or _softly_). [_Note is numbered 655 and printed after longer note for 655. The word “sothely” also occurs in 657, but the text note (“sotly...”) refers to 654._] 1358 _avayment_, exhibition. [_body text has two words “a vayment”_] 1696 [1697] 1792 _Now is a dogge also dere_ [_body text has two words “al so”_]

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

PATIENCE.

[Headnotes: PATIENCE IS TO BE COMMENDED. JONAH IS SENT TO NINEVEH. HE SAILS FOR TARSHISH. HE IS OVERTAKEN BY A TEMPEST. JONAH IS CONDEMNED TO DEATH, AND IS CAST OVERBOARD. A WILD WHALE SWALLOWS JONAH. THE WHALE WANDERS ABOUT. JONAH PRAYS FOR HIS DELIVERANCE. THE WHALE VOMITS UP JONAH. THE PROPHET PREACHES AGAINST NINEVEH. GOD’S MERCY DISPLEASES JONAH. JONAH IS SHELTERED BY A WOODBINE. HE LAMENTS ITS DESTRUCTION. GOD JUSTIFIES HIS MERCY AND FORBEARANCE.]

[Headnote: PATIENCE IS TO BE COMMENDED.]

I.

[Sidenote: [Fol. 83a.]] [Sidenote: Patience is often displeasing, but it assuages heavy hearts, and quenches malice.] Pacience is a poynt, þaȝ hit displese ofte, When heuy herttes ben hurt wyth heþy{n}g oþ{er} elles, Suffrau{n}ce may aswage{n}[1] hem & þe swelme leþe, For ho quelles vche a qued, & quenches malyce; 4 For quo-so suffer cowþe syt, sele wolde folȝe, [Sidenote: Happiness follows sorrow.] & quo for þro may noȝt þole, þe þikker he sufferes; [Sidenote: It is better to suffer than to be angry.] Þe{n} is bett{er} to abyde þe bur vmbe-stou{n}des, Þen ay þrow forth my þro, þaȝ me þynk ylle. 8 I herde on a halyday at a hyȝe masse, [Sidenote: Matthew tells us of the promises made by Christ: Blessed are the poor, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.] How mathew melede, þat his mayst{er} his meyny con teche, Aȝt happes he hem hyȝt & vche on a mede, Su{n}derlupes for hit dissert vpon a ser wyse: 12 Thay arn happen þat han i{n} hert pouerté, For hores is þe heuen-ryche to holde for eu{er}; [Sidenote: Blessed are the meek, for they shall “wield the world.”] Þay ar happen also þat hau{n}te mekenesse, For þay schal welde þis worlde & alle her wylle haue; 16 [Sidenote: Blessed are the mourners, for they shall be comforted.] Thay ar happen also þat for her harme wepes, For þay schal comfort encroche i{n} kythes ful mony; [Sidenote: Blessed are the hungry, for they shall be filled.] Þay ar happen also þat hungeres aft{er} ryȝt, For þay schal frely be refete ful of alle gode; 20 [Sidenote: Blessed are the merciful, for mercy shall be their reward.] Thay ar happen also þat han i{n} hert rauþe, For mercy i{n} alle man{er}es her mede schal worþe; [Sidenote: Blessed are the clean of heart, for they shall see the Saviour.] Þay ar happen also þat arn of hert clene, For þay her sauyo{ur} in sete schal se w{i}t{h} her yȝen; 24 [Sidenote: Blessed are the peace-makers, for they shall be called God’s sons.] Thay ar happen also þat halden her pese, For þay þe g{ra}cio{us} godes su{n}es schal godly be called; [Sidenote: Blessed are they that live aright, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.] Þay ar happen also þat con her hert stere, For hores is þe heuen-ryche, as I er sayde. 28 [Sidenote: These blessings are promised to those who follow poverty, pity, penance, meekness, mercy, chastity, peace and patience.] These arn þe happes alle aȝt þat v{us} bihyȝt weren, If we þyse ladyes wolde lof i{n} lykny{n}g of þewes; [Sidenote: [Fol. 83b.]] Dame pouert, Dame pitee, Dame penau{n}ce þe þrydde, Dame Mekenesse, Dame mercy & Miry cla{n}nesse, 32 & þe{n}ne Dame pes & pacyence put i{n} þ{er}-aft{er}. He were happen þat hade one, alle were þe bett{er}, Bot syn[2] I am put to a poy{n}t þat pou{er}te hatte, [Sidenote: Poverty and patience are to be treated together.] I schal me poruay pacyence, & play me w{i}t{h} boþe; 36 For in þe tyxte, þere þyse two arn i{n} teme layde, [Sidenote: They are “fettled in one form,” and have one meed.] Hit arn fettled in on forme, þe forme & þe laste, & by quest of her quoyntyse enquylen on mede, & als i{n} myn vpynyou{n} hit arn of on kynde; 40 [Sidenote: Poverty will dwell where she lists, and man must needs suffer.] For þer as pouert hir proferes ho nyl be put vtt{er}, Bot lenge where-so-eu{er} hir lyst, lyke oþ{er} greme, & þere as pouert enpresses, þaȝ mon pyne þynk, Much maugre his mun,[3] he mot nede suffer, 44 [Sidenote: Poverty and patience are play-fellows.] Thus pou{er}te & pacyence arn nedes play-feres. Syþen I am sette w{i}t{h} he{m} samen, suffer me by-houes, Þe{n}ne is me lyȝtloker hit lyke & her lotes prayse, Þe{n}ne wyþ{er} wyth & be wroth & þe wers haue. 48 [Sidenote: What avails impatience, if God send affliction?] Ȝif me be dyȝt a destyné due to haue, What dowes me þe dedayn, oþ{er} dispit make? Oþ{er} ȝif my lege lorde lyst on lyue me to bidde, Oþ{er} to ryde, oþ{er} to re{n}ne, to rome i{n} his ernde, 52 What grayþed me þe grychchy{n}g bot grame more seche? Much ȝif he me ne made, maugref my chekes, [Sidenote: Patience is best.] & þe{n}ne þrat moste I þole, & vnþonk to mede, Þe[t] had bowed to his bode, bongre my hyure. 56 [Sidenote: Did not Jonah incur danger by his folly?] Did not Ionas i{n} Iude suche Iape su{m}-whyle, To sette hy{m} to sewrte, vnsou{n}de he hy{m} feches? Wyl ȝe tary a lyttel tyme[4] & tent me a whyle, I schal wysse yow þer-wyth as holy wryt telles. 60

[Sidenote 1: MS. _aswagend_.] [Sidenote 2: MS. _fyn_.] [Sidenote 3: _mon_ (?).] [Sidenote 4: MS. _tyne_.]

[Headnote: JONAH IS SENT TO NINEVEH.]

II.

[Sidenote: Jonah was a prophet of the gentiles.] Hit bi-tydde su{m}-tyme i{n} þe termes of Iude, Ionas ioyned watȝ þ{er}-i{n}ne ientyle p{ro}phete; [Sidenote: God’s word came to him, saying, “Rise quickly, take the way to Nineveh.] Goddes glam to hy{m} glod, þat hy{m} vnglad made, W{i}t{h} a roghlych rurd rowned i{n} his ere; 64 “Rys radly,” he says, “& rayke forth euen, Nym þe way to nynyue, wyth-outen oþ{er} speche, [Sidenote: [Fol. 84a.]] & in þat cete my saȝes sogh{e} alle aboute, [Sidenote: Say that which I shall put in thine heart.] Þat, i{n} þat place at þe poy{n}t, I put i{n} þi hert; 68 For Iwysse hit arn so wykke þat i{n} þat won dowelleȝ, [Sidenote: Wickedness dwells in that city.] & her malys is so much I may not abide, Bot venge me on her vilanye & venym bilyue; [Sidenote: Go swiftly and carry my message.”] Now sweȝe me þider swyftly & say me þis arende.” 72 When þat steuen watȝ stynt, þat stowned his my{n}de, [Sidenote: Jonah is full of wrath.] Al he wrathed i{n} his wyt & wyþ{er}ly he þoȝt, If I bowe to his bode & bry{n}g he{m} þis tale, [Sidenote: He is afraid that the shrews will put him in the stocks, or put out his eyes.] & I be Nu{m}men in Nuniue, my nyes begy{n}es; 76 He telles me þose trayto{ur}es arn typped schrewes, I com wyth þose tyþy{n}ges, þay ta me bylyue, Pyneȝ me i{n} a prysou{n}, put me i{n} stokkes, Wryþe me i{n} a warlok, wrast out myn yȝen. 80 Þis is a m{er}uayl message a man for to preche, Amonge enmyes so mony & mansed fendes; [Sidenote: He thinks that God desires his death.] Bot if my gaynlych god such gref to me wolde, For[5] desert of su{m} sake þat I slayn were, 84

[Headnote: HE SAILS FOR TARSHISH.]

[Sidenote: He determines not to go near the city, but fly to Tarshish.] At alle peryles, q{uod} þe p{ro}phete, I aproche hit no nerre, I wyl me su{m} oþ{er} waye, þat he ne wayte aft{er}; I schal tee i{n}-to tarce, & tary þere a whyle, & lyȝtly, when I am lest, he letes me alone. 88 [Sidenote: Grumbling, he goes to port Joppa.] Þe{n}ne he ryses radly, & raykes bilyue Ionas toward port Iaph, ay Ianglande for tene, Þat he nolde þole, for no-þy{n}g, non of þose pynes, [Sidenote: He says that God will not be able to protect him.] Þaȝ þe fader þat hy{m} formed were fale of his hele. 92 “Oure syre syttes,” he says, “on sege so hyȝe I{n} his g[l]wande glorye, & glou{m}bes ful lyttel, Þaȝ I be nu{m}men i{n} nuniue & naked dispoyled, On rode rwly to-rent, w{i}t{h} rybaudes mony.” 96 [Sidenote: Jonah reaches the port, finds a ship ready to sail.] Þ{us} he passes to þat port, his passage to seche, Fyndes he a fayr schyp to þe fare redy; Maches hy{m} w{i}t{h} þe maryneres, makes her paye, For to towe hy{m} i{n}-to tarce, as tyd as þay myȝt. 100 [Sidenote: The seamen catch up the cross-sail, fasten the cables, weigh their anchors, and spread sail.] Then he tron on þo tres & þay her tra{m}me ruchen, Cachen vp þe crossayl, cables þay fasten, [Sidenote: [Fol. 84b.]] Wiȝt at þe wyndlas weȝen her ankres, Sprude spak to þe sprete þe spare bawe-lyne, 104 Gederen to þe gyde ropes, þe grete cloþ falles; Þay layden i{n} on ladde-borde & þe lofe wy{n}nes. [Sidenote: A gentle wind wafts the ship along.] Þe blyþe breþe at her bak þe bosum he fyndes, He swenges me þys swete schip swefte fro þe hauen. 108 [Sidenote: Was never a Jew so joyful as was Jonah then.] Watȝ neu{er} so Ioyful a Iue, as Ionas watȝ þe{n}ne, Þat þe daunger of dryȝtyn so derfly ascaped; He wende wel þat þat wyȝ þ{a}t al þe world planted, Hade no maȝt i{n} þat mere no man forto greue. 112 [Sidenote: He has, however, put himself in peril, in fleeing from God.] Lo! þe wytles wrechche, for he wolde noȝt suffer, Now hatȝ he put hy{m} i{n} plyt of p{er}il wel more; Hit watȝ a weny{n}g vn-war þat welt i{n} his mynde, Þaȝ he were soȝt fro samarye þat god seȝ no fyrre, 116 Ȝise he blusched ful brode, þat burde hy{m} by sure, [Sidenote: The words of David.] Þat ofte kyd hy{m} þe carpe þat ky{n}g sayde, Dy{n}gne dauid on des, þat demed þis speche, I{n} a psalme þat he set þe saut{er} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne; 120 O Foleȝ i{n} folk feleȝ oþ{er} whyle, [Sidenote: Does He not hear, who made all ears?] & vnderstondes vmbe-stou{n}de, þaȝ he be stape fole, Hope ȝe þat he heres not þat eres alle made? [Sidenote: He is not blind that formed each eye.] Hit may not be þat he is blynde þ{a}t bigged vche yȝe. 124 [Sidenote: Jonah is now in no dread.] Bot he dredes no dynt þat dotes for elde, For he watȝ fer i{n} þe flod fou{n}dande to tarce; [Sidenote: He is, however, soon overtaken.] Bot, I trow, ful tyd, ou{er}-tan þat he were, So þat schomely to schort he schote of his ame. 128 [Sidenote: The wielder of all things has devices at will.] For þe welder of wyt, þat wot alle þy{n}ges, Þat ay wakes & waytes, at wylle hatȝ he slyȝtes; He calde on þat ilk crafte he carf w{i}t{h} his hondes, Þay wakened wel þe wroþeloker, for wroþely he cleped: 132

[Headnote: HE IS OVERTAKEN BY A TEMPEST.]

[Sidenote: He commands Eurus and Aquilo to blow.] “Ewr{us} & aq{u}ilou{n}, þat on est sittes, Blowes boþe at my bode vpon blo watt{er}es.” [Sidenote: The winds blow obedient to His word.] Þe{n}ne watȝ no tom þer bytwene his tale & her dede, So bayn wer þay boþe two, his bone for to wyrk. 136 [Sidenote: Out of the north-east the noise begins.] An-on out of þe norþ est þe noys bigynes, When boþe breþes con blowe vpon blo watteres; [Sidenote: [Fol. 85a.]] Roȝ rakkes þer ros w{i}t{h} rudny{n}g an-vnder, [Sidenote: Storms arose, winds wrestled together, the waves rolled high, and never rested.] Þe see souȝed ful sore, gret selly to here; 140 Þe wyndes on þe wo{n}ne wat{er} so wrastel to-geder, Þat þe wawes ful wode walt{er}ed so hiȝe, & efte busched to þe abyme þat breed fysches; Durst nowhere for roȝ arest at þe bothem. 144 When þe breth & þe brok & þe bote metten, [Sidenote: Then was Jonah joyless.] Hit watȝ a ioyles gyn þat Ionas watȝ i{n}ne, [Sidenote: The boat reeled around.] For hit reled on rou{n}[d] vpon þe roȝe yþes. [Sidenote: The gear became out of order.] Þe bur ber to hit baft þat braste alle her gere, 148 Þen hurled on a hepe þe helme & þe sterne, [Sidenote: Ropes and mast were broken.] Furst to murte mony rop & þe mast aft{er}. Þe sayl sweyed on þe see, þe{n}ne suppe bihoued [Sidenote: A loud cry is raised, Many a lad labours to lighten the ship.] Þe coge of þe colde[6] wat{er}, & þe{n}ne þe cry ryses; 152 Ȝet coruen þay þe cordes & kest al þ{er}-oute. Mony ladde þer forth-lep to laue & to kest, Scopen out þe scaþel wat{er}, þat fayn scape wolde; For be mo{n}nes lode[7] neu{er} so luþ{er}, þe lyf is ay swete. 156 [Sidenote: They throw overboard their bags and feather beds.] Þer watȝ busy ou{er}-borde bal{e} to kest Her bagges, & her feþ{er} beddes, & her bryȝt wedes, Her kysttes, & her coferes, her caraldes alle, & al to lyȝten þat lome, ȝif leþe wolde schape; 160 [Sidenote: But still the wind rages, and the waves become wilder.] Bot eu{er} watȝ ilyche loud þe lot of þe wy{n}des, & eu{er} wroþ{er} þe wat{er}, & wodder þe stremes. Þe{n} þo wery for-wroȝt wyst no bote, [Sidenote: Each man calls upon his god.] Bot vchon glewed on his god þat gayned hy{m} beste; 164 [Sidenote: Some called upon Vernagu, Diana, and Neptune, to the sun and to the moon.] Summe to vernagu þ{er} vouched a-vowes solemne, Summe to diana deuout, & derf nepturne, To mahou{n} & to mergot, þe mone & þe su{n}ne, & vche lede as he loued & layde had his hert. 168 [Sidenote: Then said one of the sailors: “Some lawless wretch, that has grieved his God, is in the ship.] Þe{n}ne bispeke þe spakest dispayred wel nere: I leue here be su{m} losynger, su{m} lawles wrech, Þat hatȝ greued his god & gotȝ here amonge v{us}; Lo al synkes i{n} his sy{n}ne & for his sake marres! 172 [Sidenote: I advise that we lay lots upon each man.] I lovne þat we lay lotes on ledes vchone, & who-so ly{m}pes þe losse, lay hy{m} þ{er}-oute; [Sidenote: [Fol. 85b.]] [Sidenote: When the guilty is gone the tempest may cease.”] & quen þe gulty is gon what may gome trawe, Bot he þat rules þe rak may rwe on þose oþ{er}? 176 [Sidenote: This is agreed to.] Þis watȝ sette i{n} asent, & sembled þay were, [Sidenote: All are assembled, from all corners of the ship, save Jonah the Jew, who had fled into the bottom of the boat.] Herȝed out of vche hyrne to hent þat falles. A lodes-mon lyȝtly lep vnder hachches, For to layte mo ledes & hem to lote bry{n}g, 180 Bot hy{m} fayled no freke þat he fynde myȝt, Saf Ionas þe Iwe þat Iowked i{n} derne. He watȝ flowen for ferde of þe flode lotes I{n}-to þe boþem of þe bot, & on a brede lyggede, 184 On helde by þe hurrok, for þe heuen wrache, [Sidenote: There he falls asleep.] Slypped vpon a slou{m}be, selepe, & sloberande he routes. [Sidenote: Soon he is aroused, and brought on board.] Þe freke hy{m} fru{n}t w{i}t{h} his fot & bede hy{m} ferk vp, Þer ragnel i{n} his rakentes hy{m} rere of his dremes; 188 Bi þe haspede he hentes hy{m} þe{n}ne, & broȝt hy{m} vp by þe brest & vpon borde sette, [Sidenote: Full roughly is he questioned.] Arayned hy{m} ful runyschly what raysou{n} he hade I{n} such slaȝtes of sorȝe to slepe so faste; 192 Sone haf þay her sortes sette & serelych deled,

[Headnote: JONAH IS CONDEMNED TO DEATH, AND IS CAST OVERBOARD.]

[Sidenote: The lot falls upon Jonah.] & ay þe[8] lote, vpon laste, lymped on Ionas. [Sidenote: Then quickly they said: “What the devil hast thou done, doted wretch?] Þe{n}ne ascryed þay hy{m} sckete, & asked ful loude, “What þe deuel hatȝ þ{o}u don, doted wrech? 196 [Sidenote: What seekest thou on the sea?] What seches þ{o}u on see, sy{n}ful schrewe, W{i}t{h} þy lastes so luþ{er} to lose v{us} vchone? [Sidenote: Hast thou no God to call upon?] Hatȝ þ{o}u, gome, no gou{er}no{ur} ne god on to calle, Þat þ{o}u þ{us} slydes on slepe when þ{o}u slayn worþes? 200 [Sidenote: Of what land art thou?] Of what londe art þ{o}u lent, what laytes þ{o}u here Whyder i{n} worlde þat þ{o}u wylt, & what is þyn arnde? [Sidenote: Thou art doomed for thy ill deeds.”] Lo þy dom is þe dyȝt, for þy dedes ille! Do gyf glory to þy godde, er þ{o}u glyde hens.” 204 [Sidenote: Jonah says: “I am a Hebrew, a worshipper of the world’s Creator.] “I am an Ebru,” q{uod} he, “of Israyl borne; Þat wyȝe I worchyp, Iwysse, þat wroȝt alle þy{n}ges, Alle þe worlde w{i}t{h} þe welkyn, þe wynde & þe sternes, & alle þat woneȝ þer w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne, at a worde one. 208 [Sidenote: All this mischief is caused by me, therefore cast me overboard.”] Alle þis meschef for me is made at þys tyme, For I haf greued my god & gulty am fou{n}den; [Sidenote: [Fol. 86a.]] For-þy bereȝ me to þe borde, & baþeþes[9] me þ{er}-oute, Er gete ȝe no happe, I hope forsoþe.” 212 He ossed hy{m}[10] by vnny{n}ges þat þay vnder-nomen, [Sidenote: He proves to them that he was guilty.] Þat he watȝ flawen fro þe face of frelych dryȝtyn; [Sidenote: The mariners are exceedingly frightened.] Þe{n}ne such a ferde on hem fel & flayed he{m} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne, Þat þay ruyt hy{m} to rowwe & letten þe ry{n}k one. 216 [Sidenote: They try to make way with their oars, but their endeavours are useless.] Haþeles hyȝed i{n} haste w{i}t{h} ores ful longe, Sy{n} her sayl watȝ hem aslypped on sydeȝ to rowe; Hef & hale vpon hyȝt to helpen hym seluen, Bot al watȝ nedles note, þat nolde not bityde: 220 In bluber of þe blo flod bursten her ores, [Sidenote: Jonah must be doomed to death.] Þe{n}ne hade þay noȝt i{n} her honde þat hem help myȝt; Þe{n}ne nas no cou{m}fort to keu{er}, ne cou{n}sel non oþer, Bot ionas i{n}-to his Iuis Iugge bylyue. 224 [Sidenote: They pray to God, that they may not shed innocent blood.] Fyrst þay prayen to þe prynce þ{a}t p{ro}phetes seruen, Þat he gef hem þe g{ra}ce to greuen hy{m} neu{er}, Þat þay i{n} baleleȝ blod þer blenden her handeȝ, Þaȝ þat haþel wer his, þ{a}t þay here quelled. 228 [Sidenote: Jonah is cast overboard.] Tyd by top & bi to þay token hy{m} sy{n}ne, I{n}-to þat lodlych loȝe þay luche hy{m} sone; [Sidenote: The tempest ceases and the sea settles.] He watȝ no tytter out-tulde[11] þat tempest ne sessed, Þe se saȝtled þ{er}-w{i}t{h}, as sone as ho moȝt. 232 Þe{n}ne þaȝ her takel were torne, þ{a}t tot{er}ed on yþeȝ, [Sidenote: The stiff streams drive the ship about.] Styffe stremes & streȝt hem strayned a whyle, Þat drof hem dryȝlych adou{n} þe depe to serue,[12] [Sidenote: At last they reach a bank.] Tyl a swetter ful swyþe he{m} sweȝed to bonk. 236 [Sidenote: The seamen thank God, and perform solemn vows.] Þer watȝ louy{n}g on lofte, when þay þe londe wo{n}nen, To oure mercyable god, on moyses wyse, W{i}t{h} sacrafyse vp-set, & solempne vowes, & grau{n}ted hy{m} vn-to be god & graythly non oþ{er}; 240 [Sidenote: Jonah is in great dread.] Þaȝ þay be Iolef for Ioye, Ionas ȝet dredes, Þaȝ he nolde suffer no sore, his seele is on ant{er}; For what-so worþed of þat wyȝe, fro he i{n} wat{er} dipped, Hit were a wonder to wene, ȝif holy wryt nere. 244

[Sidenote 5: MS. _fof_.] [Sidenote 6: MS. _clolde_.] [Sidenote 7: _lote_ (?).] [Sidenote 8: MS. _þe þe_.] [Sidenote 9: _baþes_ (?).] [Sidenote 10: _hem_ (?).] [Sidenote 11: _out-tulte_ (?).] [Sidenote 12: _sterue_ (?).]

[Headnote: A WILD WHALE SWALLOWS JONAH.]

III.

[Sidenote: Jonah is shoved from the ship.] Now is ionas þe Iwe Iugged to[13] drowne; Of þat schended schyp men schowued hy{m} sone. [Sidenote: [Fol. 86b.]] [Sidenote: A wild whale swims by the boat.] A wylde walt{er}ande whal, as wyrde þe{n} schaped, Þat watȝ beten fro þe abyme, bi þat bot flotte, 248 & watȝ war of þat wyȝe þat þe wat{er} soȝte, [Sidenote: He opens his swallow, and seizes the prophet.] & swyftely swenged hy{m} to swepe & his swolȝ opened; Þe folk ȝet haldande his fete þe fysch hy{m} tyd hentes, W{i}t{h}-outen towche of any tothe he tult i{n} his þrote. 252 The{n}ne he swengeȝ & swayues[14] to þe se boþem, Bi mony rokkeȝ ful roȝe & rydelande strondes, Wyth þe mo{n} i{n} his mawe, malskred i{n} drede. [Sidenote: It is not to be wondered at that Jonah suffered woe.] As lyttel wonder hit watȝ ȝif he wo dreȝed, 256 For nade þe hyȝe heuen ky{n}g, þurȝ his honde myȝt, Warded þis wrech man i{n} warlowes gutteȝ, What lede moȝt lyue bi lawe of any kynde, Þat any lyf myȝt be lent so longe hy{m} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne? 260 Bot he watȝ sokored by þat syre þat syttes so hiȝe, [Sidenote: The prophet is without hope.] Þaȝ were wauleȝ[15] of wele, i{n} wombe of þat fissche, & also dryuen þurȝ þe depe, & in derk walt{er}eȝ. [Sidenote: Cold was his comfort.] Lorde! colde watȝ his cu{m}fort & his care huge, 264 For he knew vche a cace & kark þat hy{m} lymped; How fro þe bot i{n}-to þe blober watȝ w{i}t{h} a best lachched, & þrwe[16] i{n} at hit þrote, w{i}t{h}-outen þret more, [Sidenote: Jonah was only a mote in the whale’s jaws.] As mote i{n} at a mu{n}ster dor, so mukel wern his chawleȝ, 268 [Sidenote: He entered in by the gills, and by means of one of the intestines of the fish, came into a space as large as a hall.] He glydes i{n} by þe giles, þurȝ glaymande glette, Relande i{n} by a rop, a rode þat hy{m} þoȝt, Ay hele ou{er} hed, ho{ur}lande aboute, Til he blu{n}t i{n} a blok as brod as a halle; 272 [Sidenote: The prophet fixes his feet firmly in the belly of the whale.] & þer he festnes þe fete & fathmeȝ aboute, & stod vp i{n} his stomak, þat stank as þe deuel; Þ{er} in saym & i{n} sorȝe þat sauo{ur}ed as helle, Þ{er} watȝ bylded his bour, þat wyl no bale suffer; 276 & þe{n}ne he lurkkes & laytes where watȝ le best, [Sidenote: He searches into every nook of its navel.] In vche a nok of his nauel, bot nowhere he fyndeȝ No rest ne recou{er}er, bot ramelande myre, In wych gut so eu{er} he gotȝ; bot eu{er} is god swete; 280 [Sidenote: The prophet calls upon God.] & þer he lenged at þe last & to þe lede called. “Now prynce, of þy p{ro}phete pité þ{o}u haue! [Sidenote: [Fol. 87a.]] Þaȝ I be fol, & fykel, & falce of my hert, [Sidenote: He cries for mercy.] De-woyde now þy vengau{n}ce, þurȝ v{er}tu of rauthe; 284 Thaȝ I be gulty of gyle as gaule of p{ro}phet{es}, Þ{o}u art god, & alle gowdeȝ ar grayþely þyn owen; Haf now m{er}cy of þy man & his mys-dedes, & preue þe lyȝtly a lorde, i{n} londe & i{n} wat{er}.” 288 [Sidenote: He sits safely in a recess, in a bowel of the beast, for three days and three nights.] With þat he hitte to a hyrne & helde hy{m} þ{er}-i{n}ne, Þ{er} no de-foule of no fylþe watȝ fest hy{m} abute; Þer he sete also sou{n}de, saf for merk one, As i{n} þe bulk of þe bote, þer he by-fore sleped. 292 So in a bouel of þat best he bideȝ on lyue, Þre dayes & þ[r]e nyȝt ay þenkande on dryȝtyn, His myȝt & his m{er}ci, his mesure þe{n}ne; Now he knaweȝ hy{m} i{n} care þat couþe not i{n} sele. 296

[Headnote: THE WHALE WANDERS ABOUT.]

[Sidenote: The whale passes through many a rough region.] Ande eu{er} walt{er}es þis whal bi wyldren depe, Þurȝ mony a regiou{n} ful roȝe, þurȝ ronk of his wylle, [Sidenote: Jonah makes the whale feel sick.] For þat mote i{n} his mawe mad hy{m}, I trowe, Þaȝ hit lyttel were, hy{m} wyth to wamel at his hert, 300 Ande assayled þe segge; ay sykerly he herde Þe bygge borne on his bak & bete on his sydes; [Sidenote: The prophet prays to God in this wise:] Þen a prayer ful prest þe p{ro}phete þ{er} maked On þis wyse, as I wene, his wordeȝ were mony: 304

[Sidenote 13: MS. to to.] [Sidenote 14: _swaynes_ (?).] [Sidenote 15: _wanleȝ_ (?).] [Sidenote 16: _þrwen_ (?).]

[Headnote: JONAH PRAYS FOR HIS DELIVERANCE.]

IV.

[Sidenote: “Lord! to thee have I cried out of hell’s womb.] “Lorde to þe haf I cleped, i{n} careȝ ful stronge, Out of þe hole þ{o}u me herde, of hellen wombe I calde, & þ{o}u knew myn vncler steuen; [Sidenote: Thou dippedst me in the sea.] Þ{o}u dipteȝ me of þe depe se, i{n}-to þe dy{m}me hert, 308 [Sidenote: Thy great floods passed over me.] Þe grete flem of þy flod folded me vmbe; Alle þe goteȝ of þy guferes, & grou{n}deleȝ powleȝ, [Sidenote: The streams drive over me.] & þy stryuande stremeȝ of stryndeȝ so mony, I{n} on daschande dam, dryueȝ me ou{er}; 312 [Sidenote: I am cast out from thy sight.] & ȝet I say, as I seet i{n} þe se boþem, ‘Care-ful am I kest out fro þy cler yȝen & deseu{er}ed fro þy syȝt; ȝet surely I hope, Efte to trede on þy temple & teme to þy seluen.’ 316 I am wrapped i{n} wat{er} to my wo stou{n}deȝ, [Sidenote: The abyss binds me.] Þe abyme byndes þe body þat I byde i{n}ne; [Sidenote: [Fol. 87b.]] [Sidenote: The rushing waves play on my head.] Þe pure poplande ho{ur}le playes on my heued, To laste mere of vche a mou{n}t man am I fallen; 320 Þe barreȝ of vche a bonk ful bigly me haldes, [Sidenote: Thou possessest my life.] Þat I may lachche no lont[17] & þ{o}u my lyf weldes; Þ{o}u schal releue me renk, whil þy ryȝt slepeȝ, Þurȝ myȝt of þy m{er}cy þ{a}t mukel is to tryste. 324 [Sidenote: In my anguish I remembered my God, and besought His pity.] For when þacces of anguych watȝ hid i{n} my sawle, Þe{n}ne I remembred me ryȝt of my rych lorde, Prayande hi{m} for peté his prophete to here, Þat in-to his holy ho{us} myn orisou{n} moȝt entre. 328 I haf meled w{i}t{h} þy maystres mony longe day, Bot now I wot wyt{er}ly, þat þose vnwyse ledes Þat affyen hy{m}[18] i{n} vanyté & i{n} vayne þy{n}ges, For þi{n}k[19] þat mou{n}tes to noȝt, her mercy forsaken; 332 [Sidenote: When I am delivered from this danger, I will obey thy commands.”] Bot I dewoutly awowe þat v{er}ray betȝ halden, Soberly to do þe sacrafyse when I schal saue worþe, & offer þe for my hele a ful hol gyfte, & halde goud þat þ{o}u me hetes; haf here my trauthe.” 336

[Headnote: THE WHALE VOMITS UP JONAH.]

[Sidenote: God speaks fiercely to the whale, and he vomits out the prophet on a dry space.] The{n}ne oure fader to þe fysch ferslych biddeȝ, Þat he hy{m} sput spakly vpon spare drye; Þe whal wendeȝ at his wylle & a warþe fyndeȝ, & þ{er} he brakeȝ vp þe buyrne, as bede hy{m} oure lorde. 340 [Sidenote: Jonah has need to wash his clothes.] Þe{n}ne he swepe to þe sonde i{n} sluchched cloþes, Hit may wel be þat mest{er} were his mantyle to wasche; Þe bonk þat he blosched to & bode hy{m} bisyde, Wern of þe regiou{n}es ryȝt þat he renayed hade; 344 [Sidenote: God’s word comes to the prophet.] Þe{n}ne a wynde of goddeȝ worde efte þe wyȝe bruxleȝ, “Nylt þ{o}u neu{er} to nuniue bi no-ky{n}neȝ wayeȝ?” “Ȝisse lorde,” q{uod} þe lede, “lene me þy g{ra}ce [Sidenote: He is told to preach in Nineveh.] For to go at þi gre, me gayneȝ non[20] oþ{er}.” 348 “Ris, aproche þe{n} to prech, lo þe place here! Lo! my lore is i{n} þe loke,[21] lance hit þer-{in}ne.” Þe{n}ne þe renk radly ros as he myȝt, [Sidenote: By night Jonah reaches the city.] & to niniue þat naȝt he neȝed ful euen; 352 [Sidenote: Nineveh was a very great city.] Hit watȝ a ceté ful syde & selly of brede, On to þrenge þ{er}-þurȝe watȝ þre dayes dede. [Sidenote: [Fol. 88a.]] Þat on Io{ur}nay ful Ioynt Ionas hy{m} ȝede, Er eu{er} he warpped any worde to wyȝe þ{a}t he mette, 356

[Headnote: THE PROPHET PREACHES AGAINST NINEVEH.]

[Sidenote: Jonah delivers his message; “Yet forty days and Nineveh shall come to an end.] & þe{n}ne he cryed so cler, þat ke{n}ne myȝt alle; Þe trwe tenor of his teme he tolde on þis wyse: “Ȝet schal forty dayeȝ fully fare to an ende, & þe{n}ne schal Niniue be nomen & to noȝt worþe; 360 Truly þis ilk tou{n} schal tylte to grou{n}de, [Sidenote: It shall be turned upside down, and swallowed quickly by the black earth.”] Vp-so-dou{n} schal ȝe du{m}pe depe to þe abyme, To be swolȝed swyftly wyth þe swart erþe, & alle þat lyuyes here-i{n}ne lose þe swete.” 364 [Sidenote: This speech spreads throughout the city.] Þis speche sprang i{n} þat space & spradde alle aboute, To borges & to bacheleres, þat i{n} þat burȝ lenged; [Sidenote: Great fear seizes all.] Such a hidor hem bent & a hatel drede, Þat al chau{n}ged her chere & chylled at þe hert. 368 Þe segge sesed not ȝet, bot sayde eu{er} ilyche “Þe verray vengau{n}ce of god schal voyde þis place.” [Sidenote: The people mourn secretly, clothe themselves in sackcloth, and cast ashes upon their heads.] Þe{n}ne þe peple pitosly pleyned ful stylle, & for þe drede of dryȝtyn doured i{n} hert; 372 Het{er} hayreȝ þay hent þat asperly bited, & þose þay bou{n}den to her bak & to her bare sydeȝ, Dropped dust on her hede & dy{m}ly bisoȝten, Þat þat penau{n}ce plesed hi{m} þ{a}t playneȝ on her wronge. 376 [Sidenote: The message reaches the ears of the king.] & ay he cryes i{n} þ{a}t kyth tyl þe ky{n}g herde; & he radly vp-ros & ran fro his chayer, [Sidenote: He rends his robes, clothes himself in sackloth, and mourns in the dust.] His ryche robe he to-rof of his rigge naked, & of a hep of askes he hitte i{n} þe myddeȝ; 380 He askeȝ heterly a hayre & hasped hy{m} vmbe, Sewed a sekke þer abof, & syked ful colde; Þer he dased i{n} þat duste, w{i}t{h} droppande teres, Wepande ful wonderly alle his wrange dedes. 384 [Sidenote: He issues a decree, that all in the city, men, beasts, women and children, prince, priest, and prelates, should fast for their sins.] Þe{n}ne sayde he to his seriau{n}tes, “samnes yow bilyue, Do dryue out a decre demed of my seluen, Þat alle þe bodyes þat ben w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne þis borȝ quyk, Boþe burnes & bestes, burdeȝ & childer, 388 Vch prynce, vche prest & prelates alle, Alle faste frely for her falce werkes; [Sidenote: [Fol. 88b.]] [Sidenote: Children are to be weaned from the breast.] Seseȝ childer of her sok, sogh{e} hem so neu{er}, Ne best bite on no brom, ne no bent nauþ{er}, 392 Passe to no pasture, ne pike non erbes, [Sidenote: The ox is to have no hay, nor the horse any water.] Ne non oxe to no hay, ne no horse to wat{er}; Al schal crye for-cle{m}med, w{i}t{h} alle oure clere strenþe, Þe rurd schal ryse to hy{m} þat rawþe schal haue; 396 [Sidenote: Who can tell if God will have mercy?] What wote oþer wyte may ȝif þe wyȝe lykes, Þat is hende i{n} þe hyȝt of his gentryse? [Sidenote: Though He is mighty, He is merciful, and may forgive us our guilt.] I wot his myȝt is so much, þaȝ he be mysse-payed, Þat i{n} his mylde amesy{n}g he m{er}cy may fynde; 400 & if we leuen þe layk of oure layth sy{n}nes, & stylle steppen i{n} þe styȝe he styȝtleȝ hy{m} seluen, He wyl wende of his wodschip, & his wrath leue, & for-gif v{us} þis gult ȝif we hy{m} god leuen.” 404 [Sidenote: All believed and repented.] Þe{n}ne al leued on his lawe & laften her sy{n}nes, Par-formed alle þe penau{n}ce þat þe prynce radde; [Sidenote: God forgave them through his goodness.] & god þurȝ his godnesse forgef as he sayde, Þaȝ he oþ{er} bihyȝt, [&] w{i}t{h}-helde his vengau{n}ce. 408

[Sidenote 17: _lond_ (?).] [Sidenote 18: _hem_ (?).] [Sidenote 19: _þing_ (?).] [Sidenote 20: MS. _mon_.] [Sidenote 21: _loken_ (?).]

[Headnote: GOD’S MERCY DISPLEASES JONAH.]

V.

[Sidenote: Much sorrow settles upon Jonah.] Muche sorȝe þe{n}ne satteled vpon segge Ionas, He wex as wroth as þe wynde towarde oure lorde, [Sidenote: He becomes very angry.] So hatȝ ang{er} onhit his hert; he calleȝ [Sidenote: He prays to God and says: “Was not this my saying, when Thy message reached me in my own country?] A prayer to þe hyȝe prynce, for pyne, on þys wyse: 412 “I biseche þe syre now þ{o}u self iugge, Watȝ not þis ilk my worde þat worþen is nouþe, Þat I kest i{n} my cu{n}tre, when þ{o}u þy carp sendeȝ, Þat I schulde tee to þys tou{n}, þi talent to preche? 416 [Sidenote: I knew Thy great goodness, Thy long-suffering, and Thy mercy.] Wel knew I þi cortaysye, þy quoy{n}t soffrau{n}ce. Þy bou{n}té of debonerté & þy bene g{ra}ce, Þy longe abydy{n}g wyth lur, þy late vengau{n}ce, & ay þy mercy is mete, be mysse neu{er} so huge. 420 I wyst wel when I hade worded quatsoeu{er} I cowþe, [Sidenote: I knew these men might make their peace with Thee, therefore I fled unto Tarshish.] To manace alle þise mody men þat i{n} þis mote dowelleȝ, Wyth a prayer & a pyne þay myȝt her pese gete, & þer-fore I wolde haf flowen fer i{n}-to tarce. 424 [Sidenote: Take my life from me, O Lord!] Now lorde lach out my lyf, hit lastes to longe, Bed me bilyue my bale sto{ur}, & bry{n}g me on ende, [Sidenote: [Fol. 89a.]] [Sidenote: It is better for me to die than live.”] For me were swett{er} to swelt, as swyþe as me þynk, Þe{n} lede lenger þi lore, þat þ{us} me les makeȝ.” 428 [Sidenote: God upbraids Jonah, saying: “Is this right to be so wroth?”] Þe sou{n} of oure sou{er}ayn þen swey i{n} his ere, Þat vpbraydes þis burne vpon a breme wyse: “Herk renk! is þis ryȝt so ronkly to wrath, For any dede þat I haf don oþ{er} demed þe ȝet?” 432 [Sidenote: Jonah, jangling, uprises, and makes himself a bower, of hay and ever-fern, to shield him from the sun.] Ionas al Ioyles & Ianglande vp-ryses & haldeȝ out on est half of þe hyȝe place, & farandely on a felde he fetteleȝ hy{m} to bide, For to wayte on þat won what schulde worþe aft{er}. 436 Þer he busked hy{m} a bo{ur}, þe best þat he myȝt, Of hay & of eu{er}-ferne & erbeȝ a fewe, For hit watȝ playn i{n} þat place for plyande greueȝ, For to schylde fro þe schene, oþ{er} any schade keste. 440 He bowed vnder his lyttel boþe, his bak to þe su{n}ne,

[Headnote: JONAH IS SHELTERED BY A WOODBINE.]

[Sidenote: He slept heavily all night.] & þer he swowed & slept sadly al nyȝt, [Sidenote: God prepared a woodbine.] Þe whyle god of his grace ded growe of þat soyle, Þe fayrest bynde hy{m} abof þat eu{er} burne wyste. 444 When þe dawande day dryȝtyn con sende, [Sidenote: Jonah awakes, and is exceedingly glad of the bower.] Þe{n}ne wakened þe wyȝ vnder wodbynde, Loked alofte on þe lef þat lylled grene; Such a lefsel of lof neu{er} lede hade, 448 For hit watȝ brod at þe boþem, boȝted onlofte, Happed vpon ayþ{er} half a ho{us} as hit were, A nos on þe norþ syde & nowhere non elleȝ, Bot al schet i{n} a schaȝe þat schaded ful cole. 452 [Sidenote: The prophet, under its gracious leaves, is protected from the sun’s rays.] Þe gome glyȝt on þe grene g{ra}ciouse leues, Þat eu{er} wayued a wynde so wyþe & so cole; Þe schyre su{n}ne hit vmbe-schon, þaȝ no schafte myȝt Þe mou{n}tau{n}ce of a lyttel mote, vpon þat man schyne, 456 Þe{n}ne watȝ þe gome so glad of his gay logge, Lys loltrande þer-i{n}ne, lokande to toune, So blyþe of his wodbynde he balt{er}es þer vnde[r], Þat of no diete þat day þe[22] deuel haf, he roȝt; 460 & eu{er} he laȝed as he loked þe loge alle aboute, [Sidenote: Jonah wishes he had such a lodge in his own country.] & wysched hit were i{n} his kyth, þer he wony schulde, [Sidenote: [Fol. 89b.]] On heȝe vpon Effraym oþ{er} ermo{n}nes hilleȝ, “I-wysse a worþloker won to welde I neu{er} keped.” 464 & quen hit neȝed to naȝt nappe hy{m} bihoued; He slydeȝ on a slou{m}be, slep slogh{e} vnder leues, [Sidenote: God prepared a worm, that made the woodbine wither.] Whil god wayned a worme þat wrot vpe þe rote, & wyddered watȝ þe wodbynde bi þat þe wyȝe wakned; 468 & syþen he warneȝ þe west to waken ful softe, & sayeȝ vnte[23] ȝefer{us} þat he syfle warme, Þat þer quikken no cloude bi-fore þe cler su{n}ne, & ho schal busch vp ful brode & bre{n}ne as a candel. 472 [Sidenote: Jonah awakes and finds his woodbine destroyed.] Þen wakened þe wyȝe of his wyl dremes, & blusched to his wodbynde þat broþely watȝ marred, [Sidenote: The leaves were all faded.] Al welwed & wasted þo worþelych leues; Þe schyre su{n}ne hade hem schent, er eu{er} þe schalk wyst, 476 [Sidenote: The sun beat upon the head of Jonah.] & þe{n} hef vp þe hete & het{er}ly bre{n}ned; Þe warm wynde of þe weste wert{es} he swyþeȝ. Þe man marred on þe molde þat moȝt hy{m} not hyde, His wodbynde watȝ away, he weped for sorȝe, 480

[Headnote: HE LAMENTS ITS DESTRUCTION.]

[Sidenote: He is exceedingly angry, and prays God that he may die.] “With hatel ang{er} & hot, het{er}ly he calleȝ: A! þ{o}u maker of man, what mayst{er}y þe þynkeȝ Þ{us} þy freke to forfare forbi alle oþ{er}, W{i}t{h} alle meschef þat þ{o}u may, neu{er} þ{o}u me spareȝ? 484 I keu{er}ed me a cu{m}fort þat now is caȝt fro me, My wod-bynde so wlonk þat wered my heued, Bot now I se þ{o}u art sette my solace to reue; Why ne dyȝtteȝ þ{o}u me to diȝe; I dure to longe?” 488 [Sidenote: God rebukes the prophet.] Ȝet oure lorde to þe lede lansed a speche: [Sidenote: “Dost thou well,” He says, “to be angry for the gourd?”] “Is þis ryȝt-wys þ{o}u renk, alle þy ronk noyse, So wroth for a wodbynde to wax so sone, Why art þ{o}u so waymot wyȝe for so lyttel?” 492 [Sidenote: Jonah replies, “I would I were dead.”] “Hit is not lyttel,” q{uod} þe lede, “bot lykker to ryȝt, I wolde I were of þis worlde wrapped i{n} moldeȝ.” [Sidenote: God asks if it is to be wondered at that He should help His handy work.] “Þe{n}ne byþenk þe mon, if þe for-þynk sore, If I wolde help my honde werk, haf þ{o}u no wonder; 496 [Sidenote: Is not Jonah angry that his woodbine is destroyed, which cost him no labour?] Þ{o}u art waxen so wroth for þy wod-bynde, & trauayledeȝ neu{er} to tent hit þe tyme of an howre, [Sidenote: [Fol. 89a.]] Bot at a wap hit here wax & away at an oþ{er}, & ȝet lykeȝ þe so luþ{er}, þi lyf woldeȝ þ{o}u tyne; 500 [Sidenote: God is not to be blamed for taking pity upon people that He made.] Þe{n}ne wyte not me for þe werk þat I hit wolde help, & rwe on þo redles þat remen for sy{n}ne. Fyrst I made he{m} myself of mat{er}es my{n} one, & syþen I loked he{m} ful longe & hem on lode hade; 504 & if I my trauayl schulde tyne of t{er}mes so longe, [Sidenote: Should He destroy Nineveh the sorrow of such a sweet place would sink to His heart.] & type dou{n} ȝonder tou{n} when hit turned were, Þe sor of such a swete place burde synk to my hert, So mony malicio{us} mon as mo{ur}neȝ þ{er}-i{n}ne; 508 [Sidenote: In the city there are little bairns who have done no wrong.] & of þat sou{m}me ȝet arn su{m}me such sotteȝ for madde, As lyttel barneȝ on barme þat neuer bale wroȝt, & wy{m}men vnwytté þat wale ne couþe Þat on hande fro þat oþ{er} for[24] alle þis hyȝe worlde, 512 [Sidenote: And there are others who cannot discern between their right hand and their left hand.] Bitwene þe stele & þe stayre disserne noȝt cu{n}en, What rule renes i{n} rou{n} bitwene þe ryȝt hande & his lyfte, þaȝ his lyf schulde lost be þer-for; [Sidenote: There are also dumb beasts in the city incapable of sinning.] & als þer ben dou{m}be besteȝ i{n} þe burȝ mony, 516 Þat may not sy{n}ne i{n} no syt hem seluen to greue, Why schulde I wrath wyth hem, syþe{n} wyȝeȝ wyl torne, & cu{m}[25] & cnawe me for ky{n}g, & my carpe leue? Wer I as hastif a[s] þ{o}u, heere were harme lu{m}pen, 520 Couþe I not þole bot as þ{o}u þer þryued ful fewe; I may not be so mal[i]cio{us} & mylde be halden,

[Headnote: GOD JUSTIFIES HIS MERCY AND FORBEARANCE.]

[Sidenote: Judgment must be tempered with mercy.] For malyse is noȝ[t] to may{n}tyne boute mercy w{i}t{h}i{n}ne; Be noȝt so gryndel god man, bot go forth þy wayes.” 524 [Sidenote: He that is too hasty to rend his clothes must afterwards sit with worse ones to sew them together.] Be preue & be pacient, i{n} payne & i{n} Ioye, For he þat is to rakel to renden his cloþeȝ, Mot efte sitte w{i}t{h} more vn-sou{n}de to sewe he{m} togeder. [Sidenote: Poverty and pain must be endured.] For-þy when pou{er}té me enpreceȝ & payneȝ i{n}-noȝe, 528 Ful softly w{i}t{h} suffrau{n}ce saȝttel me bihoueȝ, [Sidenote: Patience is a noble point, though it displeases oft.] For þe penau{n}ce & payne to preue hit i{n} syȝt, Þat pacience is a nobel poy{n}t, þaȝ hit displese ofte. Amen.

