Chapter 22

=175= 12 =_Agnus Dei_=: a common object of household adoration in Catholic countries, consisting of a flat piece of wax on which is stamped the figure of a lamb supporting the cross, or of some saint. These tokens are blessed by the Pope in large numbers, generally every seventh year, and distributed among Catholics. The possession of one is supposed to be a protection against misfortune.

=175= 13 =rizada=: Palm Sunday in Spain has two kinds of palms, both alike blessed: the simple natural bits of palm-leaf, and those which are =rizadas=, i.e. frilled and crimped into all sorts of ornamental shapes with a view to using them as decorations.

=175= 14 =flores de trapo=: 'artificial flowers' (lit. 'of cloth').

=175= 18 =narigudo=: such was the meaning of Ovid's surname, Naso. There is perhaps also a reminiscence of the secondary meaning of Lat. _nasutus_, 'witty,' 'clever.'

=175= 19 =conceptista=: the =conceptista= style in Spanish literature is that style of which Quevedo was the most eminent master. See cyclopedias under "Quevedo" and under "Spanish Literature."

=175= 24 =dando vueltas=, etc.: Aulus Gellius (_Noct. Att._ III, 3, 14) says that Varro and other older authorities related how Flautus, after making some money by the stage, lost it all in trade, and was obliged to hire himself to a baker in Rome, being put to turn a hand-mill (_mola trusatilis_). Of the plays mentioned by Aulus Gellius as written by Plautus under these circumstances, however, none is preserved.

=175= 26 =pícaro=: several unsavory tales about Sallust were current in antiquity, and his political conduct was far from being above suspicion.

=175= 30 =Rutilio=: the anti-Christian poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, who has left us a poem entitled _De reditu sito_, describing a journey made by him in 416 A. D. from Rome to his home in Gaul.

=176= 6 =las cabras=, etc.: in most Spanish towns the milkman (or more often milkwoman) drives a flock of she-goats through the streets, milking at the door of each customer the amount required.

=176= 18 =las=: the =misas=.

=176= 29 =conforme=: 'just as.'

=177= 11 =Nada, nada=: 'well, well.' Cf. n. on p. 31, l. 23.

=177= 30 =justiciada=: not given in the dictionaries; a noun in participial form from =justicia=, like =cuchillada= from =cuchillo, lanzada= from =lanza, calaverada= from =calavera=. K. 765, rem. 2; C. 132, 4, _b_.

=177= 32 =llamarles y decirles=: for imper. use of infin. cf. R. 1225; K. 731; C. 277, 5.

=178= 16 =amigotes=: the coloring given by Spanish augmentatives and diminutives is well brought out by the contrast between this word and =amiguito= in line 1 above.

=178= 22 =sentar=: the infinitive has something of imperative coloring (cf. p. 177, l. 32, and n.), but inclines decidedly to the usage known as the historical, or continuative, infinitive.

=179= 17 =quien=: 'anybody who' (woman).--=no siendo sacerdote=: 'unless he is a priest.'

=179= 23 =de mí=: R. 1440, _q_; C. 128, 3, _a_; 237, 8.

=180= 1 =Vuelta a=: this idiom expresses impatience at repetition.

=180= 6 =dos dedos de frente=: 'any sense' (lit.' two inches of forehead').

=180= 14 =porque=: 'in order that.'

=180= 18 =Será=: R. 1195; K. 703, _c_; C. 266. The form =hará= below is more difficult; the force of the future there is presumably either 'why is it that God apparently makes me' or 'what do you suppose God makes me so silly for,' 'what can God be after in making me,' etc.

=182= 28 =Falta=: verb, lit. 'is lacking'; i.e., 'you do not say that they....' 'I guess they did not....'

=182= 31 =ademanes encomiados=: 'an air of approbation.'

=183= 5 =refiriendo=: 'while relating.'

=183= 23 =unos humos=: 'such airs!' For use of =unos= cf. n. on p. 46, l. 3.

=185= 6 =acabó de encender=: 'finished kindling.'

=185= 24 =Valido=: in the same sense as =valiéndose=, line 15. Note both the absence of any past sense and the fact that the past participle drops the reflexive pronoun. Cf. C. 276, 4.

=185= 32 =recibiera=: cf. n. on p. 41, l. 13.

=186= 25 =por cuya razón=: cf. n. on p. 24, l. 7.

=186= 27 =sin perjuicio de=: 'without prejudice in regard to' (legal phrase, indicating that a given action is not to annul or diminish the right of one party to demand a further accounting from the other).

=187= 2 =las=: cf. n. on p. 7, l. 16.

=187= 6 =pues=: 'since.'

=187= 9 =Sacramento=: the capital S suggests that we take this word in its special sense defined by the Academy as "Christ sacramented in the Host," so that our phrase would mean 'by having the power to work the miracle of transubstantiation'; if the word here means his ordination as priest, which is one of the seven sacraments of the Church, the capital S is probably a misprint.

