CHAPTER XVIII.

BECKFORD. ST. JOHN. CONDITION. INOCULATION. VACCINATION. CONCLUSION.

556. Reflect on what is said.--557. Not to rest content with bad dogs.--558. Beckford's opinion of the education that could be given to Dog.--559. Education of the Buck-hound.--560, 561. St. John's opinion. The old Show-woman's learned dog.--562. Hunting to be Dog's principal enjoyment.--563. While young, not to have run of kitchen. To be in kennel; not tied up; chain better than rope.--564. When older, more liberty allowed, but never to "self-hunt;" old Dogs spontaneously take _judicious_ liberties. Easier to teach accomplishments than cure faults. "Self-hunter's" example most dangerous.--565. Fine range and perseverance attained. Irish red setters.--566. Good condition; exercise on road; attention to feet. In Note, Claws sometimes too long; Claws of Tigress that ran into feet.--567. Diet to be considered; muscle wanted; fat detrimental, except to Water Retrievers. In Note, recipe for waterproofing boots.--568. Indian-corn meal; Mr. Herbert's opinion of; feed of an evening.--569. Beef-soup brings Mange in hot climates: Mutton better--meat necessary to prevent disgusting habits.--570. Good condition of Nose most material; Kennels.--571. Warmth necessary; Winter pups.--572. Pups inoculated for Distemper.--573 to 575. Vaccinated for Distemper.--576. Blaine and Colonel Cook thought it useless.--577. Old prejudice against Vaccination.--578. Colonel Hawker advocates it.--579. Salt for Distemper.--580. Easy to give medicine.--581. The method.--582. If force is necessary.--583. Castor oil lapped up with milk.--584. Dog not to be lent.--586. In Note, old sportsman's advice about choosing a Keeper.--588. Education gradual; taught from the A, B, C. In Note, Query, do Keepers find time to break in dogs of strangers, while their masters' remain unfinished? Advantage of young Dog's accompanying Keeper when he goes his rounds by day. "Snap" daily visiting the traps for his master.--585 to 589. The Conclusion.

556. We have come to the concluding division (dignified by the name of Chapter) of this little Work; for I have at length nearly finished my prosing about dog-breaking. But reflect upon what I have said. The more you do, the more, I think, you will be of opinion that I have recommended only what is reasonable, and that but little attention beyond the trouble usually bestowed, _if directed by good judgment_, is required to give a dog the education which I have described.

[Page Header: BECKFORD--BUCKHOUND.]

557. I wish I could animate you with but a quarter of the enthusiasm which I once felt on the subject. I am not desirous of making you dissatisfied with anything that you possess, excepting your dogs, such as, I fear, they most probably are, and that only because, if they are young, a little judicious extra-exertion on your part will add as much to their usefulness as to your own enjoyment. And I do not wish them, or anything you have, or have not, to make you discontented; I only pray you not to be supine. If you can get no more alluring drink than cold water, reflect on its wholesomeness, and enjoy it, if you can, with all the relish of a parched Arab; but I entreat you not to be contented with a disorderly _noise-exciting_ cur, when a trifling addition to your pains will ensure you an obedient, well-trained animal,--one that will procure you twice as many shots as the other. It will, indeed. Believe me, I am not too extravagant in my conception of a perfect dog. You may not consider it worth your while to take the trouble of giving him such an education; but it seems hardly reasonable to say it could not be imparted. Naturally enough you may distrust my judgment, but you cannot doubt the experience of the reflecting, discriminating Beckford; and what does he say on the subject of canine education?

558. "The many learned dogs and learned horses that so frequently appear and astonish the vulgar, sufficiently evince what education is capable of; and it is to education I must attribute the superior excellence of the buckhound, since I have seen high-bred fox-hounds do the same under the same good masters.

559. "Dogs that are constantly with their masters acquire a wonderful degree of penetration, and much may be done through the medium of their affections. I attribute the extraordinary sagacity of the buckhound to the manner in which he is treated. He is the constant companion of his instructor and benefactor--the man whom he was first taught to fear he has since learned to love. Can we wonder that he should be obedient to him? Oft have we viewed with surprise the hounds and deer amusing themselves familiarly together on the same lawn,--living, as it were, in the most friendly intercourse; and with no less surprise have we heard the keeper give the word, when instantly the very nature of the dog seemed changed; roused from his peaceful state, he is urged on with a relentless fury, which only death can satisfy--the death of the _very_ deer he is encouraged to pursue. The business of the day over, see him follow, careless and contented, his master's steps, to repose on the same lawn where the frightened deer again return, and are again indebted to _his_ courtesy for their wonted pasture. Wonderful proofs of obedience, sagacity, and penetration!"