[Sidenote 22: _de_ altered to þe.] [Sidenote 23: _vnto_ (?).] [Sidenote 24: MS. _fol_.] [Sidenote 25: _Or_ cu{n}.]

NOTES: _Patience_.

P. 89.

l. 3 _þe swelme leþe_, lessen the heat. 4 _qued_, evil. 5 _syt_, sorrow; _sele_, happiness. 6 _þro_, anger. 7 _þen is better to abyde þe bur vmbe-stoundes_, Then is it better to abide the blow sometimes. 10 _melede_, related. 11 _aȝt_, eight. 12 _sunder-lupes_, severally. 13 _happen_, blessed.

P. 90.

l. 30 _lyknyng_, likeness; _þewes_, virtues. 42 _lyke oþer greme_, pleasing or displeasing. 47 _lyȝtloker_, more easily; _lotes_, forms. 50 _what dowes me þe dedayn_, what avails me anger. 53 _grayþed_, availed. 56 _þe(t) had bowed_, etc., That should have been obedient.

P. 91.

l. 63 _Goddes glam to hym glod_, God’s message came to him. 66 _wythouten oþer speche_, without contradiction, without more words. 67 _my saȝes soghe_, etc., my saws (words) sow, etc. 77 _typped schrewes_, great sinners; literally, extreme, tip-top, schrews. 78 _ta me_, take me, seize me. 82 _mansed_, cursed. 94 _glwande_, glowing, bright; _gloumbes_, sees (indistinctly).

P. 92.

l. 98 _to the fare_, to the voyage. 101 _tramme_, gear. 104 _Sprude spak to þe sprete þe spare bawlyne_, Spread quickly to the sprit the spar bowline (?). 106 _ladde-borde_, larboard. 107 _blyþe breþe_, gentle wind; _bosum_, tide. 108 _He_ refers to _breþe_. 112 _maȝt_, might; _mere_, sea. 115 _wenyng_, supposition. 117 _burde_, behoved. 119 _demed_, uttered. 122 _stapefole_ = _stapeful_ = high (?)

P. 93.

l. 131 _crafte_, power. 135 _tom_, interval. 140 _souȝed_, sobbed, moaned; _selly_, marvel. 141 _wonne_, pale. 143 _busched_ = _busked_, went. 144 _for roȝ_ = for roughness. 148 _bur_ = wave. 150 _to murte_, (?) _to-marte_, crushed, broken in pieces. 152 _coge_, boat. 155 _scaþel_, hurtful, dangerous. 156 _lode_ = _lote_, lot. 160 _leþe_, calm, quiet. 161 _lot_, noise, roar.

P. 94.

l. 173 _I lovne_, I offer (this advice), propose. 183 _flode lotes_, the noises of the flood. 184 _brede_, board. 185 _hurrok_, oar. 191 _runyschly_, fiercely. 192 _slaȝte_, strokes. 198 _lastes_, crimes.

P. 95.

l. 208 _at a worde one_, at a word alone. 213 _ossed_, showed, proved; _vnnynges_, signs. 216 _ruyt_, rush, hasten. 227 _baleleȝ_, innocent. 229 _synne_, after.

P. 96.

l. 247 _as wyrde þen schaped_, as fate then devised. 255 _malskred_, entranced, bewildered. 258 _warlowes_, monster’s. 259 _lyue_ = _leue_, believe. 262 _wauleȝ_ = shelterless, destitute, but _wanleȝ_ = _wonleȝ_ = hopeless, is perhaps a better reading. 268 _chawleȝ_, jaws. 269 _glaymande glette_, slimy mud. 270 _rop_, gut, intestine.

P. 97.

l. 273 _faþmeȝ_, gropes. 275 _saym_, fat, grease. 277 _le_, shelter. 291 _merk_, darkness. 292 _bulk_, stern. 302 _borne_ = _burne_, man.

P. 98.

l. 309 _flem_ = _flum_, stream. 317 _to my wo stoundeȝ_ = ? until my woe over-powers (confounds) me. 320 _to laste_ ? to the last; _mere_, boundary. 325 _þacces_, blows. 329 _meled_, conversed. 338 _spare drye_ dry _spar_ (rafter) but ? _spare_ = _space_. 339 _a warthe_, a ford. 341 _sluchched_ = _sluched_, dirty, muddy. 342 _mester_, need.

P. 99.

l. 345 _bruxleȝ_, reproaches, upbraids, 350 _loke_ = _loken_, fastened. 362 _dumpe_, be thrust. 364 _swete_, life; _to lose þe swete_ = to lose the (sweet) life. 372 _doured_, mourned, grieved. Cf. Sc. _dour_. 373 _Heter hayreȝ þay hent_, etc., rough hair shirts they took, etc.

P. 100.

l. 395 _for-clemmed_, very hungry, starved. 396 _rurd_, cry. 400 _amesyng_ = _mesyng_ = _mese_, pity, mercy. 403 _wodschip_, wrath. 411 _on-hit_, struck or inflamed (?); _calleȝ_, addresses.

P. 101.

l. 418 _bene_, bountiful, kind. 419 _lur_, loss. 426 _bale-stour_, death-pang; _bale_ in the sense of death is not very common. 447 _lylled_, flourished. 448 _lefsel_ = _leaf-bower_. See Glossary.

P. 102.

l. 449 _boȝted_, curved. 450 _happed_, covered. 451 _a nos_ = a projection, opening (?) or is it a clerical error for _abof_ = _above_. 452 _schaȝe_ = wood, shaw. 453 _glyȝt_, glanced. 460 _þe deuel_ ? _ded euel_, did evil. 470 _syfle_, blow. 473 _wyl_, wandering. 478 _wertes he swyþeȝ_, herbs he scorches.

P. 103.

l. 486 _wered_, protected. 489 _lansed_, uttered. 492 _waymot_ = angry, passionate. 502 _remen_, mourn, lament. 509 _soumme_, company.

P. 104.

l. 524 _gryndel_, angry. 526 _rakel_, hasty.

Errata (noted by transcriber)

Minor spelling variations-- such as added or missing final “e”-- between the main text and endnotes were left as printed.

[33 Sidenote] ... peace and patience. [patience,] [237 Sidenote] ... thank God, and perform ... [God. and] [391 Sidenote] [Fol. 88b.] [_missing folio number supplied from 1864 edition_] [463 Sidenote] [Fol. 89b.] [499 Sidenote] [Fol. 89a.] [_text unchanged: 1864 edition has same error_]

NOTES

273 _faþmeȝ_, gropes. [_body text and glossary have “fathme(ȝ)”_] 317 [316]

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

Abate, lessen, put an end to, A. 123; B. 1356. Abate, abode, A. 617. Abayst, downcast, abashed, B. 149, pret. of _abaisse_ or _abash_, Fr. _esbahir_. Able, A. 599. Abof, above, A. 1023. Abominacione, B. 1173. Abroched, commenced, A. 1123. Abyde, (_a_) await, B. 436, 486; (_b_) endure, C. 7. A.S. _abidan_. Abydyng, _sb._ C. 419. Abyme, abyss, B. 363; C. 143. Abyt, habit, dress, B. 141. {Accorde, Acorde,} agreement, A. 509, Fr. _accorder_, to agree with. Achaped, escaped, B. 970. Achaufe, kindle, B. 1143. Acheue, accomplish, A. 475. Acroche, encroach, A. 1069, Fr. _accrocher_, to hook on; from _croc_, a hook. Adaunt = daunt, A. 157. Adoun, down, A. 988; B. 953. Adreȝ, aside, aback, B. 71. The word is used by Gower under the form _adrigh_. _O-dreghe_, _one-dreghe_, are other forms of the word. Sc. _on-dreich_. “The tother withdrewe, _one-dreghe_ And durste do none other.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 352.) “The tother droȝhe him _o-dreghe_ for drede of the knyȝte.” --(Anturs of Arther, xliv. 3.) “He with drogh hym _a draght_ & a dyn made.” --(T. B. 1224.) {Adubbement, Adubmente,} adornment, A. 84, 85, O.Fr. _adoubement_; _dober_, _douber_, garnish, deck; Fr. _douber_, to rig or trim a ship; Prov. Fr. _adobar_, to arrange, prepare. Adyte, A. 349. Affraye, _sb._ fear, A. 1174; _vb._ frighten, B. 1780; Fr. _effrayer_, to scare, affright; _effroi_, terror. Cf. _fray_, to scare birds. Affyen, trust, C. 331. {Agayn, Agayne, Agaynes,} against, B. 266, 826, 1711. Agayneȝ, towards, B. 611. Agayn-tote, _sb._ a looking back, B. 931. _Tote_, look, peep, as a verb or a noun, is common in Old English writers. “She went up wightly by a wall syde, To the toppe of a tower, & _tot_ ouer the water.” --(T. B. 862.) Age, A. 412, B. 426. Aglyȝte, slipped from, A. 245. _Glyȝt_, as a verb, signifies not only to slip but to _glance_, look. Cf. _leme_ = gleam, glance, slip. Alabaunderynes, B. 1470. Alarom, alarm, B. 1207. Al-bare, clearly, A. 1025. Alce = als, also, B. 1377. Alder = elder, A. 621, _Aldest_, A. 1042, B. 1333. Alder-men, elders, A. 887. Alegge, alledge, A. 703. Aliche, alike, B. 1477. Alkaran = alkatran, B. 1035. Alle-kynneȝ, all kinds of, A. 1028. Allyt = a lyt = ? a little, B. 599. Almyȝt, almighty, A. 498. Alofte, on high, B. 1183. Al-one, A. 933. Al-only, except, A. 779. Alosed, destroyed, B. 274. See _lose_. Alow, approve, praise, reward, A. 634. O.Fr. _louer_. Lat. _laudare_. Aloynte, removed, far from (from O.E. _aloigne_, _alogne_, to remove, carry off. O.Fr. _aloigner_). Aloȝ, alow, softly, B. 670. Als, also, B. 253, 827, C. 516. Also, as, B. 984, 1045, 1792. {Also-tyd, Als-tyd, As-tyd,} at once, immediately, B. 64. See _tyd_. Al-þaȝ, although, A. 759. Alþer-fayrest, fairest of all, B. 1379. Alþer-fynest, finest of all, B. 1637. Alþer-rychest, richest of all, B. 1666. Alþer-swettest, sweetest of all, B. 699. Alum, B. 1035. Amaffised, B. 1470. Amaraunȝ, B. 1470. Amatyst, amethyst, A. 1016. Ame, (1) _vb._ place, B. 698; (2) _sb._ purpose, C. 128. Germ. _ahmen_. Bavarian, _amen_, _hämen_, to guage a cask, fathom, measure. Amended, B. 248. Amesyng, _sb._ moderation, C. 400. See _mese_. Amoneste, admonish, B. 818. Amounted, B. 395. Amoynt, company, A. 895. And = an, if, B. 864. An-ende (on-ende), lastly, finally, A. 186. An-ende = anente, opposite, A. 1136; respecting, A. 697. An-endeȝ = anentes, opposite, A. 975. Sc. _anens_. Anger, A. 343, B. 572. Angré, bitter, B. 1035. Anguych, anguish, C. 325. Ankreȝ, anchors, B. 418, C. 103. Anon, at once (= anane, onane, in one moment), A. 584. Anournement, ornament, B. 1290. Anoynted, B. 1446. Answar, answer, A. 518. Anter, peril, C. 242. To _aunter_, put a thyng in daunger, or adventure, _adventurer_ (Palsgrave). An-vnder, under, A. 1081. Sc. _anonder_. Cf. _down_ and _adown_, _low_ and _alow_. Aparaunt, B. 1007. Apassed, past, A. 540. Apert, openly, A. 589. Apparaylmente, ornaments, A. 1052. Apparement, ornaments, B. 1270. Fr. _appareiller_, to fit, suit. Appose, _vb._ question, A. 902. Fr. _apposer_, to lay or set on, or near to. Aproche, A. 686, B. 8, 167. Fr. _approcher_, draw near. Lat. _prope_, near. Apyke, adorn, B. 1479, 1637. Aquyle, demand, ask, obtain, A. 690, 966. O.Fr. _aquillir_, to gather. {Aray, Araye,} A. 719, 1166; B. 816, 1442. O.Fr. _arroyer_, _arréer_, dispose, set in order. Arayned, arraigned, C. 191. O.Fr. _arraisonner_, _arraigner_. Are, before, previously, B. 438, 1128. Arende, errand, message, C. 72, A.S. _aerend_, _aerende_. Arest, _sb._ abode, resting place, B. 906. Areset, _vb._ stop, cease, B. 766, remain, C. 144. Fr. _arrester_. Lat. _arestare_. Arewarde, apostate, B. 208. Sc. _areird_, backward. {Arn, Arne,} are, A. 458, 628, B. 8, 1810. Aryue, A. 447. Aryȝt, aright, A. 112. Arȝe, terrify, frighten, fear, B. 572, 713. Provincial _arfe_, _arghe_, afraid. Cf. “_Arwe_ or ferefulle (_arwhe_, K. arowe or ferdfulle P.). Timidus, pavidus, formidolus.” (Prompt. Parv.) The original notion is that of laziness, inertness, and hence timidity, fear, etc. A.S. _earg_, inert, timid, weak. Ger. _arg_, bad. Du. _erg_. Icel. _argr_, lazy, cowardly. Sc. _argh_, _arch_, to hesitate, be reluctant. “Antenor _arghet_ with austerne wordes.” --(T. B. 1977.) “Antenor, _arghly_ auntrid of ship.” --(T. B. 1831.) “A! Anec. quoth the qwene me _arȝes_ of my selfe, I am all in aunter, sa akis me the wame.” --(K. Alex. p. 29.) “Sir Alexander and his ost was _arȝed_ unfaire.” --(_Ibid._ p. 132.) Ar, are, B. 1725. Are ? ane, one, A. 711. As, also, B. 179. As-bare, ? _al bare_, clearly, openly, A. 836. Asayl, B. 1188. Ascape, escape, B. 569. Ascry, _sb._ cry, outcry, B. 1784. _vb_. C. 195. Swed. _anskri_, outcry, scream. O.N. _skri_, cry. {Asent, Asente,} A. 391, “in _asent_,” B. 788. Askeȝ, ashes, B. 626. Askry, shout, cry, B. 1206. See _ascry_. Aslypped, escaped, lost, C. 218. Aspaltoun, asphalt, B. 1038. Asperly, sharply, C. 373. Assayl, C. 301. Asscaped, escaped, B. 1776. Asscry, cry, shout. See _ascry_. Assemble, B. 1364, 1769. Assemblé, A. 760. Asspye, espy, see, A. 704, 1035. {Assyse, Asyse,} form, fashion, A. 97, B. 844, service, B. 639. Astate, state, A. 393. Astraye, A. 1162. Astel, stole from, B. 1524. As-tyt, immediately, at once, A. 645, B. 935. Asure, B. 1411. Aswage, C. 3. At, that, A. 672. Atlyng, purpose, B. 688. Sc. _ettle_, to endeavour. N.Prov.E. _ettle_, _attle_, intend. Icel. _aetla_. “Armur & all thing _atlet_ before.” --(T. B. 855.) Aþel, noble, B. 258, 411, 940, gracious, B. 761, fine, B. 1276, A.S. aeþele, noble, excellent. Atount, so much (?), A. 179. At-slyke, slip away, A. 575. Atteny, attain, reach, A. 548. Attled, endeavoured. See _atlyng_. Attled, endowed, B. 207. It sometimes occurs under the form _aghteld_. N.Prov.E. _ettle_, to deal out, distribute. A.S. _aeht_, possession. “She was eldist & heire _etlit_ to his londes.” --(T. B. 394.) At-wappe, escape, B. 1205. See _Wap_. Atyre, B. 114. Augoste, august, A. 39. Auncetereȝ, auncestors, B. 258. {Aven, Aune,} own, B. 11, 1222. Aunte, A. 233. Aunter, adventure, marvel, B. 1600. See T. B. 1899. Auter, altar, B. 10. Autly, noble, B. 795. A.S. _áhtlíce_, courageously, manfully. Avaunt, _sb._ promise, B. 664. Avayment, show, B. 1358. F. _avoier_. Auaye, show, B. 1311. Auenture, adventure, A. 64. O.Fr. _aventure_. Auise, advise, B. 1365. Avow, B. 664. Avoy, away! B. 863. Avyle, defile, B. 1151, 1713. Avysyoun, vision, A. 1184. Awayed, shown, A. 710. Awayle, avail, B. 408. Awowe, avow, C. 333. Ay, always, ever, A. 33, 720. A.S. _áva_, _a_, all, ever. O.Fris. _a_. Germ. _je_, ever. Ayre, heir, B. 650, 1709. Ayþer, each, A. 831. Aywhere, everywhere, B. 228. Aȝer = asure, B. 1457. Aȝly = awly, fearfully, B. 874, 937. Dan. _ave_, fear. Eng. _awe_. O.Eng. _agh_. Cf. A.S. _aglác_, misery, grief. {Aȝt, Aȝte,} ought, _pret._ of _aȝe_, _agh_, or _awe_, B. 122. Aȝt, eight, B. 357, C. 11, 29. Aȝt-sum, sorrowful, B. 411. Aȝtþe, eighth, A. 1011.

Baboyne, baboon, B. 1409. Babtem, A. 627. See _Baptem_. Bachlereȝ, batchelors, young men not yet raised to the order of knighthood, B. 86. Baft, abaft, C. 148. A.S. _baefta_, the hinder part. Bagge, baggage. C. 158. Bale, bales, C. 157. Sw. _bal_. Fr. _balle_, _bal_, a ball or pack. Bale, sorrow, woe; also misery, calamity, A. 18, 373; B. 1243, 1256; _baleȝ_, A. 123, 807. O.Fris. _bale_. A.S. _bealu_, torment, destruction. Icel. _böl_. Phrases: “bodyly _bale_” (pain), A. 478; “_bale_ (torment) of helle,” A. 651, “_bale_-stour,” death pang, C. 426. Baleleȝ = baleless, innocent, C. 227. Balke, ridge of land, balk, A. 62. Icel. _balkr_, the division between the stalls in a cow-house. Sw. _balka_, to partition off. “To my shepe wylle I stalk, and herkyn anone, Ther abyde on a _balk_, or sytt on a stone.” --(Town. Myst. p. 99.) Balleful = baleful, wretched, wicked, B. 979. Balter, hop, jump, skip, C. 459. Balterande, halting, limping, B. 103. Sc. _balter_, to dance. “He baltyrde, he bleryde.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 66.) Etymologically it is connected with _palter_ and _falter_, and is applicable either to the unsteady gait of the lame or faltering steps of the blind. Baly = bayly, authority, jurisdiction, dominion, A. 1083. Baneres, B. 1404. Banne, proclamation, decree, B. 95, 1361. Banne, curse, B. 468, 885. Sw. _bann_, excommunication; _banna_, to reprove, chide, curse. “_Bannet_ worthe the bale tyme þat ho borne was.” T. B. 1388. Banne, comfort, strengthen, B. 620. O.Sc. _bawne_. Bantel, A. 991, 1017; B. 1459, posts, pillars. Baptem, baptism, A. 627, 653. Baptysed, A. 818. Barayn, barren, B. 659. Bare, _adj._ naked, B. 452; _sb._ 791. Bare, only, B. 1573. Sw. _bara_. Bared, disclosed, B. 1149. Bare-heued, bare-headed, B. 633. {Bareres, Barreȝ,} bars, barriers, B. 963, 1239; C. 321. W. _bar_, rail, shaft. Fr. _barre_; _barrière_, a barrier. Cf. Sw. _s-parre_. Eng. _s-par_. Barme, bosom, C. 510. A.S. _bearm_. “_Barme_ gremium.” (Prompt. Parv.) “He fond Horn in arme On Rymenhilde _barme_.” --(K. Horn, p. 294.) Barnage, childhood, B. 517. Barne, child, son, A. 426; _barneȝ_, A. 1040; B. 1085. Sc. _bairn_. A.S. _bearn_. Baronage, nobility, B. 1424. See T. B. 211. Barouneȝ, barons, B. 82, 1398. {Barreȝ, Barers,} bars, B. 884, 1263. Barst, burst, B. 963. {Base, Basse,} base, foundation, A. 1000, B. 1278. See T. B. 1652. Bassyn, basin, B. 1145, 1278. Bastele, B. 1187. “_Bastyle_ of a castelle or cytye. Fascennia.” (Prompt. Parv.) Basyng, base, A. 992. Bated, abated, B. 440. Bater, B. 1416. Batelment, B. 1459. Baþe, dip, plunge, B. 1248. Bausen, badger, B. 392. “_Bawstone_ or _bawsone_, or a gray, Taxus, melota.” (Prompt. Parv.) Bawelyne, bow-line, B. 417. Bay, recess, B. 1392. The original meaning seems to be _opening_ of any kind. Cf. _bay_, space in a building between two main beams (Forby). Bayly, dominion, A. 315, 442. Bayn, _adv._ readily, willingly, A. 807, B. 1511; ready, C. 136. N.Prov.E. _bane_, near, convenient. “_Beyn_ or plyaunte. Flexibilis.” (Prompt. Parv.) _Bainly_, readily, T. B. 135. Baysment, abasement, A. 174. Bayte, B. 55. O.N. _beita_. Baytayled, fortified, B. 1183. Beauté, A. 749. {Bed, Bede,} bid, command, invite; _p.p._ _beden_, A. 715, B. 95, 440. See T. B. 389. Beke, beak, B. 487. Bekyrande, _sb._ bikering, fighting, B. 1474. “_Bekyryn_ or fyghtyn (_bikkeringe_), Pugno, dimico.” (Prompt. Parv.) “Bolde men to batell and _biker_ with hond.” T. B. 2944. Bele, _vb._ boil, A. 18. N.Prov.E. _bele_. Bem, beam, ray, “_bem_ of þe brode heuen,” B. 603. Bem, tree, A. 814. {Ben, Bene,} are, _3rd pers. pl._ A. 572. Bench, seat, B. 130, 854. Bene, fair, A. 198. Bene, _adj._ kind, merciful, C. 418. Bent, field, plain, B. 532, 1675. See T. B. 1192. Ber, bore, _pret._ of _bere_, to bear, A. 426, B. 1480. Berdles, beardless, B. 789. Bereste, breast, A. 854. Berfray, watch tower, B. 1187. O.F. _berfroi_, _beffroit_. Fr. _beffroir_. M.Lat. _belfredum_. The modern English _belfry_ is a corruption of _berfray_. Beryl, A. 110, 1011. Beryng, condition, state, behaviour, B. 1060, 1228. Best, beast, B. 288, 351. Beste, _sb._ best (one), A. 279. Besten, of beasts, B. 1446. Bete, (the fire) mend, repair, kindle, B. 627, _p.p._ _bet_, B. 1012. Prov.E. _beat_, to mend, repair. A.S. _bétan_, (1) to improve, repair; (2) joined with _fyr_ to mend a fire, to light or make a fire, to kindle. Bete, save, A. 757. A.S. _bétan_, to remedy. Du. _boeten_, mend, fine, expiate. Betȝ = bes, shall be, A. 611. Present tense with future signification. Beuerage, drink, liquor, B. 1433, 1717. Fr. _beuvrage_, from Lat. _bibere_. Bewar, beware, B. 292. Bewté, A. 765. Beyng, _sb._ being, existence, A. 446. Bibbe, sip, drink, B. 1499. Prov.E. _beb_. Du. _biberen_, to drink much. “Bacus he was brayne-wode for _bebbing_ of wynes.” --(K. Alex. p. 154.) Bicalt, becalled, called from, A. 1163. “The kyng was full curteus, _calt_ on a maiden.” --(T. B. 388.) Bi-cnv, acknowledged, B. 1327. Bidde, bide, abide. C. 51. Biden, _p.p._ of _bide_ = _abide_, B. 616. {Bifalle, Byfalle,} befal, A. 186. Bifore, before, A. 49. {Bigge, Bygge,} great, B. 43, _bygger_, A. 374. Bigge, build, B. 1666. A.Sax. _byggan_. Icel. _byggia_. O.Sw. _bygga_, build, also inhabit. Bigly, strongly, C. 321. See T. B. 904. Bigonne, began, B. 123. Bihynde, behind, B. 918. Biholde, behold, B. 150. Bihyȝt, promised, C. 29. Bikenne, give, hand over, B. 1296. Bilde, built, B. 1392. Bileue, remain, B. 1549. Bilooghe, below, B. 116. Birle, pour out, B. 1511. Prov.E. _burl_. A.S. _byrelian_, to give to drink. “And seruanz war at this bridale That _birled_ win in cupp and schal.” --(Met. Hom. p. 120.) Birolled, berolled, B. 959. Biseche, beseech, B. 614. Bisoȝten, besought, C. 375. Bispeke, speak, C. 169. Bisyde, beside, B. 926. Bi-talt, aroused, A. 1161. A.S. _tealtian_, _tealtrian_; (1) to _tilt_, shake; (2) to be in danger. William of Shoreham uses one form of this word: “For ȝef that water his kende lest That cristninge stant _te-tealte_.” --(Poems, p. 9.) “For if that water its kind loseth, That christening standeth tottery, insecure” (_i.e._ not binding). Biteche, give up to, entrust to, B. 871; pret. _bitaȝt_. Bited, bit, C. 373. {Biþenkke, Biþenke,} bethink, B. 1357. Biþoȝt, bethought, B. 125. Bityde, betide; _pret._ bitydde, C. 61. Bityde, befall, B. 1804. Blade, B. 1105. Blake, black, A. 945; B. 747, 1449. Blame, _vb._ A. 275; B. 877, 1661; _sb._ B. 43. Blande, “in blande,” together, B. 885. See _blende_. {Blasfamye, Blasfemyon,} B. 1661, 1712. Blayke, yellow, A. 27. Brockett has _blayke_ with the sense of yellow, of a golden colour. “_Bleyke_ of coloure.” Pallidus, subalbus. (Prompt. Parv.) “Ther (in paradyse) were floures bothe blew and _blake_, Of alle frutes thei myth ther take.” --(Cov. Myst. p. 2.) Blaȝt, white, A. 212, _p.p._ of _bleach_, just as _raȝt_ is of _reach_. Sc. _blaucht_. “As _blaȝt_ ere thaire wedis As any snyppand snawe.” --(K. Alex. p. 54.) Ble, colour, complexion, A. 76, 212; B. 791, 1759. Prov.E. _ble_, _bly_. A.S. _bleo_. Bleaunt, a robe of fine linen, A. 163. O.Eng. _bliant_, fine linen, W. _llian_, linen. The _bl_ is merely an imitation of the Celtic _ll_. “A blewe _bleaunt_ obofe brade him al ovir.” --(K. Alex. p. 167.) Blench, stratagem, device, B. 1202. O.N. _blekkia_. Blemyst, blemished, B. 1421. O.Fr. _blesmir_. {Blende, Blente,} blended, mingled, mixt. A. 385, 1016; B. 967, 1788. A.S. _blendian_. Icel. _blanda_, to mix. Blo = bla, blue, livid, pale. B. 1017; C. 134. O.H.G. _blao_, N.Fris. _bla_. O.Sc. _bla_. {Blober, Bluber,} = blubber, waves, C. 221, 266. Prov.E. _blubber_, bubble; _blob_, _bleb_, a bubble. “_Blobure_ (blobyre, P.) Burbulium.” (Prompt. Parv.) “_Blober_ upon water (or bubble) bouteillis.” (Palsg.) “The water _blubbers_ up.” (Baker, Northamptonshire Glossary.) Blod, a child, B. 686. Supposing the _bl_ to represent _ll_ we might refer it to the W. _llawd_, a youth, _lad_. O.Sw. _g-lott_. Cf. _bliant_, _bleant_, from W. _llian_. “þis Abel was a blissid _blod_, Bot Caim was the findes (devil’s) fode (offspring).” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 7b.) Blod, blood, A. 650. Blok, space, C. 272. {Blom, Blome,} flower, bloom, A. 578, B. 1467. Sw. _bloma_, a flower. Du. _bloeme_. Ger. _blume_. “_Blome_ flowre. Flos.” (Prompt. Parv.) Blomeȝ, blooms, flowers, A. 27. Blonk, horse, _pl._ _blonkeȝ_, B. 87, 1392. See T. B. 2371. Blonkken, _gen. pl._ of horses, B. 1412. Blosched, looked, C. 343. See _Blusch_. Blose = blese, blaze, flame. A. 911. Icel. _blossi_, a flame. A.S. _blaese_, a torch. Dan. _blus_. Blot, spot, blemish, defilement, A. 782. “Ye ben worthy, he saide, to be _blottede_ and _spottede_, foulede and defoulede with fenne (mire) and with drit of water (_luto inquinari_), and of blode, that in tyme of werre ne were nat be bespreynt, ne be wette with ennemyes blode.” (Quoted by Way, from Roy. MS. 18, A. xii. B. iii. c. 10.) Blubrande = blubbering, bubbling, foaming, B. 1017. See _blobber_. Blunt, rushed, C. 272. Blunt, faint, A. 176. Icel. _blunda_, to sleep. Sw. _blunda_, to close the eyes. Dan. _blende_, to dazzle. Cf. “Blunt of wytte. Hebes.” (Prompt. Parv.) {Blusch, Blusche,} look, glance, A. 980, 1083, B. 904, 998, 1537. N.Prov.E. _blush_, resemblance. Cf. “At the first _blush_,” at the first appearance, at first sight. Dan. _blusse_, to blaze, flame, glow. There seems to be an etymological connection with words signifying to look, glow, blaze, shine, etc. “The kyng _blyschit_ on the beryne (man) with his brode eghne.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 10.) “He _blusshed_ ouer backeward to þe brodesee.” --(See T. B. 1316.) {Blusnande, Blysnande,} shining, B. 1404. Icel. _blys_. Dan. _blus_, a torch. Du. _blos_, redness. Dan. _blusse_, to glow. Icel. _lysa_, to shine. Pl. D. _bleistern_, to glisten. Bluster, B. 886, to wander or stray about. “Ac there was wight noon so wys The wey thider kouthe, But _blustreden_ forth as beestes Over bankes and hilles.” --(Piers Ploughman, p. 108.) Blwe, blue, A. 423. Blwe, blew, B. 885. Blykked, shone, B. 603. A.S. _blican_, glitter, dazzle. Ger. _blicken_, shine, glance, look. Du. _blicken_, glitter; _blick_, a flash. “Hire bleo _blyketh_ so bryht So feyr heo is ant fyn.” --(Lyric Poems, p. 52.) Blyknande, shining, B. 1467. Blykned = blaykned, became black, B. 1759. Blynde, to become faded, dull, B. 1126. Blynne, cease, A. 729, B. 440, 1661, 1812. A.S. _blinnan_ (for _be-linnan_). {Blysfol, Blysful,} blissful, A. 279, 409. Blysnande, shining, A. 163. See _blusnande_. Blysned, shone, A. 1048. Blyþe, joy, A. 354. Blythe is still used as a noun in the North of England. Blyþely, joyfully, A. 385. Bobaunce, boasting, Fr. _bobance_, B. 179, 1712. {Bod, Bode,} command, B. 979; C. 56. A.S. _bod_, _gebod_, command, precept, message. “_Bode_ or massage (_boode_, H.) nuncium.” (Prompt. Parv.) Bod = abode, _pret._ of _bide_ = abide, A. 62; B. 982; wait for, B. 467. Bodworde, message, B. 473. See T. B. 6262. Bodyly, A. 478. Boffet, blast, B. 885. Boffeteȝ, buffets, blows, A. 809; _boffet_, B. 43. Bok-lered, book-learned, B. 1551. Bold, bad, A. 806. A.S. _báld_, audacious. Sw. _båld_, proud, haughty, warlike. In early English writers the term was applied indifferently to men and women of bad character. “Þou do me bote again þis _bald_ (bad one) For al þe soth I haf þe tald.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 48b.) Bol, bull, B. 1682; _pl._ _boleȝ_, B. 55. Bole, the round stem of a tree, B. 622. It enters also into composition in the word _throte_-bolle. _Pl._ _bolleȝ_, A. 76. Icel. _bolr_. Dan. _bul_. Sw. _bål_, trunk of a man’s body. See T. B. 4960. Bolle, bowl, B. 1145, 1511. A.S. _bolla_. Icel. _bolli_. Bolled, embossed, B. 1464. Bolnande, swelling, B. 179. Bolne, swell, A. 18; B. 363. Icel. _bolgna_. Sw. _bulna_, to swell. In some early English works we find _bollen_ (ibolȝe) the _p.p._ of a verb _bolȝe_ = bulge, swell. “Bolnyn, Tumeo, turgeo, tumesco.” (Prompt. Parv.) Bonc, bank, A. 907. Bone, prayer, petition, command (= boon). A. 912, 916; B. 826. A.S. _ben_. S.Sax. _bone_. O.N. _bón_ rogatio. “_Bone_ or graunte of prayer (_boone_ P.) Precarium, peticio.” (Prompt. Parv.) Bone, good, B. 28. {Boner, Bonere,} good, B. 733. Bonerté, goodness, A. 762. Bongre, willingly, agreeably to, C. 56. See _Gre_. Bonk, bank, hill, A. 931, B. 379. Ger. _bank_, bench, bank of a river, etc. Bor, bower, chamber, dwelling, A. 964. A.S. _bur_, a chamber. Icel. _bur_. N.Prov.E. _boor_, a parlour. Bore, born, A. 239, B. 584. Borde, table, B. 1433, 1717. Borde, board of a vessel, B. 470; C. 211. Boreȝ, boars, B. 55. Borges, burgess; sometimes written _burgeise_, C. 366. O.Fr. _bourgeois_, from Lat. _burgensis_. Borgoun, to burgeon, bud forth, B. 1042. Fr. _bourgeon_, _bourjon_, young bud or sprig. Prov. Fr. _boure_, bud. Fr. _abourioner_, to bud or sprout forth. See T. B. 4964. Borlych, burly, B. 1488. Borne = burne, stream, water, B. 482; _borneȝ heued_, head of the stream, source, A. 974. A.S. _burne_. Goth. _brunna_. Icel. _brunnr_. G. _born_, _brunnen_, well, spring. Bornyst, burnished, A. 77, 220, B. 554. Fr. _brunir_, to polish. Boroȝt = broȝt, brought, A. 628. {Borȝ, Borȝe,} city, town, A. 957, 989, B. 45, 834, 1750. A.S. _burg_, _burh_. Goth. _baurgs_. Icel. _borg_. Bos = bus = behoves, B. 687. Bosk, take, B. 351; _boske_ to, go to, B. 834. See _Busk_. Boskeȝ, bushes, B. 322. Icel. _buskr_. Bosum, bay, C. 107. Cf. N.Prov.E. _bosom_, the eddy. “Eneas and his feris on the strand Wery and forwrocht, sped thame to the nerrest land, And at the cost of Lyby arryvit he. Ane havyn place with a lang hals or entre Thar is, with an ile enveronyt on ather part, To brek the wallis and storm of every art, Within, the water in a _bosum_ gays.” --(G. Doug. vol. i. p. 33.) Bost, boast, arrogance. B. 179, 1450. Boster, boaster, B. 1499. Bostwys = busteous, boisterous, rough, fierce, A. 814. Pl. Du. _büster_, wild, fearful, savage. Cf. “_Boystows_, rudis.” (Prompt. Parv.) _Bustus_, rudis, rigidus, to be _bustus_, rudere. (Cath. Angl.) The form _bostwys_ would seem to point to _bost_, boast, as the probable root. Bot, “to bot,” to boot, B. 473. Bot, command, B. 944. A.S. _beot_, threat, promise. Bot, only, A. 18, 382, except, A. 972; _bot-if_, unless, B. 1110. Bote, saviour, A. 275, 645; remedy, safety, C. 163. A.S. _bót_, amends, atonement; _gebétan_, to make amends. Du. _boet_, remedy; _boeten_, to mend. Boþe, booth, tent, C. 441. {Boþem, Boþom,} valley, dale, B. 383, 450; pit, sea, B. 1030. _Bottom_, a valley, is still used in many of our provincial dialects, and is a frequent element in local names. A.S. _botm_, lowest point, depth, abyss. Du. _bodem_. Germ. _boden_. Icel. _botn_. Bothem, bottom, C. 144. Boþemleȝ, bottomless, B. 1022. {Bouel, Bowel,} bowel, gut, B. 1251; C. 293. Bougoun (?) B. 1416. Boun, (1) ready; (2) finished, A. 534, 992, 1103. See T. B. 827. N.Prov.E. _boun_. Icel. _bua_, to prepare, p.p. _buinn_, prepared, ready. Bounden, fastened, B. 322; bound (_p.p._ of _binde_), A. 1103. Bounet, went, _pret._ of _boun_ or _bown_, to go, B. 1398. See _boun_. See T. B. 827, 5230. “And (he) _bownnes_ over a brode mede With breth (anger) at his herte.” --(M. Arthure, p. 290.) Bounté, goodness, B. 1436. Boureȝ (bowers), chambers. B. 322. See _Bor_. Bourne = burne, man, A. 617. Bourȝ = borȝ, city, B. 1377. See _Borȝ_. Boute, without, B. 260, 824; C. 523. {Bow, Bowe,} to go, walk, literally, to bend (one’s steps). A. 126, 974; B. 45, 379, 482. “Forth heo gunnen _bugen_ In to Bruttaine.” --(Laȝ. 2, 410.) “The burd _bowet_ from þe bede.” --(T. B. 775.) A.S. _búgan_, to _bow_, _bend_, avoid, flee. Bowe, obey (bend to), C. 56, 75. Boy, a boy, youth, B. 878. Boyeȝ, boys, men of low position, servants; generally used in a bad sense, “_boyeȝ bolde_,” A. 806. “---- bot a _boye_ one (alone) Hoves by hym on a blonke (horse) and his spere holdes.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 211.) “I wende no Bretones walde bee basschede for so lyttille And fore bare-legyde _boyes_ that one the bente houys.” --(_Ibid._ p. 178.) Boȝ = bow, go, A. 196; B. 1242, 1551. See _Bow_. Boȝe, bough, B. 616, 1467. Boȝt, bought, A. 651. Boȝted, curved, C. 449. A.S. _bugan_, to bend. Dan. _bugt_, bend, turn. Sc. _bought_, to fold, bend. Brade, broad, A. 138. Brake vp = break up, throw up, spew, C. 340. Ger. _sich brechen_. Du. _braeken_, to vomit. “_Brakyn_, or castyn or spewe. Vomo.” (Prompt. Parv.) Braken (_brake_, _bracken_), fern, B. 1675, Sw. _bräken_, Dan. _bregne_, Icel. _brok_, sedge. “A _brakane_ filix, a _brakan_, _buske_ filicarium.” (Cath. Angl.) Braste, burst, C. 148. Brathe = breþe, anger, ire, also fierceness. A. 1170; B. 916. O.N. _braedi_, anger. It sometimes signifies angry. “Bade hom blyn of hor _brathe_.” --(T. B. 5075.) “For this word was Saul wrath, For oft-sith was he bremli brath.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 42b.) Braþeȝ, _pl._ of braþe, A. 346. Braunches, B. 1464. Braundysch, display, A. 346. Bray, utter (aloud), roar, A. 346. Sw. _bräka_. Brayde, brought, A. 712; aroused, awakened, A. 1170; “at a _brayde_,” at a start (Icel. at _bragdi_), at once, B. 539; “in a _brayd_,” in a moment, B. 1507. O.N. _bregtha_, weave, move, brandish, seize, awake, to leap, start. _Bragth_, quick motion. “Þe Philistienes wituten les Ran on Sampson in a res, Bot Sampson þat selcuth smert, Ute o þair handes son he stert And gave a _braid_ sa fers and fast, Þat alle þe bandes of him brast.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 40b.) Brayden, ornamented, _p.p._ of _braid_, B. 1481. Bred, bread, B. 636. {Brede, Bred,} = breed, become, B. 1558; replenish, A. 415, 814; B. 257. Brede, board, C. 184. “_Brede_ or lytylle borde. Mensula, tabula, tabella, asserulus.” (Prompt. Parv.) A.S. _bred_, plank, board, etc. Brede, breadth, A. 1030. Brede, stretch out, A. 814. Breed, bred, C. 143. Bref, short, brief, A. 268. Brek, broke, B. 1105, 1239. Breme, full, complete, A. 863. A.S. _breme_, famous, glorious. Breme, fierce, A. 346; B. 229; C. 430. Du. _bremen_, to burn with desire. Fris. _brimme_, to rage. “A _brem_ lowe.” (T. B. 860.) Bremly, vigorously, B. 509. {Brend, Brende,} = brente, burnt, bright, A. 989; B. 1292. Brennande, burning, B. 1012. Brenne, burn, B. 509, 916. Brent, burnt, bright, A. 106. Brent, steep; _superl._ _brentest_, highest, B. 379. N.Prov.E. _brant_, steep. Sw. _brant_, steep, a precipice. “A man may syt on a _brante_ hyll syde.” --(Ascham’s Toxoph. p. 58, ed. Arber.) “Apon the bald Bucifelon _brant_ up he sittes.” --(K. Alex. p. 124.) “Thane come thai blesnande till a barme of a _brent_ lawe (hill).” --(_Ibid._ p. 164.) Brere, briar, B. 791, 1694. N.Prov.E. _brere_, _breer_. A.S. _brér_. Bresed, rough, like bristles, shaggy (?), B. 1694. Cf. Sc. _birs_, _birse_, bristle. Brest, attack, outburst, B. 229. N.Prov.E. _birst_, attack (Brockett). O.E. _burst_ = injury, A.S. _byrst_. Breste, to burst, B. 1783. {Breth, Brethe,} wind, C. 107, 138; smell, vapour, B. 509, 967. Cf. “_brethe_ of smoke.” (Hampole’s Pricke of Conscience, l. 4727.) Sc. _broth_. Ger. _brodem_, _broden_, steam, vapour. A.S. _bræth_, an odour, scent, breath. “_Brethe_ at his wille.” (T. B. 1945.) Breth, wrath, B. 916. See _Brath_. Breue, tell, A. 755. “_Breve_ us thi name.” (K. Alex. p. 78.) Breued, related, written, B. 197. O.N. _brefa_. Breyþed, rushed, B. 1421. See _Braid_. Brod, great; “_brod_ wonder,” B. 584. Brode, broad, A. 650. {Brok, Broke,} brook, river, stream, A. 981; _pl._ _brokeȝ_. A. 1074, sea; C. 145. A.S. _broca_. Brom (broom), heath, C. 392. A.S. _bróm_. Bronch, branch, B. 487. Bronde, sword, B. 1246. O.N. _brandr_. Brond, brand, B. 1012. Broþe, angry, fierce, rough, B. 149, 1409. The original form in O.E. is _brathe_. It is connected with _brethe_, _brathe_, anger, wrath. “Wreth it es a _brath_ on-fall (outburst) Menging o mode that cums o galle.” --(The Deadly Sins, in Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.) {Broþely, Broþlych,} fierce, rough, and hence vile, bad, B. 848, 1030; vilely, B. 1256; C. 474. The original form is _braþly_, fiercely, vigorously. “Thoner o-loft fal sal he (Antichrist) gar, And tres _brathli_ blomes bere; _Brathli_ to do the see be reth (stormy) And _brathli_ to do it be smeth.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 124a.) Broun, brown, A. 537, 990. Browden, clustered, B. 1132. Broȝt, brought, A. 286. Brugge = brigge, bridge, B. 1187. A.S. _bricge_. Brunt, blow, A. 174. “All þat was bitten of the best (beast) was at a brunt dede.” --(K. Alex. p. 134.) Brurd, border, edge, B. 1474. Sc. _breard_. A.S. _brerd_, _breard_, _briord_, _breord_, brim, margin, rim, shore, brink. Brurd-ful, brimful, full up to the brim, B. 383. Chaucer uses _bret-ful_ in the same sense. Brutage = bretage, parapets of a wall, ramparts, B. 1190. Fr. _breteche_. Bruxle, upbraid, reprove, C. 345. O.N. _bríxla_, to reprove, reproach. Brych, filth, uncleanness, B. 848. The meaning here assigned to _brych_ is conjectural. Cf. Du. _brack_, refuse, damaged. Ger. _brechen_, to vomit, _Bryche_ as an adjective occurs in Robt. Brunne’s “Handlyng Synne,” p. 182, where it is glossed low (loghe) _i.e._ vile. “Now ys Pers bycome _bryche_ That er was bothe stoute and ryche.” In the Romance of Alexander, ed. Stevenson, we find the form _bicchid_ = _briched_ (?). Cf. _shille_ and _shrille_, etc. “And on the aȝtent day, eftire the prime A basilisk in a browe, breis (annoys) thaim unfaire, A straȝtill and a stithe worme _stinkande_ of elde, And es so bitter, and so breme, and _bicchid_ (foul) in himselfe, That with the _stinke_ and the strenth he stroyes noȝt allane, Bot quat he settes on his siȝt, he slaes in a stonde.” --(p. 165.) Bryd, lady, A. 769. A.S. _bryd_, a bride, a wife, woman. Brydde, bird, B. 288, 1482. Brydale, wedding, marriage, B. 142. {Brym, Brymme,} bank, shore, A. 232, 1074. Dan. _bremme_. Brymme, stream, water, B. 365. A.S. _brym_, the sea. In this sense _brymme_ seems to have been unknown to the Southern dialect. “O þis water þat sua stanc Wa was þam þat it nedings dranc, Þat toþer oncom þat him felle, Was frosse þat na tung moght telle, Þat ute o _brim_ and brokes bred, And siþen over al Egypte spred.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 32b.) Brynkeȝ, brinks, banks, B. 384. Brynston, brimstone, B. 967. Bryȝt, _adj._ bright, A. 110; _sb._ bright one, A. 755. Bukkeȝ, bucks, B. 392. Bulde, built, B. 1190. Buleȝ, bulls, B. 392. Bulk, stern of a ship. A.S. _bolca_, O.H.G. _pl._ _balkun_. Agiavia, loca per quæ ad remiges acceditur. (Graff. iii. p. 108.) {Bur, Burre,} blow, assault, A. 176; C. 7. O.Sc. _byr_, a blow. N.Prov. _birre_, _burr_. W. _bur_, violence, rage. See Wicliffe, St. Luke, viii. 33. “---- no buerne might ffor the _birre_ it abide.” --(T. B. 170. Cf. T. B. 571, 1902.) Bur, wave, C. 148. Prov.E. _bore_. Icel. _bara_. O.Ger. _bare_. Du. _baar_, wave, billow. In Laȝamon, vol. iii. p. 121, _Þe beares_ occurs in the latter version for _þa vðen_ of the older copy. Burde, behoved, A. 316; C. 117, 507. O.N. _byrjar_. Dan. _bör_. Burde, a woman, lady. B. 80, 653. See _Bryd_. See T. B. 3984. {Burghe, Burȝ, Burȝe,} city, town, A. 980; B. 982; C. 366. Burne, man, A. 397, 712; B. 1202; “_burneȝ & burdeȝ_,” men and women, B. 80. A.S. _beorn_, warrior, hero. {Burnist, Burnyst,} burnished, B. 1085. Burre, blow, A. 176. See _bur_. Burþen, burden, B. 1439. Butter, B. 636. Burȝ, city, town, B. 1666. See _burghe_. {Busch, Busche,} = buske, to go, B. 1416; C. 143, 472. “& he (she) wist it as wel or bet as ȝif it were hire owne, Til hit big was & bold to _buschen_, on felde.” --(William and the Werwolf, p. 7.) Busily, laboriously, B. 1446. Busk, prepare, made ready, dress, to direct one’s steps towards a place, to go, hasten. B. 142, 333, 351, 633, 1395; C. 437. Icel. _at buast_ (for _at buasc_) = _at bua sig_, to bend one’s steps, to prepare, etc. See T. B. 1186. Busmar, scorn, mockery, B. 653. A.S. _bismer_, reproach, blasphemy. Bustwys, impetuous, fiery, A. 911. See _bostwys_. Busyeȝ = busies, troubles, A. 268. Buyrne = burne, man, C. 340. See _Burne_. Bycalle, call, A. 913. Bycalt, aroused, called, A. 1163. Bycom, became, A. 537. Byde, abide, A. 399; suffer, A. 664; B. 32; remain, B. 449, 622. Bydene, quickly, A. 196. Bye, buy, A. 732. Byfallen, befallen, B. 1629. Byfore, before, A. 530. {Bigge, Byge,} great, B. 229. {Byggyng, Bygyng,} building, A. 932; dwelling, B. 378. A.S. _byggan_, to build, Icel. _byggia_. See T. B. 1379. Bygly, great, strong; “_bygly bylde_,” great building, A. 963. See T. B. 5216. {Bygonne, Bygonnen,} begun, _p.p._ of _byginne_, A. 33; B. 749; began, A. 549. Bygyn, begin, A. 547. Bygynner, beginner, A. 436. Byhelde, beheld, B. 452. Byhod, behoved, A. 928. Cf. _bud_, behoved; _bus_, behoves. Byholde, behold, A. 810; B. 64. {Byhynde, Byhynden,} behind, B. 653, 980. {Byld, Bylded,} built, See _Bulde_. Bylde, building, A. 727, 963. Bylyue, immediately, at once, quickly, B. 353, 610. Bynde, bine, woodbine, C. 444. Sw. _binda_. Ger. _winde_. Eng. _bind_-weed. Bynne, within, B. 452, 467. Byrled, poured out, B. 1715. See _Birle_. {Bysech, Byseche,} beseech, A. 390. Byseme, beseem, A. 310. Bysulpe, defile, B. 575. See _Sulpe_. Byswyke, defraud, A. 568. A.S. _swícan_, deceive. Bysyde, beside, B. 673. {Bytaȝt, Bytaȝte,} = betaught, entrusted, confided; _pret._ of _biteche_, A. 1207; B. 528. Byte, fierce, A. 355. Byþenk, repent, B. 582. Bytterly, _adv._ B. 468. Bytwene, between, A. 140, 658. Bytwyste, betwixt, A. 464. Bytyde, betide, happen, A. 397; B. 522. Byye, buy, A. 478. Byȝe, crown, A. 466; ring, collar, B. 1638. A.S. _beáh_, _beág_, ring, collar, diadem. Byȝonde, beyond, A. 141, 146, 158, 981.