=187= 19 =por lo muy santo y noble=: cf. R. 1358; K. 671; C. 125,_a_; here =que es= is lacking, as is often the case after =por=.

=188= 20 =consejero áulico=: the Aulic Council, 1500-1806 A.D., was the Emperor's supreme personal council, whose members all held office till his death.

=188= 31 =el más allá=: 'the beyond.'

=189= 9 =cinco días=: the chronology is not clear. Comparison of p. 183, ll. 12-14, and p. 186, ll. 20-24, with p. 208, ll. 18-20, shows that the letter dated April 14 (p. 207) cannot have been written till at least the day after Caballuco's coming to the priest's house (p. 184); indeed, by p. 208, ll. 20-21, it would seem that the letter was a day or two later. The progress of the story will show that the letter dated April 20 (p. 209) cannot have been written later than the evening at which we have now arrived.

=190= 14 =cuanto en lo humano cabía=: 'that lay in human power.' Cf. R. 1155; K. 529,_b_; C. 284.

=190= 28 =con lo que sale usted=: lit. 'what you are coming out with.'

=190= 29 =se están luciendo=: 'are showing themselves off' (cf. =lucir un nuevo paraguas= = 'to sport a new umbrella').

=191= 4 =No asustarse=: imperative use of infinitive. R. 1225; K. 731; C.277, 5.

=191= 7 =como el rascar=: i.e., to do a little of it makes you want to do more.

=191= 27 =refregones en los morros=: in Spain, 'rubs across the lips' (as if cleansing them) are, like spanking (=azotes=), a standard punishment for naughty words from a little child.

=192= 2 =soberbia=: adjective.

=192= 12 =la Encomienda=: this word means generally a piece of property bestowed upon a knight of one of the military orders; here, a particular estate of this kind that had sometime come into the possession of the Polentinos family.

=193= 15 =Juan Lanas=: traditional name for a simpleton.

=193= 26 =allá se le va=: 'are about the same as she,' 'are taking the same line.'

=193= 33 =esto se lo lleva la trampa=: grammatically, =la trampa= is the subject of the clause; =lo=, which repeats =esto=, is the object; =se= is the reflexive of interest, often used with =llevar=.

=194= 22 =en buen hora=: cf. n. on p. 35, l. 26.

=195= 5 =le dan=: cf. n. on p. 38, l. 6.

=195= 11 =sonsonete llorón=: 'sarcastic whine.'

=195= 25 =si=: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34.

=196= 8 =tenebrario=: properly a candlestick which is used during matins of the last three days of Holy Week. These matins are called in Spanish =tinieblas=. The light of the =tenebrario= is dimmed by placing it within a kind of shrine. The idea here, of course, is that obscurity is part of the family inheritance.

=197= 18 =acabó de estrujarle=: 'gave him the last squeeze.'

=198= 3 =suspirando a moco y baba=: 'sighing and snuffling.'

=198= 15 =en un quítame allá esas pajas=: 'in a wink of your eye' (colloq.). The phrase means literally 'get those straws [trifles] out of my way,' and implies the feeling that a thing can be done quickly and easily.

=198= 27 =los juegos de manos son juegos de villanos=: the Spanish Academy defines this proverb in about the sense given to it by Gase's French-English Dictionary, "playing with the hands is bad manners, rough play is low"; but the priest here, quite legitimately, makes it mean "physical force is a blackguard's way."

=200= 12 =qui tenga visos=: 'that has the look.'

=200= 27 =Como lo huelan los de tropa=: 'supposing the military get a smell of it.' For conjugation of =oler= see grammars.

=201= 4 =Guarde usted=: 'look out for.'

=201= 16 =el salitre=, etc.: i.e. powder.

=202= 6 =Si=: cf. n. on p. 40, l. 34.

=202= 17 =ha perdido la chaveta=: 'have lost your wits.' =Chaveta=, or more commonly =chabeta=, is properly a wedge or key used by blacksmiths or carpenters to unite and tie several pieces of metal or wood.

=202= 31 =medio=: adverbial, i.e. to be followed by a hyphen in English. Contrast =media=, adjectival, in the line above.

=203= 2 =Para solfas=, etc.: 'drubbings by treachery are not what Cristóbal Ramos is good for.'

=203= 31 =si es empeño de usted=: 'if it is your particular wish.'

=204= 4 =jofaina=: 'finger-bowl' here.

=205= 6 =no tienen espera=: 'endure no stay.'

=205= 21 =me tiene=: 'she has for me.'

=208= 13 =quijotadas=: 'extravagances,' 'quixotic undertakings.' The word is formed from the name of Cervantes' hero.

=209= 13 =Mi coalición=, etc.: 'my half-serious, half-jocular coalition.'