560. If you have at hand St. John's "Tour in Sutherlandshire" (he is the author of that most interesting work, "Wild Sports and Natural History of the Highlands"), pray turn to the part in the second volume, where he describes the old show-woman's learned dog. I would transcribe the whole of the amusing account, were not this little book already swollen to undue proportions--but I must quote the concluding observations, as his opinion respecting the aptitude of dogs for instruction so fully coincides with Beckford's.

[Page Header: SHOW-WOMAN'S DOG.]

561. "The tricks consisted of the usual routine of adding up figures, spelling short words, and finding the first letter of any town named by one of the company. The last trick was very cleverly done, and puzzled us very much, as we--_i.e._ the grown-up part of the audience--were most intently watching not him but his mistress, in order to discover what signs she made to guide him in his choice of the cards; but we could not perceive that she moved hand or foot, or made any signal whatever. Indeed, the dog seemed to pay but little regard to her, but to receive his orders direct from any one who gave them. In fact, his teaching must have been perfect, and his intellect wonderful. Now I dare say I shall be laughed at for introducing an anecdote of a learned dog, and told that it was 'all trick.' No doubt it was 'all trick,' but it was a very clever one, and showed how capable of education dogs are--far more so than we imagine. For here was a dog performing tricks so cleverly that not one out of four or five persons, who were most attentively watching, could find out how he was assisted by his mistress."

562. In following Beckford's advice respecting your making, as far as is practicable, your dog your "constant companion," do not, however, forget that you require him to evince great diligence and perseverance in the field; and, therefore, that his highest enjoyment must consist in being allowed to hunt.

[Page Header: LIBERTIES PERMITTED.]

563. Now, it seems to be a principle of nature,--of canine as well as human nature,--to feel, through life, most attachment to that pursuit, whatever it may be, which is most followed in youth. If a dog is permitted as a youngster to have the run of the kitchen, he will be too fond of it when grown up. If he is allowed to amuse himself in every way his fancy dictates, he will think little of the privilege of hunting. Therefore, the hours he cannot pass with you (after you have commenced his education), I am sorry to say it, but I must do so, he ought to be in his _kennel_--loose in his kennel,[102] not tied up; for straining at his collar would throw out his elbows, and so make him grow up bandy-legged. If, however, he must be fastened, let it be by a chain. He would soon learn to gnaw through a cord, especially if a young puppy, who, from nature, is constantly using his teeth, and thus acquire a trick that some day might prove very inconvenient were no chain at hand. You would greatly consult his comfort by having the chain attached, with a loose ring and swivel, to a spike fixed a few paces in front of his kennel, so that he could take some exercise by trotting round and round.

[Page Header: "SELF-HUNTING."]

564. When your dog has attained some age, and hunting has become with him a regular passion, I believe you may give him as much liberty as you please without diminishing his zeal,--but most carefully prevent his ever hunting alone, technically called "self-hunting." At that advanced time of life, too, a few occasional irregularities in the field may be innocuously permitted. The steadiest dogs will, at times, deviate from the usual routine of their business, sagaciously thinking that such departure from rule must be acceptable if it tends to obtain the game; and it will be advisable to leave an experienced dog to himself whenever he evinces great perseverance in spontaneously following some unusual plan. You may have seen an old fellow, instead of cautiously "roading" and "pointing dead," rush forward and seize an unfortunate winged bird, while it was making the best use of its legs after the flight of the rest of the covey--some peculiarity in the scent emitted having probably betrayed to the dog's _practised_ nose that the bird was injured. When your pup arrives at such years of discrimination, you need not so rigorously insist upon a patient "down charge," should you see a winged cock-pheasant running into cover. Your dog's habits of discipline would be, I should hope, too well confirmed by his previous course of long drill for such a temporary departure from rule to effect any permanent mischief; but, oh! beware of any such laxity with a _young_ pupil, however strongly you may be tempted. In five minutes you may wholly undo the labour of a month. On days, therefore, when you are anxious, _coûte qui coûte_, to fill the game-bag, pray leave him at home. Let him acquire any bad habit when you are thus pressed for birds, and you will have more difficulty in eradicating it than you would have in teaching him almost any accomplishment. This reason made me all along keep steadily in view the supposition, that you had commenced with a dog unvitiated by evil associates, either biped or quadruped; for assuredly you would find it far easier to give a thoroughly good education to such a pupil, than to complete the tuition (particularly in his range) of one usually considered broken, and who must, in the natural order of things, have acquired some habits more or less opposed to your own system. If, as a puppy, he had been allowed to self-hunt and chase, your labour would be herculean. And inevitably this would have been your task, had you ever allowed him to associate with any dog who "self-hunted." The oldest friend in your kennel might be led astray by forming an intimacy with the veriest cur, if a "self-hunter." There is a fascination in the vice--above all, in killing young hares and rabbits,--that the steadiest dog cannot resist when he has been persuaded to join in the sport by some vagabond of a poacher possessing a tolerable nose, rendered keenly discerning by experience.