Cable, C. 102. Cace, case, chance, C. 265. {Cache, Cachche,} = catch, drive away, take away. (1) “_cache_ to,” run to, B. 629; (2) take, B. 898, 1252. _Cachche_, to knock together, B. 1541. _Cached_, caught, B. 1800. Prov. Fr. _cacher_. Fr. _chasser_. It. _cacciare_. Cachen (_3d pers. pl._ of _cache_), B. 16. Cagged, drawn along (?), B. 1254. Caggen (_3d pers. pl. pres._ of _cagge_), draw (?), A. 512. “Cables were _caget_ togedur.” --(T. B. 3703.) “He plyes ovir the pavement with pallene webis. Mas on hiȝt ovir his hede for hete of the sone, Sylours of sendale to sele ovire the gatis, And sammes thaim on aither side with silken rapis, And then he _caggis_ up one Cordis, as curteyns it ware.” --(K. Alex. p. 52.) Cal, _sb._ call, invitation, B. 61. Calder, colder, A. 320. Calleȝ, addresses, C. 411. Callyng, _sb._ proclamation, B. 1362. N.Prov.E. calling, notice. “_Callynge_, or clepyng to mete: Invitacio.” (Prompt. Parv.) Calsydoyne, chalcedony, A. 1003. Cambe, came, A. 775. Canacle, B. 1461. M.Lat. _canicellus_, a little box, chest. Candel, C. 472. Candelstik, B. 1478. Capeles, horses, B. 1254. _Capul_ or _caple_, horse. Caballus. (Prompt. Parv.) Capstan, B. 418. Captyuidé, captivity, B. 1612. Caraldes, C. 159. Carayne, carrion, B. 459. Care, sorrow, A. 50, 371; B. 777. A.S. _cáru_. Goth. _kara_. Careful, sorrowful, B. 770. Carf, carved, formed, C. 131. Carfully, sorrowfully, B. 1252. Carle, a low fellow, a churl, B. 876. A.S. _ceorl_, a man, countryman. Du. _kaerle_. Ger. _kerl_. Carneles, battlements, embrasures, B. 1382. Carpe, _sb._ discourse, A. 883; parable, B. 23; speech, B. 1327. Carpe, _vb._ to discourse, talk, speak, A. 381; B. 74; of carpe, discourse of, A. 752. “_Carpyn_ or talkyn, fabulor, confabulor, garrulo.” (Prompt. Parv.) Port. _carpire_, cry. Carping, discourse, speech, B. 1550. Cas, case, A. 673. {Cast, Caste, Kest,} condition, A. 1163. Cast, look, B. 768. Casydoyne, B. 1471. See _Calsydoyne_. Catel, wealth, B. 1296. Cawse, reason, B. 65. Cause, A. 702. Cayre, to turn one’s steps to a place, to go, A. 1031; B. 85, 901, 1259. “Kaire to þi londe,” T. B. 836. A.S. _cérran_. Ger. _kehren_. Du. _keeren_, to turn. Cayser, emperor, B. 1322. Caytif, wretched, B. 1426. {Caȝt, Caȝte,} caught, A. 50; caȝte of, took off, A. 237; caȝt away, B. 1275; C. 485. See _Cache_. Certeȝ, truly, B. 105. Cerue, cut, dig, B. 1547. Ceté, city, A. 927. Ceuer, recover, reach, A. 319. Chace, drive, A. 443. Chambre, A. 904; B. 1586. Chapel, A. 1062. Charde, turned, A. 608. A.S. _cérran_, to turn, avert. Cf. _ajar_, older form a-_char_, on-_char_. Charged, commanded, B. 464. Charged, loaded, B. 1154, 1295. Chariote, B. 1295. Charyté, A. 470. Chast, chasten, B. 860. Chastyse, B. 543. Chaufen, heat, increase, B. 128. Chaunce, chance, B. 1125. Chaundeler, candlestick, B. 1272. Chaunge, change, B. 1588. Chawleȝ, jaws, C. 268. N.Prov.E. _chavel_. A.S. _ceafl_. S.Sax. _cheuele_. Cp. the vulgar phrase “cheek by _jowl_.” {Chayer, Chayere,} chair, seat, A. 885; B. 1218. Chef, chief, B. 684, 1238. Cheftayn, chieftain, B. 1295. Chekke, B. 1238. Chere, cheer, A. 407; countenance, A. 887. Prov. Sp. _cara_, O.Fr. _chiere_, countenance, favour, look. {Cheryche, Cherisch,} cherish, B. 128, 543, 1154, 1644. Ches, chose (_pret._ of _chese_), A. 759. Cheualrye, chivalry, B. 1238. Cheue, achieve, accomplish, B. 1125. Fr. _achever_, to bring to a head, accomplish. Fr. _chevir_, to compass. {Cheuetayn, Cheuentayn,} chieftain, A. 605; B. 464. O.Fr. _chevetaine_. {Childer, Chylder,} children, A. 718; B. 1300. Chorles, churl, B. 1258. See _Carle_. Chos, went. See “chosen,” T. B. 490. Chyche, niggard, A. 605. Fr. _chice_, avarice. _Chynche_ and _kynche_ are other forms of the same word. Chyde, A. 403. Chyldryn, (_gen. pl._) of children, B. 684. Chylled = chilled, shivered, became cold, C. 368. Chysly = choysly, aptly, well, B. 543. Ciences, sciences, knowledge, B. 1289. Clam (_pret._), climbed, B. 405. Clambe (_2 sing. pret._), climbedst, A. 773. Clanner, cleaner, B. 1100. {Clanly, Clanlych,} cleanly, purely, A. 2; B. 264, 1089, 1327; neatly, B. 310. T. B. 53. Clannes, clannesse, cleanness, purity, B. 1, 12, 1809. Claryoun, clarion, B. 1210. {Clater, Clatter,} shatter, B. 912. “So hard was she beseged soth for to telle, And so harde sautes to the cite were ȝeuen, That the komli kerneles were to-_clatered_ with engines.” --(William and the Werwolf, p. 103.) Clatering, clattering, B. 1515. Du. _klateren_, to rattle. Clatȝ, clash, clatter, B. 839. Ger. _klatschen_, to clap; _klatsch_, slap, clash. Clawres, claws, B. 1696. _Clawres_ is perhaps an error for _clawes_. It may, however, be another form of O.E. _clever_, _claver_, a claw. Du. _klaveren_, _kleveren_. N.Prov.E. _claiver_, to claw oneself up, to scramble. Clay, B. 312. _Clay_-daubed, B. 492. Clayme, call for, cry for, B. 1096. Cleche, receive, take, B. 12. “_Cleches_ to,” takes, lays hold of, B. 634. Sc. _cleik_, _clek_, _cluke_, claw, hook; _cleke_, _cleik_, catch, snatch. O.Sw. _klaencka_, to snatch, seize. Clef, cleft, split (_pret._ of _cleve_), B. 367. Clem, claim, A. 826. Cleme, daub, plaster with clay, B. 312. N.Prov.E. _cleam_. _Clam_, to daub, glue. S.Prov.E. _cloam_, earthenware; _clomer_, a potter. A.S. _clem_, _clám_, clay; _clæmian_, to _clam_, smear. “I stoppe thys ouyn wythowtyn dowte, With clay I _clome_ yt uppe ryght fast, That non heat cum [ther] owte.” --(The Play of the Sacrament, p. 132.) Clene, perfect, whole, B. 1731. Clenge, cling, stick, B. 1034. Dan. _klynge_, to cluster, crowd. S.Prov.E. _clunge_, to crowd, squeeze; _clungy_, sticky. Clente, clenched, fastened, A. 259. Cf. _queynte_ = quenched, _dreynte_ = drenched. Clepe, to call, B. 1345. A.S. _clypian_. {Cler, Clere,} clear, A. 2, 207; bright, A. 620, 735; plain, B. 26. Clergye, learning, B. 1570. Clerkeȝ, clerks, scholars, B. 193. Clernes, clearness, beauty, B. 1353. Cleþe, clothe, B. 1741. {Cleȝt, Clyȝt,} = clutched, fastened, (_p.p._ of _cleche_), B. 858; fixed, B. 1655. Clobbeȝ, clubs, B. 839. Clos, enclosure, house, B. 839. Clos, closed, A. 183; B. 12. Closed, enclosed, B. 310. Clot, mount, hill, A. 789. In the “Owl and Nightingale,” 999, we find _clude_, a hill. A.S. _clúd_. Low Ger. _kloot_, a hill. Clot, soil, earth, A. 22, 320. Du. _klot_, _klotte_, clod, clot. Clotteȝ, clods, A. 857. Cloþ, sail, C. 105. {Cloutes, Clowteȝ,} pieces, B. 367, 965. Cloystor, cloister, A. 969. Cluchche, clutch, B. 1541. Clustered, B. 367, 951. See T. B. 1647. Clutte, clouted, patched (?), B. 40. A.S. _clút_, a clout. Clyde, plaister (?), B. 1692. A.S. _clitha_. Cf. “_Clyte_, _clete_, or vegge (_clete_ or wegge, K.) cuneus.” (Prompt. Parv.) Clyffe, cliff, A. 159; B. 405, 965. Clyket, clicket, latch, B. 858. Prov. Fr. _cliche_, a latch, bolt. _Clyket_ of a dore, _clicquette_. (Palsgrave.) Clynge, wither, decay, A. 857. A.S. _clingan_. Clyppe, fasten, B. 418. A.S. _clyppan_, to embrace. “I wold yonder worthy weddit me hade, So comly, so cleane to _clippe_ uppon nightes.” --(T. B. 474.) Clypper, shearer, A. 802. {Clyue, Clyuy,} cleave, cling to, B. 1630, 1692. Du. _kleeven_, _klijven_, to fasten. A.S. _clífan_. Clyuen, cleave, A. 1196. Clyȝt, clutched, stuck, B. 1692. Cnawe, know, acknowledge, C. 519. Cnawyng, _sb._ knowledge, A. 859. Cnoken, knock, A. 727. Cob-hous = cov (cow)-house (?), B. 629. _Cob_ may be another form of Prov. Ger. _colb_, a heifer. Cof, quickly, B. 60, 898; quick, B. 624. A.S. _cáf_, quick, expert. {Cofer, Cofere,} coffer, chest, coffin, A. 259; ship, ark, B. 310, 339; jewel box, 1428. Fr. _coffre_. Cofly, quickly, B. 1428. Coge, boat, C. 152. _Cogges_ with cablis cachyn to londe, T. B. 1077. Cokreȝ, cockers, a kind of rustic high shoes or half boots fastened with laces or buttons, B. 40. “_Cocur_ boote. Ocrea. coturnus.” (Prompt. Parv.) The term is still used in the north of England = gaiters, leggings. Cole, coal, B. 456. Cole, cool, C. 452. Colde, great, severe, A. 50; “_careȝ_ colde,” great sorrow, A. 808. Coler, collar, B. 1569, 1744. Colored, B. 456. Colour, A. 753. Coltour = coulter, (of a plough), B. 1547. Fr. _coultre_. Lat. _culter_. Colwarde, deceitful, B. 181. See note on this word. Cf. _kolsipe_ (col-ship), deceit. Comaunde, B. 1428. Combre, to trouble, destroy, B. 901, 1024. Du. _kommer_, _kombre_, loss, adversity, care, grief. Combraunce, trouble, B. 4. See T. B. 726. Come, _sb._ coming, arrival, A. 1116; B. 467 “Of his _come_ fayne.” --(T. B. 975.) Comende, B. 1. {Comfort, Comforte,} _sb._ A. 55, 357. {Comly, Comlych,} comely, A. 259; B. 546. Commune, common, A. 739. Comparisune, _vb._ compare, B. 161. Compas, A. 1072, B. 319, 1455. Compast, B. 697. Compaynye, company, B. 119. Comyne, B. . See T. B. 12863. Con = can, did (used as an auxiliary of the past tense), A. 453; B. 1561; _coneȝ_, didst, A. 482. Conacle = canacle, cup, B. 1515. Conciens, conscience, A. 1089. Concubine, B. 1353. Condelstik, candlestick, B. 1275. Confourme, conform, B. 1067. {Coninge, Connyng,} wisdom, science, B. 1611, 1625. Conquere, B. 1431, 1632. Conquerour, B. 1322. Conquest, conquered, B. 1305. Consayue, conceive, B. 649. Conterfete, counterfeit, feign, B. 13. Contraré, contrary, B. 4, 266; in _contrary_, opposite, B. 1532. Controeued, contrived, B. 266. Contryssyoun, contrition, A. 669. Conueye, guide, B. 678, 768. Coosteȝ, properties, B. 1033. Coperounes, tops, B. 1461. “_Coporne_ or _coporoun_ of a thyng (_coperone_, K. H. _coperun_, P.), capitellum.” (Prompt. Parv.) “The Catholicon explains _capitellum_ as signifying merely the capital of a column, but in the Medulla it is rendered ‘_summa pars capitis_.’” (A. Way, in Prompt. Parv.) Coppe, top; “hyl _coppe_,” A. 791. A.S. _copp_, head, top, apex. “Now bowis forth this baratour and bidis na langir, Up at a martene mountane, he myns with his ost, And viii daies bedene the driȝe was and mare, Or he miȝt covir to the _copp_, fra the cave undire.” --(K. Alex. p. 163.) Corage, heart, B. 1806. Corbyal, raven, B. 456. Cordes, C. 153. Coroun, _sb._ A. 237; _vb._ A. 415, 767. Cors, course, B. 264. Corse, corpse, A. 320. Corse, to curse, B. 1032, 1583. Corsye, corrosive, B. 1034. {Cortays, Cortayse,} courteous, A. 433; B. 512; pure, B. 1089. Cortaysye, courtesy, A. 468, 480; good conduct, B. 13. Cortaysly, courteously, A. 381; kindly, B. 564, 1435. Corte, court, A. 701. Cortel, kirtle, A. 203. A.S._cyrtel_. Dan. _kjortel_, a garment either for a man or woman. Corteȝ, courteous, A. 754. Corupte, B. 281. Coruen (_p.p._ of _kerue_), cut, reaped. A. 40; B. 1407. Cost, contrivance, B. 1478. A.S. _costian_. O.Sw. _kosta_. Du. _koste_, to try, attempt. This word is sometimes written _cast_. See “William and the Werwolf,” p. 167. Cost, coost, property, B. 1024, 1033. Cost, coast, border, side, B. 85. Costoum, custom, B. 851. Coumforde, comfort, A. 369. {Counseyl, Counsayl,} counsel, A. 319; B. 683, 1201. Counte, B. 1685, 1731. Countenaunce, appearance, B. 792. Counterfete, defraud, A. 556. Countes, countess, A. 489. Courtaysye, courtesy, A. 457. Cout, cut, B. 1104. Couthe, knew, known, B. 813, 1054. Coueyte, covet, desire, B. 1054. {Couenaunde, Couenaunt,} covenant, A. 562, 563. Couetyse, covetousness, B. 181. Cowpe, cup, B. 1458. Cowþe, could; cowþeȝ, couldst, A. 484. Cowwardely, cowardly, B. 1631. Coyntyse, skill, craft, B. 1287. _Coint_, skilful, occurs in T. B. 125. “hir _coint_ artys.” Cf. _Coyntly_, T. B. 164. Crafte, power, wisdom; _pl._ crafteȝ, A. 356; contrivance, A. 890; power, C. 131. Crageȝ, crags, B. 449. Crak, sound, B. 1210. Craue, ask, pray for, A. 663; beg, B. 801. Crede, creed, A. 485. Cresse, cress, A. 343. Creste, A. 856. Croked, bad, B. 181. Crokeȝ, reapinghooks, sickles, A. 40. Croneȝ, cranes, B. 58. Crossayl, cross-sail, C. 102. Croukeȝ, croaks, B. 459. Cruppeleȝ, cripples, B. 103. Cry, proclamation, B. 1574. {Crysolite, Crysolyt,} chrysolite, A. 1009. Crysopase, chrysoprasus, A. 1013. Crystal, A. 159. Cumly, A. 929. See _Comly_. Cupborde, B. 1440. {Cupyde, Cubit,} B. 315, 319, 405. Cumfort, C. 485. Cupple, pair, B. 333. Cure, care, A. 1091. Curious, B. 1353. {Cyté, Ceté,} city, A. 927, 939.

Dale, B. 384 (phrase: “doun and _daleȝ_,” hill and dale), A. 121. Dalt, dealt, fulfilled, B. 1756. Dam, stream, A. 324; the deep, B. 416. Icel. _dammr_. Dan. _dam_, a fish pond. Dampned, damned, condemned, A. 641. Dampped, quelled, B. 989. Ger. _dampfen_, to suffocate, choke. Du. _dempen_. Sw. _dåmpa_, to extinguish, repress, damp. Damysel, damsel, A. 489. Dare, to tremble, be afraid, A. 839. Sw. _darra_, to tremble, shake. Dard = dured, endured, A. 609. Daschande, dashing, C. 312. Dasande, stupefying, B. 1538. Dase, lie hid, cower, C. 383. Cf. _dare_, to lie hid, cower. For the interchange of _r_ and _s_ compare O.E. _gaure_, to gaze. Dased, stupid, frightened, A. 1085. Sc. _dozen_, _dosen_, to stupefy, benumb. Du. _daesen_, to lose one’s wits; _daes_, _dwaes_, foolish, mad. (Kil.) Prov. Ger. _dasen_, to be still. “For he was _dased_ of the dint and half dede him semyd.” --(K. Alex. p. 136.) Date, A. 492; limit, A. 493; time, A. 504, 516; age, A. 1040. Daube, daub, plaister, B. 313, 492. Prov.E. _daub_, clay. “_Dawber_ or cleyman; _dawbyn_, lino, muro.” (Prompt. Parv.) Daunce, dance, A. 345. Daunger, power, A. 11; insolence, B. 71. Dawande, dawning, C. 445. A.S. _dagian_, to become day. Icel. _dagan_, dawn. Daweȝ, days; “don out of _daweȝ_,” deprived of life, dead, A. 282. Dayly, A. 313. Daynty, B. 38, 1046. Day-rawe, daybreak, B. 893; _rawe_ or _rewe_ signifies a _streak_. Cf. _day-rim_, in “Owl and Nightingale,” l. 328. “Qwen the _day-rawe_ rase, he rysis belyfe.” --(K. Alex. p. 14.) Daȝed, dawned, became day, B. 1755. See _Dawande_. Debate, strife, contest, A. 390. Debonere, gracious, courteous, kind, A. 162; B. 830. Debonerté, goodness, A. 798; C. 418. Dece = dese, seat of honour, B. 38, 1399. See _Dese_. Declar, explain, B. 1618. Declyne, A. 333. Decre, decree, B. 1745; C. 386. Dedayn, disdain, displeasure, B. 74; C. 50. Defence, prohibition, B. 243, 245. Defoule, defilement, C. 290. Defowle, to defile, B. 1129, 1147. Degre, degree, condition, B. 92. Degres, steps, A. 1022. Dekenes, deacons, B. 1266. Dele, deal, distribute, give, A. 606; exchange, B. 1118. Dele, utter, B. 344. Dele (dole), sorrow, A. 51. Deled, dealt, C. 193. Delful, doleful, sorrowful, B. 400. Delfully, dolefully, sorrowfully, A. 706. Delyt, delight, A. 642, 1116. Delyuer, delivered, B. 1084. Delyuer, deliver, A. 652; B. 500. Deme, deem, judge, A. 312, 313; B. 1118; utter, decree, B. 1745; C. 119; call, name, B. 1020, 1611. A.S. _déman_. {Demerlayk, Demorlayk,} magic, glamour, B. 1561, 1578. S.Sax. _dweomer-lake_, magic. A.S. _dweomere_, a juggler. “And all this _demerlayke_ he did bot be the devylle craftes.” --(K. Alex. p. 15.) Demme, _vb._ become faded, lost, A. 223. A.S. _dem_, damage, hurt, loss. Demmed = dammed, collected (?), B. 384. A.S. _demman_, to dam, stop water. Carr gives _demin_, a term applied to clouds when collected in masses. Sw. _dämma_. O.Fris. _demma_, to stop, obstruct. Dene, vale, dale, A. 295. A.S. _dene_, _denu_. Denely, loud, A. 51. Denned, resounded. If it does not signify _dinned_, it must mean settled, took up its abode. A. 51. Denounce, renounce, forsake, B. 106. Departe, separate, part, A. 378; B. 396, 1677. Depaynt, painted, adorned, A. 1102. {Dep, Depe,} profound, A. 406; B. 1609. Depres, depress, A. 778. Depryue, A. 449; take away, B. 185. Dere, _vb._ to harm, injure, A. 1157; B. 862. See T. B. 1260. A.S. _derian_, to hurt, damage, injure. Dere, precious, A. 400; valuable, B. 1792. A.S. _deóre_, dear, precious. Dere, dear ones, A. 777. {Derelych, Derely,} = dearly, beautifully, excellently, A. 995; very, B. 270. Dereȝ, _sb._ harms, injuries, A. 102. See T. B. 920. A.S. _dar_, _daru_, hurt, harm. “Thai dreȝe him up to the drye (land), and he na _dere_ sufird.” --(K. Alex. p. 189.) Derf, great, bold, B. 862. O.N. _diafr_. Sw. _djerf_, strong, bold. “A _derfe_ dragon,” T. B. 166. “Dang him _derffly_ don in a ded hate.” _Ib._ 1339. Derfly, quickly, B. 1641; C. 110. Derk, dark, B. 1020; C. 263; night, B. 1755. A.S. _deorc_. Derne, _adj._ secret, hidden, B. 588, 1611; _adv._ secretly, B. 697. See T. B. 1962. A.S. _dearn_, dark, secret, hidden. Derrest, dearest, B. 115, 1306. Derþe = dearth, preciousness, value, worth, A. 99. See _Dere_. Deruely = derfely, quickly, B. 632. Derworth, precious, beautiful, A. 109. See _Dere_. {Des, Dese,} dais, seat of honour, A. 766; B. 115, 1394. Desert, C. 84. Desserte, desert, A. 595. Deseuered, severed, C. 315. Dessypele, disciple, A. 715. Destyné, A. 758; C. 49. Desyre, B. 545. Determynable, A. 594. Deuine, _sb._ divine, B. 1302; _vb._ B. 1561. Deuinores, diviner, B. 1578. Deuote, devout, A. 406. Deuoutly, B. 814. Deuoyde, do away with, destroy, A. 15; B. 908. {Deuyce, Deuyse, Deuice,} devise, imagine, B. 1046, 1100; describe, A. 99, 984; order, B. 110, 238. Deuyse, _sb._ device, A. 139. Deuysement, description, A. 1019. Devoydynge, putting away, _sb._ B. 544. Dewoutly, devoutly, C. 333. Dewoyde = devoyde, C. 284. Dewyne = dwine, pine, A. 11. Deystyné, destiny, B. 400. {Deȝter, Deȝteres, Deȝtters,} daughters, B. 270, 866, 899, 933, 939. See T. B. 1489. Dialoke, discourse, B. 1157. Dispayred, in despair, C. 169. Display, B. 1107. Displese, C. 1. Dispit, spite, C. 50. Dispoyled, stripped, C. 95. Disserued, B. 613. Disstrye, destroy, B. 907, 1160. Disserne, discern, C. 513. Dissert, desert, C. 12. Distres, B. 880, 1160. Diuinité, B. 1609. Ditteȝ, stops up, closes, B. 588. N.Prov.E. _ditt_, to stop up. A.S. _dyttan_. Diȝe, die, C. 488. Diȝte, order, arrange, B. 1266. A.S. _dihtan_, to set in order, dispose, arrange, direct, etc. Do, doe, “_daunce as any do_,” A. 345. Dobler, dish, B. 1146. O.Fr. _doublier_. Doc, duke, A. 211. {Doel, Dol,} sorrow, A. 326, 339, 642; B. 852. Dole, part, A. 136. {Dom, Dome,} doom, judgment, purpose, A. 157, 580, 667; B. 597; command, B. 632; doom, C. 203. Dongoun, dungeon, B. 1224. Dool, part, B. 216. Dool (dole), sorrow. See _Doel_. Doole, gift, B. 699. Dor, door, B. 320. Dotage, folly, B. 1425. Dote, act foolishly, B. 286, 1500; C. 125; be astonished, frightened, B. 852. Sc. _doit_. Icel. _dotta_, to slumber. Du. _doten_, _dutten_, delirare, desipere. (Kilian.) “Maddyn, or _dotyn_, desipio.” (Prompt. Parv.) Doted, foolish, wicked, C. 196. N.Prov.E. _doited_, stupid. Dotel, a fool, B. 1517. Doun, down, A. 230. Doun, down, hill, A. 121. Doungoun, dungeon, A. 1187. Doured, grieved, mourned, C. 372. Sc. _dour_. Dousour, sweetness, A. 429. Doute, doubt, A. 928. {Douth, Douþe,} brave, noble, A. 839, B. 270, 597, A.S. _duguth_, the nobility, senate, etc. _Dugeth_, good, virtuous. _Dugan_, to profit, avail, be good, etc. {Doune, Dovene,} a female dove, B. 469, 481. Cf. O.E. _wulvene_, a female wolf, and E. _vixen_, a female fox. Dowe, avail, profit, B. 374; C. 50. See T. B. 5001. See _Douth_. Dowelle, dwell, B. 376, 1770; C. 69. Downe, dove, B. 485. Downeȝ, downs, hills, A. 73, 85. Dowyne, dwine, pine, A. 326. Dowrie, B. 185. Doȝter, daughter, B. 814. Doȝty, doughty, valiant, B. 1182, 1791. See _Douthe_. Doȝtyest, bravest, B. 1306. Draȝ, draw, A. 699. Draȝt = draught, character, B. 1557. Drede, doubt, A. 1047. Drepe, to kill, slay, B. 246; destroy, B. 599, 1306. “This stone with his stremys stroyed all the venym, And _drepit_ the dragon to the dethe negh.” --(T. B. 929.) A.S. _drepan_. O.N. _drepa_. Dresse, order, direct, prepare, A. 495, 860; B. 92; _pret._ _dressed_, _drest_. Dreue, drive, A. 323. Dreued, drove, went, A. 980. Dreȝe = dreghe, suffer, endure, B. 1224. Sc. _dree_. A.S. _dreógan_, to bear, suffer, endure. Cf. “dyntes full _dregh_.” T. B. 935. Dreȝly, sorrowfully, B. 476. See T. B. 2379. Drof, drove, A. 30, 1153. Drouy, turbid, B. 1016. A.S. _dréfe_, muddy, foul; _dréfan_, to trouble, make turbid. O.E. _drove_, to trouble. Goth. _drobjan_, to trouble. Du. _droeven_. “_Drovy_ turbidus, turbulentus.” (Cath. Ang.) “He (the fool-large) is like to an hors that seketh rather to drynke _drovy_ watir and trouble, than for to drinke water of the welle that is cleer.” (The Persones Tale: _Remedium contra avariciam_.) Drowned, was drowned, B. 372. Droȝ, drew, A. 1116; B. 71; _pl._ _droȝen_, B. 1394. Droȝthe = drouthe, drought. A.S. _druguth_. Du. _drooghte_. Sc. _drouth_, from A.S. _dryg_. Du. _droogh_, dry. Druye, dry, B. 412; dry land, B. 472. Drwry, dreary (?), A. 323. Drwry = drury, love, B. 699, 1065. O.Fr. _druerie_, _drurie_. {Dryȝ, Dryȝe,} dry, B. 385. {Dryȝ, Dryȝe,} heavy, sorrowful, A. 823; B. 342. Dryȝe, suffer, B. 372, 400, 1032. See _Dreȝe_. {Dryȝly, Dryȝlych,} strongly, rapidly, A. 125; wrathfully, angrily, B. 74, 344; C. 235. Dryȝtyn, Lord, A. 349; B. 1065. A.S. _drihten_. {Dubbed, Dubbet,} decked, A. 73, 97, 202; adorned, B. 115. See T. B. 1683. Dubbement, adornment, A. 121. Dublere, a dish, B. 1279. See _Dobler_. Due, A. 894; C. 49. Duk, duke, B. 38, 1182; leader, B. 1771. Dumpe, be dashed, fall, C. 362. “_Dumpe_ in þe depe.” --(T. B. 1996.) “Þan sal þe rainbow descend, In hu o galle it sal be kend; Wit þe wind sal it melle, And drive þam dun alle until helle; And _dump_ the devels þider in, In þair bale alle for to brin.” --(_Signa Ante Judicium_, in Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.) Dungen, _3d pers. pl. pret._ of _ding_, to beat, B. 1266. Sw. _dänga_. “So _dang_ he þat dog with dynt of his wappon.” --(T. B. 302.) Dunne, dun, A. 30. See T. B. 925. Dunt, blow. See _Dynt_. Durande, lasting, during, A. 336. Dure, last, B. 1021; C. 488. Dusched, struck, B. 1538. Sc. _dusche_, to smite; _dusch_, a blow. “All _dusshet_ into the diche.” --(T. B. 4776.) Dan. _daske_, to slap. Icel. _dust_ a blow. Dutande, shutting, closing (from _dutte_, to shut), B. 320. See _Ditteȝ_. Dutte, fasten, close, B. 1182. Prov.E. _dyt_, stop up. O.N. _ditta_. Dych, ditch, A. 607; B. 1792. Dyd, caused, A. 306. Dylle = dull, slow, sluggish, foolish, A. 680. N.Prov.E. _dull_, hard of hearing. O.N. _dilla_, lallare. Dym, black, B. 1016. Dymly, secretly, C. 375. Dymme, dark, B. 472. Dyn, noise, B. 862. “All _dynnet_ the _dyn_ the dales aboute.” --(T. B. 1197.) Dyngne, worthy, C. 119. Dyngneté, dignity, B. 1801. Dynt, blow, C. 125. Dyscreuen, describe, A. 68. Dyscouere, reveal, make known, B. 683. Dysheriete, disinherit, B. 185. Dysplese, to be displeased, A. 422; to displease, A. 455; B. 1136. Dyspyt, spite, B. 821. Dyssente, descend, A. 627. Dysstrye, destroy, B. 520. Dystresse, distress, A. 280, 337. Dystryed, destroyed, A. 124. Dyt, doeth, A. 681. Dyȝe, die, A. 306. Dyȝt, decked, A. 202, 987; ordered, prepared, B. 243, 632; ordained, C. 49; placed, seated, A. 920; B. 1794. Dyȝtteȝ, causest, C. 488.

Efte, again, A. 328; afterwards, A. 332; B. 562. Egge = _edge_, hill, B. 451. Egge, edge (of a knife), B. 1104; of a hill, B. 383. A.S. _ecge_. O.N. _egg_, edge. Du. _egghe_, an angle, corner, angle. Ger. _ecke_, a corner. Eggyng, instigation, B. 241. Prov.E. “egg on.” O.N. _egg_, an edge; _eggia_, to sharpen, and hence instigate. Elde, age, B. 657; C. 125. A.S. _eld_, _yld_, age. Elleȝ, else, otherwise, A. 32; 724; so that, B. 466. {Emerad, Emerade,} emerald, A. 118, 1005. Emperise, empress, A. 441. {Empire, Empyre,} A. 454; B. 540, 1332. {Enaumayld, Enaumaylde,} enamelled, B. 1411, 1457. Enbaned, supported (?), B. 1459. Sir F. Madden renders it _ornamented_. Enclose, B. 334. Enclynande, inclining, bowing, A. 236. Enclyned, prone, B. 518. {Enclyin, Enclyne,} incline, A. 630, 1206. Encres, increase, A. 959. Encroche, approach, A. 1117; receive, C. 18. Ende, die, B. 402; _on ende_, to death, C. 426. Cf. _ender-day_, and _ending_ day = the day of one’s death. Endeleȝ, endless, A. 738. Endente, A. 639, 1012. Endentur, crevices, holes, B. 313. O.Fr. _endenter_, to notch, jag. Endorde, adored, A. 368. {Endure, Endeure,} A. 476, 1082. Endyte, indite, A. 1126. Ene, once; _at ene_, at once, A. 291; _at ene_, at one, A. 953. A.S. _æne_, once. Enfaminied, famished, B. 1194. Enforsed, forced, B. 938. Engendered, begat, B. 272. Enherite, inherit, B. 240. Enle = enely (? _onlepi_), alone, singly, A. 849. Enleuenþe, eleventh, A. 1014. {Enmie, Enmye,} enemy, B. 1204. Enourled, encircled, surrounded, B. 18. Fr. _ourler_, to hem. _Orle_ in Heraldry = border. Ital. Orlo = hem, edge. Spanish and Portug. Orla = selvedge, border. {Enprece, Enpresse,} press, C. 43, 528. Enpresse, impress, A. 1097. Enpoysened, poisoned, B. 242. Enprysonment, imprisonment, B. 46. Enquylen, obtain, C. 39. See _Aquyle_. Ensens, incense, A. 1122. Entent, intent, A. 1191. Entre, enter, A. 38, 1067. Entré, entrance, B. 1779. Entyse, to provoke, B. 1137, 1808. Enurned, adorned, decked, A. 1027. Er, ere, before, A. 324, 328; B. 648. {Erber, Erbere,} arbour, A. 9, 38, 1171. Erbes, herbs, B. 1684. Erde, land, abode, A. 248; B. 596, 601, 1006. A.S. _eard_, native soil, country, region; _eardian_, to dwell, inhabit. “Eson afterward _erdand_ on lyffe, Endured his dayes drowpyaite (? _drowpande_) on age.” --(T. B. 121.) Erigant, arrogance, B. 148. Erly, early, A. 392. Ernde, errand, message, C. 52. See _Arende_. Erne, eagle, B. 1698. A.S. _earn_, eagle. Ernestly, quickly, rapidly, B. 277, 1240. A.S. _eornostlíce_. Errour, A. 422. Erytage, heritage, A. 443. Eþe, easy, A. 1202; B. 608. A.S. _eáth_. Euen (wyth), _vb._ to be equal to, A. 1073. Euen-songe, vespers, A. 529. Euentyde, A. 582; B. 479. Euer-ferne, ever-fern, C. 438. A.S. _eforfearn_, polypodium vulgare. See Gloss. to Saxon Leechdoms, ii. 381. Ewere, ewer, B. 1457. Excuse, A. 281. {Expoun, Expoune, Expowne,} expound, A. 37; B. 1058, 1729. Expounyng, _sb._ expounding, B. 1565. Expresse, A. 910; B. 1158.

Fable, A. 592. Face, B. 1539. Fader, father, A. 872. {Falce, False,} B. 205, 474. Falewed, became pale, faded, B. 1539. Ger. _falb_, pale, faded. A.S. _fealo_, pale, reddish or yellowish; _fealwian_, to grow yellow. Fale, good, C. 92. A.S. _fæl_, clean, good, true. Falleȝ, falls, happens, B. 494. Falure, A. 1084. Famacion, defamation, B. 188. Famed, celebrated, B. 275. Fande, found, A. 871. Fanneȝ, fans, flaps, B. 457. Fantumme, phantom, B. 1341. Farande, pleasing, A. 865; handsome, B. 607; joyous, B. 1758. N.Prov.E. _farant_, decent, pleasant, nice. Gael, _farranta_, stout, brave. Farandely, pleasantly, C. 435. N.Prov.E. _farantly_. Fare, _vb._ go, A. 129, 147; B. 100, 621, 929; fare, B. 466. A.S. _faran_. O.N. _fara_. Fare, _sb._ voyage, course, C. 98. A.S. _faru_, _fær_. “Þe caf he cast o corn sum quile, In þe flum þat hatt þe Nile; For-qui þat flum þat rennes þar, Til Joseph hus it has þe _fare_.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 27b.) Fare, conduct, A. 832; B. 861. Faren, gone, passed, B. 403. Fasor, form, A. 431. See T. B. 3956. Fasoun, fashion, A. 983, 1101. Fat, B. 627. Fateȝ, fades, A. 1038. Fathme, (_a_) embrace, B. 399; (_b_) grope, C. 273. (_a_) “Als I sat upon that lawe, I bigan Denemark for to awe, The borwes, and the castles stronge, And mine armes weren so longe, That I _fadmede_, al at ones, Denemark with mine longe bones.” --(Havelok the Dane, l. 1291.) O.N. _fadma_. Dan. _fadme_. A.S. _fæthmian_, to embrace. Fatte, vessel, B. 802. A.S. _fæt_. Fatted, fattened, B. 56. Faunt, child, maiden, A. 161. Faure, four, B. 958. Faurty, forty, B. 741, 743. {Faut, Faute,} fault, B. 177, 236, 571. Fautleȝ, faultless, B. 794. Fauty, faulty, sinful, B. 741. {Fauor, Fauour,} A. 428; “gret fauor,” A. 968. Fawre, four, B. 938. Fawte, fault, B. 1736. {Fax, Faxe,} hair, B. 790, 1689. A.S. _feax_. Fay, _in faye_, in faith, indeed, A. 263; _par ma fay_, by my faith, A. 489. Faylande, failing, lacking, B. 1535. Fayle, be wanting, B. 737. Set (of the sun), B. 1758. Fayly, fail, A. 34; B. 548. Fayn, glad, A. 393; _fayn of_, B. 642; _faynest_, B. 1219. Fayned, false, B. 188. Fayth, “in _fayth_” indeed, B. 1732; gen. sing, B. 1735. Faȝte, fought, A. 54. {Febele, Feble,} poor, bad, B. 47, 101, 145. {Fech, Feche,} fetch, A. 847, 1158; B. 621. Fede, A. 29. Fees, cities, B. 960. Fr. _fief_. Prov. Fr. _feu_, _fieu_. M.Lat. _feudum_. Eng. _fee_. The origin of this term is to be found in Goth. _faihu_, possessions. O.H.G. _fihu_, _fehu_, cattle. O.N. _fe_. A.S. _feoh_, cattle, money. Fel, bitterly, B. 1040. A.S. _fell_, cruel, severe. Felaȝschyp, fellowship, B. 271. Felde, field, B. 1750. Fele, (?) hide, B. 914. Fele, many, A. 21, 927. A.S. _féla_. Fele (feel), taste, B. 107. Fele-kyn, many kinds of, B. 1483. Felle, cruel, severe; _felle chere_, stern countenance, B. 139; sharp, A. 367; B. 156, 1737; boisterous, rough, B. 421; bitter, B. 954. Felly, fiercely, bitterly, B. 559, 571. Felonye, crime, sin, A. 800; B. 205. Feloun, sinner, criminal, B. 217. Felt, hair, B. 1689. A.S. _felt_. Du. _velt_, felt, cloth. Cf. W. _gwallt_, Gael. _falt_, hair of the head. Femmale, female, B. 696. Fende, fiend, devil, B. 205, 1341. Fende, fend, B. 1191. Fr. _defendre_. Fenden, of fiends, B. 224. Feng, took (_pret._ of fonge), B. 377. Fenny, dirty, vile, B. 1113. Cf. S.Prov.E. _venny_, mouldy. A.S. _fenn_, mud, dirt. Goth. _fani_. Fenyx, phenix, A. 430. Fer, far, A. 334. Ferd, Ferde, frightened, B. 897, 975. Ferde, fear, B. 386; C. 215. A.S. _forhtian_, to fear; _forht_, fear. Ferde, went, _pret._ of _fare_, B. 1106. Fere, a companion; _in fere_, in company, together, A. 89, 884; B. 985, 1062. A.S. _fera_, _gefera_, a companion. Fereȝ, carries, A. 98. A.S. _férian_. Fereȝ, companions, A. 1150. See _fere_. Ferke up, get up, B. 897; ferke over, go, walk over, B. 133. “The freike upon faire wise _ferke_ out of lyne.” --(T. B. 145.) “He salle _ferkke_ before And I salle come aftyre.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 347.) “Now _ferkes_ to the fyrthe, thees fresche mene of armes.” --(_Ibid._ p. 209.) “The kyng _ferkes_ furthe on a faire stede.” --(_Ibid._ p. 202.) In T. B. 185, it is used transitively. The verb _to ferk_ seems to be related to the Eng. _firk_, a quick movement, jerk, etc. A.S. _frician_, to dance. Ferly, _adj._ wondrous, A. 1084; _adv._ wonderfully, B. 269, 960; _sb._ wonder, astonishment, A. 1086; marvel, B. 1529. A.S. _fær_, _færlice_, sudden. Ferlyly, exceedingly, B. 962. Ferre, farther, _comp._ of _fer_, B. 97, 98. Fers, fierce, B. 101. Ferslych, fiercely, C. 337. Feryed, ferried, A. 946. O.N. _feria_ (from _fara_, to go), to transport; set over. Fest, fast, C. 290. Fest, Feste, feast, A. 283; B. 642, 1758. Festen, fasten, establish, B. 156, 327, 1255; C. 273. Fester, B. 1040. Festiual, festive, B. 136. Fete, _in fete_, indeed, B. 1106. O.Fr. _faict_. Fr. _fait_, a deed, feat. Feþer-beddes, C. 158. Fetly = featly, aptly, fitly, B. 585. See _fete_. Fette, fetch, B. 802. Fettle, set in order, provide, make, B. 343, 585; C. 38, 435. Prov.E. _fettle_, set in order, etc. O.Fris. _fitia_, to adorn. Goth. _fetjan_. Norse, _fitla_, to labour at a thing in order to get it right. Pl.D. _fisseln_, to bustle about. Fettre, fetter, B. 1255. Feture, feature, B. 794. {Fetys, Fetyse,} neat, well made, B. 174; dexterity, B. 1103. O.Fr. _faictis_. Lat. _factitius_, well made, neat, handsome. Fetysely, handsomely, beautifully, B. 1462. Feȝt, fight, B. 275, 1191. A.S. _feoht_. Ger. _fecht_, fight. See T. B. 1751. Feȝtande, fighting, struggling, B. 404. Filed, defiled. See _Fyled_. Flake, flake; _flake of soufre_, B. 954. O.N. _flak_, plank, slice. Flake = fleck, spot, blemish, A. 947. O.N. _fleckr_. Ger. _fleck_, spot, blot, stain. Flakerande, flickering, fluttering, B. 1410. Ger. _flackern_, to flare, blaze, flutter. Flambe, flame, A. 769. Flaumbande, flaming, A. 90; shining, B. 1468. Flaunke, spark, B. 954. Prov.E. _flanker_, a flying spark. Pl. D. _flunkern_, to flicker, sparkle. Ger. _flunke_, spark. Flauore, flavour, A. 87. Flawen, fled, C. 214. Flay, terrify, B. 960, 1723; C. 215. See T. B. 4593. N.Prov.E. _flay_, _flee_. Flayn, flayed, A. 809. Flaȝt, plot of ground, a flat, A. 57. Fleeȝ, fleece (of golde), B. 1476. {Flem, Fleme,} banish, A. 334; B. 31, 596. A.S. _flyman_. Flem, stream, C. 309. Cf. Prov.E. _flume_, _flem_, _fleme_, a mill-stream. Norse, _flom_, _flaum_, flood, overflow of water; _flauma_, to overflow. {Fleschlych, Fleschly,} fleshly, carnal, B. 265; A. 1082. Flet, _pret._ of flete, to flow, A. 1058. {Flete, Flet,} flow, B. 1025; to people, B. 685. See T. B. 278, 4715. A.S. _fleotan_. Sw. _flyta_, flow, float. O.N. _fliota_. Prov.E. _fleet_. Flette, floated, _pret._ of _flete_, to float, B. 387. “Childer,” he said, “yee list and lete, I sagh caf on þe water _flete_.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 27b.) Fleȝe, flew, A. 431. {Flod, Flode,} flood, A. 874, 1058; B. 369. Flokke, flock, company, B. 386, 1767. Flonc = flong = flung, A. 1165. Flor, flower, A. 29, 962; _pl._ _flores_. Flor, floor, B. 133. Flosed, flossed, B. 1689. Cf. _floss_-silk. Ital. _floscio flosso_, drooping, flaccid. Flot, grease, fat, B. 1011. A.S. _flótan_, to float; _flót-smere_, scum of a pot, floating fat. O.N. _flót_, the act of floating, the grease swimming on the surface of broth. Prov.E. _fleet_. {Flot, Flote,} company, A. 786, 946; army, B. 1212. O.Fr. _flote_, a crowd. {Flot, Flote, Flotte,} flowed, floated, A. 46; B. 421, 432; C. 248. Floty (? _flotery_), waving, A. 127. Flour-de-lys, lily, A. 753. Floury, flowery, A. 57. Flowen, flew, fled, A. 89; B. 945. Flowred, flowered, A. 270. Floȝed, flowed, B. 397. Flurted, flowered, figured, A. 208. Flyt, force, literally chiding, B. 421. O.S. _flit_, contention. Flyte, to quarrel, strive, A. 353. Prov.E. _flite_, scold. A.S. _flitan_. Flytande, chiding, B. 950. Flyȝe, flay (?), A. 813. Flyȝt, flight, B. 377. Fo, enemy, B. 1219. Fode, person, people, B. 466; _fode_, a child (King Horn, 1384); _fodder_, producer, mother (King Alys. 645); A.S. _fedan_, _afedan_, to bring forth, give birth to, rear. O.N._fæda_. Dan. _föde_. Fogge, dry grass, B. 1683. W. _fwg_. Fol, full, B. 1754. Fol, fool, B. 750, 996. Fol, foolish, C. 283. Folde, folded, A. 434. Folde, earth, A. 334; B. 403, 950. Folde, to beat, buffet, A. 813. Fole, fowl, B. 1410. Fole, fool, B. 202. Fole, foal, B. 1255. Foler, B. 1410. Foles, acts foolishly, B. 1422. {Folewande, Folwande,} following, A. 1040, B. 429, 1212. {Folk, Folke,} people, B. 100, 542, 960. Folken, of people, B. 271. Folmarde. Properly the beech-martin, but commonly applied to the pole-cat. O.Fr. _foine_, _faine_ (Lat. _fagina_), beechmast. Folyly, foolishly, B. 696. See T. B. 575. Folȝe, follow, A. 127; B. 6, 677, 918, 1752. A.S. _folgian_. Folȝed, baptized, A. 654. A.S. _fullian_, _fulwian_, to baptize. Foman, enemy, B. 1175. Fon, ceased, _pret._, of _fyne_, A. 1030; B. 369. The northern form is _fan_. “Bot ai þe quils he ne _fan_ To behald þe leve maidan.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii, fol. 20a.) Fonde, to found, establish, A. 939; B. 173. Fonde, to go, proceed, A. 150. Fonde, try, B. 1103. A.S. _fandian_. Fonden, found, B. 356. Fonge, take, receive, A. 439, 479; B. 540; _fongeȝ to the flyȝt_, takes to flight, B. 457. A.S. _fon_. Ger. _fangen_, take, seize. Goth. _fahan_. Font, B. 164. Fonte = _fond_, examined, A. 170, 327. {Fooschyp, Foschip,} enmity, B. 918, 919. For, from, B. 740; because, B. 323. Forbede, forbid, A. 379; B. 1147. Forbi, beyond, C. 483. Forboden, forbidden, B. 826, 998. Forbrent, burnt, A. 1139. For-clemmed, starved, C. 395. Prov.E. _clem_, to starve, pinch with hunger. Du. _klemmen_, to pinch, compress. For-didden, did away with, A. 124. For-dolked, severely wounded, A. 11. A.S. _dolc_, _dolh_, _dolg_, a wound; _dilgian_, to destroy. Forering, B. 3. See Note. Forfare, destroy; also to perish, B. 1168; C. 483; _forferde_, (_pret._), B. 571, 1051. Forfete, A. 619, 639; B. 743. Forfyne, lastly. {Forgart, Forgarte,} = for-did, lost, _pret._ of for-gar, ruin, destroy, lose, A. 321; B. 240. See _Gar_. Forged, made, B. 343. Forhede, forehead, A. 871. Foriusted, overthrown, defeated, B. 1216. Fr. _jouster_, to tilt. “So mony groundes he _for-justede_ & of joy broght.” --(T. B. 296.) Forlete, lost, A. 327. For long, very long, A. 586. Forlonge, furlong, A. 1030. Forloteȝ = forleteȝ, forsake, B. 101. “Þe laghes bath he (Adam) þan _forlete_ Bath naturel and positif.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 52b.) Forloyne, forsake, depart, go astray, err, A. 368; B. 282, 750, 1155, 1165. Fr. _loin_, far. For-madde, very mad (foolish), C. 509. Formast, first, foremost, B. 494. Forme, first, C. 38. {Forme-fader, Forme-foster,} first-father, progenitor, A. 639; B. 257. Fornes, furnace, B. 1011. For-payned, severely troubled, A. 246. Forray, forage, B. 1200. Fr. _fourrager_, to fodder, forrage, prey. O.Fr. _fourrer_. Mid. Lat. _foderare_, _forrare_, from A.S. _foder_. Ger. _futter_, food, victuals. Forselet, a fortified place, B. 1200. “_Forcelet_, stronge place (_forslet_, H. P.) Fortalicium.” (Prompt. Parv.) O.Fr. _forcier_. It. _forciere_. Mid. Lat. _forsarius_, a strong box, safe, coffer. Forser = forcer, forcet, A. 263. See preceding word. Forsette, compass, B. 78. Forsothe, forsooth, indeed, C. 212. Forst, frost, B. 524. A.S. _forst_. Forþe, way, passage, A. 150. See T. B. 4094, 4166. Welsh, _ffordd_, a way. “The kyng fraystez [seeks] a _furth_ over the fresche strandez, One a strenghe by a streme in thas straytt landez.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 103.) Forth-lep, forth-leapt, C. 154. Forþoȝt, repented, B. 557. Forþrast, for-thrust, B. 249. Forþy, therefore, wherefore, A. 234; B. 545, 1020. Forþynke, repent, B. 285. Fortune, A. 306. Forwarde = forward, covenant, promise, B. 327, 1742. A.S. _fore-weard_. “_Forwarde_, or cuuinawnt, convencio, pactum.” (Prompt. Parv.) Forwroȝt, over-worked, weary, C. 163. Forȝes, furrows, B. 1547. A.S. _furh_. Ger. _furche_, a furrow. Forȝete, forgat, B. 203. Fote, foot, A. 970. Foted, footed, B. 538. Founce, bottom, A. 113. See _Founs_. Foundande, going, C. 126. Founde, to go, B. 903. “Quen we suppose in our sele to sit alther heist, Than _fondis_ furth dame fortoun to the flode ȝates, Draȝes up the damme borde and drenchis us evir.” --(K. Alex. p. 64.) “Fflorent and Floridas with fyve score knyghttez, ffollowede in the foreste, and on the way _foundys_, Fflyngande a faste trott, and on the folke dryffes.” (Morte Arthure, p. 231.) Foundemente, foundation, A. 993. Founden, found, B. 547. Foundered, destroyed, perished, B. 1014. {Founs, Founce,} bottom, B. 1026. “Onone as thai on Alexander and on his ost waites, Thai flee as fast into flode, and to the _founce_ plungid.” (K. Alex. p. 141.) Fourferde, perished, _pret._ of _forfare_, B. 560. Fowle, foully, B. 1790. Fowled, became defiled, foul. B. 269. Fowre, four, A. 886. Foysoun, abundant, A. 1058. Fr. _foison_. O.Fr. _fuson_, from Lat. _fusio_, pouring out. Fraunchyse, liberality, A. 609; B. 750. Fray, terrify, B. 1553. See _Afray_. Frayneȝ, demands, asks, desires, A. 129. A.S. _fregnan_, to ask. Goth. _fraihnan_. Frayste (_a_), sought, A. 169; (_b_) literally, to try, prove, B. 1736. O.N. _fresta_. (_a_) “Bot wete thou wele this iwis, within a wale time, Fra that I _fraist_ have that faire (faice?) of my faire lady, I sall the seke with a sowme of seggis enarmed.” --(K. Alex. p. 69.) {Frek, Freke,} man, B. 6, 79, 540. This word is used by Skelton. A.S. _freca_, a daring warrior, from _frec_, _freca_, bold, daring, eager. The adjective _freke_ (_frek_, _frike_), was not unknown to O.E. writers of the 14th century. “Israel wit þis uplepp, Þat moght noght forwit strid a step, Witouten asking help of sun; Þat quak wit ilk lim was won, Þat first for eild moght noght spek, To bidd hast now es nan sa frek.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 29b.) Freles, blameless, A. 431. O.N. _fryja_, to blame. _Frie_, to blame, occurs in the romance of _Havelok the Dane_, 1998. Freloker, more freely, B. 1106. Frely, lordly, B. 162; beautiful, B. 173; freely, C. 20. Frelych, lordly, B. 162; bountiful, C. 214. French, an error for _frech_ (_fresh_) or _frelich_, A. 1086. Frete, gnaw, eat, devour, B. 1040. A.S. _fretan_. Freten, devoured, B. 404. Frette, furnish, B. 339; ornament, B. 1476. A.S. _frætu_, ornament; _frætewian_, _frætwian_, trim, deck, adorn. Fro, from, A. 427; B. 396. This is another form of the Northumbrian _fra_. O.N. _frá_; “_to ne fro_,” A. 347. {Frok, Frokke,} dress, garment, frock, B. 136, 1742. Froþande, frothing, frothy, filthy, B. 1721. Frunt, kicked, C. 187. See T. B. 5968. Frym, beautiful, fresh, vigorous, A. 1079. Prov.E. _frim_; _frum_, tender, fresh. A.S. _freme_, advantageous, good. Drayton uses the phrase “_frim_ pastures,” _i.e._ luxuriant pastures. Fryst, delay, put off, B. 743. A.S. _fyrstan_, to give respite; _fyrst_, a space of time, interval. Icel. _frest_, delay; “_to frist_, to trust for a time” (Ray); to delay (Jam.). {Fryt, Fryte,} fruit, A. 29; B. 1044. Fryth, wood, A. 89; B. 534, 1680. Gael, _frith_, a heath, deer park, forest. Ful, foul, B. 231. Fulfille, accomplish, B. 264, 1732. Fulȝed, baptized, B. 164. See _Folȝed_. Fundament, foundation, A. 1010. Funde, found, B. 1735. Fust, fist, B. 1535. Fyf, five, A. 849. Fygure, A. 170, 747. Fykel, treacherous, deceitful, C. 283. Fyldor, gold thread, A. 106. Fr. _fil d’or_. Fyled, defiled, dirty, B. 136. Fyled, formed, B. 1460. Fylsened, strengthened, aided, supported, B. 1167, 1644. A.S. _fylst_, help, assistance; _fylstan_, to help, aid. Fylter, huddle together, B. 224; join, B. 696; meet together in battle, B. 1191; become ragged, entangled. Prov.E. _felter_, entangle, clot. Fairfax uses the phrase “_feltred_ locks.” Cf. the phrase a “_filtered_ fole,” a shaggy foal. Baker says that the term _felt_ is applied to a matted growth of grass. “His fax and his foretoppe was _filterede_ togeder.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 91.) Fylyoles (= _fyells_, _phiolls_), round towers, B. 1462. Cf. _Fala_, a tour of tre. Med. Gram. Fyne, _vb._ end, die, A. 328; cease, A. 353; B. 450; delay, B. 929. Fyne, _sb._ cessation, A. 635. Fynne, fin, B. 531. Fyole, B. 1476. Fyrmament, B. 221. Fyrre, _adv._ farther, comp. of _fer_, A. 103, 127; B. 766; C. 116; _adj._ distant, A. 148. A.S. _fyrre_. Fyrte, fearful, trembling, A. 54. A.S. _fyrhto_; _fyrhtu_, fear, fright, trembling; _forht_, fearful, timid. Fyþel, fiddle, B. 1082. Fyþere, feather, B. 530, 1026.

