Duval's artistic anatomy

In offering instruction in anatomy to artists, one feels compelled at the outset to attempt an answer to the question: Of what use is anatomy, scientifically considered, in the...

Anatomy in general; the anatomy of the external forms of man; physiology of the same.--Origin of the knowledge of the Greek artists of the anatomy of external forms; the influen...

_Osteology_ and _Arthrology_.--Anatomical nomenclature: median line; lateral parts; the meaning of terms.--Of the bones in general: long bones (shafts and extremities); flat bon...

The Sternum: its three portions--manubrium, gladiolus, xiphoid appendage; position and direction of the sternum; its dimensions, absolute and relative.--The ribs; the true ribs,...

The bones of the shoulder.--The clavicle: its shaft and extremities, sternal and acromial: its proportions.--The shoulder-blade: its situation and relations.--The spine of the s...

The bony structure of the arm and elbow.--The shaft of the humerus.--The axis of the arm and forearm.--Spiral groove of the humerus; the inferior extremity of the humerus; the t...

The bones of the forearm; ulna and radius.--The lower extremities of these bones; their styloid processes; triangular fibro-cartilage of the wrist.--_Pronation_ and _supination_...

The bony structure of the hand.--The wrist, or carpus; eight bones in two rows, superior and inferior.--The radio-carpal articulation, or wrist-joint.--Carpal joints.--The form...

The bony structure of the hips.--The pelvis; _sacrum_ (five vertebræ welded together); _coccyx_ (the caudal appendage in man and the monkeys resembling man); the _innominate bon...

The femur: its superior extremity: _neck_, _head_, and _trochanters_.--Hip-joint, or _coxo-femoral articulation_; movements of the joint; limits of these movements; limits of ex...

The bony structure of the thigh and knee.--Shaft of femur: its curvature; oblique direction; linea aspera.--Lower extremity of femur: condyles; inter-condyloid notch; patellar s...

The bony structure of the leg.--_Tibia_ and _fibula_: tibio-fibular articulation; absence of mobility in the fibula (differences between the leg and forearm: between the foot an...

Bony structure of the foot.--Union of bones of tarsus; astragalus and calcaneum (canalis tarsi, or tunnel of the tarsus); astragalar articulations, inferior calcaneo-scaphoid li...

The bony structure of the _head_; division into _cranium_ and _face_. Study of the vault, or skull-cap. _Occipital_ bone.--_Parietal_ bone (parietal eminence and temporal ridge)...

The bony structure of the face.--_Orbital cavities_: margins; cavities.--_Nasal fossæ_: anterior orifice.--Prominence of the _cheek_; malar bone and its processes.--_Upper jaw._...

Of _muscles_ in general.--_Muscular contraction_: changes of form; movements produced. Composition of muscles; fleshy belly and tendon; aponeurosis. Nomenclature of muscles, the...

_Trapezius_, attachments and surface form.--_Latissimus dorsi._--_Deep muscles_ visible in relation to the trapezius and latissimus dorsi--1, lateral region of neck (_splenius_...

The _deltoid_: its _form_, _thickness_, _actions_.--Muscular form of the shoulder as a whole.--The deeper muscles (_supraspinatus_ and _subscapularis_).--_Serratus magnus_ muscl...

1st. Anterior muscles: _Biceps_, its two heads; its fusiform body; its bifurcation below (aponeurotic expansion and tendon); its action (supinator and flexor of forearm); influe...

Division into groups:--A. Anterior muscles of the forearm. The _superficial muscles_, or _those arising from the inner condyle_: pronator radii teres, flexor carpi radialis, pal...

3rd. The posterior deep muscles of the forearm; their tendons at the level of the wrist (_anatomical snuff-box_).--Muscles of the hand;--1st. Muscles of the thumb, or _thenar em...

_The Buttock._--_Gluteus maximus_, its thickness and form; its relations to the great trochanter.--_Gluteus medius._--The subjacent muscles (_gluteus minimus_, _pyriformis_, etc...

General arrangement of the muscles with regard to the skeleton.--Anterior muscles of the leg (_tibialis anticus_ and _extensors_).--External or _peroneal_ muscles; relations of...

Lateral and anterior regions of the neck.--_Sterno-mastoid_ muscles. The anterior triangle; infra-hyoid and supra-hyoid regions.--Organs contained in the neck (vertebral column,...

1st. Muscles of _mastication_; _masseter_, its form, its share in the physiognomy (character of firmness, of violence); _temporal muscle_. 2nd. Muscles of expression; nature and...

Muscles of the upper part of the face: _Occipito-frontalis_ (attention); _orbicularis palpebrarum_ of the eyelids, superior _orbital_ portion (reflection); _pyramidalis nasi_ (m...