565. I hope that by this time we too well understand each other for you now to wonder why I think that you should not commence hunting your young dog where game is abundant. Professional breakers prefer such ground, because, from getting plenty of points, it enables them to train their dogs more quickly, and _sufficiently well_ to ensure an early sale. This is _their_ object, and they succeed. _My_ object is that you shall establish _ultimately_ great perseverance and a fine range in your young dog, let birds be ever so scarce. If you show him too many at first, he will subsequently become easily dispirited whenever he fails in getting a point.

[Page Header: ENERGY OF IRISH DOGS.]

It is the general paucity of game in Ireland (snipe and woodcock excepted) that makes dogs trained in that country show so much untiring energy and indomitable zeal when hunted on our side of the Channel. But the slight wiry Irish red setter (whom it is so difficult to see on the moor from his colour), is naturally a dog of great pace and endurance. There is, however, a much heavier sort.

566. Many dogs, solely from want of good condition, greatly disappoint their masters at the beginning of the season. You could not expect your hunter to undergo a hard day's work without a previous course of tolerably severe exercise; and why expect it of your dog? A couple of hours' quiet exercise in the cool of the morning or evening will not harden his feet, and get him into the wind and condition requisite for the performance you may desire of him some broiling day in the middle of August or early in September. If you do not like to disturb your game, and have no convenient country to hunt over, why should you not give him some gallops before the beginning of the shooting-season, when you are mounted on your trotting hackney? Think how greyhounds are by degrees brought into wind and hard meat before coursing commences. Such work on the road will greatly benefit his feet,[103] particularly if, on his return home in wet weather, they are bathed with a strong solution of salt and water. When the ground is hard and dry, they should be washed with warm water and soap, both to soothe them and to remove all dust and gravel. They might afterwards be gradually hardened by applying the salt and water. When they are inflamed and bruised, almost a magical cure might be effected by their being sponged with a solution of arnica--ten parts of water to one of arnica. Should the dog lick the lotion, dissolve a little aloes in it. If, by-the-bye, you would make it a rule personally to ascertain that attention is always paid to your dogs after a hard day's work, and not leave them to the tender mercies of an uninterested servant, you would soon be amply repaid for your trouble by their additional performance. Many men make it a rule to send their dogs to the mountains a week or two before the grouse-shooting; but they seldom even then get sufficiently exercised, and their mettle is slacked (confessedly a temporary advantage with half broken, _wild_ dogs), instead of being increased, by finding that, however many points they may make (at squeakers under their nose), they never secure a bird. A month's road-work, with alterative medicine, is far better.

[Page Header: MUSCLE WANTED, NOT FAT.]

567. Dogs severely worked should be fed abundantly on a nutritious diet. Hunters and stage-coach horses have an unlimited allowance, and the work of eager setters and pointers (in a hilly country particularly) is proportionately hard; but the constitutions of dogs vary so greatly that the quantity as well as quality of their diet should be considered; for it must be your aim to obtain the largest development of muscle with the least superfluity of flesh,--that enemy to pace and endurance in dog as surely as in horse and man. Yet this remark does not apply to a water retriever: he should have fat. It is a warm, well-fitting great coat, more impervious to wet than a _Mackintosh_,--furnished by Providence to whales, bears, and all animals that have to contend with cold; and obviously your patient companion will feel the benefit of one when he is shivering alongside you while you are lying _perdu_ in a bed of damp rushes.[104]

[Page Header: NOSE IN CONDITION.]