Galle, gall, stain, filth, A. 1060; B. 1022. Cf. to _gall_, fret. Fr. _galler_. W. _gwall_. O.N. _galli_, fault, imperfection. Dan. _gal_, wrong, ill. Gain, against, A. 138. Gardyn, A. 260. Gare, cause, make, drive, A. 331; B. 690. N.Prov.E. _gar_. O.N. _göra_, _gera_. Garlande, A. 1186. Garnyst, garnished, ornamented, B. 1277. Gart, forced, made, A. 1151. See _gare_; _garten_, _3d pers. pl._ A. 86. Gate, way, A. 395, 526; B. 676, 931. See T. B. 6292. O.N. _gata_. {Gaule, Gawle,} A. 463; C. 285. See _galle_. {Gay, Gaye,} A. 260; B. 830, 1315. Gayn, _vb._ avail, A. 343; C. 164; prevail, B. 1608. Sc. _gane_; _gain_, to be fit or suitable. {Gayn, Gayne,} useful, available, good, B. 259, 749. {Gaynly, Gaynlych,} gainly, gracious, B. 728; C. 83. Cf. ungainly = awkward. O.N. _gegn_, convenient, suitable; _gegna_, to meet. Gaȝafylace, royal treasury, B. 1283. Geder, gather, C. 105. Gef, gave, A. 174. Gele, spy, see, A. 931. Gemme, A. 253. Gendered, engendered, B. 300. Gendreȝ, genders, kinds, B. 434. Generacyoun, A. 827. {Gent, Gente,} gentle, noble, gracious, A. 118, 253, 265; B. 1495. Gentryse, nobleness, B. 1159, 1216. Gentyl, noble, A. 278; _gentyleste_, A. 1015; B. 1180. Gentylmen, B. 864. Gere, gear, B. 16; C. 148. Gere, clothing, attire, B. 1811. Gered, covered, clothed, ornamented, B. 1344, 1568. O.N. _gerfi_. A.S. _gearwa_, habiliments. O.H.G. _garawi_, ornament, dress. A.S. _gearwan_; _gearwian_, make ready, prepare, supply. Gesse, tell, A. 499. Norse, _gissa_. Geste, tale, saying, A. 277. {Geste, Gest,} guest, B. 98, 640. Gettes, devices, B. 1354. O.N. _geta_, to conceive. A.S. “and-_gitan_,” get, know, understand. Geuen, given, A. 1190. Gilde, gilt, B. 1344. Giles, gills, C. 269. Gilofre, gilly flower, A. 43. Fr. _giroflée_. Lat. _caryophyllus_, a clove. Glace = glance, A. 171. Fr. _glacer_, _glacier_, slide, slip. Cf. O.E. _glace_, to polish, glance as an arrow turned aside. Glade, _vb._ to gladden, A. 861. Glam, word, message, B. 499; C. 63; talk, speech, B. 830; noise, B. 849. Obsolete Swedish, _glamm_, talk, chatter; _glamma_, to talk, chatter. Gael. _glam_, outcry. O.N. _glam_, clash; _glamra_, to rattle. Sc. _glamer_, noise, clatter. “Alle thire he closis in that cliffe, and cairis on forthire, To the occyann at the erthes ende, and, ther in an ilee, he heres A grete _glaver_ and a _glaam_ of grekin tongis.” --(K. Alex. p. 188.) {Glas, Glasse,} A. 990, 1025. Glauere, to deceive, A. 688. Cf. N.Prov.E. _glaver_, _glaiver_, to talk foolishly; _glauver_, flattery. W. _glafr_. Irish _glafaire_, a babbler. “Sir,” sais syr Gawayne, “So me gode helpe, Siche _glaverande_ gomes greves me bot lyttille.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 212.) See extract under word _glam_. Glaymande, slimy, C. 269. Cf. “gleyme or rewme, reuma;” “gleymyn or _yngleymyn_, visco, invisco.” (Prompt. Parv.) Glayre, glare, amber, A. 1026. A.S. _glære_, amber. O.N. _gler_. Dan. _glar_, glass. Glayue, a sword, A. 654. Fr. _glaive_. Lat. _gladius_. Gle, joy, glee, A. 95, 1123. Glede, kite, B. 1696. A.S. _glída_. {Glem, Gleme,} gleam, light, A. 79; brightness, B. 218; _day-glem_, daylight, A. 1094; _heven-glem_, heaven light, B. 946. Glemande, gleaming, shining, A. 70, 990. Glene, glean, gather, A. 955. {Glent, Glente,} shone, A. 70, 114, 1026; B. 218. Sc. _glent_, _glint_, to gleam. Dan. _glindse_, to glisten; _glindre_, to glitter. “The schaftes of the schire sone schirkind the cloudis, And gods glorious gleme _glent_ tham emannge.” --(K. Alex. p. 164.) {Glent, Glente,} slipped, fell, A. 671. Sc. _glint_, _glent_, not only signifies to gleam, shine, but also to glide, slide. W. _ysglentio_, to slide. “Glissonand as the glemes þat _glenttes_ of þe snaw.” --(T. B. 3067.) Glenteȝ, _sb._ looks, A. 1144. {Glet, Glette,} dirt, mud, slime, and hence filth, sin, A. 1060; B. 306, 573; C. 269. Pl. D. _glett_, slippery. Sc. _glít_, pus. O.N. _glæta_, wet. Glewed, called, prayed, C. 164. Fr. _glay_, cry. Glodeȝ, glades, A. 79. Gloped, was terrified, frightened, amazed, B. 849. O.N. _glapa_, stare, gaze, gape. O.Fris. _glupa_, to look, peep. Dan. _glippe_, to wink. N.Prov.E. _glop_, _gloppen_, to be amazed, to frighten. “Bees not _aglopened_ madame ne greved at my fadire.” --(K. Alex. p. 30.) “Thane _glopned_ the glotone and glorede unfaire.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 90.) “O, my hart is rysand in a _glope_! For this nobylle tythand thou shalle have a droppe.” --(Town. Myst. p. 146.) Glopnedly, fearfully, B. 896. Glory, A. 934; B. 1522. {Gloryous, Glorious, Gloryus,} A. 799, 915. Glotoun, a wicked wretch, a loose fellow, a ribald, B. 1505. Gloumb, look, observe, C. 94. Chaucer uses _glombe_ in the sense of looking gloomy, sullen, frowning. It seems to be connected with O.N. _glampa_, to glitter, shine. Cf. O.E. _glent_, to shine, and _glent_, to look. So also _stare_ signifies not only to look steadfastly at, but to shine, glitter. Glowed, shone, A. 114. O.N. _gloá_, to glow, burn, shine. Glwande, glowing, shining, bright, C. 94. Glydande, going, walking, B. 296. Glyde, to go, walk, slip along, B. 325, 677, 1590. Pl. D. _gliden_, _glien_, slip, glide. Glyfte, became frightened, B. 849. Originally to stare, look astonished. “Þys munke stode ande lokede þarto, And hade þerof so moche drede, Þat he wende have go to wede: As he stode so sore _aglyfte_ Hys ryȝt hande up he lyfte, Ande blessede hym self stedfastly.” --(Handlyng Synne, l. 3590.) _Gliffe_, in O.E. signifies also to look, shine, glow. Sc. _glevin_, to glow; _gliff_, a glimpse; _gliffin_, to wink. Dan. _glippe_, to wink. Glymme, brightness, A. 1088. O.Sw. _glimma_, to shine. Glysnande, shining, glistening. A. 1018. A.S. _glisnian_. O.N. _glyssa_, to sparkle, glitter. Glyȝt, shone, A. 114; looked, C. 453. Du. _glicken_, to shine. Icel. _glugga_, to peep. _A-glyȝte_, slipped from, in line 245, is evidently another form of _glyȝt_. Cf. N.Prov.E. _glea_, _aglea_, crooked, aside; _gledge_, to look asquint. Sc. _gley_, _gly_, to squint, all of which originally signified simply to look, shine. See T. B. 3943. Gnede, niggardly, beggarly, B. 146. The MS. reads nede, but _gnede_ is the correct form. Dan. _gnide_, to rub. A.S. _gnidan_. Cf. O.E. _nithing_, a miser. A.S. _gnethen_, moderate, sparing. “Sua lang has thir tua boght þair sede, Þat þair moné wex al _gnede_.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 31a.) “Bot fra þair store bigan to sprede The pastur þam bigan to _knede_.” --(_Ibid._ fol. 15a.) “Bot al he tok in godds nam, And thold luveli al þat scam; For al to _gnede_ him thoght þe gram Þat he moght thol on his licam” --(_Ibid._ fol. 51a.) Goande, going, B. 931. Goblote, goblet, B. 1277. {God, Gode,} good, wealth. See _Goud_. Godhede, godhead, A. 413. Godlych, good, B. 753. Golf, deep, abyss, A. 608. Gome, man, A. 231; B. 1315. Gorde = _girde_, rush, go headlong, B. 911, 957. See T. B. 169. Gore, filth, B. 306. A.S. _gor_, wet, filth, mud. N. _gor_. Gorste, gorse, B. 99, 534. W. _gores_, _gorest_, waste, open. {Gost, Goste,} spirit, A. 86; B. 325, 1598. Gostly, spiritual, ghostly, A. 790. Gote, stream, A. 934; B. 413; C. 310; _pl._ goteȝ, A. 608. Prov.E. _gote_, _goit_, _gowt_, ditch, sluice, mill-stream. Du. _gote_, kennel, conduit. A.S. _geotan_, to pour. “As _gotes_ out of _guttars_ in golanand, (glomand ?) wedors, So voidis doun the venom be vermyns schaftes.” --(K. Alex. p. 163.) {Goud, Goude, God,} _adj._ good, A. 33, 568; _sb._ wealth, riches, A. 731, 734; B. 1326. {Goun, Goune,} gown, dress, B. 145, 1568. Governor, B. 1645; C. 199. Gowdeȝ, goods, C. 286. Grace, A. 436. {Gracios, Gracious,} A. 95, 260, 934; C. 26. Gracyously, B. 488. Grame, wrath, vengeance, C. 53. A.S. _grama_. Ger. _gram_, anger, displeasure. Graunt, _sb._ leave, permission, A. 317; _vb._ grant, B. 765; C. 240. Grauayl, gravel, pebbles, A. 81. Grauen, graven, B. 1324. Grauen, buried, B. 1332. Grayneȝ, grains, A. 31. Grayþed, prepared, B. 343, placed, B. 1485; availed, C. 53. See T. B. 229. O.N. _greitha_, to make ready. N.Prov.E. _graid_. Grayþely, quickly, readily, B. 341; truly, A. 499; C. 240. N.Prov.E. _gradely_. See T. B. 54. “On Gydo, a gome þat _graidly_ had soght, And wist all þe werks by weghes he hade.” --(T. B. 229.) Cf. _Graiþe_ = ready. Gre, will, desire, C. 348; hence _bongre_, _malgre_, etc. O.Fr. _gret_. Fr. _gré_, will, pleasure. Lat. _gratus_, pleasing. Grece, step, B. 1590. Gredirne, gridiron, B. 1277. Greffe, grief, A. 86. Greme, _adj._ displeasing, C. 42; wrath, B. 16, 947; _vb._ to make angry, displease, B. 138, 1347. A.S. _gremian_, to displease. Greme, spot, blemish, A. 465. Norse _grima_, a spot. Gresse, grass, A. 10, 245; B. 1028. Grete, the whole, A. 637, ? altogether A. 851; a _grete_, in the gross--a head, A. 560. Grete, weep, A. 331. A.S. _grætan_, Prov.E. _greet_. Gretyng, _sb._ weeping, B. 159. Greue, grieve, A. 471; B. 138, 302, 306. Greue, grove, A. 321; B. 99. Greuing, _sb._ sorrowing, grief, B. 159. Gromylyoun, the herb _gromwell_, grey millet, (Lithospermum officinale), A. 43. “_Gromaly_ herbe. Milium solis.” (Prompt. Parv.) Grone, groan, B. 1077. Gropande, searching, trying, B. 591. A.S. _grápian_, to touch, feel, seize, grope. O.N. _greipa_. Gropyng, _sb._ handling, B. 1102. Grounde, ground, sharpened, A. 654. Groundeleȝ, bottomless, C. 310. Grouelyng, on the face, A. 1120. O.N. _grufa_; _grufa nidr_, to stoop down. _Liggia á grufu_, to lie face downwards, to lie groveling. Gruche, begrudge, B. 1347. Gruȝt, _pret._ of _gruche_, B. 810. Grychchyng, _sb._ murmuring, repining, C. 53. Grym, black, A. 1070. Grymly, sharply, A. 654; roughly, B. 1534. Grymme, horrible, B. 1553; sharp, B. 1696. A.S. _grim_; _grimm_, fury, rage; sharp, bitter; “a _grym_ toole,” T. B. 938. Grynde, A. 81. Gryndel, angry, C. 524. Norse _grina_, wry the mouth; _grinall_, sour looking. Du. _grinnen_, _grinden_, to grin, snarl. Grysly, horrible, B. 1534. A.S. _grislíc_, horrible; _a-grísan_, to dread, fear greatly. Gryspyng, _sb._ gnashing of the teeth. A.S. _grist-bítung_. Gryste, dirt (?), A. 465. Guere, gear, B. 1505. Guferes, evidently an error for _guteres_, C. 310. See T. B. 3072. See extract under word _gote_. {Gult, Gulte,} guilt, A. 942; B. 690. Gulty, guilty, C. 210, 285. Gut, C. 280. Gyde-ropes, C. 105. Gye, govern, B. 1598. Fr. _guider_; _guier_, direct, guide. Gyle, guile, A. 671, 688; C. 285. Gylt, guilt, B. 731. Gylteȝ, A. 655. Gyltleȝ, guiltless, A. 668. Gyltyf, guilty, A. 669. Gyn, machine; applied to the ark, B. 491; to a boat, C. 146. Gyng, company, A. 455. A.S. _genge_. See T. B. 1225. “Þan was Jacob busked yare, Wit al þe _gynge_ þat wit him ware.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 30a.) Gyngure, ginger, A. 43. Gyse, guise, A. 1099. Gyternere, A. 91. Fr. _guiterre_; _guiterne_, a gittern. (Cot.) Lat. _cithara_, a harp.

Habbe, have, B. 75; _habes_, _habbes_, has, B. 555, 995. {Hach, Hachche,} hatch (of a ship), B. 409; C. 179. Hafyng. See _Hauyng_. Hagherlych, fitly, B. 18. See _Haȝerly_. Haldande, holding, C. 251. Halde, hold, A. 454, 490; B. 652. Halden, held, A. 1191; B. 42. Hale, flow, A. 125. The original meaning is to drag along. Ger. _holen_. O.N. _hala_. Fr. _haler_. Cf. T. B. 1782. Hale, toss, B. 1520; C. 219. Half, side, quarter, B. 950. O.N. _halfa_. Halke, recess, B. 104, 321. A.S. _hylca_, hooks, turnings. “_Halke_ or hyrne. Angulus, latibulum.” (Prompt. Parv.) See Canterbury Tales, 11433. Halse, salute, wish one health, B. 1621. O.N. _heilsa_. Sw. _halsa_, to salute. O.N. _heilsa_, health. See T. B. 367. Halt, lame, B. 102. O.N. _halltr_, lame; _haltra_, _halta_, to limp. Halue, behalf, B. 896. Halue, side, border, B. 1039. Halyday, holy day, B. 134; C. 9. Halȝed, hallowed, sanctified, B. 506, 1163. Hampre, to pack up for removal, B. 1284. Han (_3d pers. pl. pres._), have, A. 776. Hande-helme, B. 419. Hapeneȝ, is blessed, B. 27. Happe, joy, A. 16, 1195; _happeȝ_, blessings, B. 24; C. 11. O.N. _happ_. Happe, cover, B. 626; C. 450. Prov.E. _hap_, to cover; _happing_, covering. “Lord, what (lo) these weders ar cold, and I am ylle _happyd_.” --(Town. Myst. p. 98.) “_Happyn_ or _whappyn’_ yn cloþys.” “_Lappyn’_, or _whappyn’_ yn cloþys (_happyn_ to-gedyr, S.; _wrap_ to-geder in clothes, P.) Involvo.” (Prompt. Parv.) Happen, _adj._ happy, blessed, C. 13, 17, 19, 21. Hard, coarse cloth made of tow, “_hard_ hattes,” B. 1209. A.S. _heordan_, _heordas_, hards, refuse of tow. “Sum araies thaim in ringes, and sum in row breuys, With _hard hattes_ on thaire hedis hied to thaire horsis.” --(K. Alex. p. 102.) Hardy, bold, B. 143. Hardyly, boldly, A. 3. Hare, B. 391. Harlot, underling, B. 39; servant, profane jester, B. 860, 1584; _harloteȝ_, harlot’s, B. 34; harlots, B. 860. This term was not originally confined to females, nor even to persons of bad character. W. _herlawd_, _herlod_, a youth; _herlodes_, a damsel. Cf. “_harlotte_ scurrus.” “Gerro a tryfelour or a harlott.” Med. MS. Cant. “An _harlott_, balator, rusticus, gerror, mima, joculator, nugatur, scurrulus, manducus. An _harlottry_, lecacitas, inurbanitas,” etc. To “do _harlottry_, scurrari.” Cath. Ang. in Prompt. Parv. “Ffore _harlottez_ and _hause-mene_ (house-men) salle helpe bott littille.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 229.) Harlottrye, profane speaking, B. 579. Harme, _sb._ wrong, sin, C. 17; _pl._ _harmeȝ_, harms, A. 388. Harmleȝ, guiltless, A. 676, 725. Harpe, A. 881. Harpen (_3d pers. pl. pres._), play on the harp, A. 881. Harporeȝ, harpers, A. 881. Haspe, fasten, B. 419; clothe, cover, C. 381. O.N. _hespa_, a clasp, buckle. Cf. “_haspyng_ in armys.” T. B. 367. Haspede, hook, C. 189. Cf. Dan. _haspe_, windlass, reel; _haspevinde_ capstan of a ship. {Hastif, Hastyf,} hasty, C. 520. {Hastyfly, Hastyly,} hastily, quickly, B. 200, 1150. Hat, call, B. 448. A.S. _hátan_, to call. {Hatel, Hattel,} anger, B. 200; fierce, B. 227; keen, sharp, C. 367, 481. S.Saxon _hatel_, _hetel_, keen, sharp, bitter. A.S. _hétel_, fierce. O.Sax. _hatol_. A.S. _atol_, dire, cruel. Hatere, clothing, garments, B. 33. A.S. _hætern_, _hæter_, clothing, apparel. Haþel, man, literally noble, A. 676; B. 27, 409, 1597. A.S. _æthele_, noble; _ætheling_, a ruler, man. “Homer was holden _haithill_ of dedis.” --(T. B. 38.) Hatte, is called, B. 926; C. 35. Haunte, practise, C. 15. Fr. _hanter_, frequent, haunt, literally, to follow a certain course. Haueke, hawk, B. 537. Hauen, haven, port, B. 420. Hauyng, condition, behaviour, A. 450, 754. Haylsed, saluted, A. 238; B. 612, 814. See _Halse_. See T. B. 1792. Hayre, heir, B. 666. Hayreȝ, shirts of horse-hair, hair-cloth, sack-cloth, C. 373. A.S. _héra_. Haȝerly, fitly, properly, B. 18. This word occurs in the Ormulum under _haȝherrlike_. O.N. _hægr_, dexter, facilis. Dan. _haage_, to please; _haagelig_, agreeable, acceptable. Hede, notice, A. 1051. Hef, heaved, raised, C. 219. Heke = eke, also, A. 210. Helde, bend to, come to, B. 1330. A.S. _healdan_; _hyldan_, incline, lean to. Dan. _helde_. Helde, _adv._ willingly, A. 1193; _in helde_, in mind, in purpose, disposed, B. 1520. Helded, approached, B. 39. Heldeȝ, goes, walks, B. 678. “Þir brether _helid_ ai forth þair wai Þat to þair fader ful suith com þai.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 29b.) Hele, safety, C. 335; health, B. 1099; pleasure, A. 16. A.S. _hél_. Helle-hole, B. 223. Hellen, of hell, C. 306. Helme, C. 149. Hem, them, C. 180. Hemme, border, A. 1001. Hende, gracious, B. 612; C. 398; pleasant, B. 1083. Norse _hendt_, adapted; _hendug_. Dan. _hændig_, handy, dextrous. Cf. _hendly_, T. B. 1792. Hendelayk, mildness, civility, B. 860. Hard-_laike_ occurs in T. B. 2213. {Heng, Henge,} hang, B. 1584, 1734. Hens, hence, C. 204. {Hent, Hente,} take, seize, receive, A. 388, 669; B. 151, 376, 883, 1150. O.N. _henda_. A.S. _hentan_. Hepe, heap, company. B. 1775. Her, their, A. 888. Here, heir, B. 52. “Bede his doughter come downe and his _dere heire_.” (T. B. 389.) Here, hair, A. 210. Here, company, B. 409, 902. T. B. 6253. A.S. _here_, an army, host, etc. Hered, honoured, B. 1086. A.S. _hérian_, to praise, commend. {Herken, Herkne,} hearken, B. 193, 458. Herneȝ, brains, A. 58. O.N. _hjarni_. Sw. _hjerna_. Herneȝ = erneȝ, eagles, B. 537. Hert, heart, B. 1723. Hertte, hart, B. 391, 535. Heruest, harvest, B. 523. Hery, honour, praise, B. 1527. See _hered_. {Herytage, Heritage,} A. 417; B. 652. Herȝe, harry, B. 1179, 1294; drag out, C. 178. Sc. _herry_; _harry_, rob, spoil, pillage. A.S. _hergian_, _herian_, to plunder, afflict, vex. Fr. _harrier_, provoke, molest. O.N. _heria_, to make an inroad on. {Hest, Heste,} command, A. 633; B. 94, 341; promise, B. 1636. Hete, promise, vow, A. 402; B. 1346; C. 336. O.N. _haeta_, to threaten. T. B. 240. Heter, rough, C. 373. See T. B. 5254. N.Prov. _hetter_, _hitter_, eager, earnest. Heterly, quickly, greatly, fiercely, A. 402; B. 380, 1222; C. 381, 477. See T. B. 3499. Heþe, heath, B. 535. Heþen, hence, A. 231. O.N. _hëthan_. See T. B. 5115. Heþyng, scorn, contempt, B. 579, 710; C. 2. O.N. _háthung_. See T. B. 1753, 1818. Heue, heave, raise, A. 314, 473. O.N. _hefia_. Heued, head, A. 459, 465. Heuen, raise, exalt, A. 16; B. 24, 506; increase, “_heuen þi hele_.” B. 920. We also meet with the phrase to “_heuen harm_.” “Qua folus lang wit uten turn, Oft his fote sal find a spurn; Reu his res þan sal he sare, Or _heuen_ his harme with foli mare.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 25a.) Heuen-ryche, the kingdom of heaven, A. 719; C. 14. Heuy, sorrowful, A. 1180; C. 2. Heyred, harried, dragged, pulled, B. 1786. See _Herȝe_. “_Harryn’_ or _drawyn’_ trahicio, pertraho” (Prompt. Parv.) Heyred = heryed, honoured, B. 1527. See _Hered_. Heȝe, high, lofty, B. 1391, 1749. Heȝe, hasten, B. 1584. See _Hyȝe_. {Heȝt, Heȝþe,} height, A. 1031; B. 317. {Hide, Hidde,} hid, hidden, B. 1600, 1628. Hidor, fear, C. 367. O.Fr. _hisdour_; _hidour_, dread. Hiled, covered, B. 1397. A.S. _hélan_, _hélian_. Prov.E. _hele_, _hill_, _hile_, to cover. O.N. _hylia_, to hide. Hitte, to make for, C. 289; come, B. 479; C. 380. O.N. _hitta_, to light on, find. “Þai turne into Tessaile withouten tale more, _Hit_ up into a havyn all the hepe samyn.” --(T. B. 991.) Hiȝe = high, loud, B. 1564. Hiȝly, greatly, B. 920. Ho, she, A. 232, 233; B. 659. A.S. _heo_. Prov.E. _hoo_. Ho-besteȝ, she-heasts, B. 337. Hod, hood, B. 34. Hodleȝ, hoodless, B. 643. Hofen, (_p.p._ of _heve_), exalted, raised, B. 1711. Hokyllen, beat, B. 1267. Is this an error for _hollkyen_? See _Holkke_. Hol, whole, B. 102, 594. Hole-foted, B. 538. Holde, dominion, B. 1597. Holkke, thrust out, B. 1222. The original meaning seems to be “to make hollow, dig out, pierce.” A.S. _holian_, to hollow; _hol_, _holh_, a hole. Cf. O.Sc. and O.E. _holket_, hollow; _holk_, dig out. Prov.E. _hulk_, to take out entrails of rabbits and hares (Baker). Sw. _holka_, _hulka_, to hollow. Holly, wholly, B. 104, 1140. Holteȝ, woods, A. 921. A.S. _holt_, wood, grove; “_holte woddes_,” T. B. 1351. Holȝe, hollow, B. 1695. A.S. _holh_. Homly, familiar, domestic, A. 1211. Hommes, hams, thighs, B. 1541. O.N. _höm_, the back of the thigh. Honde, hand, A. 49, 706; B. 174. Hondel, handle, B. 11. Hondelyng, _sb._ handling, B. 1101. Hondelynge, _adv._ with hands, A. 681. Honde-werk, handwork, C. 496. Honde-whyle, a moment, B. 1786. A.S. _hand-hwíl_; “in a _hond-while_,” T. B. 406. Hone, to delay, abide, A. 921. See Met. Hom., p. 129. Honest, B. 14, 18. Honestly, B. 134, 705. Honour, A. 852; B. 594. Honyseȝ, destroys, ruins, B. 596. O.Fr. _honeison_, shame; _honnir_, to shame, blame, borrowed from Goth, _haunjan_. Ger. _höhnen_. “And Alexander alle that quile asperly rydis To the grete flode of Granton, and it one a glance fyndes, Or he was soȝt to the side ȝit sondird the qweryns, His hors it _hunyschist_ for evir, and he with hard schapid.” --(K. Alex. p. 102.) Hope, expect, think, suppose, A. 142; B. 663. Hores, theirs, C. 14. Hores (?), B. 1695. Hortyng, _sb._ hurting, harm, B. 740. Horwed, unclean, B. 335. A.S. _horwa_, _hóru_, dirt; _hyrwian_, to defile. Horyed, hurried, B. 883. {Hot, Hote,} angry, B. 200. Hourlande, rolling, rushing, hurling, C. 271. Hourle, wave, C. 319. Household, B. 18. Houe, abide, B. 927. W. _hofian_; _hofio_, to fluctuate, hover, suspend. Houeȝ, hovers, B. 458, 485. Houen, exalted, raised, B. 206, 413, 1451. Hue, cry, voice, A. 873. {Hue, Huee,} hue, complexion, A. 842; B. 1483. Huge, great, B. 4, 1659. Hunger, _vb._ C. 19. Hurkele, hang, B. 150; rest, 406. The original meaning is to nestle, crouch, squat. N.Prov.E. _hurkle_, to squat, crouch, nestle. Du. _hurken_, to squat. O.N. _hruka_. “Then come ther in a litill brid into his arme fleȝe, And ther _hurkils_ and hydis as sche were hande tame, Fast scho flekirs about his fete, and fleȝtirs aboute.” --(K. Alex. p. 18.) Hurlande, hurling, rushing, B. 413, 1211. Hurle, rush, B. 44, 223, 376, 874, 1204; “_hurlet_ out of houses,” T. B. 1365. Hurrok, oar, B. 419; C. 185. Prov.E. _orruck_. “_Orruck_-holes, oar-drawing holes, as distinct from thole-pins, which are less used in our boats: _rykke_, to draw (Dan.). Compare English _rullocks_.” Norfolk Words: Miss A. Gurney in Transactions of Philological Society for 1855, p. 34. Huyde, hide, B. 915. Huyle, while, A. 41. Hwe, hue, A. 896; _hwes_, B. 1119. Hwed, coloured, B. 1045. Hyde, skin, A. 1136. Hyl-coppe, hill-top, A. 791. See _Coppe_. Hynde = hende, courteous, A. 909; B. 1098. Hyne, servants; _hinds_, A. 505, 632, 1211. A.S. _hina_, _hine_ (for _higna_, _higne_), a domestic. O.N. _hion_, family. Hyre, _sb._ hire, wages, A. 534, 539. Hyre, _vb._ A. 507, 560. Hyrne, corner, B. 1294; C. 178. A.S. _hyrne_. “Hyd hom in houles and _hyrnys_ aboute,” T. B. 1362. Hytteȝ, strives, seeks, A. 132. Hyue, hive, B. 223. Hyure, hire, C. 56. Hyȝe, high grounds, heights, B. 391. {Hyȝe, Hyȝ,} high, A. 39, 395; B. 380; “on _hyȝe_,” B. 413; “_hyȝe_ trot,” quick pace, B. 976. Hyȝe, hie, hasten, B. 33, 392, 538; C. 217. A.S. _higan_, _higian_. Hyȝe, labourer, servant, B. 67. A.S. _higo_, a servant. See _Hine_. Hyȝly, greatly, B. 1527. Hyȝt, named, called, promised, A. 305, 950; B. 24, 665, 1162. Hyȝt, height, B. 458; C. 398. Hyȝtled, ornamented, decorated, B. 1290. “He had a hatt on his hede _hiȝtild_ o floures.” --(K. Alex. p. 155.)

I-brad, extended, reached, B. 1693. See _Brayde_. Ichose, chosen, A. 904. Idolatrye, B. 1173. Ilk, same, B. 1755. Ille, bad, evil, B. 577. Ilyche = alike, B. 228, 975; C. 161. A.S. _gelíc_. Image, B. 983. In-blande, together, B. 885. Dan. _iblandt_. See _Bland_. Inflokke, flock in, B. 1767. Inlyche, alike, A. 546, 603. In-melle, among, A 1127. This word is usually written _i-melle_. Icel. _á-milli_. {In-monge, In-mongeȝ,} among, amidst, B. 278, 1485. {In-mydde, In-myddeȝ,} amidst, B. 125, 1677. Innocens, innocence, A. 708. {Innoghe, Innoȝe,} enough, sufficiently, A. 612, 625, 637; abundant, C. 528. In-nome, taken in, A. 703. {Innossent, Inoscente,} innocent, A. 666, 672, 684. Inobedyent, disobedient, B. 237. Fr. _inobedient_. In-seme, together, A. 838. A.S. _gesome_. O.E. _ysome_. In-stoundes, at times, B. 1603. Instrumente, B. 1081. Insyȝt, opinion, B. 1659. Ire, wrath, B. 572. Iwysse, truly, indeed, B. 84. A.S. _gewis_. In-wyth, within, A. 970.

Jacynth, A. 1014. Janglande, muttering, C. 90. O.Fr. _jangler_, to chatter. Jape, device, sin, B. 272, 864; C. 57. Fr. _japper_, to yelp, chatter. The original meaning of _jape_ is in O.E. to deceive, to lie. Jasper, A. 999. Jauele, a wicked wretch, a base fellow, B. 1495. “_Javel_, Joppus, gerro.” (Prompt. Parv.) “The Lieutenant of the Tower advising Sir Thomas Moor to put on worse cloaths at his execution, gives this reason, because he that is to have them is but a _javel_; to which Sir Thomas replied, shall I count him a _javel_ who is to doe me so great a benefit.” --(MS. Lansd. 1033, in Hall.) Jeaunte, giant, B. 272. {Jolef, Jolyf, Joly,} handsome, happy, true, A. 842, 929; B. 300, 864; C. 241. Joparde, jeopardy, A. 602. Jostyse, justice, judge, B. 877. Journay, C. 355. Jowked, slept, C. 182. {Joy, Joye,} A. 266. Joyfol, A. 288. Joyleȝ, joyless, sorrowful, A. 252; C. 146. Joyne, B. 726. Joyned, A. 1009; B. 434. Joyned, enjoined, B. 877; C. 62, 355. Joynte, B. 1540. Joyst, B. 434. {Juel, Juele,} jewel, A. 249, 253, 278. {Jueler, Juelere,} jeweller, A. 252, 264. Juelrye, jewelry, B. 1309. Jugge, judge, A. 7, 804; C. 224. Juggement, judgment, B. 726. {Juis, Juise,} judgment, doom, B. 726; C. 224. Jumpred (? _Jumpre_ from A.S. _geomer_, miserable, sad), trouble, B. 491. Justyfyet, justified, A. 700.

Kable, B. 418. Kake, B. 625, 635. Kark, sorrow, C. 265. W. and Gael. _carc_, care. Karle, churl, B. 208. See _Chorle_. Kart, B. 1259. Kayrene, to go, B. 945. See _Cayre_. Kayser, emperor, B. 1593. Kaȝt, caught, B. 1215. Kene, great, noble, B. 839, 1593; sharp, B. 1697. Kenely, quickly, B. 945. Kenne, to know, make known, show, A. 55; B. 865, 1707; C. 357. O.N. _kenna_. Norse _kjenna_, to perceive by sense, recognise, observe. Kennest, keenest, B. 1575. Kepe, care for, regard, B. 508. Kerve, dig, A. 512; cut, B. 1104; rend, B. 1582. {Kest, Keste,} contrive, B. 1070, 1455; cast, A. 66; B. 414. Keue, depart, A. 320. Keued, separated, A. 981. Keuer, recover, restore, B. 1605, 1700. Keye, key, B. 1438. Klubbe, club, B. 1348. Klyffeȝ, cliffs, A. 66, 74. Knaue, knave, B. 855; servant, B. 801. {Knaue, Knaw, Knawe,} know; _knawen_, known, A. 637; B. 1435, 1575. Knawlach, knowledge, B. 1702; See T. B. 1083. Knot, crowd, company, A. 788. Knyt, knit, unite, establish, B. 564. Kost, coast, border, B. 912. Kote, house, B. 801. Koynt = quaint, curious, crafty, B. 1382. Krakke, sound, B. 1403. Kuy, kine, cows, B. 1259. {Kyd, Kydde,} showed, proved, (_pret._ of _kythe_), B. 23, 208. _Kyde_, as an _adj._ = renowned. “This kyde realme.” --(T. B. 213.) Kylle, to strike, B. 876. See T. B. 1211, 1213. Kyndam, kingdom, B. 1700. Kynde, nature, species, B. 266, 505, 507. {Kyndely, Kyndly,} naturally, properly, B. 1, 319. Kynne, conceive, B. 1072. A.S. _cennan_, to conceive, beget. Kynned, kindled, B. 915. O.N. _kynda_. Kynneȝ, “alle kynneȝ = of every kind,” A. 1028. Kyntly = kyndly, naturally, A. 690. Kyppe, take up, seize, B. 1510. Prov.E. _kep_. O.N. _kippa_. A.S. _cépan_. See Robt. of Glouc. 125. Havelok the Dane, 2407. “_Kyppyn’_ idem quod _Hynton_;” “_Kyppynge_ or _hyntynge_ (_hentynge_, K. P.), Raptus.” (Prompt. Parv.) {Kyrk, Kyrke,} church, temple, A. 1061; B. 1270. Kyryous = curious, careful, particular, B. 1109. {Kyst, Kyste,} chest, ark, B. 449, 1438; C. 159. Kyþe, show, exhibit, A. 356; B. 851, acknowledge, B. 1368. A.S. _cíthan_, to make known. “Ye _kyþe_ me suche kyndnes,” --(T. B. 557.) {Kyþ, Kyþe,} city, land, region, A. 1198; B. 414, 571, 901, 912; C. 18. A.S. _cyth_, a region, home, native place. “Ther was a kyng in þat coste þat þe _kithe_ ought.” --(T. B. 103.) Kyþyn (_gen. pl._ of _kyþe_), of cities, B. 1366.