=210= 3 =Sentiré mucho que=: 'I shall be very sorry in case.'

=210= 11 =y concluirá=: 'and end it shall,' or simply 'and it shall.'

=211= 28 =Irá=: 'he must be going.'

=212= 4 =el pueblo se acaba=: 'the town ends,' i.e. we are coming to the last houses.

=212= 21 =bruto=: 'an idiot.'

=213= 11 =quinqué=: from the French manufacturer Quinquet, who first made such lamps on a considerable scale. The inventor was a Swiss chemist and physicist named Argant or Argand (1755-1803); hence these lamps are generally known in English as Argand lamps.

=213= 19 =acicalarse=: 'prinking.'

=213= 25 =despejada=: 'open.'

=214= 3 =allegados=: the Academy defines this word by =pariente= ('relative,' the same word by which it defines =deudo=) and =parcial=; and it defines a colloquial figurative sense of =pariente= by "allegado, semejante o parecido."

=215= 8 =un Limbo prematuro=: 'a Limbo before the time.' Cf. n. on p. 118, l. 17.

=215= 9 =cuidan bien=: this is normal Spanish for 'take good care,' declaratively. May it be a misprint of the Madrid edition for =cuiden bien=, to be interpreted 'let them take good care'? In that case the order of words would be hardly the most usual; but it is not easy otherwise to reconcile the sentence with the general course of the thought in this passage.

=218= 15 =veros=: 'to see each other.'

=220= =un su amigo=: 'a friend of his.'

=220= 5 =virtuosísimo=: this word is used in the sense of the Italian _virtuoso_, a connoisseur, an appreciative and successful collector. The ending =-ísimo= is here not merely intensive but very nearly true superlative; not 'extremely' but 'supremely.'

=220= 6 =emblema=: 'crest'; the word =crestón= appears to mean not the heraldic device but the part of the helmet over which the device rises. =Emblema= is defined as meaning a symbol accompanied by a motto.

=220= 7 =rabillo=: this word must here mean a serif, but is probably not a technical term.

=222= 20 =le impondrá a usted=: 'will advise you.'

=224= 23 =nos=: ethical dative. R. 323; K. 231; C. 204.

=224= 26 =dude=: sc. =usted=, unless it is a misprint for =dudo=.

=224= 31 =San Baudilio de Llobregat=: a small town, commonly called San Boy, on the river Llobregat. It is six miles west of Barcelona. A large and well-administered private insane asylum is situated there.

=225= 5 =pliegos=: 'sheets' (sixteen pages each if the book is octavo).

=225= 25 =Albricias, albricias=: 'joy, joy!' (lit. a reward paid to the bringer of good tidings).

=226= 22 =acaparada=: 'monopolized,' 'beguiled.' This verb (from Fr. _accaparer_, to 'corner' a commodity in the market, to 'seize upon' a thing, to 'sway' voters by demagogic methods) was condemned as a Gallicism in the middle of the nineteenth century, but is now fully accepted in Spanish. It must not be confounded with the older but probably now less common verb =acaparrar=, whose meaning is entirely different.

=227= 9 =novenas=: periods of nine days given to devotion and prayer. In English the word is pronounced with the English sounds of _e_ and _a_.--=manifiestos=: exposures of the Sacrament for the adoration of believers.

=227= 15 =el duque de Osuna=: a nobleman of very illustrious family, Spanish viceroy of Naples in the reign of Philip III. The plot mentioned below was, according to the Venetians, a diabolical scheme entered into by the Duke of Osuna, the Marquis of Villafranca, and the Marquis of Bedmar, all Spaniards of high rank engaged in the war of the Spanish kingdom in Italy against Duke Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, who was aided by the Venetians. The plan was said to have involved the surprise of Venice, the slaughter of its senate and nobles, and its reduction to a mere dependency of Spain. Spanish historians have denied the existence of any such plot; for all that, it has remained the most memorable thing connected with the viceroyalty of the Duke of Osuna. Hence the irony of the present reference to it.

=227= 19 =Esto se acabó=: 'this story is finished.' Cf. n. on p. 40, l. 1.