568. Having mentioned condition, I am led to observe, that in America I saw a pointer, which, from being hunted, I may say daily, Sundays excepted, could not be kept in condition on oatmeal and greaves, but which was put in hard flesh, and did his work admirably, when Indian-corn meal was substituted for the oatmeal. I have not seen it used in this country, but I can fancy it to be a heating food, better calculated for dogs at regular hard work than when they are summering.[105] It is well known that no food should be given in a very hot state,--not of a higher temperature than milk-warm; and that evening is the proper feeding-time, in order that the dogs may sleep immediately afterwards, and not be full when they are taken out for their morning's work.

569. In India, I remember complaining to an old sportsman that I had much difficulty in keeping my dogs free from mange. He at once asked if I did not give them beef-tea with their rice. I acknowledged that I did. He said it was of too heating a nature. I tried mutton-broth, agreeably to his recommendation. Every vestige of mange vanished, but yet I could hardly believe it attributable to so slight a change in their diet, for very little meat was used. As the mutton was much dearer, I again tried the beef. It would not do. The mange reappeared. I was, therefore, obliged to return to the mutton, and continue it. The teeth of dogs show that flesh is a natural diet; and if they are wholly deprived of it when they are young, they will acquire most revolting habits,--feeding upon any filth they may find, and often rolling in it. The meat should be cooked.

570. The good condition of a dog's nose is far from being an immaterial part of his conditioning, for on the preservation of its sensitiveness chiefly depends your hope of sport. If it be dry from being feverish, or if it be habituated to the villanous smells of an impure kennel, how are you to expect it to acknowledge the faintest taint of game--yet one that, if followed up by olfactory nerves in high order, would lead to a sure find? Sweetness of breath is a strong indication of health. Cleanliness is as essential as a judicious diet; and you may be assured, that if you look for excellence, you must always have your youngster's kennel clean, dry, airy, and yet sufficiently warm. The more you attend to this, the greater will be his bodily strength and the finer his nose.

In India the kennels are, of course, too hot; but in the best constructed which fell under my observation, the heat was much mitigated by the roofs being thickly thatched with grass. In England, however, nearly all kennels--I am not speaking of those for hounds--are far too cold in winter.

[Page Header: KENNELS. WARMTH NECESSARY.]

571. There must be _sufficient_ warmth. Observe how a petted dog, especially after severe exercise, lays himself down close to the fire, and enjoys it. Do you not see that instinct teaches him to do this? and must it not be of great service to him? Why, therefore, deny him in cold weather, after a hard day's work, a place on the hearth-rug? It is the want of sufficient heat in the kennels, and good drying and brushing after hard work, that makes sporting dogs, particularly if they are long-coated ones, suffer from rheumatism, blear eyes, and many ills that generally, but not necessarily, attend them in old age. The instance given in 226 is a proof of this.

Winter pups, you are told, are not so strong as those born in summer. They would be, if they were reared in a warm room. The mother's bodily heat cannot warm them; for after a while, they so pull her about and annoy her, that she either leaves them for a time, or drives them from her.

[Page Header: VACCINATION FOR DISTEMPER.]

572. As I have casually touched on puppies, I will take the opportunity of recommending, according to the plan adopted by some sportsmen, and of which I have experienced the advantage, that you have a whole litter, soon after it has been weaned, (provided it be in a healthy state), inoculated for the distemper,--a small feather, previously inserted in the nose of a diseased dog, being for an instant put up the nostrils of the puppies. It will be necessary to keep them unusually warm,[106] and feed them high, while they are suffering from the effects of this treatment. It is not likely that you will lose any; but if you should, the loss will be small compared with that of an educated dog at a mature age. The extent of the mischief will probably be a slight cough, with a little running at the nose for a few days.