Labour, _sb._ A. 634; _vb._ A. 504. {Lache, Lachche,} = latch, take, receive, B. 166; _lached_, received, B. 1186; taken, C. 266; reach, C. 322; “_lach_ out,” take away, C. 425. A.S. _læccan_. Lad, led, A. 801. Ladde = lad, man (of inferior station), B. 36; C. 154. O.H.G. _laz_, libertinus. Ger. _lasse_. Du. _laete_, a peasant. Ladde-borde, larboard, C. 106. Laddres, ladders, B. 1777. Lade, led, A. 1146. Ladyly, A. 774. Ladyschyp, A. 578. Lafte, left, B. 1004. Laften, (_3d pers. pl. pret._) left, A. 622; C. 405. {Lake, Llak,} lake, deep, B. 438, 536. Lakke, sin against, abuse, B. 723. Dan. and Sw. _lak_, fault, vice. Dan. _lakke_, decay, decline. {Lalled, Laled,} spoke, B. 153, 913. Dan. _lalle_, to prattle. Bavarian _lallen_, to speak thick, talk. Gr. λαλειν, to talk. Lance, take, C. 350. Langage, language, B. 1556. Langour, sorrow, A. 357. Lansed (? _laused_), uttered, B. 668; C. 489. _Launch_, in the dialect of Worcestershire, signifies to cry out, groan. Lansed, ? quaked, B. 957. Lanteȝ (? _lanceȝ_), lentest, gavest, B. 348. Lantyrne, A. 1047. Lape, lap, taste, B. 1434. _Lape_, lape, taste (Baker’s Northampton Glossary). Lappe, _sb._ A. 201. A.S. _læppa_, border, hem. “_Lappe_, skyrte (_lappe_, barme, K.). Gremium.” (Prompt. Parv.) “The word _lap_, according to many ancient writers, signified the skirt of a garment. Thus G. de Bibelsworth says, ‘Car par deuant avez eskours (_lappes_), Et d’en costé sont vos girouns (sidgoren).’ It denoted, likewise, the hinder skirt.” (Way in Prompt. Parv.) Lapped, folded, clothed, B. 175. See T. B. 236. Lasched, B. 707. ? became hot, lascivious. Lasned = lessened, made smaller, B. 438, 441. Lasse, less, A. 599, 600; B. 1640. Laste, follow, A. 1146; C. 320. A.S. _last_, footstep. Goth, _laistjan_, to follow after. Laste, fault, crime, C. 198. Lastes, becomes faulty, B. 1141. Dan. _last_, vice, fault. O.N. _löstr_. S.Sax. _last_, calumny, blame. Icel. _last_. Ger. _lästerung_, slander. Lat, slow, late, B. 1172. A.S. _læt_, slow, late. Cf. _“lat_-a foot, slow in moving.” (Wilbraham’s Cheshire Glossary.) Laþe, to invite, B. 81. A.S. _lathian_. O.Sax. _lathian_. O.N. _lada_. Prov.E. _lathe_, to invite. A.S. _lathu_, invitation. N.Prov.E. _lathing_, invitation. Lauce, loosen, do away with (?), B. 1589. Laue, law, B. 723. Lauande, pouring, flowing, B. 366. Laue, pour out, A. 607; C. 154. A.S. _lafian_. Launceȝ, branches (of trees), A. 978. Launde, an open space between woods, a park; _lawn_, B. 1000, 1207. “_Saltus_ a lawnd.” (Nominale MS.) Welsh _llan_. “_Lawnde_ of a wode. Saltus.” (Prompt. Parv.) “_Indago_, a parke, a huntynge place, or a _launde_.” (Ortus.) “_Lande_, a _land_ or _launde_, a wild untilled shrubbie or bushy plaine.” (Cotg.) O.Fr. _lande_, saltus. “Sythyne [he] wente into Wales wyth his wyes alle; Sweys into Swaldye with his snelle houndes, For to hunt at the hartes in thas hye _laundes_.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 6.) Lawe, hill, B. 992. Sc. _law_. A.S. _hlæw_, mound, mount. Goth. _hlaiw_. Lawles, C. 170. Lay, put down, B. 1650. Layke, _sb._ sport, play, amusement, B. 122, 1053. Layke, _vb._ to play, B. 872. A.S. _lác_, play; _lácan_, to play. Layke, device, B. 274; C. 401. Layned, kept secret, A. 244. N.Prov.E. _lane_, to hide. O.N. _leyna_. Layth, vile, evil, C. 401. A.S. _láth_, evil, harm; _láth_, hateful, evil; “_laithe_ hurtes,” T. B. 1351. Layte, seek, search, B. 97, 1768. N.Prov.E. _late_. Icel. _leita_. Sw. _leta_, to look for; “_laytyng_ aboute,” T. B. 2348. Laȝares, lepers, B. 1093. Laȝe, laugh, B. 653, 661. {Laȝte, Laȝt,} = laught, took, A. 1128, 1205. See _Lache_. Le, shelter, C. 277. A.S. _hleo_, shade, shelter. Cf. T. B. 2806. O.N. _hlja_, to protect. Cf. _Leeside_ = the sheltered side of a ship. “---- thar I the tell Is the richt place and sted for ȝour cite, And of ȝour travell ferm hald to rest in _le_.” --(G. Doug. vol. i. p. 152.) “Þe wicked alsua þe gode sal se, Wit-in þair gamen stad and gle, Þat þai þe sorfuller sal be, Þat losen folili has þat _le_.” (_i.e._, heaven). --(“De Penis,” quoted in “Hampole’s Pricke of Conscience,” l. 4, p. xii.) Leauty, loyalty, B. 1172. Lebarde, leopard, B. 536. Lecherye, B. 1350. {Led, Lede,} man, person, A. 542; B. 412. A.S. _leód_, man. {Led, Leede,} people, nation, B. 691, 772, 909. A.S. _leóde_, people, folk. Ledden = leden, sound, A. 878. Chaucer uses the word _leden_ in the sense of _speech_, _language_. A.S. _hlyd_. O.N. _hliod_, a sound. Ledisch, national, pertaining to a people or country, B. 1556. S.Sax. _leodisce_. See _Lede_. {Leef, Lef,} _adj._ dear, precious; _sb._ dear one, wife, A. 266, 418; B. 772, 939, 1066. A.S. _leóf_. Lefly, dear, beloved, B. 977. A.S. _leóflíc_. Lefsel, bower, house formed of leaves, C. 448. “By a lauryel ho (Dame Gaynour) lay, vndur a _lefe-sale_, Of box and of barberè, byggyt ful bene.” --(The Anturs of Arther in Robson’s Met. Rom. p. 3, vi. 5.) “With _lefsales_ uppon lofte lustie and faire.” (T. B. 337.) A.S. _leaf_, a leaf, and _sel_, dwelling, hall. Sw. _löfsal_, a hut built of green boughs. _Levesel_ (another form of _lefsel_) is used by Chaucer (Reve’s Tale, 4059), but is left unexplained in the glossary to Wright’s edition. Tyrwhitt’s derivation of this term from A.S. _lefe_, folium, and _setl_, sedes, is certainly very near the mark. Cf. “_levecel_ beforne a wyndowe, or other place. Umbraculum.” (Prompt. Parv.) Lege, liege, subject, B. 94, 1174. Legioune, A. 1121, B. 1293. Lel, true, B. 425. “Leve this for _lell_.” T. B. 239. Lelly, truly, faithfully, A. 305; B. 1066. See T. B. 420. Leme, glide away, A. 358. Leme, shine, gleam, A. 119, 1043; B. 1273. A.S. _leóma_, a ray of light; _leóman_, to shine. See T. B. 699. Lemman = leof-man, beloved one, mistress, A. 763, 796, 805; B. 1352. A.S. _leóf_, dear, and _man_. O.E. _leofmon_, a lover. Lene, grant, C. 347. A.S. _lænian._ Lenge, dwell, abide, A. 261, 933; B. 81, 412, 497, 994; C. 42. See T. B. 1937. Lenger, longer, A. 600, 977; B. 810; _lengest_, B. 256. Lenghe, length, A. 416. Lent (_pret._ of _lend_), abode, dwelt, B. 256; _watȝ lent_, had dwelt, B. 1084. Lent, arrived, C. 201. A.S. _gelandian_, to land, arrive. “Langour _lent_ is in land, all lychtnes is lost.” --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 447.) Lenþe, length, A. 1031; B. 425, 1594. Lep, leaped, C. 179. Lere, to teach, B. 843. A.S. _læran_ Lere, reward, ? _here_, A. 616. {Ler, Lere,} countenance, A. 398; _pl._ _lers_, features, B. 1542 A.S. _hleor_. See T. B. 480. Lese, false, A. 865. See _Lese_. Lesande, loosening, opening, A. 837. O.E. _lese_, _les_, to loose. Goth. _lausjan_. Lese, false, B. 1719. A.S. _leas_. {Lest, Leste,} lost, A. 9; B. 887. Lesyng, _sb._ lie, A. 897. A.S. _leasung_. Leþe, assuage, lessen, cease, bate, cool. A. 377; B. 648; C. 3. A.S. _leothian_, to release, slacken. See Met. Hom. p. 135. Leþe, _sb._ calm, C. 160. N.Prov.E. _leath_, rest, quiet. Stratmann compares O.Du. _lede_, ease, _leath_. Lether, leather, B. 1581. Lette, hinder, prevent, A. 1050; B. 1803. Letter, B. 1580. Lettrure, letters, learning, A. 751. Leue, “_aske leue_,” A. 316; “_take leue_,” B. 401. Leue, forsake, C. 401. Leue, believe, A. 69, 865, 876; B. 1493. Leued, leaved, A. 978. Lewed, ignorant, B. 1580. A.S. _leóde_, _leúd_, the people. Lik, to lick, B. 1000. Likke, sip, drink, B. 1521. Liureȝ, dresses, garments, A. 1108. O.Fr. _livree_. Lode, lot, C. 156. Lode, course, conduct, guidance, C. 504. A.S. _lád_, _ládu_, way. O.N. _leid_, course. Cf. _lode_, a way for water. Lodesmon, conductor, pilot, B. 424; C. 179. A.S. _ládman_, a leader. {Lodly, Lodlych,} loathsome, hateful, vile, B. 274, 1090, 1093. N.Prov.E. _laidly_, ugly, foul. A.S. _láthlíc_, odious, detestable. “He laid on þat _loodly_, lettyd he noght.” (T. B. 934.) Lofly, dear, lovely, B. 1804. Lofte, “_upon lofte_,” on high, B. 206, 318, 808. O.N. _lopt_, sky, air. {Loge, Logge,} tent, lodge, B. 784, 807, 1407; C. 457. Fr. _loge_, a hut. See T. B. 1140, 1369. Logging, lodging, B. 887. {Loghe, Loȝ,} = low, lau, pit, deep, abyss, B. 366. O.N. _lagr_. Sw. _låg_, low. Lokande, looking, C. 458. Loke = loken, enclosed, C. 350. Loke, guard, watch over, C. 504. Lokyng, _sb._ sight, looking, A. 1049. Loltrande, ? _loitrande_, lolling, loitering, C. 458. Du. _loteren_, to loiter. O.N. _lotra_, to go lazily. Lombe, lamb, A. 841, 1047. Lome, lame, B. 1094. Lome, vessel, instrument of any kind; (1) ark; (2) boat, B. 314, 412, 443; C. 160. A.S. _gelóma_, _lóma_. Lomerande, hesitating, creeping, B. 1094. This term seems to be connected with _lumber_. O.E. _lumer_, _lomer_, to move heavily. O.Du. _lammer_, _lemmer_, impedimentum, molestia. (Kil.) Dan. _belemre_. Du. _belemmern_, to encumber, impede. Lompe, lamp, A. 1046. Londe, land, A. 148, 937. Lone, path, lane, A. 1066. N.Prov.E. _lone_, _lannin_. Fris. _lona_, _lana_, a narrow way between gardens and houses. Is it connected with O.N. _leyna_, to hide, conceal? Longande, belonging, A. 462. Longed, belonged, B. 1090, 1747. Lont, land, C. 322. Lopen (_p.p._ of _lepe_, to leap), leapt, B. 990. Lore, wisdom, learning, B. 1556. A.S. _lár_. Lore, mode, wise, A. 236. Lorn, lost, destroyed, B. 932. Los, loss, B. 1589. Lose, destroy, B. 909; C. 198; depart, be lost, A. 908. Losed, lost, B. 586. Losyng, perdition, B. 1031. Losynger, _sb._ liar, deceiver. O.Fr. _losengier_. {Lot, Lote,} sound, noise, roar, A. 876; C. 161, 183; word, B. 668. Sw. _låta_, to sound; _låt_, sound; _låte_, cry, voice. A.S. _hleóthor_, a sound, noise. O.E. _lud_, voice. The original form of the word is _late_. “Than have we liking to lithe (listen to) the _lates_ of the foules.” --(K. Alex. p. 149.) “(He) _late_ so lathely a _late_ and sa loude cried That all the fest was aferd and othire folke bathe.” --(K. Alex. p. 17.) “He gaped, he groned faste, with grucchande _latez_.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 90.) Lote = late, countenance, feature, form, manner, A. 899; C. 47. This word occurs in Laȝamon under the form _late_, looks, glances. Glossarial remarks to Laȝamon, p. 449. _Lete_, countenance, is found in the Owl and Nightingale, 35, 403. A.S. _wlite_. O.N. _læti_. Lote, lot, A. 1205; C. 173. Lote = lout, bow, A. 238. A.S. _lútan_, to bend, bow, stoop. Sw. _luta_. See T. B. 1900. Loþe, _sb._ sorrow, A. 377. A.S. _láth_, evil, harm. Loþelych, wicked, bad, B. 1350. Loute, abide, sit, A. 933. Loute, bow, make obeisance. B. 798. See _Lote_. Louande, praising, B. 1719. Loue, praise, A. 285, 1124, 1127; B. 497, 987. A.S. _lofian_. Loueȝ, hands, B. 987. N.Prov.E. _leuf_, palm of the hand, and hence used for the hand itself. _Palm_ is used for the hand in early English authors. O.N. _lofi_. Sc. _loof_. “(He) held the letter in his _love_.” --(K. Alex. p. 71.) “----he takis The licor in his awen (one) _loove_, the letter in the tothire.” --(_Ibid._ l. 2569.) Loueloker, more lovely, A. 148. Lovne, offer (advice), propose, C. 173. N.Prov.E. _loave_, _loff_, to offer. O.N. _lofa_, promise, praise. Du. _looven_. Flem. _loven_, estimate. Cf. “_Lovon_ and bedyn as chapmen, Licitor.” (Prompt. Parv.) Louy, love, B. 841, 1053. {Louely, Louyely, Louyly, Louelych,} lovely, A. 565, 693; B. 1486. Lowe, flame; “_luf lowe_,” flame of love, B. 707. O.E. _logh_ (see T. B. 168) “the _lowe hot_,” T. B. 494. Lowkande, locking, shutting, B. 441. {Loȝ, Loȝe,} the deep, pit, sea, A. 119; B. 441, 1031; C. 230. See _Loghe_. Loȝ, Loȝe, low, B. 798, 1761. Loȝed, made low, abased, B. 1650. Loȝen, laughed (_3rd pers. pl. pret._ of _laȝe_, B. 495. Loȝly, humbly, B. 614, 745. Luche, pitch, throw, C. 230. N.Prov.E. _lutch_, to pulsate strongly. W. _lluchio_, to fling, throw violently. Stratmann suggests A.S. _lyccan_, pull, lutch. {Ludych, Ludisch,} national, B. 73, 1375. See _Ledisch_. Luf, _gen. sing._, of love, B. 707. {Lufly, Luflych, Luflyly,} lovely, A. 880; B. 81; 939; C. 419. Lufsoum, _sb._ lovesome, beloved one, A. 398. Luged, was pulled, B. 443. O.N. _lugga_. Lulted, sounded, B. 1207. O.N. _lulla_, to lull, sing to sleep. Cf. “_lullit_ on slepe,” T. B. 648. Ger. _lallen_, to sing without words, only repeating the syllable _la_. N.Prov.E. _lilt_, to sing with a loud voice; _lilt_, a song. Luly-whit, lilly-white, B. 977. Lumpen, befallen, B. 424, 1320. See _Lympe_. Lur, loss, C. 419. “What _lure_ is of my lyfe & I lyffe here.” --(T. B. 582.) Lureȝ, losses, A. 339, 358. A.S. _lyre_, _lor_. {Lurke, Lurkke,} A. 978; C. 277. See T. B. 1140. Lusty, B. 981. Luther, bad, wicked, B. 163, 1090; C. 156. A.S. _lyther_. Luuy, love. See _Louy_. Lyf, life, B. 1719. Lyflode, sustenance in life, B. 561. A.S. _lif-láde_, from _lád_, a way. {Lyft, Lyfte,} heavens, firmament, sky, B. 212, 366, 1356, 1448. A.S. _lyft_. Lyftande, lifting, rising, B. 443. Lyfte, raised, A. 567. Lyfte, left, B. 981, 1581. Lygge, lie, B. 1126, 1792. A.S. _licgan_. Lyke, _vb. impers._ please, A. 566; B. 36, 411, 693, 1646. Lyke, _adj._ pleasing, C. 42. Lykker, more like, C. 493. Lykneȝ, likens, compares, A. 500; is like, B. 1064. Lyknyng, _sb._ likeness, C. 30. Lykoreȝ, liquors, drinks, B. 1521. Lykyng, _sb._ pleasure, A. 247; B. 172, 1803. See T. B. 2912. Lylled, flourished, shone, C. 447. N.Prov.E. _lilli-lo_, a bright flame. Cf. Mod. Gr. λουλούδι, a blossom; λουλουδιαζω, to flourish, bloom. Is _lylle_, to flourish, connected with the word _lilly_? Lympe, befall, happen, C. 174, 194. See T. B. 36. A.S. _limpan_, to happen, concern. Lyne, lineage, A. 626. Lynne, linen, A. 731. Lyre, flesh, B. 1687. A.S. _lira_. Lysoun, trace, B. 887. {Lyst, Lyste,} _sb._ pleasure, A. 467, 908; B. 843; lust, B. 693; _vb._ desire, please, A. 146; B. 415, 1766. Lyst, path, border, B. 1761. Du. _lijst_, edge, border. Lysten, to hear, A. 880. Lysten, hearing, B. 586. A.S. _hlist_, hearing; _hlistan_, to hear, listen. O.N. _hlust_, an ear. Lyte, little, B. 119. Lyth, limb, A. 398. A.S. _lith_. Lyþe, assuage, lessen, A. 357. See _Leþe_. Lyþe, grant, A. 369. Lyþer, evil, wickedly, A. 567. See _Luþer_. Lyþerly, badly, negligently, B. 36. {Lyuie, Lyuy,} live, B. 558, 581; C. 364. Lyuyande, living, A. 700. Lyȝe, lie, A. 304. Lyȝt, light, A. 69, 1043; bright, A. 500; innocent, guiltless, pure, A. 682; B. 987; _lette_ _lyȝt_, esteem, treat lightly, B. 1174, 1320. {Lyȝt, Lyȝte,} _vb._ to light, fall upon, A. 247, 943, 988; B. 213, 1069. Lyȝten, to lighten, C. 160. Lyȝtly, easily, A. 358; soon, quickly, B. 817, 853; C. 88. Comp. _lyȝtloker_, C. 47.

Ma, make, A. 283; B. 625. Ma, man (?), A. 323. {Mach, Machche,} = make, fellow, companion, B. 124, 695, 1512. See _Make_. Mache, to make familiar with, C. 99. {Mad, Madde,} foolish, A. 267, 290, 1166; B. 654. Prov. Ger. _maden_, to tattle; _madeln_, to mutter. “Thi momlyng and thi _mad_ wordes.” --(See T. B. 1864.) Madde, _vb._ to render foolish, A. 359. Maddyng, folly, A. 1154. “_Madding_ marrid has thi mode, and thi mynd changid.” --(K. Alex. p. 121.) {Mak, Make,} = mach, match, equal, fellow, wife, A. 759; B. 248, 331, 994. A.S. _maca_, a mate; _mace_, a wife. “Þe king him (Joseph) did a wiif to tak, Hight Assener, a doghti _mak_.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 27a.) Makeleȝ, matchless, A. 435, 733, 757, 780. Male, B. 337, 695. Malicious, C. 508. Malscrande, accursed, B. 991. Malskred, bewildered, C. 255. Bosworth quotes “_malscra_, a bewitching,” upon the authority of Somner. {Malt, Malte,} ease, assuage, soothe, B. 776, 1566. O.N. _melta_, to dissolve. Malte, discourse, speak, A. 224, 1154. A.S. _mælan_, to speak, converse; _mathelian_, _mæthlan_, to discourse. {Malyce, Malys,} B. 250, 518; C. 4. Man = maken (_3d pers. pl. pres._), make, A. 512. Manace, threaten, C. 422. Manayre, manor, A. 1029. Mancioun, mansion, B. 309. Maner, manner, B. 701. Maner, manor, A. 918. Manerly, properly, decently, B. 91. Mangerie, feast, B. 52, 1365. Fr. _manger_, to eat, from Lat. _manducare_. Mankyn, mankind, A. 637. Mansed, cursed, B. 774; C. 82. A.S. _a-mánsumian_, to excommunicate. Mantyle, mantle, C. 342. Marchal, marshal, B. 91, 118. Mare, more, A. 145. {Margary, Margyrye,} pearl, A. 199, 1037; B. 556. Marie, marry, B. 52. Marked, market, A. 513. Marre, corrupt, spoil, destroy, perish, A. 23; B. 279, 991; C. 172, 474. O.H.G. _marrjan_, to hinder, make void. A.S. _merran_, _myrran_, to hinder. Du. _merren_, to obstruct. Marereȝ = marreȝ (?). A. 382. {Maryag, Maryage,} A. 414, 778; B. 186. Maryed, married, B. 815. Marryng, _sb._ spoiling, preventing, B. 186. Marschal, B. 1427. Maryners, C. 99. Mas, mass, A. 1115. Mascelleȝ, spotless, A. 732. Mascle, spot, A. 726. Du. _maese_, _masche_, _maschel_, a spot, stain; _maschelen_, to stain. Mase (masse), astonishment, alarm, B. 395. {Maskeleȝ, Maskelles, Maskelleȝ,} spotless, A. 744, 745, 756, 768. Maskle, spot, stain, B. 556. See _Mascle_. Masporye (?), A. 1018. Mate, dejected, downcast, subdued, A. 386. Fr. _mat_. Mate, to overcome, A. 613. Fr. _mater_. O.Fr. _amater_. Cf. Du. _mat_, exhausted, overcome. Ger. _matt_, feeble, faint. Mater, subject, B. 1617. Matere, matter, C. 503. {Maugre, Maugref, Mawgre,} C. 44, 54. Fr. _malgré_, in spite of, against the will of; _mal_, ill; _gré_, will, pleasure. In B. 250 _mawgre_ is used as a _sb._ = displeasure. Mawe, stomach, C. 255. Ger. _magen_. Du. _maag_. May, maid. A. 435, 780. A.S. _mæg_. Maynful, great, powerful, A. 1093; B. 1730. A.S. _mægen_, power, force, strength. O.N. _megin_, strength; _mega_, to be able. Maynly, loudly, B. 1427. Mayntnaunce, maintenance, B. 186. Mayntyne, maintain, C. 523. Mayster, master, lord, A. 462, 900; B. 1793. Maysterful, powerful, A. 401; B. 1328. Maystery, mastery, C. 482. Maȝt, power, C. 112. Goth. _mahts_. Ger. _macht_, might, power. Maȝty, mighty, B. 273, 279. Maȝtyly, mightily, B. 1267. Mede = meed, reward, B. 1632. Medoes, meadows, B. 1761. Megre, meagre, lean, B. 1198. Fr. _maigre_. Lat. _macer_, lean. Mekne, make meek, B. 1328. Mele, meal, B. 625. Mele, _sb._ discourse, A. 23. Mele, _vb._ to talk, relate, say, A. 497, 589; B. 736; C. 10. “To _mele_ of this mater.” (T. B. 209.) Melle, speak, A. 797. See _Malte_. Membreȝ, members, A. 458. Mendes, amends, A. 351. Mendyng, _sb._ improvement, repentance, A. 452; B. 764. Mene, general, common, B. 1241. A.S. _gemæne_. Ger. _gemein_. Mene, mean, A. 293. Mene, tell, explain, B. 1635. A.S. _mænan_, to tell. {Meng, Menge,} mix, join, B. 337, 625. A.S. _mengan_. {Mensk, Menske,} _sb._ honour, A. 162, 783; B. 121, 522; thanks, B. 646; _vb._ to honour, B. 141, 1740. A.S. _mennisc_, human. N.Prov.E. _mense_, to grace, deck; _mense_, decency, good manners. Mensked, honoured, B. 118. Menteene, maintain, A. 783. Mercy, A. 576, 623. Mercyable, merciful, B. 1113; C. 238. Mercyles, B. 250. Mere = meer, boundary, B. 778; C. 320. Du. _meere_. O.N. _mæri_, boundary. Mere, sea, lake, stream, A. 140, 158, 1166; B. 991; C. 112. A.S. _mere_. O.Sax. _meri_. O.N. _mar_. Merit, B. 613. Merk, _adj._ dark, obscure, B. 1617. Merk, _sb._ darkness, B. 894; C. 291. A.S. _myrc_, dark. O.N. _myrkr_, darkness; _myrka_, to darken, grow dark. Merke, make, devise, order, place, B. 558, 637, 1487, 1617. A.S. _mearcian_. O.N. _merkia_, to mark, perceive, signify. Mersy, A. 383; B. 776. {Meruayle, Merwayle,} _adj._ marvellous, C. 81; _sb._ a marvel, A. 1081, 1130; B. 586. Meruelous, A. 1166. Mery, pleasant, B. 1760. Mes, A. 862. See _Messe_. Message, B. 454; C. 81. Meschef, evil, misfortune, A. 275; B. 373, 1164. Mese, moderate, temper, assuage, B. 764. See _Methe_. “Sir Pylate mefe you now no more, But _mese_ youre hart, and mend youre mode.” --(Town. Myst. p. 175.) “Kyng Eolus set hie apon his chare, With ceptoure in hand, thar muyd (mood) to _meys_ and stille.” --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 27.) “The blastis _mesit_.” --(_Ibid._ p. 130.) “A _mes_ you of malice, but a mene qwile.” --(T. B. 12842.) Messe, mass, service, A. 497. Messeȝ, messes (of meat), B. 637. Mester, need, B. 67; C. 342. Mesure, measure, moderation, A. 224; B. 215, 247, 565; C. 295. Mesurable, mild, temperate, B. 859. Metalles, B. 1513. Mete, meat, food, applied to an apple, A. 641. Meten, to measure, A. 1032. {Meth, Meþe,} moderation, mildness, pity, B. 247, 436, 565. “And Mari ledd hir life with _methe_ In a toun that hiht Nazarethe.” --(Met. Hom. p. 107.) A.S. _mæthian_, to measure, estimate, use gently; _mæth_, measure, degree; _mæthlic_, kind, courteous. N.Prov.E. _meedless_, without measure, immoderate. Meþeleȝ, immoderate, B. 273. Mette, measure, B. 625. Metȝ = mese (?), pity, B. 215. Meuande, moving, B. 783. Meue, move, A. 156; B. 303. Meuen (_3rd pers. pl. pres._), move, A. 64. See T. B. 384. Meyny, labourers, servants, A. 542; household, B. 331; company, A. 892, 899, 925; B. 454; C. 10. Miry, pleasant, C. 32. Misschapen (monstrous), wicked, B. 1355. Mistrauthe, unbelief, B. 996. Mo, more, A. 870, 1194; B. 674. {Mod, Mode,} = mood, pride, A. 401, 738; B. 565, 764. Moder, mother, A. 435. {Modey, Mody,} = proud, haughty, B. 1303; C. 422. Mokke, muck, dirt, A. 905. Mol = mul, dust, A. 382. Flem. _mul_, _gemul_, dust. Du. _mullen_, to crumble. Pl. D. _mull_, loose earth, dust. Cf. “peat-_mull_,” the dust and fragments of peat. (Brockett.) Molde, earth, B. 279; _moldeȝ_, lands, B. 454; “_on molde_,” on earth, B. 514, 1114; “_in moldeȝ_,” in earth, C. 494. A.S. _molde_, mould, earth. Goth. _mulda_. O.H.G. _molta_. Dan. _muld_. “Loo! here the duchez dere to daye was cho takyne, Depe dolvene and dede, dyked _in moldez_.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 82.) Mon, man, A. 310. Mon, moan, sorrow, A. 374. Mone, moon, A. 923. Monkynd, mankind, B. 564. Mon-sworne, perjury, B. 182. Other forms of this word are _main-sworn_, _man-sworn_. O.H.Ger. _meinsweridi_, perjury, from _main_, _mein_, spot, stain, injury, impure, bad. O.N. _mein_, sore, crime. Mony, many, A. 572; B. 1164. Monyth, month, B. 493, 1030. Moon, moan, sorrow, B. 373. Moote = mote, spot, blemish, A. 948. Mor, moor, B. 385, 1673. A.S. _mór_, a moor, heath. Morehond, more, A. 475. Cf. _nerehande_, near; _betuixande_, betwixt. {Morn, Morne,} morning, B. 493; morrow, B. 1001. Mornyf, mournful, A. 386. Mornyng, _sb._ mourning, A. 262. Morteres, mortars, B. 1487. {Most, Moste,} greatest, B. 254, 385. Mot, must, may, A. 397, 663. {Mot, Mote,} spot, blemish, sin, A. 764, 843, 855. Du. _mot_, dust. Mote, _vb._ speak to, A. 613. A.S. _mótian_, to moot, debate. Then Medea with mowthe _motys_ thus agayne. T. B. 610. Mote, building, dwelling, abode, A. 142, 936, 937, 948, 949; city, C. 422. _Mote_ signifies a hill, mound, moat, and hence a city on a hill (?). Mid. Lat. _mota_, hill or mound. O.Fr. _mote_. “Þe bryght ceté of heven is large and brade, Of whilk may na comparyson be made Tille na ceté þat on erth may stand, Ffor it was never made with mans hand. Bot yhit, als I ymagyn in my thoght, I lyken it tylle a ceté þat war wroght Of gold, of precyouse stones sere, Opon a _mote_, sett of berylle clere, With walles, and wardes, and turrettes, And entré, and yhates, and garrettes.” --(Hampole’s Pricke of Conscience, p. 239, l. 8896.) MS. Lansd. 348, reads _mount_ for _mote_. {Moteles, Moteleȝ,} spotless, A. 899. Moul = mould, earth, A. 23. Moun (_3rd pers. pl._ of _mowe_, to be able), are able, A. 536. Mount, A. 868; B. 447. Mountaunce, amount, C. 456. Mountayne, B. 385. {Mountes, Mounteȝ,} = amounts, avails, A. 351; C. 332. Mourkenes, _mirkens_, becomes dark, B. 1760. O.N. _myrka_, to darken, Dan. _mörkne_. Mourkne, to rot, become rotten, B. 407. From this verb is derived the O.E. _morkin_, a dead beast, carrion, a scarecrow. O.N. _morkinn_, rotten; _morkna_, to rot. Mourne, to mourn, C. 508. Moȝt, might, could, B. 1108, 1668. Mudde, B. 407. Mukel, great, B. 52, 366, 1164. O.N. _mikill_. Mul, dust, dirt, A. 905; B. 736. See _Mol_. Multyplyed, B. 278. Mun, C. 44. This may be another form of _mon_ = moan. But the phrase “_maugre his mun_,” leads us to reject this interpretation. _Maugre_ is generally used with some part of the body, as “_mawgre his tethe_,” “_maugre his chekes_,” etc. _Mun_ may therefore signify the mouth. (Sw. _mun_, a mouth.) The term is still retained in the north of England. Halliwell quotes the following: “A common cry at Coventry on Good Friday is-- ‘One a penny, two a penny, hot cross buns, Butter them and sugar them and put them in your _muns_.’” Munster = minster, church, cathedral, temple, B. 1267; C. 268. Munt, purpose, A. 1161. N.Prov.E. _munt_, a hint. See _Mynt_. Murte, break, crush, C. 150. Pl. D. _murten_, to crush. See _to-murte_. In T. B. 4312 we have _myrte_ = to crush. Bothe mawhownus & maumettes _myrtild_ in peces. Myddeȝ, midst, A. 740. See _In-myddeȝ_. Mydnyȝt, midnight, B. 894. Myke, _sb._ B. 417. Cf. Du. _mik_. The crutches of a boat, which sustain the main boom or mast and sail when they are lowered for the convenience of rowing. Mykeȝ, free labourers (?), A. 572. A.S. _mecg_, a man. In the _Cursor Mundi_, Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 17, the angels are represented as speaking to Lot as follows: “‘Has þou her,’ þai said, ‘ani man, Sun or doghter, _mik_ or mau, To þe langand, or hei or lau Þou lede þam suith out o þis tun Ar þat hit be sunken don.’” But ? _be mykeȝ_ = he _mykeȝ_, he chooses. Myneȝ, “_me myneȝ_,” I remember, B. 25. A.S. _mynan_, to remember. O.N. _minna_. Mynge, record, mention, A. 855. A.S. _myngian_, to remind. Mynne, recollect, remember, A. 583; B. 436, 771. See T. B. 1434. See _Myneȝ_. Mynte, devise, purpose, B. 1628. A.S. _myntan_, _myntian_ to dispose, settle, appoint. “_Myntyn’_ or _amyn’_ towarde for to assayen. Attempto.” (Prompt. Parv.) Mynstralsy, B. 121. Mynyster, minster, temple, A. 1063. Mynystre, _vb._ B. 644. Myre, B. 1114. Myrþeȝ, joys, A. 140. Myrþeȝ, gladdens, A. 862. {Myri, Myry,} = merry, pleasant, A. 23, 158; B. 417, 804; _myryer_, A. 850; _myryest_, A. 435. Myryly, pleasantly, joyously, B. 493. {Mys, Mysse,} wrong, sin, A. 262; C. 420. Myserecorde, mercy, A. 366. Myse-tente, misunderstood, A. 257. Mysse, to lose, A. 329; B. 189. O.N. _missa_, to lose. Du. _missen_, to fail, miss. Mysse, loss, grief, A. 364. Mysseleue, unbelief, B. 1230. Mysse-payed, displeased, C. 399. Mysse-ȝeme, mis-use, A. 322. Myst, B. 1760. Myste, mysteries, secrets, (?), A. 462. Mysterys, A. 1194. Myþe, to trouble, weary (?), A. 359. A.S. _méthe_, wearied; _méth_, feeble. Myȝt, might, A. 630. Myȝtes = mights, powers, B. 644, 1699.

Nadde = ne hadde, had not, B. 404. Nakeryne (_gen. pl._ of _naker_), B. 1413; _naker_, _nacaire_, seems to signify a kettle-drum. Nas = ne was, was not, B. 727, 983. Nature, A. 749. Nauel, C. 278. Naule, nail, A. 459. {Nauþeleȝ, Nawþeles,} nevertheless, A. 877, 950. {Nauþer, Nawþer,} neither, A. 1087; B. 1226. Nawhere, nowhere, A. 534. Nay, refuse, deny, B. 805. Nayed, refused, B. 65. Nayt, use, employ, B. 531. See T. B. 1038. A.S. _neotan_. O.N. _nyta_. Naytly, neatly, dexterously, B. 480. See T. B. 2427. Nestor, a noble man, _naitest_ in werre. T. B. 1038. N.Prov.E. _nately_, neatly. Naȝte, night, A. 1203; B. 484, 807, 1002. Ne, nor, B. 1226. Nece, niece, A. 233. Nedde, needed, A. 1044; hem nedde = they needed. {Nede, Nedeȝ,} of necessity, A. 344. Nedleȝ, needless, useless, B. 381; C. 220. Nee = ne, nor, A. 262. Nel, ne wille, will not, B. 513. Nem, took (_pret._ of _nimme_), A. 802; B. 505. Nemme, name, A. 997. See T. B. 152. Nente, ninth, A. 1012. Nere, _ne were_, were not, B. 21. {Nere, Ner,} near, nigh, A. 286, 404; _wel ner_, nearly, B. 1585. Nerre, nearer, A. 233; C. 85. Nesch, gently, A. 606. A.S. _hnesc_, soft, tender. Neue, fist, hand, B. 1537. N.Prov.E. _neve_, _neif_, a fist. O.N. _hnefi_. Neuen, name, B. 410, 1376, 1525. O.N. _nafn_, a name; _nefna_, to name. {Neȝ, Neȝe,} nigh, near, A. 528; B. 803. {Neȝ, Neȝe, Neȝen,} approach, B. 32, 143, 805, 1017, 1754. Nice, _adj._ foolish, B. 1354; _sb._ B. 1359. Fr. _nice_, foolish, simple. Nif, ne-if, if not, B. 30. Niye, trouble, B. 1002. Noble, A. 1097. Nobley, nobleness, B. 1091. No-bot, only, B. 1127. N.Prov.E. _no-bot_. Nok, nook, C. 278. Nolde, ne wolde, would not, B. 805, 1091. {Nom, Nome,} took, A. 587; B. 1613; _pret._ of _nimme_, to take. Nome, name, A. 872. Nomen, seized, taken; _p.p._ of _nimme_, B. 1281; C. 360. Norne, entreat, ask, B. 803. A.S. _gnornian_, to complain, murmur. Norture, nurture, B. 1091. Note, city, A. 922; B. 1233. Note, devise, ordain, B. 1651; C. 220. Note, device, purpose, A. 155; B. 381, 727. A.S. _nota_, use, duty, employment; _notian_, to employ, use. “The Bibel telles us openlye Of Nembrot and his maistri, Hou the fole that was wit him Bigan to mak a tour that tim, That suld reche to the lifte; Bot Godd that skilfulli kan skift. Mad them alle serely spekand, That nan moht other understand, And gert them lef thair wilgern werk, Bot of thair _not_ yet standes merk, In Babilony the tour ȝet standes, That that folk mad wit thair handes.” --(Met. Hom. p. 61.) “Mony noble for þe nonest to þe _note_ gode.” --(T. B. 284.) Note, A. 879, 883. Notyng, device, devising, B. 1354. See _Note_. Noumbre, number, B. 1283, 1376. Nouþe, now, C. 414. Nowþelese, nevertheless, A. 889. Noye, trouble, annoy, B. 1236. {Noys, Noyse,} B. 849; C. 490. Noȝt, naught, nothing, A. 520; B. 888; not, B. 106. Noȝty, bad, B. 1359. Nummen (_p.p._ _nimme_), taken, B. 1291; C. 76. Nurne, speak, say, B. 669. Nuye, displease, B. 578. Nuyed, troubled, B. 1176. {Nw, Nwe,} new, A. 527; anew, A. 1079. Nwy, wrath, B. 301. Nwyed, displeased, B. 306. Nye, trouble, B. 1376; _nyes_, troubles, B. 1754; C. 76. Nyed, troubled, B. 1603. Nyf = ne if, if not, B. 424. Nyl, ne wyl, will not, B. 1261; C. 41. Nylt, ne wylt, wilt not, C. 346. {Nym, Nymme,} take, B. 481. A.S. _niman_. Nys, ne ys, is not, A. 951. Nyse, nice, dainty, B. 824. Nyteled, laboured, toiled, B. 888. Prov.E. _nattle_, to endeavour, to be busy about trifles. O.E. _nyte_, to use, employ, enjoy. O.N. _nyta_. Nyȝe, nigh, B. 484; _wel nyȝe_, B. 704. {Nyȝt, Nyȝte,} night, A. 243; B. 526.

Obeche, reverence, B. 745. Prov. Fr. _obezir_. Obes, obey, A. 886. Odde, (1) not even, B. 426; (2) spotless, faultless, B. 505. See T. B. 4401, 6157, 6172, 6179, 6189, 6194, 6198. Oddely, (_a_) alone, B. 923; (_b_) nobly, B. 698. (_b_) “I Alexandre the aire and eldest childe hattene, Of kyng Philip the fers, that fest am in Grece, And of the quene Olimpades, the _oddest_ under heven, To all ȝow of Athenes, thus I etill my saȝes.” --(K. Alex. p. 79.) “For thai the mesure and the mett of alle the mulde couthe, The sise of alle the grete see and of the gryme wawys, Of the ordere of that _odde_ home [heaven] that overe the aire hingis.” --(_Ibid._ p. 2.) Oke, oak, B. 602. Olipraunce, vanity, fondness for gay apparel, B. 1349. Prov.E. _olypraunce_, a merry making. “Of tournamentys y preue thereynne Seven poyntes of dedly synne; Fyrst ys pryde, as þou wel wost Avauntement, bobaunce and bost; Of rych atyre ys here avaunce, Prykyng here hors wyth _olypraunce_.” --(Robt. of Brunne’s Handlyng Synne, p. 145.) On, an, A. 9. One, alone, self, B. 872, 923, 1669. Onelych, only, B. 1749. Oneȝ, once, B. 801. Onhede, unity, concord, B. 612. On-hit, struck, inflamed with anger (?), C. 411. A.S. _onhætan_ to inflame, heat. On-lofte, aloft, on high, B. 692; 947. On-ryȝt, aright, B. 1513. On-sydeȝ, aside, C. 219. On-wyde, about, B. 1423. On-yȝed, one-eyed, B. 102. Ordaynt, ordained, B. 237. Ordenaunce, ordinance, B. 698. Ordure, filth, B. 1092. Ore, oar, C. 218. Orenge, orange, B. 1044. Organe, B. 1081. Orisoun, prayer, C. 328. Ornemente, ornament, B. 1799. Orppedly, quickly, B. 623. N.Prov.E. _orput_, quick (at learning). Orped is generally derived from O.N. _verpa_, to throw; _p.p._ _orpinn_. But this etymology is very doubtful. Cf. “_Orpud_, audax, bellipotens.” (Prompt. Parv.) Ossed, showed, C. 213. N.Prov.E. _awse_, _oss_, to attempt, offer. W. _osi_. “Quat and has thou _ossed_ to Alexander this _ayndain_ (angry) wirdes.” --(K. Alex., p. 79.) Oste, host, army, B. 1204. Oþer, or, A. 141. Ouer-borde, C. 157. Ouer-brawden, covered over, B. 1698. Ouer-seyed, passed over, gone, B. 1686. Ouer-tan, overtaken, C. 127. Ouer-þwert, across, B. 316, 1384. Ouer-tok, B. 1213. Ouer-torne, past, B. 1192. Ouer-walte, overflowed, B. 370. Ouer-ȝede, past, went, B. 1753. Ouerte, open, clear, A. 593. Ouerture, opening, A. 218. Oure, prayer, A. 690. Out-borst, _vb._ outburst, B. 1251. Out-comlyng, a stranger, B. 876. N.Prov.E. _out-cumling_, a foreigner, stranger. The more usual form in early English is _comling_. Out-dryf, drive out, A. 777. Out-fleme, banished, A. 1177. See _Fleme_. Out-kast, B. 1679. Out-sprent, outburst, A. 1137. Out-taken, excepted, B. 1573. Out-tulde, thrown out, C. 231. Oȝe = owe, ought, A. 552. {Oȝt, Oȝte,} _vb._ ought, A. 341. {Oȝt, Oȝte,} _pr._ aught, A. 274; B. 663.

Pace, passage, A. 677. {Pacience, Pacyence,} C. 1, 36. Pakke, pack, B. 1282. Pakke, company, A. 929. {Palayce, Palays,} B. 83, 1389, 1531. Pale, A. 1004. Palle = pall, fine cloth, B. 1384, 1637. Pane, a side, division of a building, A. 1034. Lat. _pagina_, a leaf, any flat expanse. “A _pane_, piece or pannel of a wall, of wainscot, of a glasse window.” (Cotg.) “_Pane_ of a wall, _pan de mur_.” (Palsg.) Panne, head, but we may read _paune_, paws, claws, B. 1697. Papeiay = a popinjay, a parrot, B. 1465. It. _papagallo_. O.Fr. _papegau_, _papegay_. Sp. _papagayo_, parrot. Parage, kindred, rank, nobleness, A. 419; B. 167. O.Fr. _parage_. Paramoreȝ, paramours, lovers, B. 700. Fr. _par amour_, by way of love. Paraunter, peradventure, A. 588. Parchmen, parchment, B. 1134. Pare, cut, B. 1408, 1536. Parform, perform, B. 542; C. 406. Parfyt, perfect, A. 638. Parget, plaister of a wall, B. 1536. “_Pariette_ for walles, blanchissure.” (Palsg.) Parlatyk, paralytic, B. 1095. Partleȝ, partless, portionless, A. 335. Partrykes, partridges, B. 57. Pass, surpass, A. 428. Passage, journey, C. 97. Passande, passing, B. 1389. Pasture, C. 393. Pater, paternoster, A. 485. Paume, palm, hand, B. 1533, 1542. {Pay, Paye,} pleasure, A. 1, 1164, 1176; C. 99. Pay, please, A. 1165, 1177. Payment, A. 598. Paynt, A. 750. Payre, pair, B. 335. Payre = appayre, become worse, fade, B. 1124. Lat. _pejor_, worse. “To _appayre_ to waxe worse.” (Palsg.) Payred, impaired, A. 246. Pechche, sin, fault, A. 841. Fr. _péché_. {Penance, Penaunce,} A. 477. Peneȝ, pens, folds (for cattle), B. 322. Penitotes, (? _Peritotes_), a kind of stone (the _peritot_ or _peridot_ Marsh), B. 1472. Penne, B. 1724. Penne-fed, B. 57. Pensyf, pensive, A. 246. Pented, appertained, belonged to, B. 1270. Peraunter, peradventure, B. 43. {Pere, Per,} equal, peer, A. 4; B. 1214, 1336. Pereȝ, pears, A. 104. Perile, B. 856, 942. Perré, precious stones, jewelry, A. 730; B. 1117. Pertly = apertly, openly, B. 244. See T. B. 1130. Cf. “_pert_ wordes,” T. B. 977. Peryle, A. 695; C. 85. Pes, peace, A. 952. Pich, pitch, B. 1008. Pike = pick, pluck, B. 1464. Pinnacle, B. 1463. Pité, pity, B. 232. {Pitously, Pytosly,} A. 370, 798. Planed, B. 310. Planete, A. 1075. Plaster, B. 1549. Plat, flat, B. 1379. Plat, struck (_pret._ of _plette_, to strike), B. 1265. A.S. _plættian_. “Hwan he hauede him so schamed, His hand (he) of _plat_, and yvele lamed.” --(Havelok the Dane, 2755.) Plater, plate, platter, B. 638. Plateȝ, A. 1036. Plat-ful, brimful, B. 83. Plattyng, _sb._ striking (or folding?), B. 1542. Play, A. 261. Play-fere, play-fellow, companion, C. 45. Playn, _adj._ even, clear, A. 178, 689; B. 1068; C. 439. Playn, _sb._ A. 104, 122; B. 1216. Playned, lamented, A. 53, 242. Playneȝ, complains, C. 376. Playnt, complaint, A. 815. Plek, place, plot of ground, B. 1379. “_Pleckke_ or plott, porculetum.” (Prompt. Parv.) N.Prov.E. _pleck_. A.S. _plæc_. “Se that the hare hathe be at pasture in grene corne, or in eny other _plek_.” --(Quoted by Way from MS. Harl. 5086, fol. 47.) Pleny, to complain, A. 549. Plete, demand, plead for, A. 563. Pleyn, mourn, C. 371. Plontte, plant, A. 104. Plow, plough, B. 68. Plyande, pliant, C. 439. Plye, A. 1039; B. 196, 1385. Plyt, danger, fault, A. 647; B. 1494; C. 114. A.S. _pliht_. Plyȝt, condition, A. 1075; B. 111. Pobbel, pebble, A. 117. Pole, pool, stream, A. 117. Polle, poll, head, B. 1265. Du. _polle_, _pol_, head, top, crown. Polmente, a kind of pottage, B. 628. O.Fr. _polment_. Lat. _pulmentum_. “_Pulmentarium_ a _pulment_.” Nominale, MS. “His brother (Jacob) he fand give--and his tent To grayth a riche _pulment_.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 21a.) {Polyce, Polyse,} polish, B. 1068, 1131, 1134. Polyle, poultry, B. 57. Fr. _poule_, a hen; _poulet_, a chicken. Lat. _pullus_. “_Polayle_, bryddys or fowlys, Altilis.” (Prompt. Parv.) Pomgarnade, pomegranate, B. 1466. Cf. Lat. _malum granatum_. It. _granata_. Sp. _granada_. Poplande, rushing, foaming, C. 319. N.Prov.E. _popple_, to tumble about with a quick motion. O.Sc. _pople_, to flow, rush. “The wawis of the wild see apone the wallis betes, The pure _populand_ hurle passis it umby.” --(K. Alex. p. 40.) “And on the stanys owt thar harnys [he] dang, Quhil brayn and eyn and blude al _poplit_ owt.” --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 167.) Porchase, purchase, A. 439. Porche, B. 785. Pore, poor, A. 873. Porfyl, hem, A. 216. Fr. _pourfiler_, to work upon the edge, embroider; _fil_, a thread. O.E. _purfle_, to overlay with gems or gold. “_Purfyll_ or hemme of a gowne, bort.” (Palsg.) Porpre, purple, B. 1568. Porros, B. 1772. Port, gate, B. 856; harbour, C. 90. Portale, A. 1036. Portray, B. 700. {Poruay, Poruaye,} to provide, B. 1502; C. 36. Possyble, A. 452. Potage, B. 638. Poursent, course, A. 1035. Pourtray, B. 1271. Fr. _pourtraire_. Pouer, power, B. 1654. {Pouer, Pouere,} poor, B. 615, 1074. Poueren (_pl._ of _pouer_), poor, B. 127. Pouert, poverty, C. 43. Pouerté, C. 13. Powdered, A. 44. Powleȝ, pools, C. 310. Poyned, trimmed, ornamented, A. 217. Poynt, _sb._ particle, A. 891. Poysened, B. 1095. Poyntel, a style, B. 1533. Pray, _sb._ prey, B. 1297; _vb._ to plunder, B. 1624. Prayse, A. 301. Prece, press, B. 880. Prechande, preaching, B. 942. {Precios, Precious,} A. 4, 216; B. 1282. Prelate, B. 1249; C. 389. Pres, press, A. 730; to press, A. 957. Prese, praise, honour; “his _prese_, his _prys_,” A. 419. Sp. _prez_, honour, glory. Fr. _prix_, value, worth, price. “Fra þan forth heild Sir Moyses Þis wandes bath in _pris_ and _pres_.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 36a.) {Prese, Pres,} _sb._ press, A. 1114; _vb._ B. 1249. {Presens, Presente,} presence, A. 389; B. 8, 1496. Present, _vb._ B. 1217. Presonere, prisoner, B. 1217. Prest, ready, B. 147; C. 303. Ital. _presto_. Prestly, quickly, B. 628. Presyous, B. 1496. Pretermynable, A. 596. Preue, prove, A. 983; B. 704, 1748. Prisoner, B. 1297. Profecie, B. 1158, 1308. Profere, A. 235, 1200. Profert, B. 1463. Professye, A. 821. Profete, prophet, A. 797. Proper, A. 686. Propertéȝ, properties, A. 752. Property, A. 446. Prophete, A. 831; B. 1300. Prosessyoun, procession, A. 1096. Prouince, B. 1300. Pruddest, proudest, B. 1300. Prudly, proudly, B. 1379, 1466. See T. B. 857. Pryce, chief, B. 1308. Prymate, B. 1570. Pryncipale, B. 1531, 1781. Pryncipalté, dominion, B. 1672, 1738. {Priys, Prys,} value, worth, A. 272, 419, 755; B. 1117. See _Prese_. Prysoun, C. 79. Pryuely, B. 238. Pryuy, A. 12; _pryuyest_, B. 1748. Pulde, pulled, B. 1265. Pulle, draw, B. 68. Pure, _adj._ A. 227; B. 704; _vb._ B. 1116. {Purely, Purly,} A. 1004; B. 1660. Purpre, purple, A. 1016. Pursaunt, a sergeant, B. 1385. O.Fr. _pursuivant_. Pursue, B. 1177. Purtraye, B. 1465, 1536. Puryté, B. 1074. Pyche, pitch, fix, B. 477. Pye, B. 1465. Pyked, adorned, A. 1036. Pykeȝ, pick, choose, A. 573. Pyle, building, A. 686. Pyle, to rob, B. 1270, 1282. Fr. _piller_, to rob. Pylere, pillar, B. 1271. Pyne, _vb._ to torment, B. 1095; _sb._ pain, A. 330. Du. _pijnen_, to torture. Pyne = pynd, fasten, C. 79. A.S. _pyndan_, to shut in. Pynkardine, ? _perre carnadine_, carnelian stone (Marsh), B. 1472. Pyony, A. 44. Pytosly, pitifully, A. 370. Pyty, A. 1206. Pyȝt, fixed, placed (_pret._ of _pyche_), A. 117, 228, 742; B. 785.