=VOCABULARY=

This vocabulary aims to be complete, except for such proper names as do not appear to involve a play on words or a change of form in translation into English. Superlatives in =-ísimo= are not given unless irregular, but diminutives and augmentatives are given. Adverbs in =-mente= are given under their adjectives, and are not separately defined if the definition of the adjective sufficiently indicates their rendering. Adjectives and personal substantives which form regular feminines are given in the masculine form, with the masculine definitions only, so far as the feminine definitions can be inferred from these; thus, for =tía= look under =tío=, and, finding the definition 'uncle,' render the feminine by 'aunt.' This rule has been followed even where, as with =descalzo, matón=, the feminine is the only form found in our text. Infinitives used substantively, translatable by the English form in _-ing_, are not separately given. The participial form in =-nte= is given separately, but that in =-ndo= and the past participle are not given apart from their verbs if the verbs occur. Neither is the substantivized past participle, even such as =pecado=; but not so words which merely coincide with the participle in form, as =estado=. Words which take the accent mark merely to indicate interrogative or exclamatory use are given under the unaccented form, and the existence of an accented form is not mentioned if the English equivalent remains the same. Irregular forms of verbs in Chapters I-III are separately given so far as they affect the finding of the word; usually a group of forms that begin alike is represented by one of its simplest members--thus, in looking for =puso= or =pusiese= take '=puse= _see_ =poner=' as guide. A statement of reflexive use is given under =se=, and a verb is not separately defined as reflexive if its reflexive meaning is derivable from the non-reflexive by applying what is found under =se=. A participle which has reflexive force without the reflexive pronoun is in general especially defined, but the student will do well to keep in mind the principle that any past participle may be a reflexive without the pronoun.

The effort has been made to list each defined phrase under the word that the student was surest to look up, either the most unfamiliar word or the one which he would identify as not having here its familiar sense. When the word which has here an unusual sense (or whose regular English equivalent is not used in translating this phrase) is one which will not be looked up, such as a familiar preposition, its special definition for this occasion is appended in parentheses to the appropriate definition of the other word, which definition it precedes or follows according to the order of the Spanish phrase: thus, under =acabar=, 'end (=por= with)' means '=acabar= end; =acabar por= end with'; under =adelante=, '(=más= further) on' means '=adelante= on; =más adelante= further on.' Parentheses in a Spanish phrase inclose words which can be added without affecting the translation except as indicated by parenthesized English words. Other parenthesized words are generally meant as mere explanations, but can sometimes be advantageously taken as supplements to be optionally added to the definition.

The special definition of a phrase does not mean that the words which make up that phrase may not be found together also with their ordinary meanings. Thus, '=tener por= regard as' does not mean that =tener= 'have' or 'hold' may not also be followed by =por= 'for' or 'by' in various senses; and the giving of a special definition for the reflexive use of a verb does not mean that its reflexive use may not have also the senses of its active use with the reflexive modifications described under =se=. Nor does a special definition for a participle mean that the participle is not used also in the general sense of the verb.

A rendering found in the vocabulary should not be distrusted because when put into the sentence it results in a bold use of words. Such uses are more or less characteristic of Galdós; and if the translator undertakes to reproduce Galdós' style in English, which is doubtless the highest ideal of translation, he must not be too timid in his use of English words. And the student should notice that the quality of the Spanish varies according to the person who speaks. Not every character in the book can be taken as a model of good conversational style, cultured or uncultured. Translate accordingly.

The citations from the Academy can usually be verified in other unabridged Spanish dictionaries; for these habitually copy the Academy verbatim. The student must not expect that the Academy shall be always right or always wrong.

ABBREVIATIONS

Periods after abbreviations have been omitted where the abbreviation stands in especially close connection with the Spanish word.

_A._ = the Academy's dictionary, or rarely its grammar. _acc._ = accusative. _adj._ = adjective. _adv._ = adverb. _augm._ = augmentative. _c._ = colloquial. _conj._ = conjunction. _d._ = diminutive. _dat._ = dative. _depr._ = depreciative. _Eng._ = English. _esp._ = especially. _f._ = feminine. _fig._ = figuratively. _G._ = Galdós. _Gall._ = Gallicism, Gallicistically. _i._ = intransitive. _im._ = impersonally. _ind._ = indicative. _inf._ = infinitive. _intj._ = interjection. _L._ = Latin. _lit._ = literally. _m._ = masculine. _N._ = note to. _neg._ = negative. _obs._ = obsolete. _pl._ = plural. _pr._ = pronoun. _prep._ = preposition. _ptc._ = past participle. _r._ = reflexive. _rel._ = relative. _sc._ = you are to think of. _sg._ = singular. _subj._ = subjunctive. _sup._ = superlative. _t._ = transitive. _tr._ = translate. _untr._ = to be left untranslated. _w._ = with.

_adv._ =-mente= = the feminine of this adjective with the suffix =-mente= is used as an adverb, translated by adding the suffix '-ly' to the definition of the adjective, or by putting 'in' before the adjective and 'fashion' after it.

_conj. w._ =que= = with =que= it forms a phrase used as a conjunction; same translation as without =que=.

_prep. w._ =de= = with =de= it forms a phrase used as a preposition; same translation as without =de=.

The sign =-= in the black type means the word which stood in black type at the head of the paragraph: =las -s= under =ala= means =las alas=. When this sign is accompanied by letters in black italic type, the meaning is that the beginning or ending of the word at the head of the paragraph is to be changed to what is printed in black italics: _-do_ under =acabar= means =acabado=.