573. Having heard that vaccination would greatly mitigate the distressing symptoms of distemper, if not entirely remove all susceptibility to infection, I endeavoured to possess myself with the facts of the case. Circumstances were thus brought to my knowledge which appear so interesting, that a brief detail of them may not be unacceptable to some of my readers. It would seem that vaccination might be made as great a blessing to the canine race as it has proved to mankind:--that is to say, many experienced men are still of that opinion. All that I heard of material import is nearly embodied in letters I received, some years ago, from Mr. L----e, of Neat's Court, Isle of Sheppey, an intelligent sportsman, much attached to coursing. As I am sure he will not object to my doing so, I will quote largely from his notes. He writes nearly _mot-à-mot_.

574. "It is with pleasure that I answer yours of this morning, and give you what little information I can respecting the vaccination of my puppies. Mr. Fellowes, who resided about eight years since at 34, Baker Street, was the first person from whom I learned anything on the subject. He was a great breeder of bull-dogs, of all the canine race the most difficult to save in distemper, greyhounds being, perhaps, the next on the list.[107] He told me that in twelve years he had lost but two puppies, and those not, he believed, from distemper, and yet he had regularly bred every year.

575. "I went to town purposely to see him operate upon a clutch. The method is very simple. Take a small piece of floss silk, and draw the end through a needle. On about the middle of the silk place some matter (when in a proper state) extracted from a child's arm. Unfold (throw back) the ear so as to be able to see the interior part near the root. You will then perceive a little projecting knob or kernel almost detached from the ear. With the needle pierce through this kernel. Draw the silk each way till the blood starts. Tie the ends of the silk, and the process is completed. You may let the silk remain there: it will drop off after a time. The object is to deposit the matter by this method, instead of employing a lancet. I have great faith in the efficacy of the plan, simple as it appears. With me it has never failed. For some years in succession I dropped a clutch of greyhounds and two litters of setters, and not a single pup had the distemper more severely than for the disease to be just perceptible. A little opening medicine then quickly removed that slight symptom of illness. Perhaps the best age to operate upon puppies is when they are well recovered from their weaning."

576. The balance of testimony and experience is, in my opinion, quite in favour of vaccination; but there are authorities of weight who think that no good results from it. It is, however, certain that it cannot be productive of harm. Blaine writes that, as far as his experience went, "vaccination neither exempts the canine race from the attack of the distemper, nor mitigates the severity of the complaint." He adds, however, that the point was still at issue.

577. It appears right to observe that Blaine and Jenner were contemporaries at a period when the medical world was greatly opposed to the vaccination of children. It is not surprising, therefore, that there should have been an unjust prejudice against the vaccination of puppies. Youatt is altogether silent on the subject, although he quotes Dr. Jenner's description of distemper. Colonel Cook, in his observations on fox-hunting, &c., says, "Vaccination was tried in some kennels as a preventive, but it failed, and was abandoned." Mayhew[108] does not allude to it.

578. Not until after the foregoing remarks on vaccination were written, was I aware that Colonel Hawker recommended the plan, or, of course, I should, in former editions, have quoted such high authority. Speaking in 1838, he observes, "I have ever since adopted the plan of vaccination; and so little, if any, has been the effect of distemper after it, that I have not lost a dog since the year 1816."--"This remedy has been followed with great success both here and in the United States. The plan adopted is to insert a small quantity of vaccine matter under each ear, just as you would do in the human arm."

579. I know of many dogs in the south of England having been cured of a regular attack of distemper by a lump of salt, about the size of a common marble, being occasionally forced down their throats; say, for a grown-up pointer, half a dozen doses, with an interval of two or three hours between each. The salt acts as an emetic. Nourishing food and warmth are very requisite.

[Page Header: MEDICINE, HOW GIVEN.]

580. To some few of my readers it may possibly be of use to observe, that with a little management, it is very easy to trick a dog into taking medicine.

581. If your patient is a large animal, make a hole in a piece of meat, and having wrapped the physic in thin paper, shove it into the hole. Throw the dog one or two bits of meat, then the piece containing the medicine, and the chances are that he will bolt it without in the least suspecting he has been deceived. A pill, enveloped in silver paper, emits no smell. If a powder is well rubbed up with butter, and a little at a time of the mixture be smeared over the animal's nose, he will lick it off and swallow it. Powders can also be placed between thin slices of bread and butter, and be so administered. If you are treating a small pampered favourite, probably a little previous starvation will assist you.