Quat, what, A. 293. Quat-kyn, what kind of, A. 771. Quauende, flowing, waving, B. 324. Quayle, _sb._ quail, A. 1085. Quayntyse, wisdom, craft, B. 1632. O.Fr. _accointer_, to make known; _coint_, informed, acquainted with. Lat. _cognitus_. Qued, _sb._ evil, crime, ill, B. 567; C. 4. Du. _kwaad_, bad. Pl. D. _quat_. Quelle, kill, A. 799; B. 324; subdue, C. 4. A.S. _cwellan_. Queme, _adj._ pleasing, A. 1179. A.S. _cweman_, to please. Your _qweme_ spouse, T. B. 634. Quen, when, A. 40, 93, 232, 804. Quenche, C. 4. Quere, where, A. 65. Query, A. 803. Quest, C. 39. Queþer-so-euer, whether-so-ever, A. 606. Quikken, C. 471. Quo, who, A. 747. Quo-so, who-so, B. 1647; C. 5. Quos, whose, B. 1648. Quoynt, wise, A. 889; B. 160, 871; curious, B. 1459. See _Quayntyse_. Quoyntis, clothing, B. 54. “_Quoyntyse_, yn gay floryschynge, or other lyke. Virilia.” (Prompt. Parv.) Quoyntyse, device, C. 39. See _Quayntyse_. {Quyk, Quik,} quick, living (_pl._ _quykeȝ_, A. 1179; B. 567), B. 324. Quyl, while, B. 627. Quyte, requite, reward, A. 595; B. 1632. Quyte, white, A. 220, 842, 844.

Raas = rase, rese, way, course, A. 1167. A.S. _ræs_, way, course, race. Sw. _resa_. Rac, storm, vapour, B. 433. N.Prov.E. _rack_, driving clouds, clouds driven along by the wind. “A _rak_ and a royde wynde rose in her saile.” --(T. B. 1984) Rachche, proceed, go, B. 619. A.S. _ræcan_, to reach, extend. O.H.G. _rechen_. N.Prov.E. _ratch_, stretch. Perhaps _rachche_ is a softened form of _rayke_ (Icel. _reika_, to go), to go. S.Sax. _ruchen_. Rad, frightened, B. 1543. Sw. _raedd_, afraid. N.Prov.E. _rade_. “In a _rad_ haste.” --(T. B. 917.) “Vn-to the gryselyche gost Syr Gauane is gone, And rayket to hit in a res, for he was neuyr _radde_; _Rad_ was he neuyr ȝette, quoso ryȝte redus.” --(The Anturs of Arther, p. 5; ix. 8, 9.) Radde, advised, C. 406 (_pret._ of _rede_, to advise). See _Rede_. Radly, readily, quickly. A.S. _rád_, ready, quick; _rádlice_, speedily. “The sight of þat semely sanke in hir herte, And rauysshed hir _radly_ þe rest of hir sawle.” --(T. B. 462) Raft, bereft, took, (_pret._ of _reve_), B. 1142, 1431; taken, B. 1739. See _Reue_. Rak, C. 176. See _Rac_. Rakel, hasty, rash, C. 526. N.Prov.E. _rackle_. Rakente, chain (?), C. 188. A.S. _raccenta_. Rakke, C. 139. See _Rac_. Ramelande, fetid, filthy, C. 279. Prov.E. _ram_, fetid; _rammely_, tall, rank; _ramel_, rubbish, dirt. Randeȝ, paths, borders, A. 105. A.S. _rand_, _rond_, a border, rim, edge. Rank, strong, severe, B. 233. Fris. _rank_, long-grown, rank. Dan. _rank_, upright. See T. B. 1392, 1879. Ranker, rancour, B. 756. Rape, blow, B. 233. Sw. _rapp_. Rapely, quickly, A. 363, 1168. O.E. _rape_, haste. O.N. _rápa_, cursitare. In T. B. rape = to hasten (818). Rasch, A. 1167. Rasp, B. 1545, 1724. Rasse, summit, top, B. 446. N.Prov.E. _raise_, a mound, cairn. O.N. _reysa_. Ratted, rent, ragged, B. 144; from O.E. _ratte_, to tear, rend. N.Prov.E. _rats_, pieces, fragments. Fris. _rite_, tear, pull. “Thane the Romayns relevyde that are ware rebuykkyde, And alle _to-rattys_ oure mene with theire risté horsses.” --(Morte Arthure, E. E. T. S. 2235.) {Rauþe, Rawþe,} = ruth, pity, sorrow, A. 858; B. 233, 972; mercy, C. 21. Raue, A. 363, 665. Rauen, B. 455. Rauyste, ravished, A. 1088. Rawe, row, “vpon a _rawe_,” in a row, in order, A. 545. Raweȝ, rows, borders, A. 105. Raw-sylk, B. 790. Raxled, roused up, A. 1174. A.S. _ræscian_, to shake, rustle. O.N. _ruska_. Sc. _rax_, to stretch. Ray, A. 160. Raykande, going, flowing, A. 112; B. 382. Rayke, go, B. 465, 671; C. 89. O.N. _reka_. N.Prov.E. _rake_, to go about. Raynande, raining, B. 382. Rayn-ryfte, rain-fissure, B. 368. Raysoun, reason, cause, A. 268; C. 191. {Raȝt, Raȝte,} afforded, extended (_pret._ of _rache_), B. 561, 766, 1691. See _Rachche_. Reame, realm, B. 1316. Rebaude, ribald, B. 873. Fr. _ribald_, from O.H.G. _hrúpa_, a prostitute. (Burguy.) Rebel, B. 455. Rebounde, B. 422. Rebuke, A. 367. Recen, tell, A. 827. A.S. _recan_. Reche, reach, extend, B. 10, 1369. {Rech, Reche,} reck, care, A. 333; B. 465. A.S. _récan_. Reche = reke, smoke, B. 1009. A.S. _reác_. Recorde, _sb._ A. 831; _vb._ B. 25. Recoverer, recovery, B. 394. Rede, _vb._ to counsel, advise, B. 1346; explain, B. 1578. A.S. _rædan_. {Redles, Redeles,} without counsel, uncertain, fearful, B. 1197; C. 502. Refete, feed, refresh, A. 88; C. 20. Reflayr, smell, A. 46; odour, B. 1079. Fr. _flairer_, to smell. Prov. Fr. _flairar_, to smell, sniff. Refrayne, B. 756. Reget, A. 1064. Regretted, A. 243. Regioun, A. 1178; B. 760, 964. Rehayte, cheer, B. 127. O.Fr. _rehaiter._ Reiatéȝ, kingdoms, royalties, A. 769. O.Fr. _reiauté_ = _reialté_, royalty. Reken, beautiful, A. 5, 906; joyous, A. 92; merry, B. 1082; pious, B. 10, 738; wise, B. 756. See Wright’s Lyrical Poems, p. 27. A.S. _recan_. O.S. _recon_, to order, direct. Pl. D. _reken_, right, straight, orderly. Rekenly, nobly, princely, B. 127, 1318. Rekken up, B. 2. Relande, reeling, C. 270. Rele, reel, roll, C. 147. {Reles, Relece,} cessation, A. 956; B. 760. Releue, C. 323. Relusaunt, shining, A. 159. O.Fr. _reluire_, to shine. Relygioun, B. 7, 1156. Relyke, B. 1156, 1269. Reme, realm, A. 448, 735. Reme, lament, cry, A. 858, 1181; C. 502. A.S. _hreman_. Remembre, C. 326. Remnaunt, remainder, A. 1160; B. 433. Remorde, grieved, A. 364. {Remue, Remwe,} remove, A. 427, 899; B. 646, 1673. Renay, reject, forsake, B. 105; C. 344. {Renge, Rengne,} reign, B. 328, 1321. Rengneȝ, courses, B. 527. A.S. _ryne_, course. Renischche, foreign, strange, B. 96. See _Runische_. {Renk, Renke,} a man, originally a warrior, B. 7, 96, 766, 969. A.S. _rinc_. O.N. _reckr_. Renne, run, B. 527, 1392. Renoun, A. 986, 1182. Renowleȝ, renews, A. 1080. Renyschly, fiercely, B. 1724. See _Runische_. Reparde, kept back, A. 611. Repayre, _vb._ A. 1028. Repente, A. 662. Repreue, reprove, A. 544. Requeste, A. 281. Rere, rise, B. 366, 423; C. 188; raise, B. 873; proceed, A. 160. Rert, if not _rered_, raised = _ert_, powerful, A. 591. Cf. _ertid_. T. B. 2641, 4841. Res, onset, assault, B. 1782. See _Raas_. Reset, resting place, seat, abode, A. 1067. {Resonabele, Resounable,} A. 523; B. 724. Resoun, A. 665, 716; B. 1633. Respecte, “in respecte of,” A. 84. Respyt, A. 644. Resse, “on resse,” in course, A. 874. See _Raas_. Restay, keep back, restrain, A. 716, 1168. Restleȝ = restless, unceasing, B. 527. Restore, A. 659; B. 1705. Retrete, treat of, A. 92. Reue, bereave, C. 487. A.S. _refian_, _reafian_. O.Fris. _râva_. Reuel, B. 1369. Reuer, river, A. 105. {Reuerence, Reverens,} B. 10, 1318. Rewarde, A. 604. Rewfully, sorrowfully, A. 1181. Rewled, ruled, ordered, B. 294. Reynyeȝ, reins, B. 592. Reȝtful, rightful, B. 724. Rial, royal, B. 1082. Rialté, royalty, B. 1321. Ridlande, dropping (as out of a sieve), oozing, B. 953. A.S. _hriddel_, a sieve; _hridrian_, to sift. Riboudrye, ribaldry, B. 184. Rigge, back, C. 379. A.S. _hrycg_. Rifteȝ, pieces, fragments, B. 964. Ring = rink, man, B. 592. See _Renk_. Robbor, B. 1269. Roborrye, B. 184. Roche, rock, B. 537. Rode, cross, A. 705; C. 96. Rok, crowd, throng, B. 1514. Sc. _rok_. O.Sw. _rok_, cumulus. Rollande, curly, waving, B. 790. Rome = roam, go, C. 52. Romy, roar, howl, B. 1543. A.S. _reomian_, to cry out. O.E. _rome_. Sc. _rame_. Sw. _raama_. Ronk = rank, fine, A. 844; bold, A. 1167; C. 490; bad, B. 455, 760; full grown, B. 869; _sb._ boldness, C. 298. Ronkly, fiercely, C. 431. Rop, rope, C. 150. Rop, gut, intestine, C. 270. N.Prov.E. _ropps_, the guts. A.S. _roppas_, the bowels, entrails, the _raps_. Cf. A.S. _rop_-weorc, the colic. “Huervore he (the liar) is ase the gamelos (chameleon), thet leveth by the eyr, and naȝt ne heth ine his _roppes_ bote wynd, and heth ech manere colour, thet ne heth non (of) his oȝen.” --(The Ayenbite of Inwyt, E. E. T. S. p. 62.) Rore, roar, cry, B. 390, 1543. Rose, praise, B. 1371. Sc. _ruse_. Sw. _rosa_. Dan. _rose_, to praise. {Rot, Rote,} root, A. 26. Rote, _sb._ rot, decay, B. 1079. Rote, lyre of seven strings, B. 1082. O.H.G. _hrotta_. M.H.G. _rotte_. W. _crwth_. Eng. _crowd_. Roþeled, prepared, B. 59; rushed, hastened, B. 890. A.S. _hrathian_, to be quick. Or from Welsh _rhuthr_, a sudden gust, onset, assault. Lanc. _rhute_, passion. Sc. _ruther_, uproar. Roþer, rudder, B. 419. Roþun, rush, B. 1009. See _Roþeled_. Roum, room, B. 96. Roun = rune, discourse, C. 514. A.S. _rún_, a letter, character, mystery, council, conversation. Rourde, sound, A. 112. A.S. _reord_, _reard_, speech, language. Route, snore, C. 186. Fr. _router_. O.N. _rauta_, to roar, bellow. “Dormiendo sonare, Anglice to _rowtyn_.” --(MS. Bibl. Reg. 12 B. i. f. 88.) Rownande, murmuring, A. 112. Rowned, sounded, C. 64. A.S. _rúnian_, to whisper. Rowtande, rushing, B. 354. “A _routond_ rayn,” T. B. 1986. Rowte, company, band, host, B. 969, 1197, 1782. Rowwe, row, C. 216. Royl, royal, B. 790. {Roȝ, Roȝe,} rough, B. 382, 1724; C. 139, 147; roughness, B. 1545; C. 144. Roȝly, roughly, B. 433. Is it an error for _rwly_, sorrowful? Roȝt, cared for (_pret._ of _reche_), C. 460. Ruchen, fettle, set in order, C. 101. M.H.G. _rechen_. O.S. _recon_. A.S. _recan_, to order, direct. “(He) _riches_ him radly to ride and remowis his ost.” --(K. Alex. p. 172.) “[The king] Ricchis his reynys.” --(T. B. 1231.) Ruddon, light, literally redness, B. 893. O.N. _rodna_, rubescere, erubescere; _rodi_, rubor, rubigo. Prov.E. _roaded_, _rody_, streaked. Rudnyng, ? lightning, C. 139. See _Ruddon_. Rueled, rushed, B. 953. O.N. _hrolla_. Dan. _rulle_. Ruful, sorrowful, pitiful, A. 916. Runnen (_p.p._ of _rinne_), run, A. 26, 874. Runisch, strange, B. 1545. A.S. _rénisc_, hidden; from _rún_, a mystery. Runyschly, fiercely, roughly, C. 191. _Renisch_ or _runisch_, signifies not only strange but fierce, rough. N.Prov.E. _rennish_, _rinnish_, furious. “Than has sire Dary dedeyne and derfely he lokes; Rysys him up _renysche_ and reȝt in his sete.” --(K. Alex. p. 100.) Rurd, cry, noise, B. 390; C. 64. A.S. _reord_. Ruþe, arouse, B. 895, 1208. See _Roþeled_. Ruyt, hasten, endeavour, C. 216. Fris. _rite_, to pull. Rwe, to pity, C. 176, 502; _vb. impers._ _rwe_, repent, B. 290, 561. A.S. _hreówan_, to rue, repent, grieve; _hreówian_, to be sorry for. Rwly = ruly, sorrowfully, piteously, B. 390; C. 96. Ryal, royal, A. 160; B. 786. Ryally, royally, A. 987; B. 812. Rybaude, ribald, C. 96. Rybe, ruby, A. 1007. Ryche, kingdom, A. 601, 722. A.S. _ríce_. Ryche, rich, A. 770. Rydelande, drifting, C. 254. See _Ridlande_. Rydelles, without counsel, uncertain, B. 969. See _Redeles_. Ryf = rife, abundant, plentiful, A. 770, 844. A.S. _ryf_, frequent. O.N. _rifr_. “Forþi he hight (promised) þam giftes _riif_, Þat suld bring David of his liif; In feild and tun, in frith and felle, Saul soght David for to quelle.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 43a.) {Ryg, Ryge,} rain, torrent, shower, B. 354, 382. O.N. _hregg_. A.S. _racu_. N.Prov.E. _rag_. Ryngande, ringing, B. 1082. Rynk, man, C. 216. See _Renk_. Rypande, searching, trying, B. 592. O.E. _rype_, to probe, plunder. A.S. _rypan_; N.Prov.E. to investigate. “Now if ye have suspowse to Gille or to me, Com and _rype_ oure howse, and then may ye se who had hir.” --(Town. Myst. p. 112.) See State Papers, i. 295. Rysed, rose, B. 1778. Ryth, a hound, mastiff, B. 1543. A.S. _riththa_, a mastiff. Ryȝt, right, A. 622. Ryȝtwys, righteous, right, A. 675; C. 490. Ryȝtwysly, aright, A. 709.

{Sacrafyce, Sacrefyce,} B. 510, 1447; C. 239. {Sad, Sade, Sadde,} sad, staid, solemn, A. 211, 887; B. 595; long, B. 1286; bitter, B. 525. Sadele, saddle, B. 1213. Sadly, soundly, heavily, C. 442. Saf, safe, secure, A. 672. Saf, save, except, B. 1749. {Saffer, Safyre,} sapphire, A. 1002; B. 1469. Sage, B. 1576. Saghe = saw, word, A. 226. See _Saw_. Sake, fault, A. 800; C. 84. A.S. _sacu_. Sakerfyse, sacrifice, A. 1064; B. 507. Sakleȝ = sakeless, innocent, faultless, B. 716. Sc. _sackless_. O.N. _saklaus_, innocent. See _Sake_. Sakred, hallowed, B. 1139. Sale, hall, palace, B. 120, 1260, 1722. A.S. _sal_. T. B. 1657. Samen, _adv._ together, at once, A. 518; B. 400, 468; _adj._ B. 985. O.N. _saman_. Samen, to consort with, B. 870. A.S. _samnian_, to assemble, collect. Samne, assemble, B. 53. Samned, assembled, B. 126, 361. Samnes (_imp._ of _samne_), C. 385. Sample, example, A. 499; B. 1326. Sapyence, wisdom, B. 1626. Sardiner, sardine stone, B. 1469. Sardonyse, sardonyx, A. 1006. Sarre (_comp._ of _sare_), sorer, more painful, B. 1195; _superl._ _sarrest_, B. 1078. Sattle, settle, C. 409. N.Prov.E. _sattle_. {Sau, Saue,} = saw, word, B. 1545. Sauce, B. 823. Saudan, sultan, B. 1323. {Saule, Sawle,} soul, A. 461; B. 290; C. 325. Saundyuer, sandever, glass-gall, B. 1036. Sauter, psalter, A. 677. Sauteray, psaltery, B. 1516. Saue, A. 666. Sauer, _vb._ savour, B. 825. Sauerly, savourly, sweet, A. 226. {Sauor, Savour,} B. 510, 995, 1447; C. 275. Sauyté, safety, B. 489. {Saw, Sawe,} word, A. 278; B. 109. A.S. _sagu_. Sayde = sadde, stedfast, B. 470. Saym, fat, grease, C. 275. Prov.E. _saim_, seam, lard. W. _saim_. Sayned, blessed, B. 746. A.S. _senian_. Ger. _segnen_, to bless. “Swa sal I _saine_ þe in lif mine, Sic benedicam te in vita mea, And sal lift mi handes in name thine, Et in nomine tuo levabo manus meas.” --(Psalm lxii. 5.) Saynt, A. 835. {Saȝ, Saȝe,} word, B. 1599, 1737. See _Saw_. Saȝ, saw, A. 1021. {Saȝt, Saȝte,} reconciliation, A. 1201; _adj._ at peace, A. 52. A.S. _saht_, peace; _saht_, reconciled; _sahtlian_, to reconcile. Saȝtled, appeased, reconciled, B. 230, 1139. Saȝtled, settled, restored, B. 445; became calm, C. 232. Saȝtlyng, reconciliation, peace, B. 490, 1795. Saȝttel, to be calm, patient, C. 529. Scale, A. 1005. Scape, escape, B. 62, 529, 928; C. 155. Scarre = scare, _vb._ be frightened, B. 598, 838; scatter, B. 1784. N.Prov.E. _skair_, wild, timid. S.Sax. _skerren_, to terrify. Scaþe, harm, ruin, wrong, sin, B. 21, 196, 569, 600, 1148. Scaþe, to break, destroy, B. 1776. A.S. _scethan_, to injure, hurt, harm. _Sceththe_, injury, loss, guilt. Scaþel, dangerous, C. 155. Goth. _skathuls_. O.H.G. _scadhal_, hurtful. “Lokez the contree be clere the corners are large: Discoveres now sekerly skrogges and other, That no _skathelle_ (hurtful thing) in the skroggez skorne us here-aftyre; Loke ȝe skyfte it so that no _skathe_ lympe.” --(Morte Arthure, pp. 137-8.) Ascalphus, a _skathel_ duke, T. B. 4067. Scelt, spread, served (?), B. 827. Schad, descended, B. 1690. Schadowed, shaded, A. 42. Schaftes, beams, rays, A. 982; C. 455. A.S. _sceaft_, dart, arrow. “(He) had on a mitre Was forged all of fyne gold, and fret fulle of perrils, Stiȝt staffulle of stanes that straȝt out bemes As it ware schemerand _schaftis_ of the schire sonne.” --(K. Alex. p. 53.) {Schalk, Schalkke,} man, fellow, B. 762, 1029; C. 476. A.S. _scealc_, a warrior, serving man. Goth. _skalks_. O.S. _scalc_. O.N. _skálkr_. Schape, devise, form, C. 247; endeavour, B. 762; happen, C. 160. A.S. _scapan_, to appoint, shape, create. O.N. _skapa_. Schauen, shaven, scraped, B. 1134. Schawe, show, B. 1599. {Schawe, Schaȝe,} grove, thicket, wood, A. 284; C. 452. Prov.E. _scow_, _shaw_. O.N. _skógr_, Dan. _skov_, a wood. Schede, depart, A. 411. Scheldeȝ, shields (of a boar), B. 58. Schende, ruin, destroy, B. 519. A.S. _scendan_, to confound, shame, destroy. Schended, accursed, C. 246. Schene = sheen, _sb._ bright, beautiful, A. 166, 965; brightness, C. 440; _adj._ A. 203, 1145; B. 1076, 1310. A.S. _sceone_, beautiful; _scine_, splendour. {Schent, Schente,} destroyed, A. 668; B. 1029; ruined, B. 47, 580. Schep, sheep, A. 801. Schepon, stall, stable, B. 1076. A.S. _scypen_. Schere, divide, separate, A. 107; purify, A. 165. A.S. _scéran_, to divide. Schet, shut, C. 452. Schin, shall, B. 1435. See “Liber Cure Cocorum,” p. 29, l. 29. “For in a slac thou shalle be slayn, Seche ferlès _schyn_ falle!” --(The Anturs of Arther, p. 12, xxiii. 13.) Schome, shame, B. 1115. Schomely, shamefully, C. 128. Schonied, shunned, B. 1101. Schor, shower, B. 227. Schore, shore, A. 230. Schorne (gold), purified, refined, A. 213. See _Schere_. Schortly, quickly, hastily, B. 519, 600. Schowte, shout, A. 877. Schowue, shove, B. 44, 1029, 1740. Schrewe, a wicked person, a wretch, B. 186; C. 77. Schrewedschyp, wickedness, B. 580. Schrowde, clothing, B. 47, 170. A.S. _scrúd_, garment, shroud. Schrylle = shrill, clear, A. 80. Schulder, shoulder, B. 981, 1690. Schunt = aside, aslant, B. 605. O.E. _shunt_, to slip aside, withdraw. A.S. _scunian_, to shun. Du. _schuins_, slope, slant. “He schodirde and schrenkys and _shontes_ bott lyttille.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 354.) “ȝa werpes tham up (the ȝates) quoth the wee, and wide open settes, If at ȝe schap ȝow to _schount_ unschent of oure handes.” --(K. Alex. p. 73.) Schylde, to shield, A. 965; C. 440. Schyldere, shoulder, A. 214. Schym, bright, A. 1077. A.S. _scima_, a brightness. M.H.G. _schîm_. A.S. _sciman_, to glitter, shine. See T. B. 4974. Schymeryng, _sb._ brightness, A. 80. A.S. _scimrian_, to shine. Du. _schémeren_, to dazzle. Sw. _skimra_, to glitter. Schyn, shall, B. 1810. See _Schin_. Schynde, shone, A. 80. {Schyr, Schyre,} brightly, A. 28; bright, beautiful, A. 42, 284; B. 553, 605, 1278; bare, B. 1690. Comp. _schyrrer_, A. 982. A.S. _scír_, _sheer_, pure, clear, bright. See T. B. 1269. Sclade = slade, valley, green plain, A. 1148. A.S. _slæd_. Sclaȝt, slaughter, B. 56. Scoghe, scoff, or perhaps perverseness, backsliding, A. 610. A.S. _sceoh_, askew, perverse. Scole, cup, B. 1145. O.N. _skál_. Dan. _skaal_. Scolere, scholar, B. 1554. Scomfyt, to discomfit, B. 1784. Scope, scoop, C. 155. {Scorn, Scorne,} _vb._ B. 709; _sb._ B. 827. Scoumfit, discomfited, B. 151. Scowte-wach, sentinel, guard, B. 838. “Thane the price mene prekes and proves theire horsez, Satilles to the cete appone sere halfes; Enserches the subbarbes sadly thare-aftyre, And skyrmys a lyttille; Skayres thaire skottefers And theire _skowtte-waches_.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 206.) Scoymous, particular, scrupulous, fearful, B. 21, 1148. Scrof, rough, B. 1546. Scrypture, writing, B. 1546. Scue. See _Skewe_. Scylle, wit, B. 151. It signifies also reason, cause. O.N. _skil_. Scylful, wise, B. 1148. {Sech, Seche,} seek, A. 354; B. 29, 420. Seele, joy, happiness, C. 242. A.S. _sél_, good, excellent. Cf. _unsell_, T. B. 1961. Sege, seat, C. 93. Fr. _siége_. Sege, siege, B. 1185. {Segg, Segge,} a man, servant, B. 93, 398, 549, 681. A.S. _secg_, a man, literally a messenger, speaker; from _secgan_, to say. Segge, say, B. 621. Segh, saw, A. 790. Sekke, sack, C. 382. Selconth, a marvel, B. 1274. A.S. _sel-cúth_ = _seld-cúth_, rare, seldom known. Selden, seldom, A. 380. A.S. _seldan_. Sele, happiness, bliss, C. 5. See _Seele_. Selepe = slep, slept, C. 186. Self, very, A. 1046; same, B. 1769. Selly, a marvel, C. 140; wonderfully, C. 353. A.S. _séllíc_, _síllíc_, worthy, wonderful; _séllíce_, wonderfully. “For thou has samned, as men sais, a _selly_ noimbre Of wrichis and wirlinges out of the west endis, Of laddis and of losengers and of litille thevys.” --(K. Alex. p. 59.) See T. B. 1544. Sely, fortunate, blessed, happy, A. 659; B. 490. See _Seele_. Sem, seam, B. 555. Semblaunt, appearance, cheer, A. 211, 1143; B. 131, 640. Semblé, assembly, B. 126. Sembled, assembled, C. 177. Seme, seemly, A. 190; B. 549, 1810. O.Sw. _sæma_. Dan. _sömme_, to be fitting, bear one’s self becomingly. O.N. _sæmr_, seemly. Seme, to be fitting, become, B. 793. Semed, A. 760. {Semely, Semly, Semlych,} seemly, beautiful, A. 34, 789; B. 209, 1442. Comp. _sem-loker_, B. 868. Sengeley, ever, constantly, A. 8. A.S. _singallíce_, perpetually. {Ser, Sere,} diverse, various, separate, B. 358; _ser kynde_, B. 507; _sere course_, B. 1418; _ser wyse_, C. 12. Serelych, severally, separately, C. 193. Sergaunt, a royal servant, a squire, B. 109. Serges, wax tapers, B. 1489. Lat. _cerea_. Seriaunte, sergeant, C. 385. See _Sergaunt_. Serkyndeȝ, diverse kinds, B. 336. Serlypeȝ, diverse, different, separate, A. 994. Sermoun, discourse, speech, A. 1185. Sertain, certainly, A. 685. Seruage, bondage, B. 1257. Seruaunt, A. 699; B. 631. Serue, avail, A. 331. Serue, deserve, A. 553; B. 1115. Seruyse, B. 1152, 1401. Sese, cease, B. 523; _seseȝ_, let cease, C. 391. Sesoune, season, B. 523. {Sessed, Sesed,} took possession of, A. 417; B. 1313. {Sete, Seete,} sat, A. 161; B. 1171. _pl._ _seten_, B. 1763. Sete, seat, C. 24. Seþe = seethe, boil, B. 631. {Seue, Seve,} = sewe, sew, a kind of pottage, B. 108, 825. Sewer, the officer who set and removed the dishes, tasted them, etc., B. 639. Sewrté, surety, C. 58. Sexte, sixth, A. 1007. Seyed, passed, B. 353. “_Seyet_ furth with sory chere.” --(T. B. 2512.) Seysoun, season, A. 39. Seȝ, saw, A. 158, 531, 698; B. 209. Side-borde, B. 1398. Siue, sieve, B. 226. Skarmoch, fight, skirmish, B. 1186. Skaþe, harm, danger, sin, B. 151, 598, 1186. See _Scaþe_. Skele, dish, B. 1405. Skelt, scattered, spread, B. 1186, 1206. O.E. _skale_, to scatter. N.Prov.E. _scale_, to spread. See Hall, Richard III. f. 15. A.S. _scylan_, to separate, divide; _pret._ _scel_. “Skairen out skoute wacche for _skeltyng_ of harme.” --(T. B. 1089, 6042.) Skelt, hasten, run, B. 1554. Sw. _skala_, to scamper, scour. Skete, quick, sudden, B. 1186; quickly, C. 195. See T. B. 13672. O.N. _skjótt_. Skewe, sky, cloud, B. 1206, 1759. Sw. _sky_, a cloud. A.S. _scúa_, a shadow. Skowte, look, search, B. 483. See T. B. 1089. Skoymous, B. 598. See _Scoymous_. Skwe, sky, B. 483. Skyfte, devise, order, ordain, A. 569. A.S. _scyftan_. Skyfte, shift, change, B. 709. Sw. _skifta_. Skyg, scrupulous, careful, B. 21. Sw. _skygg_, shy. N.Prov.E. _sky_, to shun. {Skyl, Skyle,} reason, wit, A. 312; _by skylle_, rightly, reasonably, A. 674; ordinance, B. 709; meaning, B. 1554. See _Scylle_. Skylleȝ, doubts, A. 54. Skylly, device, purpose, B. 529. Skyly, excuse, B. 62. Skyre = shire = sheer, clear, B. 1776. See _Schyre_. Skyrme, screams (?), B. 483. “Scho gaffe _skirmande_ skrikes at all the skowis range.” --(K. Alex. p. 176.) Or does it here signify to look about, like Prov.E. skime? O.N. _Skima_, to look about. Skyualde, ordained, manifested, B. 529. Prof. Child suggests Somerset, _scaffle_, scramble, scuffle. See _Skyfte_. Slade, valley, A. 141. Slake, absolve (lit. to loosen), A. 942. A.S. _sleacian_, to slacken. Slauþe, sloth, B. 178. Slaȝt, slaughter, A. 801. Slaȝte, stroke, A. 59; C. 192. A.S. _slagan_, to strike, beat, kill. Sleke, assuage, lessen, B. 708. See _Slake_. Slente = slant, a slope, declivity, A. 141. Sw. _slinta_, to slip. Slep, slept, C. 466. Sloberande, slobbering, drivelling, C. 186. _Slobber_ is evidently formed from _slob_, _slab_, in the same way as _blubber_ is formed from _blob_, _blab_, a drop. Cf. “_Slobur_ or _blobur_, of fysshe and other like Burbulum.” (Prompt. Parv.) O.E. _slab_. Prov.E. _slob_, thick, slimy. Ir. _slaib_, mud, ooze. O.N. _sluppra_. Dan. _slubbre_, to sip, sup. Du. _slubberen_, to hang loose and slack. Slode, slid, A. 59. Sloghe, slow, C. 466. Sloue, slew, B. 1264. Sloumbe, slumber, C. 186, 466. N.Prov.E. _sloomy_, dronish, slow; _sloum_, _sloom_, slumber. O.E. _slome_, _sleme_, to sleep. A.S. _sluma_, a slumber. O.N. _slæmi_. Cf. the modern phrase, “to slumber and sleep.” “(Sire Telomew) cairys into a cabayne, quare the kyng ligges, Fand him _slomande_ and on slepe, and sleely him rayses.” --(K. Alex. p. 176.) Slow, slew, B. 1221. Sluchched, muddy, dirty, C. 341. Prov.E. _slutch_, mud; _slotch_, a sloven; _slotching_, slovenly. Slyde, fall, C. 466. “And _slydyn_ uppon slepe by slomeryng of age.” --(T. B. 6.) Slyke, slide, slip. O.N. _slikja_, to make smooth. See _Atslyke_. Slyp, stroke, blow, B. 1264. Slyppe, go, glide, make off, slip away, B. 985; fall, C. 186. A.S. _slipan_. Slyppe, escape, B. 1785. Sw. _slippa_, to escape. Slyȝt, slight, A. 190. Slyȝt, wisdom, B. 1289; device, C. 130. O.E. _sleghe_, _sleȝe_, wise. O.N. _slægr_. Smach, scent, smell, B. 461, 1019. A.S. _smæc_. Prov.E. _smatch_, flavour. Smachande, smelling, savouring, B. 955. Smartly, quickly, B. 711. Smod, stain, filth, B. 711. Sc. _smot_, _smad_. O.Sw. _smuts_, spot, stain. Dan. _smuds_, dirty. Pl. D. _smuddern_, to dirty. Smolderande, smouldering, smothering, B. 955. Smolt, be at peace, quiet, B. 732. A.S. _smolt_, serene, clear. Prov.E. _molt_-water, clear exudation; _smolt_, smooth, clear. See _Smelt_, T. B. 1669. Smolt{es}; so in MS., but ? an error for smolt{e} = smelt, B. 461. “A smoke _smulte_ through his nase.” --(T. B. 911.) Smoþe, smooth, A. 6. Smoþely, quietly, B. 732. Smylt, decayed (?), B. 226. Sw. _multna_, to moulder. Dan. _smuldre_, to crumble, moulder. Snaw, snow, B. 222. Soberly, quietly, A. 256; courteously, decently, B. 117, 799, 1497. See T. B. 248. Sobre, gentle, A. 532. Sodanly, suddenly, A. 1098; B. 1769. Soerly, an error for _Soberly_, B. 117. Soffer, suffer, A. 940. Soffraunce, forbearance, C. 417. Soghe, sow, C. 67. Soghe, moan, C. 391. A.S. _swógan_, _swégan_, to make a noise, howl. O.S. _suôgan_. Sok, _sb._ suck, C. 391. Sokored, succoured, C. 261. Solace, A. 130; B. 870, 1080. Solased, B. 131. {Solemne, Solempne,} B. 1171, 1447; C. 239. Solempnely, B. 37. {Solemneté, Solempneté,} B. 1313, 1678, 1757. {Solie, Soly,} throne, B. 1171, 1678. A.S. _sylla_, a chair; _salo_, a hall, palace. Somere, B. 1686. {Sommoun, Somone,} _vb._ B. 1498; _sb._ summons, A. 1098. Sonde, sand, C. 341. Sonde = sande, message, word, A. 943; messenger, B. 53, 781. A.S. _sánd_. Sondeȝ-mon, messenger, B. 469. Sone, soon, B. 461. {Sonet, Sonete,} B. 1415, 1516. Songen, _pl._ sang, B. 1763. Sope, sup, B. 108. Soper, supper, B. 107, 829, 997, 1763. {Sor, Sore,} sorrow, A. 130; C. 242, 507; _adv._ sorely, A. 550; B. 290. Sorewe, sorrow, B. 778. Sorquydryȝe = surquedrie, presumption, arrogance, conceit, A. 309. Sorsers, sorcerers, B. 1579. Sorsory, sorcery, B. 1576. Sorte, lot, C. 193. {Sorȝ, Sorȝe,} sorrow, A. 352; B. 75, 563, 1080. {Soth, Soþe,} true, truth, A. 482, 653; B. 515; _soþes_, truths, B. 1598. A.S. _sóth_. Soþefast, faithful, B. 1491. Sothfol, truthful, A. 498. {Soþly, Soþely,} truly, B. 299, 654, 657. Sotte, fool, sot, B. 581; C. 501. A.S. _sot_. See T. B. 1961. Sotyle, subtle, A. 1050. Soufre, sulphur, B. 954. Soumme, company, C. 509. Soun, sound, word, A. 532; C. 429; to sound, B. 973, 1670. Sounande, sounding, A. 883. Souped, supped, B. 833. Sour, bad, vile, B. 192. Cf. “Soory or defowlyd yn _sowr_ or filth. Cenosus.” (Prompt. Parv.) Souȝed, sobbed, sighed, C. 140. See T. B. 342. Prov.E. _sugh_, _sow_, _suff_, to murmur. O.Sc. _swouch_, a noise, sound. A.S. _swoeg_, a noise; _swógan_, to sound, howl. Du. _zwoegen_, to pant, puff. Souerayn, B. 93, 552. Soyle, soil, earth, B. 1039, 1387; C. 443. Soȝt, sought, A. 518, 730; _soȝt to_, reached, B. 510, 563; made for, C. 249; endeavoured, B. 1286. Spak, quickly, C. 104; _spakest_, boldest, C. 169. Spakk, spake, A. 938. Spakly, certainly, surely, quickly, B. 755; C. 338. Spare, spar, C. 104, 338. Sw. _sparre_. O.H.G. _sparro_. Sparred, spurred, rushed, A. 1169. Spec, speck, B. 551. {Special, Specyal,} A. 235, 938; B. 1492. Sped, help, B. 1607. Spede, prosper, B. 511; hasten, B. 551. Spedly, quickly, B. 1729. Sped-whyle, a short space of time, a moment, B. 1285. Speke, spoke, B. 1220. Spelle, tell, relate, A. 793. Spelle, speech, A. 363. A.S. _spell_. Spenned, folded, A. 49. O.N. _spenna_. A.S. _spannan_. Spenned, allured, enticed away, A. 53. A.S. _spanan_. N.Prov.E. _span_, to wean from. Spiritually, B. 1492. Spitous, fell, abominable, B. 845. Spitously, fiercely, angrily, B. 1220. Sponne = spun, grew, A. 35. Spornande, rushing, dashing, A. 363. O.E. _sporn_, _spurn_, to dash. A.S. _spurnan_. “Now aithir stoure on ther stedis, _Spurnes_ out spakly with speris in hand.” --(K. Alex. p. 27.) Spot, blemish, A. 12, 764. Spote, place, spot, A. 13; B. 551. Spotleȝ, spotless, pure, A. 856. Spotty, to defile, A. 1070. Spoyle, B. 1285, 1774. {Sprad, Spradde,} spread (_pret._ of _sprede_), B. 1607; C. 365. Sprange, sprung, A. 13. Sprawlyng, B. 408. Sprete = sprit (as in bow-sprit), C. 104. A.S. _sprit_. Sprude = spread, fasten, C. 104. Spryngande, springing, A. 35. Spuniande = spinnande, sticky, cleaving, B. 1038. _Pynnand_ occurs in this sense in the Northern Romance of Alexander, p. 142. “Than vmbyclappis thaim a cloude and covirs all ovir, As any _pynnand_ pik (pitch) the planets it hidis.” Spure = spere, ask, inquire of, B. 1606. Sc. _speer_. A.S. _spirian_. See T. B. 823. Sputen = spouted, uttered, B. 845. Sput = spat, vomited, C. 338. {Spyce, Spyse,} A. 235, 938; _pl._ _spyseȝ_, A. 25, 35. Spye, B. 780, 1774. Spylt, destroyed, B. 1220. Spyrakle, breath, spirit, B. 408. Spysereȝ, spice-mongers, B. 1038. Spyt, cruelty, A. 1138; vengeance, B. 755. Spytously, B. 1285. See _Spitously_. Stable, _adj._ A. 597; _vb._ B. 1334, 1652. Stac (_pret._ of _steke_), closed, fastened, B. 439. See _Steke_. {Stad, Stadde,} placed, fixed (_pret._ of _stede_), B. 806, 983, 1506. Stage, state, A. 410. Stal, seat, B. 1506. A.S. _stal_, _steal_. Stale, step, degree, place, A. 1002. Stalke, A. 152. Stalle, place, fix, B. 1334. A.S. _stælan_. Stalle, _vb._ bring, place, A. 188; B. 1184. “Lia he (Jacob) _stalle_ until his bedd.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 22b.) Stalworth, strong, B. 884; great, B. 983. Stalworþest, bravest, B. 255. Stamyn, threshold, B. 486. Stanc, pool, B. 1018. N.Prov.E. _stank_. Gael. _stang_, a pool. “_Stagnum_, a pounde, a _stanke_, a dam.” --(MS. Harl. 2270, f. 181.) Standen (_p.p._), stood, A. 519, 1148. Stange, pool, B. 439. See _Stanc_. Stape-fole, high, C. 122. Stare, _vb._ A. 149; B. 389. Stare, star, B. 583. Stared, shone, B. 1506. Staren (_3rd pers. pl. pres._), shine, A. 116. “_Staring_ stone,” T. B. 3037. Cf. “_Staryng_, or schynyng as gaye thyngys. Rutilans.” “_Staryñ_ or schynyñ and glyderyñ, niteo.” (Prompt. Parv.) “Many _starand_ stanes strikes of thair helmes.” --(K. Alex. p. 28.) “As ai stremande sternes _stared_ alle thaire wedes.” --(_Ibid._, p. 129.) Start, A. 1159. Statue, B. 995. {Staue, Staw,} = stow, place, B. 352, 360, 480. Stayre, shine, B. 1396. See _Staren_. Stayre, ladder, C. 513. Stayre, steep, high, A. 1022. A.S. _stígan_, to ascend; _stæger_, a stair. O.E. _staire_, to ascend. “A hundreth daies and a halfe he held be tha playnes, Till he was comen till a cliffe, at to the cloudis semed, That was so _staire_ and so stepe, the storé me tellis, Miȝt ther no wee, bot with wynges, winne to the topp.” --(K. Alex. p. 164, l. 4828.) “With that _stairis_ he forth the stye that streȝt to the est.” --(_Ibid._, 4834.) Steke, fasten, shut up, close, B. 157, 352, 754, 884. N.Prov.E. _steek_. A.S. _stician_, to stick in. O.N. _steckr_, a fold. Stel, stole, B. 1203. Stele, approach stealthily, B. 1778. A.S. _stélan_. Stele, a step (of a ladder), C. 513. See _Stale_. “This ilke laddre (that may to hevene leste) is charite, The _stales_ gode theawis.” --(Poems of Wm. of Shoreham, p. 3.) Stemme = stem, to stop, delay, B. 905. The same root occurs in _stammer_, stumble, etc. Sw. _stämma_, to dam. Stepe, step, B. 905. {Stepe, Steppe,} bright, B. 583, 1396. S.Sax. _steap_, bright, brilliant. “Stepe ene.” T. B. 3101. Cf. “eyen _stepe_.” Chaucer. C. T. Prologue, l. 201. Stere, direct, A. 623; rule, C. 27. Sterne, star, A. 115; C. 207. O.N. _stjarna_. Sterne (of a boat), C. 149. Sterre, star, B. 1378. Stewarde, B. 90. Steuen, voice, A. 188; sound, A. 1125; B. 1203, 1402; noise, B. 1778; command, B. 360, 463. A.S. _stefen_. Stiffe, B. 983. Stifly, firmly, B. 157. Stik, fix, fasten, B. 157. See _Steke_. Stille, dumb, B. 1523. Stoffe, fill, B. 1184. See T. B. 2748. Stoken, fastened, enclosed, shut (_p.p._ of _steke_), A. 1065; B. 360, 1199, 1524. “Sothe stories ben _stoken_ up & straught out of mind.” --(T. B. 11.) {Stokke, Stoke,} stocks, B. 46, 157. Stonde, stand, B. 1490. Stonde, blow, B. 1540. A.S. _stunian_, to beat, strike. O.E. _stund_, to strike. “Quat! wyns (wenis) þou I am a hund, Wit þi stans me for to _stund_.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 42b.) Stonen, _adj._ of stone, B. 995. Ston-harde, fast, B. 884. Store, a great (number), A. 847. “A _store_ man of strength and of stuerne will.” --(T. B. 538.) Stote, stand, stop still, A. 149. Dan. _stötte_, stay, support. S.Sax. _stuten_, to stop. Sc. _stoit_, stumble. “_Stotyng_, Titubatus.” (Prompt. Parv.) “Anone to the forest they found (go), There they _stoted_ a stound.” --(Sir Degrevant, 225.) “Ffurth he stalkis a stye, by tha stille euys, _Stotays_ at a hey strette, studyande hym one.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 290.) “Than he _stotays_ for made, and alle his strenghe faylez.” --(_Ibid._, p. 357.) Stound, Stounde, a space of time, moment, A. 659; B. 1716; _in stoundes_, at times, B. 1603. A.S. _stund_. Stounde, blow, and hence sorrow, A. 20. See _Stonde_. Stour, conflict; _bale-stour_, death pang, C. 426. Cf. _dede-stoure_, death conflict. Hampole’s Pricke of Conscience, 1820, 5812. O.N. _styr_. “Son efter-ward, it was not lang, Gain Saul þai gaf batail strang; Þaa sarȝins þan þe king umsett, In hard _stur_ þai samen mett; Ful snaip it was þair, _stur_ and snelle, The folk al fled of Israel.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 43b.) Stout, firm, stable, A. 779, 935; brave, B. 1184. Stowed, placed, B. 113. Stowned, troubled, astonished, C. 73. A.S. _stunian_. Strake, struck up, sounded, B. 1402. Strate, street, A. 1043. Straunge, strange, B. 409. Stray, A. 1173; B. 1199. See T. B. 6258. Strayne, strain, A. 128; labour, A. 691; pain, B. 1540; trouble, C. 234. Strayt, B. 880, 1199. {Strech, Streche,} stretch, A. 843, 971; B. 905. Stremande, shining, A. 115. See extract under the word _Staren_. Strenkle, scatter, B. 307. Strenþe, strength, B. 1155, 1430. Streny, strain, toil, labour, A. 551. Streȝt, strait, A. 691; C. 234. Cf. streght, T. B. 351. Stronde = strand, stream, river, A. 152; C. 254, 311. “Midward þat land a wel springes, Þat rennes out wit four _strandes_, Fflummes farand in fer landes.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 7b.) “Quen thai war passed over _strand_, And raght apon þe toiþer land, Witte yee þat þai war ful gladd.” --(_Ibid._, fol. 46a.) Strot = strut, contest, chiding, A. 353, 848. “O pride bicums unbuxumnes, Strif and _strutt_ and frawardnes.” --(The Seven Deadly Sins, in Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.) Stroþe, bold, fierce (?), A. 115. Strye, destroy, B. 307, 1768; _stryed_, B. 1018. Stryf, A. 248. Stryke, pass, go, A. 1125. A.S. _strican_. Strynde = strond, stream, C. 311. Stryuande, striving, C. 311. Stud = stede, place, B. 389, 1334. Sturnen, strong, B. 1402. {Styf, Styffe,} strong, A. 779; C. 234; _styfest_, strongest, B. 255. Styfly, fast, firmly, B. 352, 1652. Styke = stryke, walk, go (?), A. 1186. Stykked, fixed, placed, B. 583. See _Steke_. Stylle, secret, A. 20; B. 589, 706; quiet, B. 1203; quietly, B. 486. See T. B. 1778. “State from þe slyth kyng _styllé_ by night.” --(T. B. 988.) Stylle, secretly, B. 806, 1778. Styngande, stinging, B. 225. Stynkande, stinking, B. 1018. Stynst, a mistake for stynt, stop, A. 353. Stynt, stop, B. 225, 381, 1261; stopped, C. 73. A.S. _stintan_. Styry, stir, move, B. 403, 1720. Stysteȝ = stynteȝ, stops, B. 359. Styȝe, path, C. 402. A.S. _stíg_. Styȝe, ascend, climb, B. 389. A.S. _stígan_, to ascend. Styȝtle, place, order, fix, B. 90; C. 402. A.S. _stihtan_, to arrange, dispose. See T. B. 1997. “Unstithe for to stire or _stightill_ the Realme.” --(T. B. 117.) Sued, followed, B. 681. {Suffer, Suffre,} A. 554. Suffraunce, endurance, patience, C. 3, 529. Suffyse, A. 135. {Sulp, Sulpe,} defile, pollute, B. 15, 550, 1130, 1135. O.E. _sulwe_, to defile, soil. M.H.D. _be-sulwen_. O.N. _söla_, to pollute. Prov. Ger. _sulpern_, unclean, to defile. The word _sulp_ (_solp_) occurs in the Romance of K. Alexander, ed. Stevenson, but the editor renders it “_to swallow_”! “Oure inward enmys ilkane we inwardly drepis, That is to say alle the sin, at _solp_ may ȝe (the ?) saule.” --(K. Alex. p. 146.) Sulpande, defiling, A. 726. Sumkyn, of some kind, A. 619. Sumoun, to summon, A. 539. Sum quat, some sort of, B. 627. Sum-while, formerly, C. 57. Sunderlupes, severally, C. 12. Suppe, B. 108; C. 151. Supplantor, A. 440. Sure, A. 1089. Sum, one, “_al & sum_,” one and all, A. 584. Surely, B. 1643; C. 315. Sustnaunce, B. 340. Sute (?) A. 203, 1108. Sve = sue, follow, go after, A. 976. Swalt, died, A. 816, 1160. See T. B. 1200, 4687. See _Swelt_. Swaneȝ, swans, B. 58. Swange (_pret._ of _swenge_ or _swinge_), toiled, worked, A. 586. A.S. _swingan_, to dash, to labour. Swange, flowed, A. 1059. Swangeande, flowing, rushing, A. 111. See T. B. 13024. Swap, blow, B. 222. A.S. _swipian_. O.N. _svipa_, to shake. O.E. _swepe_, _swappe_, to beat. See T. B. 1889. “He swynges out with a swerd and _swappis_ him to dethe.” --(K. Alex. p. 38.) “With a swinge of his sworde _swappit_ hym in þe fase.” --(T. B. 1271.) Sware, square, A. 837; B. 1386. Sware, answer, A. 240; B. 1415. O.N. _svara_. See T. B. 1200. Swarme, B. 223. Swart, black, C. 363. {Swat, Swatte,} sweated (_pret._ of _swete_), A. 586, 829. Swayf, blow, literally, a sudden movement. See _Swayue_. “Than Alexander . . . . . Swythe swyngis out his swerde and his _swayfe_ feches, The nolle of Nicollas, the kyng, he fra the nebb partis.” --(K. Alex. p. 28.) Swayne, swain, servant, B. 1509. Swayue, swims. T. B. 2358. Dan. _swæve_, to wave, move, flutter. Swe, follow, A. 892; ran, B. 956. Sweande, flowing, B. 420. Sweft, swift, C. 108. Swelme, heat, C. 3. A.S. _swell_, a burning; _swélan_, to burn, _sweal_. “[He] lete asauage, or he sware (spoke), the _swelme_ of his angirs.” --(K. Alex. p. 21.) Swelt, die, perish, B. 108; C. 427; destroy, B. 332. A.S. _sweltan_. O.N. _svelta_. Swemande (_pres. part._ of _sweme_), afflicting, B. 563. A.S. _swima_, a stupor. S.Sax. _sweamen_, to grieve, vex. “Whan this was seide, his hert began to melt For veray _sweme_ of this _swemeful_ tale.” --(Lydgate’s Minor Poems, p. 38.) “Sum swalt in a _swym_ with outen sware more.” --(T. B. 1200.) Sweng, _sb._ toil, labour, A. 575. A.S. _sweng_, a stroke, blow. See _Swange_. See T. B. 1271. Swenge, hasten, rush, dash out, B. 109, 667; C. 108, 250, 253. “He _swynges_ out with a swerd and swappis him to dethe.” --(K. Alex. p. 33.) A.S. _swingan_, to swing, dash. Swepe, glide, A. 111; hasten, B. 1509. See T. B. 342. O.E. _swippe_, to pass quickly. O.N. _svip_, a rapid movement; _svipa_, to whip, do quickly, turn. Swepe, to seize, C. 341. A.S. _swipian_, to take by violence. Swer, swore, B. 69, 667. Swete, life; _to lose the swete_ = to die, C. 364. _Swete_ may here signify _sweet_, the word _life_ being understood. “And alle at lent ware on loft loste ther the _swete_.” --(K. Alex. p. 105.) “---- the brande es myne awene Many swayne, with the swynge [struck], has the _swete_ levede.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 281.) “All the kene mene of kampe, knyghtes and other, Killyd are colde dede and castyne over burdez Theire swyers sweyftly has the _swete_ levyde.” --(_Ibid._ p. 309.) Swetter, sweeter, C. 236. Sweuen, dream, A. 62. A.S. _swefen_. Swey, go, walk, B. 788; came, C. 429. See T. B. 2512. O.N. _sweigia_. Dan. _sveje_, to bend. N.Prov.E. _swey_, to swing; _sweigh_, to press. See _Sve_. Sweyed, swayed, C. 151. Sweȝe, go, C. 72; drove, C. 236. Swolȝe, swallow, C. 250, 363; kill, B. 1268. Swone, swoon, A. 1180. A.S. _aswunan_. Swowed, swooned, C. 442. S.Sax. _swowen_, to swoon. Swyed = sweyed, followed, B. 87. Swyere, squire, B. 87, Swypped, escaped, B. 1253. See _Swepe_. Swyre, neck, B. 1744. A.S. _sweora_. Swyþe, firm, strong, A. 354; C. 236; great, B. 1283; very, B. 816; many, B. 1299; quickly, A. 1059; B. 354; greatly, B. 987. A.S. _swíth_, strong, great; _swíthe_, very, greatly. Swyþe, burn, scorch, C. 478 (_pret._ _swath_). N.Prov.E. _swither_, to singe; _swidden_, to scorch. O.N. _svítha_. “Mi Gode, als whele set þam, Als stubble bi-fore wind lickam Als fire that brennes wode swa; Als lowe _swiþand_ hilles ma.” --(Ps. lxxxii. 15.) Syence, B. 1454, 1599. Syfle, blow, C. 470. _Syfle_ sometimes signifies to _whistle_. It may he connected with the Prov.E. _suffe_, to pant, blow. A.S. _siofian_, mourn, lament. Sykande, sighing, B. 715. A.S. _sycan_, to sigh. Syked, sighed, C. 382. Sykerly, surely, C. 301. O.Fris. _sikur_. Ger. _sicher_, sure. Syle, to glide, go, proceed, B. 131. See T. B. 364, 1307. Prov.E. _sile_, to go. O.N. _síla_. “With that the segge all himselfe _silis_ to his chambre.” --(K. Alex. p. 5.) See T. B. 364. Sylueren, silver, B. 1406. Symbale, B. 1415. Symple, A. 1134; B. 746. Sympelnesse, A. 909. Syn, since, C. 218. Syngne, sign, B. 489, 1710. Synglerty, singularity, singleness, A. 429. Synglure, uniqueness, A. 8. Syngnetteȝ, signets, A. 838. Synne, after, B. 229. Syre, lord, B. 1260. {Syt, Syte,} sorrow, sin, B. 566, 1257; C. 5, 517. O.N. _sút_. “Jacob wen he was mast in _siit_, God lighted him witouten _liit_.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 27b.) “This tre in forbot haf I laid, If þou sa bald be it to bite, Þou sal be ded in sorou and _site_, And if þou haldes mi forbot, Þou sal be laverd ouer ilk crot.” --(_Ibid._ fol. 52b.) Syþe, time, A. 1079; B. 1169, 1417, 1686. A.S. _sith_. Syþen, afterwards, A. 13, 643, 1207; B. 998; since, A. 245. Sytole, citole, guitar, A. 91. {Syȝ, Syȝe,} saw, A. 308, 788, 985; B. 985. {Syȝt, Syȝte,} sight, A. 226; B. 552, 1710.

Ta, take, arrest, C. 78. “Ta me,” take, arrest me. Tatȝ, take, B. 735. (Cf. O.E. _ma_ = make.) Tabarde, coat. It sometimes signifies a short coat or mantle, B. 41. Fr. _tabar_. Ital. _tabaro_. Tabelment, A. 994. Taborne, tabour, B. 1414. Tached, fixed, fastened, A. 464. Takel, C. 233. Tale, tale, message, B. 1437. Talent, will, pleasure, C. 416. See T. B. 464. Talle = tuly (?), B. 48. Tan, taken, B. 763. Tatȝ, take, B. 735. See _Ta_. Tayt, agreeable, lively, B. 871. O.N. _teitr_. “The laddes were kaske and _teyte_.” --(Havelok the Dane, 1841.) “Ther mouhte men se the boles beyte, And the bores with hundes _teyte_.” --(_Ibid._ 2331.) Tayt, fear, B. 889. “Brynges furthe, [as] sayd the boke, bestes out of noumbre, And trottes on toward Tyre with _taite_ at thaire hertes.” --(K. Alex. p. 42.) Teche, teach, B. 160. Teche, mark, sign, B. 1049. Teche, fault, B. 1230; device, B. 943. Fr. _tache_. Tede, an error for _tene_ = ten (?), B. 1634. Tee, go, B. 9, 1262; C. 87. “Let hym _tegh_ to þe tempull.” --(T. B. 2541.) A.S. _teon_. Cf. _teght_, T. B. 1786. Telde, tent, B. 866. A.S. _teld_. Telded, raised, B. 1342. See T. B. 6075. Telle, raise, excite, B. 1808. Du. _tillen_, to lift up. Teme, approach, A. 460; B. 9; C. 316. See T. B. 3306. It seems to be connected with the A.S. _geteman_, to bear witness; _teama_, to cite, summon. In Laȝamon _teman_ signifies to go, proceed, approach, vol. i. p. 53, l. 1245. “Albion hatte that lond; Ah leode ne beoth thar nane, Ther to thu scalt _teman_ [wende] & ane neowe Troye thar makian.” Teme, team, C. 37. Teme, theme, C. 358. Tempest, C. 231. Temple, A. 1062. Tempre, moderate, B. 775. Temptande, tempting, B. 283. Tender, A. 412; B. 630. Tene, _sb._ anger, sorrow, A. 332; B. 283, 687, 1137; C. 90; _adj._ angry, B. 1808; _vb._ punish, B. 759. A.S. _teonan_, _tynan_, to anger; _teona_, wrong, mischief. Tenfully, sorrowfully, bitterly, B. 160. Tenor, C. 358. Tenoun, A. 993. {Tent, Tente,} attend, care for, B. 676, 935; C. 59, 498; heed, A. 387. Terme, term, A. 1053; B. 1393. Terne, lake, B. 1041. N.Prov.E. _tarn_. O.N. _tjörn_. Teuel (or _tenel_ ?), enclose, or ? _undermine_, B. 1189. Þacce, blow, C. 325. A.S. _thaccian_, to stroke. Þayreȝ, theirs, B. 1527. Þaȝ, though, A. 134. Þede, country, A. 711. A.S. _theód_. “I sett ȝowe ane ensample ȝe se it alle day, In thorps and in many _thede_ ther ȝe thurȝe ride, At ilka cote a kene curr, as he the chache walde, Bot as bremely as he baies, he bitis never the faster.” --(K. Alex. p. 62.) Þede, vessel, B. 1717. Prov.E. _thead_, a strainer used in brewing. “_Thede_, bruares instrument, qualus.” (Prompt. Parv.) Þeder, thither, B. 461. Þef, thief, A. 273. Theme, A. 944; C. 358. {Þen, Þenne,} than, A. 134. Þenkande, thinking, C. 294. Þerue, unleavened, B. 635. Prov.E. _therf_, _tharf_, _thar_. A.S. _theorf_, _therf_. Þester, darkness, B. 1775. A.S. _theostru_. See T. B. 2362. Þewe, virtue, B. 1436; C. 30; ordinances, B. 544, 755. Þewed, virtuous, B. 733. Þewes, thieves, B. 1142. Þikker, oftener, C. 6. Þirled, pierced, B. 952. Þo, the (_pl._), B. 635; those, A. 557. Þole, suffer, A. 344; B. 190; C. 6. A.S. _thólian_, to suffer, endure. Þonc, _sb._ thank, A. 901. Þonkke, _vb._ thank, B. 745. Þore, there, A. 562. Þorpe, city, B. 1178. O.N. _thorp_. Þorȝ, through. See _Þurȝ_. Þoȝ, though, A. 345. Þoȝt, seemed, A. 153; B. 562. Þoȝt, imagination, B. 516. Þrad, reproached, tormented, B. 751. A.S. _threagan_ (_pret. threáde_, _p.p._ _thread_), to blame, vex, torment. Þrange, pierce, A. 17. See _Þrenge_. Þrast, stroke, thrust, B. 952. Þrat, vexation, torment, C. 55. A.S. _threat_, threat; _threatian_, to vex, distress. Þratten (_3d pers. pl. pret._) threatened, B. 937. Þrawe, to reach, B. 590. Þrawen, close, thick, B. 1775. Þrenge, press, crowd after, follow, B. 930; pass, C. 354. A.S. _thringan_, to press, crowd, throng. O.N. _threnga_. Þrep, contradiction, B. 350. N.Prov.E. _threap_, _threpe_, to dispute. A.S. _threapian_, to reprove, chide. “_Withoutyn threp_ more.” --(T. B. 1127.) Þrepyng, _sb._ strife, B. 183. A.S. _threapung_. {Þret, Þrete,} threaten, A. 561; B. 680, 1728. Þretty, thirty, B. 751. Þreuenest, wisest, noblest, B. 1571. Þro, anger, B. 754; C. 6; angry, A. 344. N.Prov.E. _thro_, keen, eager. O.N. _thrá_. “Be þou noght in þi hert so _thra_.” --(MS. Harl. 4196. fol. 94.) Cf. “his _throo_ hert,” T. B. 147. “A _throo_ (bold) knight.” _Ib._ 1482. Þro, good, A. 868. Þro, sharply, quickly, B. 220. A.S. _threá_. Þro, thoroughly, B. 1805. Þroble, press, B. 879. Þroly, fiercely, quickly, B. 180, 514. “_Throly_ he thoght in his hert.” --(T. B. 209.) {Þrong, Þronge,} _sb._ crowd, B. 135, 504, 754. Þrongen (_3d pers. pl. pret._ of _thringe_), crowded, pressed, B. 1775. “Mony thoughtes full thro _thronge_ in hir brest.” --(T. B. 470.) Þrublande, pressing, B. 504. See _Þroble_. {Þrwen, Þrowen,} thrown, B. 220, 504. Þrych, through, A. 17. O.Sc. _throuch_. {Þryd, Þryde, Þrydde,} third, A. 833; B. 249, 300, 1639. Þryeȝ, thrice, B. 429. Þrynge, press, B. 180; follow, B. 1639. See _Þrenge_. Þrynne, three, B. 606, 1727. Þryuande, good, pure, B. 751. See T. B. 1482. Þryue, prosper, thrive, B. 249; C. 521. Þryuen, prudent, wise, A. 868, 1192; grown up, adult, B. 298; _þryuenest_, wisest, noblest, B. 1639. Þryȝt, thrust, pressed, thronged, A. 670, 706, 926; B. 135; Cf. _thriccing_ of hondys. T. B. 1522. A.S. _thryccan_ (_pret._ _thrycte_), to thrust, press, tread on. Þurȝ, through, A. 670. Þykke, closely, B. 504. Þyȝe, thigh, B. 1687. To, toe, C. 229. To-cleues, separate, B. 1806. To-corue (_3d pers. pl. pret._), slit, ript up, B. 1250. Token, betoken, B. 1557. To-kerue, divide, B. 1700. {Tole, Tool,} tool, B. 1108, 1342. {Tolk, Tolkke, Tulkke,} man, B. 687, 757. _Tolk_, like _segge_, signified originally a speaker, an interpreter. O.N. _túlka_, to explain, interpret; _túlkr_, an interpreter, a mediator. See T. B. 63. Tom, (1) leisure, A. 134; opportunity, B. 1153; interval, C. 135; (2) time, A. 585. O.Sw. and O.N. _tóm_. “_Toom_ oportunitas.” (Prompt. Parv.) “Tharfore þis _tyme_ I may noght cum Telle þi lord I haue no _tome_.” --(MS. Harl, 4196, fol. 105.) In T. B. 1088, we have _tomly_. To-marred, spoilt, B. 1114. To-murte, crushed to pieces, C. 150. See _murte_, T. B. 6128. Tonne (or toune?), conceive, B. 655. Top, head, C. 229. Topace, topaz, B. 1469. Tor, tower, A. 966. Tor, hard, A. 1109. O.N. _tor_. Sans. _dus_, hard, difficult. Cf. O.E. _torfer_, hardship, T. B. 81. “But this tyme is so _tore_.” --(T. B. 645.) {To-rente, To-rent,} rent asunder, A. 1136; B. 368; C. 96. To-riuen, torn away, A. 1197. Tormenttour, B. 154. To-rof (_pret._ of _to-riue_), burst, B. 964; C. 379. Torreȝ, towers, A. 875, Toter, totter, C. 233. Toteȝ = totȝ, toes; Cf. _gotȝ_ = goes, etc., B. 41. To-torne, torn, B. 41. Totȝ, goes, A. 513. Sw. _tota_. Tour, tower, B. 216. Tourneȝ = turns, devices, B. 192. Tow, two, B. 866. “_Two_ pyllers he pight in a place low.” --(T. B. 310.) To-walten, overflowed (_3d pers. pl._), B. 428. Towche, to relate, deliver a message, speak, A. 898; B. 1437. “Litille kyngis there come . . . . . _Touches_ titly thair tale and tribute him askis.” --(K. Alex. p. 31.) Towche, _sb._ touch, C. 252. Towe, C. 100. Towen, drawn, A. 251. Toȝe, tough, B. 630. Toȝt, firm, binding, A. 522. Tra, high (?), B. 211, or (?) _tor_, great, difficult of access. “This castel es o luve and grace, Bath o socur and o solace, Apon the mathe it standes traist; O fede ne dredes it na fraist; It is hei sett upon þe crag, _Trai_ and hard wituten hag.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 55a.) Tramme, tackle, gear? C. 101. In the northern Romance of Alexander, p. 5, _tramme_ signifies an instrument (optical). “He toke _trammes_ him with to tute (look) in the sternes.” Tras = trace, path, course, A. 1113. “_Trace_, a streyght way, _trace_.” (Palsg.) Trasches = trauses or trossers, drawers or trousers? B. 40. Trauayle, _sb._ labour, C. 505; _vb._ A. 550; C. 498. Trave = trawe, believe, B. 587. Trauerce = traverse, B. 1473. {Traw, Trawe,} = trow, believe, suppose, A. 282, 295; B. 655, 1335, 1686. See T. B. 298. Trawande, believing, B. 662. {Trawþe, Trauþe,} truth, A. 495; B. 63, 667; belief, 1490, 1703. Trayled, B. 1473. Traysoun, treason, B. 187. {Trayþly, Trayþely,} certainly, surely? B. 907, 1137. If _trayþly_ be derived from _trauth_, _truth_, the meaning here assigned to it may be correct; but the sense of _fiercely_, _fearfully_, would suit the context better. Traytoure, B. 1041; C. 77. Tre, wood, B. 1342. Trendel, roll, A. 41. Tres, yards (of a ship), C. 101. {Tresor, Tresore,} treasure, A. 237, 331, B. 866. Tresorye, treasury, B. 1317. Trespas, B. 48. Trespast, B. 1230. Trestes, trestles, B. 832. Trichcherye, treachery, B. 187. Troched, ornamented? An architectural term of uncertain meaning, B. 1383. {Tron, Trone,} went (_pret._ of _tryne_), A. 1113; B. 132; C. 101. See _Trynande_. Trone, throne, A. 1055. Trot, _sb._ pace, step, B. 976. Trow, believe, B. 1049. Trumpen, trumpets, B. 1402. Trussed, deposited, B. 1317. See T. B. 1819. Trwe, true, A. 460. Tryed, select, trusty, B. 1317. O.E. _trie_, choice. See T. B. 695. Tryfled = trayfoled, ornamented with knots, B. 1473. Fr. _treffilier_, a chain maker. Trynande, going, walking, B. 976. Dan. _trine_, to go. “Than the traytoure treunted the Tyesday thar aftyre, _Trynnys_ in with a trayne tresone to wirke.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 326.) “The trays (path) of the traytoure he _trynys_ fulle evenne, And turnys in be Treynte, the traytoure to seche.” --(_Ibid._ p. 339.) “They _tryne_ unto a tente whare tables whare raysede.” --(_Ibid._ p. 267.) Tryste, trusty, A. 460; _vb._ to trust, C. 324. Trysty, trusty, B. 763. Tryȝe, to trust in, rely upon, A. 311. N.Prov.E. _trigg_, firm, faithful. Sw. _trygg_, safe, sure. Tuch, cloth, B. 48. Ger. _tuch_. Cf. Eng. _tuck_ and _tucker_. Tulkke, man, soldier, B. 1189, 1262. See _Tolk_. “The Tothyr was a _Tulke_ out of Troy selfe.” --(T. B. 63.) Tulket = tulked, sounded, B. 1414. The original meaning of _tulk_ is to speak, explain (O.N. _túlka_), hence to utter, sound. “The Tebies _tulked_ (addressed) us with tene (anger).” --(K. Alex. p. 83.) Tult, threw, pitched. B. 1213; C. 252. See _Tilt_, in T. B. 914, 3704. A.S. _tealtian_, to tilt, shake. Tuyred, destroyed, B. 1234. Twayned, separated, A. 251. Tweyne, two, B. 674, 1749. Twynande, entwining, B. 1691. Sw. _twinna_, to twine. Twynne, two, A. 251; B. 1047. Twynne, separate, B. 402. Tyd, quickly, B. 64, 1213; C. 100, 229. A.S. _tíd_, _tídlíce_. Sw. _tida_, frequently. Tyde, time, B. 1393. Tykel, uncertain, B. 655. Tylle, to, B. 1064. Tymbre, B. 1414. “Tymbyr a lytyl taboure, timpanellum.” (Prompt. Parv.) Tylte, overturn, B. 832; tumble, C. 361. “_Tylude_ ouer borde.” --(T. B. 3704.) Tynde, branch, A. 78. A.S. _tine_. O.E. _tind_, a tine, tooth, prong, fork. Tyne, lose, A. 332; destroy, B. 775, 907. O.N. _tyna_. Tynt, lost, B. 216. See T. B. 1208. Type, overturn, C. 506. Typped, extreme, C. 77. Tyraunte, B. 943. Tyrauntyré, tyranny, B. 187. Tyrne, flay, B. 630. Du. _tornen_, to rend, rip up. “And so thai did al bidene and sum oure douth sloȝe, Tuke out the tuskis and the tethe, and _ternen_ of the skinnes.” --(K. Alex. p. 140.) Tyt, quickly, A. 728. N.Prov.E. _tite_, soon. Cf. _tytly_, T. B. 1094. See _Tyd_. Tyþe, tenth, B. 216. Tyþynge, tiding, B. 458, 498; C. 78. Tytter, sooner, C. 231. N.Prov.E. _titter_. See _Tyt_. Tyxt, text, B. 1634; C. 37. Tyȝed, tied, A. 464; B. 702. {Tyȝt, Tyȝte,} described, A. 1053; give, B. 1153; endeavour, B. 1108; near, A. 503. See T. B. 1358. A.S. _tihtan_, to draw.

U = o = of, A. 792.

{Vch, Vche, Vcha,} = ilk, ilka, each, every. A. 33, 117. Vchon, each one, A. 546. Vglokest (_superl._ of _vgly_), most horrid, dreadful, B. 892. See _vgsome_, horrible, T. B. 877. Vmbe, about, B. 879, 1384; C. 309. A.S. _ymbe_. “Grete toures full toure all þe toune _vmbe_.” --(T. B. 320.) Vmbe-brayde, accost, B. 1622. See _Brayde_. Vmbe-grouen, overgrown, B. 488. Vmbe-kest, look about, B. 478. Vmbe-lyȝe, compass, surround, B. 836. Vmbe-pyȝte, surrounded, A. 1052. Vmbre, rain, B. 524. Cf. _ymur_, in T. B. 897. Lat. _imber_. Vmbe-schon, shone about, C. 455. {Vmbe-stounde, Vmbe-stoundes,} at times, sometimes, C. 7, 122. Vmbe-sweyed, encircled, B. 1380. Vmbe-walt, surrounded, B. 1181. Vnavysed, unadvised, thoughtless, A. 292. Vnblemyst, unblemished, A. 782. Vn-brosten, unburst, B. 365. Vnblyþe, dismal, B. 1017. Vncheryst, uncherished, uncared for, B. 1125. Vnclannesse, uncleanness. B. 30, 1800, 1806. Vnclene, B. 550, 1713. Vncler, indistinct, C. 307. Vnclose, disclose, B. 26, 1438. Vncortoyse, uncourteous, A. 303. {Vncouþe, Vncowþe,} unknown, B. 414, 1600, 1722. Vnder, the third hour of the day, A. 513. A.S. _undern_. Goth. _undaurns_. Vnder-nomen, understood, perceived, C. 213. Vnder-stonde, understand, A. 941; C. 122. Vnder-ȝede = under-ȝete, understood, B. 796. A.S. _undergitan_, to perceive. Vndyd, destroyed, B. 562. Vnfayre, bad, B. 1801. Vnfolde, B. 1563. Vnfre, unfortunate, B. 1129. Vngarnyst, unadorned, B. 137. Vnglad, sorry, C. 63. Vngoderly, bad, wicked, B. 145, 1092. Vnhap, misfortune, B. 143, 1150; misery, B. 892. See T. B. 1402. Vnhappen, unfortunate; and hence bad, B. 573. Vnhaspe, disclose, B. 688. Vnhole, badly, B. 1681. Vnhonest, vile, B. 579. Vnhuled, uncovered, B. 451. See _Hile_. Vnhyde, disclose, A. 973. Vnhyle, disclose, B. 1628. See _Hile_. Vnknawen, unknown, B. 1679. Vnkyndely, wickedly, B. 208. Vnmard, undefiled, B. 867. Vnmete, unmeet, unfit, A. 759. Vnneuened, unnamed, B. 727. See _Neuen_. Vnnynges, signs, C. 213. A.S. _unnan_, to give, grant, permit. Vnpynne, to unpin, unfasten, A. 728. Vnresounable, unreasonable, A. 590. Vnryȝt, wrong, B. 1142. Vnsmyten, B. 732. Vnsounde, wicked, evil, bad, B. 575; C. 527; misfortune, wretched state, C. 58. See T. B. 495. Vnsoundely, badly, B. 201. See T. B. 1826. Vnstered, unmoved, B. 706. Vnstrayned, untroubled, A. 248. Vnswolȝed, unhurt, B. 1253. See _Swolȝe_. {Vnþank, Vnþonk,} wrath, displeasure, B. 183; C. 55. Vnþewe, fault, vice, B. 190. See _Thewe_. Vnþryfte, folly, wickedness, B. 516, 1728. Vnþryftyly, unwisely, badly, B. 267. Vnþryuandly = unthrivingly, badly, B. 135. See T. B. 4893. Vntrwe, untrue, A. 897; B. 456; unfaithful, B. 1160. Vntwynne, separate; and hence, destroy, B. 757. Vnwar, foolish, C. 115. Vnwaschen, unwashed, B. 34. Vnwelcum, B. 49. Vnworþelych, unworthy, B. 305. Vnwytté, unwise, foolish, simple, C. 511. Vpbrayde, literally to raise; and hence to utter loudly, rebuke, C. 430. See _Brayde_. In the sense of to utter, speak, we find _upbrayde_ used in the following passage. “Again my brether haue I bene Oft-sith lightly for to tene, Wit flitt, wit brixil, strive and strut; Myn euen cristen haue I hurt, And oft unsaght o him I said, And of his lastes (faults) gane upbraid.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 156.) Vp-caste, spoken, B. 1574. Vp-folden, up-folded, B. 643. Vp-lyfte, uplifted, B. 987. Vpon, open, B. 453. Vp-rerde, upreared, B. 561. Vp-ros, uprose, C. 378. Vpryse, C. 433. Vp-set, raised, C. 239. Vp-so-doun, upside down, C. 362. Vp-wafte, uprose, B. 949. Vpynyoun, opinion, C. 40. Vrnementes, ornaments, B. 1284. Vrþe, earth, A. 442. Vrþely, earthly, A. 135; B. 35. Vsage, B. 710. Vsched, B. 1393, _to vsched_ = ? _tousched_ = _towched_, approached. See B. 1437. Vse, B. 11. {Vsle, Vslle,} ashes, cinders, B. 747, 1010. A.S. _ysle_, ashes. O.N. _usli_, fire. “Isyl, of fyre. Favilla.” (Prompt. Parv.) Prov.E. _isle_, _easle_, embers; _eizle_, ashes. Vtter, out, B. 42; without, B. 927. Vt-wyth, without, outside, A. 969. Vus, us, B. 842. Vȝten, the morning, dawn, B. 893. A.S. _uhta_. “Hi sloȝen and fuȝten Þe niȝt and þe _uȝten_.” --(K. Horn, 1424.)

Vale, A. 127; B. 673. Vanyté, B. 1713; C. 331. Vanyste, vanished, B. 1548. Vayle, avail, A. 912; B. 1151, 1311. Vayment, exhibition, show, B. 1358. Vayn, A. 811; B. 1358. Vayned, brought, A. 249. See _Wayned_. Venge, avenge, B. 199, 559; C. 71. Vengeaunce, B. 247, 1013. {Venkkyst, Venquyst,} vanquished, B. 544, 1071. Venym, venom, filth, B. 574; C. 71. {Veray, Verray,} true, A. 1184, 1185; truly, C. 333; very, C. 370. Verayly, verily, B. 664, 1548. Vered, veered, raised, A. 254. Vergyne, virgin, A. 1099. {Vergynté, Vergynyté,} virginity, A. 767; B. 1071. Vertue, A. 1126. Vertuous, precious, B. 1280. Vessayl, vessel, B. 1713. Vesselment, vessels, B. 1280, 1288. Vesture, B. 1288. Veued = weued, passed, A. 976. See _Weue_. Vilanye, C. 71. Vilté, filth, vileness, B. 199. O.Fr. _vilté_. Violent, B. 1013. Voched, prayed, A. 1121. Fr. _voucher_. Vouche, resolve, B. 1358. Vouched, vowed, C. 165. Vowe, C. 239. Voyde, do away with; B. 744; destroy, B. 1013; C. 370; depart, B. 1548. Vus, use, or ? drink, B. 1507. We may, however read, and thus preserve the alliteration, _bus_ = _bous_ = _bouse_, to drink deeply. Du. _buysen_. Vycios, vicious, B. 574. Vyf, wife, A. 772. Vygour, 971. Vyl, vile, evil, B. 744. Vylanye, crime, sin, B. 544, 574. Vyle, defile, B. 863. Vyole, vial, B. 1280. Vyolence, B. 1071. Vyrgyn, A. 426. {Vys, Vyse,} face, A. 254. O.Fr. _vis_. Vyueȝ, wives, A. 785.

Wach, watch, B. 1205. Wade, A. 143, 1151. Waft, closed, B. 857. A.S. _wefan_, _wæfan_, to cover. O.N. _vefa_. Wafte, move, lift up, raise, B. 453 O.N. _veifa_, to raise, move, swing. _Waft_, B. 857, in the sense of _closed_ may be of the same origin with _wafte_. Wage, endure, A. 416. Wage, wave, B. 1484. A.S. _wágian_. Wake, watch, B. 85; C. 130. A.S. _wæccan_. O.N. _vaka_. Waken, raise, arouse, awake, A. 1171; B. 323, 437, 891, 933, 948; C. 132; O.N. _vakna_. “Wyndis at hir wille to _wakyn_ in the aire.” --(T. B. 404.) Wakker (_comp._ of _wayke_), weaker B. 835. {Wale, Walle,} _vb._ discern, A. 1000; choose, select, B. 921; C. 511; _adj._ noble, choice, B. 1734. Sc. _wale_. See T. 386, 4716. Ger. _wählen_, to choose, select. O.N. _val_, electio, optio, delectus. “O mister was ther wimmen tuin, Þat ledd þar liif wit sike and sin, Ffor þai had husing nan to _wale_, Þai lended in a littel scale.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 48a.) “Of choys men syne, _walit_ by cut (lot), thai tuke A gret numbyr, and hyd in bylgis dern.” --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 72.) “Awai þan drou him son Davi, Bot Saul dred him mo forþi, And of a thusand men o _wal_ (worth) He made him ledder and marscal.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 43a.) “That worthy had a wyfe _walit_ hym seluon.” --(T. B. 105.) Walkyries, witches, fate-readers, B. 1577. O.N. _valkyriur_; _f. pl._ _Parcæ_. Dan. _valkyrier_. Wallande, boiling, bubbling up, A. 365. A.S. _weallan_, to boil up. Walle-heued = well-head, spring, B. 364. {Walt, Walte,} rolled, turned, B. 501, 1734. Prov.E. _walt_, _welt_. A.S. _wealtian_, to roll. O.N. _vella_. “Hit _walt_ up the wilde se.” --(T. B. 4633.) Walter, roll, flow, B. 415, 1027; C. 142. O.Sc. _welter_, _walter_. Dan. _vælte_, to roll. See _Walt_. Waltereȝ, an error for watterez = waters? C. 263. Walterande, swimming, C. 247. Walteȝ, pours, rushes, flows, B. 364, 1037. See _Walte_, T. B. 3699, 4632. Wame, belly. See _Wombe_. Wamel, to wamble, C. 300. O.N. _vambla_. Dan. _vamle_, to wamble, to create or cause a squeamishness or loathing. “_Wamelyn’_ in the stomake. Nauseo.” “_Wamelynge_ of the stomake, Nausia.” (Prompt. Parv.) Wan (_pret._ of _wynne_), got, reached, A. 107; B. 140. Wap, a step, C. 449. O.N. _vapp_. It is generally explained by a blow, stroke, which was probably its original meaning. “The werld wannes at a _wappe_ and the wedire gloumes.” --(K. Alex. p. 141.) “It (worldly wealth) wites away at a _wapp_, as the wynd turnes.” --(_Ibid._ p. 181.) See T. B. 207, 6405. Wappe, to strike, knock, B. 882. War, aware, A. 1096; crafty, B. 589. A.S. _wær_, wary. O.N. _var_. {War, Ware,} guard, beware, B. 165, 545, 1133. A.S. _wárian_. Warded, guarded, C. 258. A.S. _weardian_, to guard. Ware, were, A. 151. Warisch, protect, B. 921. Warlaȝe, wizard, B. 1560. See _Warlow_. Warlok, prison, C. 80. Warlow, a monster, C. 258. A.S. _wér-loga_, a liar, a faith-breaker. “Þe warlaȝ was wete of his wan atter.” --(T. B. 303.) Warne, bid, C. 469. Warnyng, _sb._ B. 1504. {Warpe, Warpen,} cast, hurl, B. 444; ejaculate, utter, A. 879; B. 152, 213. O.N. _varpa_. A.S. _weorpan_, to throw, cast. Warþe, a water-ford, C. 339. A.S. _warth_, _waroth_, the shore. Wary, curse, B. 513. A.S. _wærgian_, to curse. Waryed, accursed, B. 1716. Wassayl, B. 1508. {Wast, Waste,} destroy, B. 326, 431, 1178. A.S. _wéstan_. Wasturne, a wilderness, B. 1674. _Wasterne_ signifies a desert place, from the A.S. _wéste_, desert, barren, and _ærn_, a place. “Methoughte I was in a wode willed myne one, That I ne wiste no waye whedire that I scholde, Ffore wolueȝ and whilde swynne, swykkyde bestez, Walkede in that _wasterne_ wathes to seche.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 270.) Wate = wot, know, A. 502. A.S. _witan_ (_Ic wát_, _þu wást_, _he wát_). Water, stream, A. 107, 139; river, B. 1380. Wauleȝ, shelterless, from the A.S. _wáh_, a wall (?), C. 262. We should perhaps read wanleȝ = wonleȝ, hopeless, from the A.S. _wén_. O.N. _von_. O.E. _wone_, hope. Wawe, wave, A. 287; B. 382; C. 142. A.S. _wæg_. Wax, increase, B. 521. Waxlokes, waves (?), B. 1037. Wayferand, wayfaring, B. 79. Waykned, weakened, B. 1422. O.N. _veikr_. A.S. _wác_, weak; _wácan_, to become weak. Wayle, select, choice, B. 1716. See _Wale_. Waymot, passionate, C. 492. A.S. _weamod_. Wayne, give, B. 1504; gain, recover, 1616, 1701. The original meaning seems to be that of gaining, getting. O.Fr. _gaagnier_. In some O.E. works _wayne_ is used like our word _get_. “Than past up the proude quene into prevé chambre, _Waynes_ (_i.e._ puts out her head) out at wyndow and waytes aboute.” --(K. Alex. p. 33.) Wayte, look into, search, B. 99; be careful, B. 292; look about, B. 1423; inquire, B. 1552. See T. B. 876. “_Waytyn_ or _aspyyn_, observo.” (Prompt. Parv.) Waȝeȝes, _waȝes_, waves, B. 404. “Girdon ouer the grym _waghes_.” --(T. B. 1410.) See _Wawe_. Webbe, cloth, A. 71. Wedde, A. 772; B. 69. Wedded wyf, B. 330. Weddyng, A. 791. {Wed, Wede,} garments, weeds, A. 748, 766; B. 793. A.S. _wæd_. {Wed, Wede,} become mad, B. 1585. A.S. _wédan_, to rave, be mad. Weder, storm, B. 444, 948. Weder, weather, B. 1760. Wela-wynnely, very joyfully, B. 831. A.S. _welig_, rich, bountiful; _wyn_, pleasure, joy. {Welcom, Welcum,} B. 813. Welde, govern, rule, wield, B. 195, 835; use, employ, possess, B. 705, 1351; C. 16. A.S. _wealdan_, rule, exercise, possess. Welder, ruler, C. 129. Wele, joy (_pl._ _weleȝ_), A. 14, 154, 394; B. 651; C. 262. A.S. _wela_. Welgest, worthiest, B. 1244. A.S. _welig_ (_welga_), rich, wealthy. Welke, walked, A. 101. Welkyn, welkin, the sky. A.S. _welcn_, _wolcen_. O.Sc. _walk_, a cloud. Welle-hedeȝ, springs, B. 428. Welt, revolved, C. 115. See _Walter_. Welwed, faded, C. 475. A.S. _wealwian_. “The grond stud burrant, widderit dosk or gray, Herbis, flowris and gersis _wallowyt_ away.” --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 378.) Wely, joyous, happy, A. 101. A.S. _welig_. “_Welli_ make, Laverd, and noght ille, To Syon in þi gode wille.” --(Ps. i. 20.) “Þan was þar never suilk a hald, Ne nan in _welier_ in werld to wald.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 55b.) {Wem, Wemme,} spot, blemish, A. 1003. A.S. _wem_. Wemleȝ, spotless, without blemish. Wenche, woman, B. 974, 1250; concubine, B. 1716. A.S. _wencle_, a maid. S.Sax. _wenchell_, a child. Wende = wened, thought, A. 1148; C. 111. Wene = ween, believe, A. 47; B. 821; C. 244. A.S. _wénan_. Wene, doubt, A. 1141. Weng, avenge, B. 201. Wenyng, supposition, C. 115. Wepande, weeping, C. 384. Weppen, weapon, B. 835. Wered, guarded, protected, C. 486. A.S. _weren_. Ger. _wehren_, defend. Werkeȝ, labours, B. 136. Werp (_pret._ of _warp_), threw, B. 284. Werre, war, B. 1178. Wers, worse, B. 80. Werte, root, herb, C. 478. A.S. _wyrt_. Weryng, wearing, age, B. 1123. “_Weryn_ or wax olde, febyl, veterasco.” (Prompt. Parv.) Wesch, washed, A. 766. Westernays, wrongly, A. 307. See Note on this word, p. 106. ? wiþer-ways, wrong-wise. Wete, wet, A. 761. Weue, pass, A. 318. Weued, cut off (?), B. 222. Wex (_pret._ of _wax_), became, A. 538; B. 204. Weȝe, weigh (anchor), C. 103; carry round, B. 1420, 1508. A.S. _wegan_, to weigh, carry. Weȝte, weight, B. 1734. Wham, whom, A. 131. Whateȝ = watȝ, was, A. 1041. What-kyn, what kind of, B. 100. Whichche = hutch, ark, B. 362. “_Hutche_ or _whyche_, cista, archa.” (Prompt. Parv.) A.S. _hwæcca_. Whyle, moment, B. 1620. Wite, blame. See _Wyte_. With-droȝ, withdrew, A. 658. With-nay, refuse, deny, A. 916. Wiȝt = wight, quickly, C. 103. See _Wyȝt_. Wlate, to abhor, hate, detest, B. 305; to be disgusted at, B. 1501. A.S. _wlættian_. Wlatsum, hateful, abominable, B. 541. {Wlonc, Wlonk,} beautiful, A. 122, 1171; B. 606, 793, 933; C. 486; good, A. 903. A.S. _wlanc_. {Wod, Wode,} mad, enraged, B. 204, 1558; foolish, B. 828; fierce, strong, B. 364; C. 142. A.S. _wód_. Wodbynde, woodbine, C. 446. Wodder (_comp._ of _wode_), fiercer, rougher, C. 162. Woghe, wrong, sin, A. 622. A.S. _woh_. Wolde = walde, perform, do, A. 812. See _Welde_. Wolde, would, A. 772. Wolen, woollen, A. 731. Wolle, wool, A. 844. Wombe, belly, B. 462, 1250. {Won, Wone,} _sb._ dwelling, abode, A. 32, 1049; B. 140, 928; woneȝ, A. 917, 924; _vb._ to dwell, A. 404, 298; B. 875. A.S. _wunian_. O.Fris. _wona_. Won = wone, custom, usage, B. 720. A.S. _wune_. Wonde, fear, hesitate, B. 855. A.S. _wandian_. Wonde = wande, delay, cease, A. 153. “[I wole] for no dethe _wonde_.” --(T. B. 591.) “I wille noghte _wonde_ for no werre, To wende whare me likes.” --(Morte Arthure, p. 292.) “Sua did þis wiif I yow of redd, Sco folud Joseph ai þar he fledd, And for sco foluand fand a spurn, Sco waited him wit a werr turn, Hirself in godds gram and gilt, And almast did him to be spilt; How sco broght him to the fand (trial), Fforth to telle wil I noght _waand_.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 25a.) Wonder, _adj._ wonderful, A. 1095; B. 153. Wonderly, wonderfully, B. 570; C. 384. Woned = waned, decreased, B. 496. A.S. _wanian_, to decrease. Wonen (_pret. pl._) got, B. 1777. Wonne, pale, wan, C. 141. A.S. _wonn_, wan. Wonne, got, A. 32. Wonnen, begotten, B. 112. Wonnyng, dwelling, B. 921. See _Won_. Wont, be wanting, B. 739. Wony, dwell, abide, live, A. 284; B. 431; C. 462. See _Won_. Wonyande, dwelling, living, B. 293. Wonys, dwells, A. 47. Worche, _vb._ work, labour, A. 511. Worcher = worker, maker, B. 1501. Worchyp, honour, B. 1802. Worded, spoken, uttered, C. 421. Wore, were, A. 142, 232; B. 928. Worme, reptile, B. 533. Worre, weaker, literally, worse, B. 719. O.N. _verr_. Sw. _värre_. O.Sc. _war_. O.E. _werr_, worse. Worschyp, honour, A. 394. Worteȝ, herbs, A. 42. See _Werte_. Worþe, to be, C. 22. {Worþely, Worþelych, Worþly, Worþlych, Worþyly,} worthy, A. 47, 846, 1073; B. 471, 651, 1298, 1351; beautiful, C. 475. Worþloker, more worthy (_comp._ of _worþelych_), C. 464. {Wost, Woste,} knowest, A. 293, 411; B. 875. See _Wot_. Wot, know, A. 47, 1107; C. 129. Wote, knows, C. 397. Woþe, hurt, harm, B. 855. This word occurs under the forms _quathe_, _wathe_, and seems to be related to O.E. _qued_. Low Ger. _quat_, bad. O.E. _wathe_, bad; _wathely_, badly. “Ffor _woþe_ of þe worse.” --(T. B. 1223.) Woþe, path, A. 151, 375. A.S. _wáth_, _wáthu_. O.E. _wathe_, a way, path. See extract under the word _Wasturne_. {Wowe, Woȝe,} wall, A. 1049; B. 832, 839, 1403, 1531. A.S. _wáh_. “_Wowe_ or wal, murus.” (Prompt. Parv.) Wrache, vengeance, B. 204, 229; C. 185. A.S. _wrec_, _wracu_. Wrak (_pret._ of _wreke_), avenged, B. 570. Wrake, vengeance, B. 213, 235, 718, 970, 1225. Wrakful, angry, bitter, B. 302, 541. Wrang, wrong, A. 15; B. 76; wrongly, A. 488, 631; bad, C. 384. Wraste (_pret._ of _wreste_), raised, uplifted, B. 1166, 1403; thrust, 1802; C. 80. {Wrastel, Wrastle,} wrestle, B. 949; C. 141. Wraþe, become angry, B. 230; C. 74; make angry, B. 719. Wraȝte, wrought, A. 56. Wrech = wrache, vengeance, B. 230. {Wrech, Wreche, Wrechche,} wretch, B. 84, 828; C. 113. Wrech, wretched, C. 258. A.S. _wrec_, wretched. With _wrech_ and _wretched_, cf. _wik_ and _wikked_. {Wrek, Wreke,} avenged, B. 198. Wrenche, device, B. 292. A.S. _wrence_. Wro, passage; literally, corner, A. 866. O.Sw. _wraa_. Dan. _vraa_. Wroken, (_pret._ of _wreke_), banished, exiled, A. 375. A.S. _wrecan_, to exile, banish. Wrot (_pret._ of _wrote_), grubbed up, C. 467. A.S. _wrótan_, to turn up with the snout; _wrót_, a snout. “With wrathe he begynnus to _wrote_, He ruskes vppe mony a rote With tusshes of iij. fote.” --(Avowynge of Arthur, xii. 13.) Wroþe, fierce, B. 1676. A.S. _wráth_, wroth, enraged. Wroþeloker (_comp._ of _wroþely_), more fiercely, angrily, C. 132. {Wroþely, Wroþly,} angrily, fiercely, B. 280, 949; C. 132. Wroþer (_comp._ of _wroþe_), fiercer, C. 162. {Wroȝt, Wroȝte,} wrought, worked, A. 525, 748. Wruxeled, raised, B. 1381. _Wrixle_ = change, turn, occurs in T. B. 445. “Þis unwarnes of wit _wrixlis_ hys mynd.” Wryst, B. 1535. Wryt, B. 1552. Wryþe, turn, A. 350, 488; wriggle, B. 533; toil, A. 511; bind, thrust, C. 80. A.S. _writhan_, to writhe, bind, twist. “_Writhen_ like a wilde eddur.” T. B. 4432. Wunder, B. 1390. Wunnen, won, B. 1305. Wyche, B. 1577. Wyche-crafte, B. 1560. Wyddere, wither, C. 468. Wydowande (_wyndowande_), withering, dry, B. 1048; _wyndowand_ = burnt up. N.Prov.E. _winny_, to dry, burn up. Wyke, member, part, B. 1690. O.N. _vik_. {Wykke, Wyk,} wicked, B. 908, 1063. A.S. _wícan_, to become weak, to yield. O.N. _víkia_. {Wykket, Wyket,} wicket, gate, door, B. 501, 857. {Wyl, Wylle,} wandering, C. 473; forlorn, B. 76. O.N. _villa_, error; _villa_, to lead astray, beguile. Phrase, _wille o wan_, astray from abode, uncertain where to go; _wil-sum_, _wil-ful_, lonely, solitary, desert. “So I _wilt_ in the wod.” --(T. B. 2359.) “Adam went out ful _wille_ o wan.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 7a.) “All wery I wex and _wyle_ of my _gate_.” --(T. B. 2369.) “Sone ware thay _willid_ fra the way the wod was so thick.” --(K. Alex. p. 102.) “Sorful bicom þat fals file (the devil) And thoght how he moght man _bi-wille_; Agains God wex he sa gril, Þat alle his werk he wend to spil.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 5b.) “His suns þat (we) of forwit melt, Al þe werld bituix þam delt; Asie to Sem, to Cham Affrik, To Japhet Europ þat _wilful_ wike: Al þer þre þai war ful rike.” --(_Ibid._ fol. 13a.) Wyldren = wyldern (?), waste, wilderness, C. 297. A.S. _wild_, wild, and _ærn_, a place (?). See _Wasturne_. “In _wildrin_ land and in wastin, I wil tham (the Israelites) bring of þair nocin; Bot wel I wat he (Pharaoh) is ful thra, Lath sal him think to let þam ga.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 33a.) Wylsfully, wilfully, B. 268. Wylger, wild, fierce, B. 375. See extract under the word _Note_. Wylle, forlorn, B. 76. See _Wyl_. Wylnes, apostacy, B. 231. Wylneȝ, desirest (_2d pers. sing_ of _wylne_), A. 318. A.S. _wilnian_. Wyly, curiously, craftily, B. 1452. A.S. _wile_, a device. Wyndas, windlass, C. 103. Wyndowe, B. 453. Wynne, joyful, A. 154. A.S. _wyn_, pleasure, delight. Wynne, obtain, get, A. 579; B. 617. A.S. _winnan_. See T. B. 1165. Wynnelych, gracious, B. 1807, Cp. _wynly_ = dexterously, 1165. Wyrde, fate, destiny, A. 249, 273; B. 1224. Sc. _wird_. A.S. _wyrd_. Wyrle, flew, B. 475. Wyschande, hoping for, wishing, A. 14. Wyse, manner, A. 1095; _wyses_, B. 1805. {Wyse, Wysse,} show, appear, A. 1135, B. 1564; direct, send out, B. 453; instruct, C. 60. A.S. _wissian_. {Wyst, Wyste,} knew, A. 376; B. 152. Wyt, wisdom, B. 348; C. 129. Wyt, know, learn, B. 1319, 1360. A.S. _witan_. Wyte, blame, B. 76; C. 501. A.S. _wítian_. Wyte, pass away (?), C. 397. A.S. _wítan_. Wyter, true, truly, B. 1552. O.N. _vitr_, wise, prudent. “& her ice wile shæwenn ȝaw Summ þing to _witter_ tákenn.” --(Ormulum, vol. i. p. 115.) “Ne þe nedder was noght bitter Þan, þowf he was ever _witter_; Ffor of alle, als sheus þe boke, Mast he cuth o crafte and crok.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 5b.) Wytered, informed, B. 1587. Wyterly, truly, B. 171, 1567. Dan. _vitterlig_, known, manifest. Wyþe, gentle, soft, C. 454. A.S. _wéthe_, soft, pleasant. Wyþer, contrary, opposite, A. 230; adverse, hostile, C. 48. S.Sax. _witherr_, adverse, evil. A.S. _witherian_, to oppose, resist. Cf. _wetheruns_ = _wetherings_, enemies, T. B. 5048. “Ga, _witherr_ gast, o bacch fra me.” --(Ormulum, vol. ii. p. 41.) Wyþerly, fiercely, angrily, B. 198; C. 74. Wyth-halde, withhold, B. 740. Wythouten, without, A. 390. Wytles, foolish, B. 1585; C. 113. Wytte, meaning, B. 1630; wit, A. 294; _wytteȝ_, devices, B. 515. {Wyȝ, Wyȝe,} person, being, A. 131, 579; B. 545. A.S. _wiga_, a warrior, soldier; _wig_, war. Wyȝt, quick, quickly, B. 617; C. 103. O.E. _wight_. Sw. _vig_, active. Wyȝtly, quickly, B. 908. “He waites vmbe hym _wightly_.” --(T. B. 876.)

Ydropike, dropsical, B. 1096. Yle, isle, A. 693. Ylle, bad, evil, C. 8. Ynde, blue, A. 1016; B. 1411. “Þe toiþer heu neist (to grennes) for to find, Es al o _bleu_, men cals it _ynd_.” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 53a.) Yow, you, A. 287. Yor, your, A. 761. Yre, anger, B. 775, 1240. Yþe, wave, B. 430; C. 147. A.S. _ythu_, a wave, flood. S.Sax. _uthe_. “Þe roghe _yþes_.” --T. B. 1045. Yȝe, eye (_pl._ _yȝen_), A. 254, 302.

Ȝare = yare, plainly, accurately, A. 834. A.S. _gearo_, ready, prepared, accurate. Ȝark, _adj._ select, B. 652; prepare, B. 1708; _vb._ to grant, B. 758. A.S. _gearcian_, to prepare, make ready. See T. B. 414. Ȝarm, cry, B. 971. As the character ȝ in these poems always represents _g_ or _gh_, _ȝarm_ is evidently not derived from the A.S. _cyrm_, noise, retained in O.E. _charm_, a humming noise, the cry of birds, etc., but is from the Welsh _garm_, shout, outcry; _garmio_, to set up a cry, from which the A.S. _cyrm_, is itself derived. Ȝate, gate, A. 1034. Ȝe, ye, A. 381. Ȝede (_pret._ of _go_), went, A. 526, 1049; B. 432. Ȝederly, quickly, soon, B. 463. O.N. _gedugr_, exceedingly. The adjective _ȝeder_ does not occur in the poems, but was not unknown to O.E. literature. It occurs in the glossary to the Romance of King Alexander, ed. Stevenson, but is left unexplained by the editor. “Then bownes agayn the bald kyng, baldly he wepis, That he so skitly suld skifte and fo his skars terme; So did his princes, sais the profe, for pete of himselfe, With _ȝedire_ ȝoskinges and ȝerre ȝette out to grete.” (p. 172.) “_Ȝedire ȝoskinges_ = great (frequent) sobbings.” Ȝelde, yield, perform, B. 665. Ȝellyng = yelling, outcry, B. 971. A.S. _geallian_, to yell. “_Ȝellyn’_ or hydowsly cryin’, Vociferor.” (Prompt. Parv.) Ȝeme, protect, guard, B. 1242, 1493. A.S. _géman_, to care for, take care of. Ȝemen, yeomen, A. 535. Ȝender, yonder, B. 1617. {Ȝep, Ȝepe,} quick, active, bold, B. 796, 881. A.S. _gæp_. “So yonge & so _ȝepe_.” T. B. 357. Ȝeply, quickly, B. 665, 1708. See T. B. 414. {Ȝer, Ȝere,} year, A. 483, 588. Ȝerne = yearn, desire, A. 1190; B. 66, 758. Ȝestande, B. 846. If from the A.S. _gæston_, “afflicted,” we may render this term “afflicting,” but if, as is more probable, it is from the A.S. _gist_, froth, yeast, we may explain it as “frothing,” “overflowing.” Cf. the phrase, “the _yesty_ waves.” Ȝete, offer, give, A. 558. O.E. _yate_ (_pret._ _yatte_). O.N. _géta_. “He _yatte_ hir freli al hir bone (prayer).” --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 47a.) _Gate_, in T. B. 979, seems to mean a request. “And he hir graunted þat _gate_ with a good wille.” Ȝete, yet, A. 1061. Ȝeȝed, spoke, B. 846. Prov. Ger. _gaggen_, to stutter, gabble. Ȝif, if, B. 758. Ȝise, truly, yes, C. 117. Ȝisterday, yesterday, B. 463. Ȝokke, yoke, B. 66. Ȝolden, restored, B. 1708. Ȝolpe, _vb._ boast, B. 846. A.S. _gilpan_. Ȝomerly, sorrowful, lamentable, B. 971. A.S. _geomor_, sad; _geomorlíc_, doleful. Cf. _ȝomeryng_, T. B. 1722. Ȝon, yon, A. 693; B. 772. Ȝonde, yonder, B. 721. {Ȝong, Ȝonge,} young, A. 412, 474; B. 783. Ȝore, before, A. 586. A.S. _geara_. Ȝore-fader, forefather, A. 322. Ȝore-whyle, ere-while, B. 842. Ȝornen (_3rd pers. pl. pret._), ran, B. 881. A.S. _ge-yrnan_, to run. Ȝyrd, go, hasten, A. 635. The original meaning of _ȝyrd_ is perhaps a sudden sting, blow, hence to strike, then to start forward. Goth. _gazd_, a sting, goad. Lat. _hasta_. O.E. _gird_, to strike. “_Gird_ out the grete teth of the grym best.” --(T. B. 177.)

Errata (noted by transcriber)

Typographical Errors

“Bacus he was brayne-wode for _bebbing_ of wynes.” [ofwynes] Comyne, B. . See T. B. 12863. [_printed as shown: the word “comynes” appears at B. 1747_] [_The only number that fits the space is 111. This entry is not in the 1864 edition; the editor may have left a space, intending to come back and fill in the correct line number._] {Endure, Endeure,} A. 476, 1082. [_“Eudeure” but body text and 1864 edition both have “Endeure”_] Harlot, underling ... To “do _harlottry_, scurrari.” [_open quote conjectural: also missing in 1864 edition_] Soerly, an error for _Soberly_, B. 117. [_“on error” but 1864 edition has “an error“_] {Sulp, Sulpe,} ... M.H.D. _be-sulwen_. [_printed as shown: error for “M.H.G.”?_] Styȝtle ... _stightill_ the Realme.” [_“the / the” at line break_]

Punctuation and Mechanics

Abate, lessen, put an end to, A. 123; B. 1356. [end to.] Atlyng ... (T. B. 855.) [(T. B., 855).] Attled ... (T. B. 394.) [T. B.,] Aunter, adventure, marvel, B. 1600. See T. B. 1899. [T. B.,] Bagge, baggage. C. 158. [C. 158,] Babtem, A. 627. See _Baptem_. [_cross-reference not italicized_] Baronage, nobility, B. 1424. See T. B. 211. [T. B.,] {Ben, Bene,} are _3rd. pers. pl._ A. 572. [A 572.] “The kyng was full curteus, _calt_ on a maiden.” [_” missing_] Bityde, betide; _pret._ bitydde, C. 61. [_. missing_] Brych ... B. 848. ... Ger. _brechen_ [B. 848, ... Gr.] Byde, abide ... B. 449, 622. [B. 449, 622,] Bysyde, beside, B. 673. [B. 673,] {Cheuetayn, Cheuentayn,} ... O.Fr. _chevetaine_. [_chevetaine_,] {Childer, Chylder,} children, A. 718; B. 1300. [A. 718:] Enquylen, obtain, C. 39. See _Aquyle_. [_Aquyle_..] Fest, Feste, feast, A. 283; B. 642, 1758. [1758..] Flyte, to quarrel, strive ... _flitan_. [_flitan_,] Founce ... See _Founs_. [_cross-reference not italicized_] Grymme, horrible ... _grimm_, fury, rage; [rage,;] Haspe, fasten, B. 419 ... Cf. “_haspyng_ in armys” [_” missing_] {Hatel, Hattel,} ... S.Saxon _hatel_, _hetel_ [S.Saxon,] Heuen ... Or _heuen_ his harme with foli mare.” [_” missing_] Hyre, _sb._ hire, wages, A. 534, 539. [wages.,] Jauele ... --missing (MS. Lansd. 1033, in Hall.) [_open ( missing_] {Kyþ, Kyþe,} ... (T. B. 103.) [T. B.,] Lefsel ... Sw. _löfsal_ [_ö printed as small e over o_] Lote ... See T. B. 1900. [T. B.,] {Neȝ, Neȝe, Neȝen,} approach, B. 32, 143, 805, 1017, 1754. [805 1017, 1754,] Pray, _sb._ prey, B. 1297; _vb._ to plunder, B. 1624. [Pray.] Rowtande, rushing, B. 354. “A _routond_ rayn,” T. B. 1986. [_” missing_] Ruchen ... “[The king] Ricchis his reynys.” [_. invisible_] Rwe, to pity, C. 176, 502 [C, 176,] Ryche, kingdom, A. 601, 722. A.S. _ríce_. [A, 601,] Schauen, shaven, scraped, B. 1134. [B, 1134.] Soberly, quietly ... B. 117, 799, 1497. [799.] Stalle ... “Lia he (Jacob) _stalle_ until his bedd.” [_. invisible_] Stour, conflict ... The folk al fled of Israel.” [_. invisible_] Strot ... (... Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.) [_final . missing_] Swap ... “He swynges out with a swerd and _swappis_ him to dethe.” [_” missing_] Tenfully, sorrowfully, bitterly, B. 160. [B. B.] Towche ... A. 898; B. 1437. [_. missing_] Vglokest ... T. B. 877. [T. B.,] Wafte ... same origin with _wafte_. [_wafte_,] Waken ... (T. B. 404.) [(T. B. 404).] {Wale, Walle,} ... T. 386, 4716 [_text unchanged_] {Walt, Walte,} ... Prov.E. _walt_, _welt_. [_walt_.] {Wast, Waste,} destroy, B. 326, 431 [326, .431] {Worþely ... Worþyly,} ... beautiful, C. 475. [beautiful;] Wyldren ... (Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 33a.) [_a in “33a” not italicized_] Wyȝtly ... (T. B. 876.) [(T. B. 876).] Ȝete, offer, give ... O.N. _géta_. [O.N,] Ȝyrd ... (T. B. 177.) [(T. B. 177).]

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The Pearl: Sidenotes

I. Description of a lost pearl (_i.e._ a beloved child). The father laments the loss of his pearl. He often visits the spot where his pearl disappeared, and hears a sweet song. Where the pearl was buried there he found lovely flowers. Each blade of grass springs from a dead grain. In the high season of August the parent visits the grave of his lost child. Beautiful flowers covered the grave. From them came a delicious odour. The bereaved father wrings his hands for sorrow, falls asleep upon the flowery plot, and dreams.

II. In spirit he is carried to an unknown region, where the rocks and cliffs gleamed gloriously. The hill sides were decked with crystal cliffs. The leaves of the trees were like burnished silver. The gravel consisted of precious pearls. The father forgets his sorrow. He sees birds of the most beautiful hues, and hears their sweet melody. No tongue could describe the beauty of the forest. All shone like gold. The dreamer arrives at the bank of a river, which gave forth sweet sounds. In it, stones glittered like stars in the welkin on a winter night.

III. His grief abates, and he follows the course of the stream. No one could describe his great joy. He thought that Paradise was on the opposite bank. The stream was not fordable. More and more he desires to see what is beyond the brook. But the way seemed difficult. The dreamer finds new marvels. He sees a crystal cliff, at the foot of which, sits a maiden clothed in glistening white. He knows that he has seen her before. He desires to call her but is afraid, at finding her in such a strange place.

IV. So he stands still, like a well trained hawk. He fears lest she should escape before he could speak to her. His long lost one is dressed in royal array--decked with precious pearls. She comes along the stream towards him. Her kirtle is composed of ‘sute,’ ornamented with pearls. She wore a crown of pearls. Her hair hung down about her. Her colour was whiter than whalebone. Her hair shone as gold. The trimming of her robe consisted of precious pearls. A wonderful pearl was set in her breast. No man from here to Greece, was so glad as the father, when he saw his pearl on the bank of the stream. The maiden salutes him.

V. The father enquires of the maiden whether she is his long-lost pearl, and longs to know who has deprived him of his treasure. The maiden tells him that his pearl is not really lost. She is in a garden of delight, where sin and mourning are unknown. The rose that he had lost is become a pearl of price. The pearl blames his rash speech. The father begs the maiden to excuse his speech, for he really thought his pearl was wholly lost to him. The maiden tells her father that he has spoken three words without knowing the meaning of one. The first word. The second. The third.

VI. He is little to be praised who loves what he sees. To love nothing but what one sees is great presumption. To live in this kingdom (_i.e._ heaven) leave must be asked. This stream must be passed over by death. The father asks his pearl whether she is about to doom him to sorrow again. If he loses his pearl he does not care what happens to him. The maiden tells her father to suffer patiently. Though he may dance as any doe, yet he must abide God’s doom. He must cease to strive. All lies in God’s power to make men joyful or sad.

VII. The father beseeches the pearl to have pity upon him. He says that she has been both his bale and bliss. And when he lost her, he knew not what had become of her. And now that he sees her in bliss, she takes little heed of his sorrow. He desires to know what life she leads. The maiden tells him that he may walk and abide with her, now that he is humble. All are meek that dwell in the abode of bliss. All lead a blissful life. She reminds her father that she was very young when she died. Now she is crowned a queen in heaven.

VIII. The father of the maiden does not fully understand her. Mary, he says, is the queen of heaven. No one is able to remove the crown from her. The maiden addresses the Virgin. She then explains to her father that each has his place in heaven. The court of God has a property in its own being. Each one in it is a king or queen. The mother of Christ holds the chief place. We are all members of Christ’s body. Look that each limb be perfect. The father replies that he cannot understand how his pearl can be a queen. He desires to know what greater honour she can have.

IX. She was only two years old when she died, and could do nothing to please God. She might be a countess or some great lady but not a queen. The maiden informs her father that there is no limit to God’s power. The parable of the labourers in the vineyard. The lord of the vineyard hires workmen for a penny a day. At noon the lord hires other men standing idle in the market place. He commands them to go into his vineyard, and he will give them what is right. At an hour before the sun went down the lord sees other men standing idle. Tells them to go into the vineyard.

X. As soon as the sun was gone down the “reeve” was told to pay the workmen. To give each a penny. The first began to complain. Having borne the heat of the day he thinks that he deserves more. The lord tells him that he agreed only to give him a penny. The last shall be first, and the first last. The maiden applies the parable to herself. She came to the vine in eventide, and yet received more than others who had lived longer. The father says that his daughter’s tale is unreasonable.

XI. In heaven, the maiden says, each man is paid alike. God is no niggard. The grace of God is sufficient for all. Those who live long on the earth often forfeit heaven by sinning. Innocents are saved by baptism. Why should not God allow their labour. Our first father lost heaven by eating an apple. And all are damned for the sin of Adam. But there came one who paid the penalty of our sins. The water that came from the pierced side of Christ was baptism.

XII. Repentance must be sought by prayer with sorrow and affliction. The guilty may be saved by contrition. Two sorts of people are saved, the _righteous_ and the _innocent_. The words of David. The innocent is saved by right. The words of Solomon. David says no man living is justified. Pray to be saved by innocence and not by right. When Jesus was on earth, little children were brought unto him. The disciples rebuked the parents. Christ said, “Suffer little children to come unto me,” etc.

XIII. No one can win heaven except he be meek as a child. The pearl of price is like the kingdom of heaven, pure and clean. Forsake the mad world and purchase the spotless pearl. The father of the maiden desires to know who formed her figure and wrought her garments. Her beauty, he says, is not natural. Her colour passes the fleur-de-lis. The maiden explains to her father that she is a bride of Christ. She is without spot or blemish. Her weeds are washed in the blood of Christ. The father asks the nature of the Lamb that has chosen his daughter, and why she is selected as a bride.

XIV. The Lamb has one hundred and forty thousand brides. St. John saw them on the hill of Sion in a dream, in the new city of Jerusalem. Isaiah speaks of Christ or the Lamb. He says that He was led as a lamb to the slaughter. In Jerusalem was Christ slain. With buffets was His face flayed. He endured all patiently as a lamb. For us He died in Jerusalem. The declaration of St. John, “Behold the Lamb of God,” etc. Who can reckon His generation, that died in Jerusalem? In the New Jerusalem St. John saw the Lamb sitting upon the throne.

XV. The Lamb is without blemish. Every spotless soul is a worthy bride for the Lamb. No strife or envy among the brides. None can have less bliss than another. Our death leads us to bliss. What St. John saw upon the Mount of Sion. About the Lamb he saw one hundred and forty thousand maidens. He heard a voice from heaven, like many floods. He heard the maiden sing a new song. So did the four beasts and the elders “so sad of cheer.” This assembly was like the Lamb, spotless and pure. The father replies to the maiden. He says he is but dust and ashes. He wishes to ask one question, whether the brides have their abode in castle-walls or in manor.

XVI. Jerusalem, he says, in Judea. But the dwelling of the brides should be perfect. For such “a comely pack” a great castle would be required. The city in Judæa, answers the maiden, is where Christ suffered, and is the Old Jerusalem. The New Jerusalem is where the Lamb has assembled his brides. Jerusalem means the city of God. In the Old city our peace was made at one. In the New city is eternal peace.

XVII. The father prays his daughter to bring him to the blissful bower. His daughter tells him that he shall see the outside, but not a foot may he put in the city.

XVIII. The maiden then tells her father to go along the bank till he comes to a hill. He reaches the hill, and beholds the heavenly city. As St. John saw it, so he beheld it. The city was of burnished gold. Pitched upon gems, the foundation composed of twelve stones. The names of the precious stones. i. Jasper. ii. Sapphire. iii. Chalcedony. iv. Emerald. v. Sardonyx. vi. Ruby. vii. Chrysolite. viii. Beryl. ix. Topaz. x. Chrysoprasus. xi. Jacinth. xii. Amethyst. The city was square. The wall was of jasper. Twelve thousand furlongs in length and breadth.

XIX. Each “pane” had three gates. Each gate adorned with a pearl. Such light gleamed in all the streets, that there was no need of the sun or moon. God was the light of those in the city. The high throne might be seen, upon which the “high God” sat. A river ran out of the throne; it flowed through each street. No church was seen. God was the church; Christ the sacrifice. The gates were ever open. There is no night in the city. The planets, and the sun itself, are dim compared to the divine light. Trees there renew their fruit every month. The beholder of this fair city stood still as a “dased quail.”

XX. As the moon began to rise he was aware of a procession of virgins crowned with pearls, in white robes, with a pearl in their breast. As they went along they shone as glass. The Lamb went before them. There was no pressing. The “alder men” fell groveling at the feet of the Lamb. All sang in praise of the Lamb. The Lamb wore white weeds. A wide wound was seen near his breast. Joy was in his looks. The father perceives his little queen.

XIX. Great delight takes possession of his mind. He attempts to cross the stream. It was not pleasing to the Lord. The dreamer awakes, and is in great sorrow. He addresses his pearl; laments his rash curiosity. Men desire more than they have any right to expect. The good Christian knows how to make peace with God. God give us grace to be his servants!

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Cleanness: Sidenotes

I. Cleanness discloses fair forms. God is angry with the unclean worshipper, and with false priests. The pure worshipper receives great reward. The impure will bring upon them the anger of God, Who is pure and holy. It would be a marvel if God did not hate evil. Christ showed us that himself. St. Matthew records the discourse. The clean of heart shall look on our Lord. What earthly noble, when seated at table above dukes, would like to see a lad badly attired approach the table with “rent cockers,” his coat torn and his toes out? For any one of these he would be turned out with a “big buffet,” and be forbidden to re-enter, and thus be ruined through his vile clothes. The parable of the “Marriage of the King’s Son.” The king’s invitation. Those invited begin to make excuses. One had bought an estate and must go to see it. Another had purchased some oxen and wished to see them “pull in the plough.” A third had married a wife and could not come. The Lord was greatly displeased, and commanded his servants to invite the wayfaring, both men and women, the better and the worse, that his palace might be full. The servants brought in bachelors and squires. When they came to the court they were well entertained. The servants tell their lord that they have done his behest, and there is still room for more guests. The Lord commands them to go out into the fields, and bring in the halt, blind, and “one-eyed.” For those who denied shall not taste “one sup” to save them from death. The palace soon became full of “people of all plights.” They were not all one wife’s sons, nor had they all one father. The “brightest attired” had the best place. Below sat those with “poor weeds.” All are well entertained “with meat and minstrelsy.” Each with his “mate” made him at ease.

II. The lord of the feast goes among his guests. Bids them be merry. On the floor he finds one not arrayed for a holyday. Asks him how he obtained entrance, and how he was so bold as to appear in such rags. Does he take him to be a harlot? The man becomes discomfited. He is unable to reply. The lord commands him to be bound, and cast into a deep dungeon. This feast is likened to the kingdom of heaven, to which all are invited. See that thy weeds are clean. Thy weeds are thy works that thou hast wrought. For many faults may a man forfeit bliss. For sloth and pride he is thrust into the devil’s throat. He is ruined by covetousness, perjury, murder, theft, and strife. For robbery and ribaldry, for preventing marriages, and supporting the wicked, for treason, treachery, and tyranny, man may lose eternal bliss.

III. The high Prince of all is displeased with those who work wickedly. For the first fault the devil committed, he felt God’s vengeance. He, the fairest of all angels, forsook his sovereign, and boasted that his throne should be as high as God’s. For these words he was cast down to hell. The fiends fell from heaven, like the thick snow, for forty days. From heaven to hell the shower lasted. The devil would not make peace with God. Affliction makes him none the better. For the fault of one, vengeance alighted upon all men. Adam was ordained to live in bliss. Through Eve he ate an apple. Thus all his descendants became poisoned. A maiden brought a remedy for mankind.

IV. Malice was merciless. A race of men came into the world, the fairest, the merriest, and the strongest that ever were created. They were sons of Adam. No law was laid upon them. Nevertheless they acted unnaturally. The “_fiends_” beheld how fair were the daughters of these mighty men, and made fellowship with them and begat a race of giants. The greatest fighter was reckoned the most famous. The Creater of all becomes exceedingly wroth. Fell anger touches His heart. It repents Him that He has made man. He declares that all flesh shall be destroyed, both man and beast. There was at this time living on the earth a very righteous man: Noah was his name. Three bold sons he had. God in great anger speaks to Noah. Declares that He will destroy all “that life has.” Commands him to make “a mansion” with dwellings for wild and tame. To let the ark be three hundred cubits in length, and fifty in breadth, and thirty in height, and a window in it a cubit square. Also a good shutting door in the side, together with halls, recesses, bushes, and bowers, and well-formed pens. For all flesh shall be destroyed, except Noah and his family. Noah is told to take into the ark seven pairs of every clean beast, and one of unclean kind, and to furnish the ark with proper food. Noah fills the ark.

V. God asks Noah whether all is ready. Noah replies that all is fully prepared. He is commanded to enter the ark, for God tells him that he will send a rain to destroy all flesh. Noah stows all safely in the ark. Seven days are passed. The deep begins to swell, banks are broken down, and the clouds burst. It rains for forty days, and the flood rises, and flows over the woods and fields. All must drown. The water enters the houses. Each woman with her bairns flees to the hills. The rain never ceases. The valleys are filled. People flock to the mountains. Some swim for their lives. Others roar for fear. Animals of all kinds run to the hills. All pray for mercy. God’s mercy is passed from them. Each sees that he must sink. Friends take leave of one another. Forty days have gone by, and all are destroyed. All rot in the mud, except Noah and his family, who are safe in the ark. The ark is lifted as high as the clouds, and is driven about, without mast, bowline, cables, anchors, or sail to guide its course. At the mercy of the winds. Oft it rolled around and reared on end. The age of the patriarch Noah. Duration of the flood. The completeness of the destruction. God remembers those in the ark. He causes a wind to blow, and closes the lakes and wells, and the great deep. The ark settles on Mount Ararat. Noah beholds the bare earth. He opens his window and sends out the raven to seek dry land. The raven “croaks for comfort” on finding carrion. He fills his belly with the foul flesh. The lord of the ark curses the raven, and sends out the dove. The bird wanders about the whole day. Finding no rest, she returns about eventide to Noah. Noah again sends out the dove.

VI. The dove returns with an olive branch in her beak. This was a token of peace and reconciliation. Joy reigns in the ark. The people therein laugh and look thereout. God permits Noah and his sons to leave the ark. Noah offers sacrifice to God. It is pleasing to Him that “all speeds or spoils.” God declares that He will never destroy the world for the sin of man. That summer and winter shall never cease. Nor night nor day, nor the new years. God blesses every beast. Each fowl takes its flight. Each fish goes to the flood. Each beast makes for the plain. Wild worms wriggle to their abodes in the earth. The fox goes to the woods. Harts to the heath, and hares to the gorse. Lions and leopards go to the lakes. Eagles and hawks to the high rocks. The four ‘frekes’ take the empire. Behold what woe God brought on mankind for their hateful deeds! Beware of the filth of the flesh. “One speck of a spot” will ruin us in the sight of God. The beryl is clean and sound,--it has no seam.

VII. When God repented that he had made man, he destroyed all flesh. But afterwards He was sorry, and made a covenant with mankind that He would not again destroy all the living. For the filth of the flesh God destroyed a rich city. God hates the wicked as “hell that stinks.” Especially harlotry and blasphemy. Nothing is hidden from God. God is the ground of all deeds. He honours the man that is honest and whole. But for deeds of shame He destroys the mighty ones.

VIII. Abraham is sitting before his house-door under a green oak. He sees three men coming along, and goes toward them. He entreats them to rest awhile, that he may wash their feet, and bring them a morsel of bread. Abraham commands Sarah to make some cakes quickly, and tells his servant to seethe a tender kid. Abraham appears bare-headed before his guests. He casts a clean cloth on the green, and sets before them cakes, butter, milk, and pottage. God praises his friend’s feast, and after the meat is removed, He tells Abraham that Sarah shall bear him a son. Sarah, who is behind the door, laughs in unbelief. God tells Abraham that Sarah laughs at His words. Sarah denies that she laughed. Abraham’s guests set out towards Sodom, two miles from Mamre. The patriarch accompanies them. God determines to reveal to Abraham his secret purposes.

IX. He informs him of the destruction about to fall upon the cities of the plain, for their great wickedness, in abusing the gifts bestowed upon them. The ordinance of marriage had been made for them, but they foully set it at nought. The flame of love. Therefore shall they be destroyed as an example to all men for ever. Abraham is full of fear, and asks God whether the “sinful and the sinless” are to suffer together. Whether he will spare the cities provided fifty righteous are found in them? For the sake of fifty the cities shall be spared. The patriarch beseeches God to spare the city for the sake of forty-five righteous. For the lack of five the cities shall not be destroyed. For forty the cities shall be spared. Abraham entreats God’s forbearance for his speech. Thirty righteous, found in the cities, shall save them from destruction. For the sake of twenty guiltless ones God will release the rest. Or if ten only should be found pure. The patriarch intercedes for Lot. Beseeches Him to “temper His ire,” and then departs weeping for sorrow.

X. God’s messengers go to Sodom. Lot is sitting alone at the “door of his lodge.” Staring into the street he sees two men. Beardless chins they had, and hair like raw silk. Beautifully white were their weeds. Lot runs to meet them. Invites them to remain awhile in his house, and in the morning they may take their way. Lot invites them so long that at last they comply. The wife and daughters of Lot welcome their visitors. Lot admonishes his men to prepare the meat, and to serve no salt with it. Lot’s wife disregards the injunction. The guests are well entertained. But before they go to rest the city is up in arms. With “keen clubs” the folk clatter on the walls, and demand that Lot should deliver up his guests. The wind yet stinks with their filthy speech. Lot is in great trouble. He leaves his guests and addresses the Sodomites. He offers to give up to them his two daughters. The rebels raise a great noise, and ask who made him a justice to judge their deeds, who was but a boy when he came to Sodom. The young men bring Lot within doors, and smite those outside with blindness. In vain they try to find the door of Lot’s house.

XI. Early in the morning the angels command Lot to depart from Sodom, with his wife and two daughters, and to look straight before him, for Sodom and Gomorrah shall be destroyed. Lot asks what is best to be done, that he may escape. He is told to choose himself a dwelling which shall be saved from destruction. He chooses Zoar. The angels command Lot to depart quickly. He wakes his wife and daughters. All four are hastened on by the angels, who “preach to them the peril” of delay. Before daylight Lot comes to a hill. God aloft raises a storm. A rain falls thick of fire and sulphur. Upon the four cities it comes, and frightens all folks therein. The great bars of the abyss do burst. Cliffs cleave asunder. The cities sink to hell. Such a cry arises that the clouds clatter again. Lot and his companions are frightened, but continue to follow their face. Lot’s wife looks behind her, and is turned to a stiff stone “as salt as any sea.” Her companions do not miss her till they reach Zoar. By this time all were drowned. The people of Zoar, for dread, rush into the sea and are destroyed. Only Zoar with three therein (Lot and his daughters) are saved. Lot’s wife is an image of salt for two faults: 1. She served salt before the Lord at supper. 2. She looked behind her. Abraham is up full early on the morn. He looks towards Sodom, now only a pit filled with pitch, from which rise smoke, ashes and cinders, as from a furnace. A sea now occupies the place of the four cities. It is a stinking pool, and is called the Dead Sea. Nothing may live in it. Lead floats on its surface. A feather sinks to the bottom of it. Lands, watered by this sea, never bear grass or weed. A man cannot be drowned in it. The clay clinging to it is corrosive, as alum, alkaran, sulphur, etc., which fret the flesh and fester the bones. On the shores of this lake grow trees bearing fair fruits, which, when broken or bitten, taste like ashes. All these are tokens of wickedness and vengeance. God loves the pure in heart. Strive to be clean. Jean de Meun tells how a lady is to be loved. By doing what pleases her best. Love thy Lord! Conform to Christ, who is polished as a pearl. By how comely a contrivance did he enter the womb of the virgin! In what purity did he part from her! No abode was better than his. The sorrow of childbirth was turned to joy. Angels solaced the virgin with organs and pipes. The child Christ was so clean that ox and ass worshipped him. He hated wickedness, and would never touch ought that was vile. Yet there came to him lazars and lepers, lame and blind. Dry and dropsical folk. He healed all with kind speech. His handling was so good, that he needed no knife to cut or carve with. The bread he broke more perfectly than could all the tools of Toulouse. How can we approach his court except we be clean? God is merciful. Through penance we may shine as a pearl. Why is the pearl so prized? She becomes none the worse for wear. If she should become dim, wash her in wine. She then becomes clearer than before. So may the sinner polish him by penance. Beware of returning to sin. For then God is more displeased than ever. The reconciled soul God holds as His own. Ill deeds rob Him of it. God forbids us to defile any vessels used in His service. In Belshazzar’s time, the defiling of God’s vessels brought wrath upon the king.

XII. Daniel in his prophecies tells of the destruction of the Jews. For their unfaithfulness in following other gods, God allowed the heathen to destroy them, in the reign of Zedekiah, who practised idolatry. Nebuchadnezzar becomes his foe. He besieges Jerusalem, and surrounds the walls. The city is stuffed full of men. Brisk is the skirmish. Seven times a day are the gates assailed. For two years the fight goes on, yet the city is not taken. The folk within are in want of food. Meager they become. For so shut up are they that escape seems impossible. But on a quiet night they steal out, and rush through the host. They are discovered by the enemy. A loud alarm is given. They are pursued and overtaken. Their king is made prisoner. His chief men are presented as prisoners to Nebuchadnezzar. His sons are slain. His own eyes are put out. He is placed in a dungeon in Babylon. All for his “bad bearing” against the Lord, who might otherwise have been his friend. Nebuchadnezzar ceased not until he had destroyed Jerusalem. Nebuzaradan was “chief of the chivalry.” The best men were taken out of the city. Nevertheless Nebuzaradan spared not those left. Brains of bairns were spilt. Priests pressed to death. Wives and wenches foully killed. All that escaped the sword were taken to Babylon, and were made to drag the cart or milk the kine. Nebuzaradan burst open the temple, and slew those therein. Priests, pulled by the poll, were slain along with deacons, clerks, and maidens. The enemy pillages the temple of its pillars of brass, and the golden candlestick from off the altar. Goblets, basins, golden dishes, all are taken by Nebuzaradan, and hampered together. Solomon had made them with much labour. The temple he beats down, and returns to Babylon. Presents the prisoners to the king, among whom were Daniel and his three companions. Nebuchadnezzar has great joy, because his enemies are slain. Great was his wonder when he saw the sacred jewelry. He praises the God of Israel. Such vessels never before came to Chaldea. They are thrust into the treasury. Nebuchadnezzar reigns as emperor of all the earth, through the “doom of Daniel,” who gave him good counsel. Nebuchadnezzar dies and is buried. Belshazzar succeeds him. He holds himself the biggest in heaven or on earth. He honours not God, but worships false phantoms. He promises them rewards if good fortune befal. If they vex him he knocks them in pieces. He has a wife, and many concubines. The mind of the king was fixed upon new meats and other vain things.

XIII. Belshazzar, to exhibit his vainglory, proclaims throughout Babylon, that all the great ones should assemble on a set day, at the Sultan’s feast. Kings, dukes, and lords were commanded to attend the court. To do the king honour many nobles came to Babylon. It would take too long to name the number. The city of Babylon is broad and big. It is situated on a plain, surrounded by seven streams, a high wall, and towers. The palace was long and large, each side being seven miles in length. High houses were within the walls. The time of the feast has come. Belshazzar sits upon his throne: the hall floor is covered with knights. When all are seated, service begins. Trumpets sound everywhere. Bread is served upon silver dishes. All sorts of musical instruments are heard in the hall. The king, surrounded by his loves, drinks copiously of wine. It gets into his head and stupifies him. A cursed thought takes possession of him. He commands his marshal to bring him the vessels taken from the temple by Nebuchadnezzar, and to fill them with wine. The marshal opens the chests. Covers the cupboard with vessels. The Jewels of Jerusalem deck the sides of the hall. The altar and crown, blessed by bishop’s hands, and anointed with the blood of beasts, are set before the bold Belshazzar. Upon this altar were noble vessels curiously carved, basins of gold, cups arrayed like castles with battlements, and towers with lofty pinnacles. Upon them were pourtrayed branches and leaves, the flowers of which were white pearls, and the fruit flaming gems. The goblets were ornamented with flowers of gold. The candlestick was brought in, with its pillars of brass, and ornamental boughs, upon which sat birds of various hues. Lights shone bright from the candlestick, which once stood before the “Holy of Holies.” The pollution of the sacred vessels is displeasing to God. For “a boaster on bench” drinks from them till he is as “drunken as the devil.” God is very angry. Before harming the revellers He sends them a warning. Belshazzar commands the sacred vessels to be filled with wine. The cups and bowls are soon filled. Music of all kind is heard in the hall. Dukes, princes, concubines, and knights, all are merry. Drinking of the sweet liquors they ask favours of their gods, who, although dumb, are as highly praised “as if heaven were theirs.” A marvel befals the feasters. The king first saw it. Upon the plain wall, “a palm with pointel in fingers” is seen writing. The bold Belshazzar becomes frightened. His knees knock together. He roars for dread, still beholding the hand, as it wrote on the rough wall. The hand vanishes but the letters remain. The king recovers his speech and sends for the “book-learned;” but none of the scholars were wise enough to read it. Belshazzar is nearly mad. Commands the city to be searched throughout for the “wise of witchcraft.” He who expounds the strange letters, shall be clothed in “gowns of purple.” A collar of gold shall encircle his throat. He shall be the third lord in the realm. As soon as this cry was upcast, to the hall came clerks out of Chaldea, witches and diviners, sorcerers and exorcists. But after looking on the letters they were as ignorant as if they had looked into the leather of the left boot. The king curses them all and calls them churls. He orders the harlots to be hanged. The queen hears the king chide. She inquires the cause. Goes to the king, kneels before him, and asks why he has rent his robes for grief, when there is one that has the Spirit of God, the counsellor of Nebuchadnezzar, the interpreter of his dreams, through the holy Spirit of God. The name of this man is Daniel, who was brought a captive from Judæa. The queen tells the king to send for Daniel. Her counsel is accepted. Daniel comes before Belshazzar. The king tells him that he has heard of his wisdom, and his power to discover hidden things, and that he wants to know the meaning of the writing on the wall. Promises him, if he can explain the text of the letters and their interpretation, to clothe him in purple and pall, and put a ring about his neck, and to make him “a baron upon bench.” Daniel addresses the king, and reminds him how that God supported his father, and gave him power to exalt or abase whomsoever he pleased. Nebuchadnezzar was established on account of his faith in God. So long as he remained true, no man was greater. But at last pride touches his heart. He forgets the power of God, and blasphemes His name. He says that he is “god of the ground,” and the builder of Babylon. Hardly had Nebuchadnezzar spoken, when God’s voice is heard, saying, “Thy principality is departed. Thou, removed from men, must abide on the moor, and walk with wild beasts, eat herbs, and dwell with wolves and asses.” For his pride he becomes an outcast. He believes himself to be a bull or an ox. Goes “on all fours,” like a cow, for seven summers. His thighs grew thick. His hair became matted and thick, from the shoulders to the toes. His beard touched the earth. His brows were like briars. His eyes were hollow, and grey as the kite’s. Eagle-hued he was. At last he recovered his “wit,” and believed in God. Then soon was he restored to his seat. But thou, Belshazzar, hast disregarded these signs, and hast blasphemed the Lord, defiled his vessels, filling them with wine for thy wenches, and praising thy lifeless gods. For this sin God has sent thee this strange sight, the fist with the fingers writing on the wall. These are the words: “Mene, Tekel, Peres. Mene.-- God has counted thy kingdom and finished it. Tekel.-- Thy reign is weighed and is found wanting in deeds of faith. Peres.-- Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Persians. The Medes shall be masters here.” The king commands Daniel to be clothed in a frock of fine cloth. Soon is he arrayed in purple, with a chain about his neck. A decree is made, that all should bow to him, as the third lord that followed Belshazzar. The decree was made known, and all were glad. The day, however, past. Night came on. Before another day dawned, Daniel’s words were fulfilled. The feast lasts till the sun falls. The skies become dark. Each noble hies home to his supper. Belshazzar is carried to bed, but never rises from it, for his foes are seeking to destroy his land, and are assembled suddenly. The enemy is Darius, leader of the Medes. He has legions of armed men. Under cover of the darkness, they cross the river. By means of ladders they get upon the walls, and within an hour enter the city, without disturbing any of the watch. They run into the palace, and raise a great cry. Men are slain in their beds. Belshazzar is beaten to death, and caught by the heels, is foully cast into a ditch. Darius is crowned king, and makes peace with the barons. Thus the land was lost for the king’s sin. He was cursed for his uncleanness, and deprived of his honour, as well as of the joys of heaven. Thus in three ways has it been shown, that uncleanness makes God angry. Cleanness is His comfort. The seemly shall see his face. God give us grace to serve in His sight!

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Patience: Sidenotes

I. Patience is often displeasing, but it assuages heavy hearts, and quenches malice. Happiness follows sorrow. It is better to suffer than to be angry. Matthew tells us of the promises made by Christ: Blessed are the poor, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are the meek, for they shall “wield the world.” Blessed are the mourners, for they shall be comforted. Blessed are the hungry, for they shall be filled. Blessed are the merciful, for mercy shall be their reward. Blessed are the clean of heart, for they shall see the Saviour. Blessed are the peace-makers, for they shall be called God’s sons. Blessed are they that live aright, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. These blessings are promised to those who follow poverty, pity, penance, meekness, mercy, chastity, peace and patience. Poverty and patience are to be treated together. They are “fettled in one form,” and have one meed. Poverty will dwell where she lists, and man must needs suffer. Poverty and patience are play-fellows. What avails impatience, if God send affliction? Patience is best. Did not Jonah incur danger by his folly?

II. Jonah was a prophet of the gentiles. God’s word came to him, saying, “Rise quickly, take the way to Nineveh. Say that which I shall put in thine heart. Wickedness dwells in that city. Go swiftly and carry my message.” Jonah is full of wrath. He is afraid that the shrews will put him in the stocks, or put out his eyes. He thinks that God desires his death. He determines not to go near the city, but fly to Tarshish. Grumbling, he goes to port Joppa. He says that God will not be able to protect him. Jonah reaches the port, finds a ship ready to sail. The seamen catch up the cross-sail, fasten the cables, weigh their anchors, and spread sail. A gentle wind wafts the ship along. Was never a Jew so joyful as was Jonah then. He has, however, put himself in peril, in fleeing from God. The words of David. Does He not hear, who made all ears? He is not blind that formed each eye. Jonah is now in no dread. He is, however, soon overtaken. The wielder of all things has devices at will. He commands Eurus and Aquilo to blow. The winds blow obedient to His word. Out of the north-east the noise begins. Storms arose, winds wrestled together, the waves rolled high, and never rested. Then was Jonah joyless. The boat reeled around. The gear became out of order. Ropes and mast were broken. A loud cry is raised, Many a lad labours to lighten the ship. They throw overboard their bags and feather beds. But still the wind rages, and the waves become wilder. Each man calls upon his god. Some called upon Vernagu, Diana, and Neptune, to the sun and to the moon. Then said one of the sailors: “Some lawless wretch, that has grieved his God, is in the ship. I advise that we lay lots upon each man. When the guilty is gone the tempest may cease.” This is agreed to. All are assembled, from all corners of the ship, save Jonah the Jew, who had fled into the bottom of the boat. There he falls asleep. Soon he is aroused, and brought on board. Full roughly is he questioned. The lot falls upon Jonah. Then quickly they said: “What the devil hast thou done, doted wretch? What seekest thou on the sea? Hast thou no God to call upon? Of what land art thou? Thou art doomed for thy ill deeds.” Jonah says: “I am a Hebrew, a worshipper of the world’s Creator. All this mischief is caused by me, therefore cast me overboard.” He proves to them that he was guilty. The mariners are exceedingly frightened. They try to make way with their oars, but their endeavours are useless. Jonah must be doomed to death. They pray to God, that they may not shed innocent blood. Jonah is cast overboard. The tempest ceases and the sea settles. The stiff streams drive the ship about. At last they reach a bank. The seamen thank God, and perform solemn vows. Jonah is in great dread.

III. Jonah is shoved from the ship. A wild whale swims by the boat. He opens his swallow, and seizes the prophet. It is not to be wondered at that Jonah suffered woe. The prophet is without hope. Cold was his comfort. Jonah was only a mote in the whale’s jaws. He entered in by the gills, and by means of one of the intestines of the fish, came into a space as large as a hall. The prophet fixes his feet firmly in the belly of the whale. He searches into every nook of its navel. The prophet calls upon God. He cries for mercy. He sits safely in a recess, in a bowel of the beast, for three days and three nights. The whale passes through many a rough region. Jonah makes the whale feel sick. The prophet prays to God in this wise:

IV. “Lord! to thee have I cried out of hell’s womb. Thou dippedst me in the sea. Thy great floods passed over me. The streams drive over me. I am cast out from thy sight. The abyss binds me. The rushing waves play on my head. Thou possessest my life. In my anguish I remembered my God, and besought His pity. When I am delivered from this danger, I will obey thy commands.” God speaks fiercely to the whale, and he vomits out the prophet on a dry space. Jonah has need to wash his clothes. God’s word comes to the prophet. He is told to preach in Nineveh. By night Jonah reaches the city. Nineveh was a very great city. Jonah delivers his message; “Yet forty days and Nineveh shall come to an end. It shall be turned upside down, and swallowed quickly by the black earth.” This speech spreads throughout the city. Great fear seizes all. The people mourn secretly, clothe themselves in sackcloth, and cast ashes upon their heads. The message reaches the ears of the king. He rends his robes, clothes himself in sackloth, and mourns in the dust. He issues a decree, that all in the city, men, beasts, women and children, prince, priest, and prelates, should fast for their sins. Children are to be weaned from the breast. The ox is to have no hay, nor the horse any water. Who can tell if God will have mercy? Though He is mighty, He is merciful, and may forgive us our guilt. All believed and repented. God forgave them through his goodness.

V. Much sorrow settles upon Jonah. He becomes very angry. He prays to God and says: “Was not this my saying, when Thy message reached me in my own country? I knew Thy great goodness, Thy long-suffering, and Thy mercy. I knew these men might make their peace with Thee, therefore I fled unto Tarshish. Take my life from me, O Lord! It is better for me to die than live.” God upbraids Jonah, saying: “Is this right to be so wroth?” Jonah, jangling, uprises, and makes himself a bower, of hay and ever-fern, to shield him from the sun. He slept heavily all night. God prepared a woodbine. Jonah awakes, and is exceedingly glad of the bower. The prophet, under its gracious leaves, is protected from the sun’s rays. Jonah wishes he had such a lodge in his own country. God prepared a worm, that made the woodbine wither. Jonah awakes and finds his woodbine destroyed. The leaves were all faded. The sun beat upon the head of Jonah. He is exceedingly angry, and prays God that he may die. God rebukes the prophet. “Dost thou well,” He says, “to be angry for the gourd?” Jonah replies, “I would I were dead.” God asks if it is to be wondered at that He should help His handy work. Is not Jonah angry that his woodbine is destroyed, which cost him no labour? God is not to be blamed for taking pity upon people that He made. Should He destroy Nineveh the sorrow of such a sweet place would sink to His heart. In the city there are little bairns who have done no wrong. And there are others who cannot discern between their right hand and their left hand. There are also dumb beasts in the city incapable of sinning. Judgment must be tempered with mercy. He that is too hasty to rend his clothes must afterwards sit with worse ones to sew them together. Poverty and pain must be endured. Patience is a noble point, though it displeases oft.

End of Project Gutenberg's Early English Alliterative Poems, by Various