582. Should you fail in your stratagems, and force be necessary, it will be best to lay the dog on his back, or place him in a sitting posture between your knees, with his back towards you. In either position his legs are useless to him, as they have no fulcrum. While you are making him open his mouth, if you do this by forcing your thumb and fingers between his grinders, you can effectually protect yourself from a bite by covering them with the dog's own lips--any powders then placed far back on the tongue near the throat must be swallowed on the dog's mouth being firmly closed for a few seconds. He will not be able to eject them as they will adhere to his moist tongue. If given with a little dry sugar they will be the less nauseous, and therefore the dog will be less disposed to rebel when next you have occasion to act the part of a doctor.

583. Castor oil is a valuable medicine for dogs; and it is a good plan to let a pup occasionally lap milk into which a little of this oil is poured, as then he will not in after life dislike the mixture.

[Page Header: DOG NOT TO BE LENT.]

584. I have still one very important direction to give: _NEVER LEND YOUR DOG_. It may seem selfish, but if you make him a really good one, I strongly advise you never to lend him to any one not even to a brother, unless, indeed, his method of hunting be precisely the same as your's. If you are a married man, you will not, I presume, lend your wife's horse to any one who has a coarse hand; you would at least do it with reluctance; but you ought (I hope she will forgive my saying so) to feel far more reluctance and far more grief, should you be obliged to lend a good dog to an ignorant sportsman or to one who shoots for the pot.

CONCLUSION.

585. Gentle Reader, according to the courteous phraseology of old novels, though most probably I ought to say, Brother Sportsman;--if you have had the patience to attend me through the preceding pages, while I have been describing the educational course of a dog from almost his infancy, up to maturity, I will hope that I may construe that patience into an evidence that they have afforded you some amusement and, perhaps, some useful instruction.

586. Though I may have failed in persuading you to undertake the instruction of your dogs yourself, yet I trust I have shown you how they ought to be broken in;[109] and if you are a novice in the field, I hope I have clearly explained to you in what manner they ought to be shot over,--a knowledge which no one can possess by intuition, and which you will find nearly as essential to the preservation of the good qualities of well-tutored dogs, as to the education of uninformed ones.

587. I believe that all I have said is perfectly true, and, as the system which I have described advocates kind treatment of man's most faithful companion, and his instruction with mildness rather than severity, I trust that you will be induced to give it a fair trial, and if you find it successful, recommend its adoption.

588. I dare not ask for the same favour at the hands of the generality of regular trainers--I have no right to expect such liberality. They, naturally enough, will not readily forgive my intruding upon what they consider exclusively their own domain,--and, above all, they will not easily pardon my urging every sportsman to break in his own dogs. They will, I know, endeavour to persuade their employers that the finished education which I have described is useless, or quite unattainable, without a great sacrifice of time;[110] and that, therefore, the system which I advocate is a bad one. They will wish it to be forgotten--that I advise a gradual advance, step by step, from the A, B, C;--that accomplishments have only been recommended _after_ the acquisition of essentials--never at the expense of essentials;--that at any moment it is in the instructor's power to say, "I am now satisfied with the extent of my pupil's acquirements, and have neither leisure nor inclination to teach him more;"--and that they cannot suggest quicker means of imparting any grade of education, however incomplete; at least they do not--I wish they would; few would thank them more than myself.

[Page Header: CAUSE OF AUTHOR'S WRITING.]

589. Greatly vexed at the erroneous way in which I saw some dogs instructed in the north by one, who from his profession should have known better, I promised, on the impulse of the moment, to write. If I could have purchased any work which treated the subject in what I considered a judicious and perspicuous manner, and, above all, which taught by what means a _finished_ education could be imparted, I would gladly have recommended the study of it,--have spared myself the trouble of detailing the results of my own observations and experience,--and not have sought to impose on any one the task of reading them. When I began the book, and even when I had finished it, I intended to put it forth without any token by which the writer might be discovered. Mr. Murray, however, forcibly presented that unless the public had some guarantee for the fidelity of the details, there would be no chance of the little work being circulated, or proving useful; therefore, having written solely from a desire to assist my brother sportsmen, and to show the injudiciousness of severity, with a wish that my readers might feel as keen a zest for shooting as I once possessed, and with a charitable hope that they might not be compelled to seek it in as varied climates as was my lot, I at once annexed my address and initials to the manuscript, but with no expectation that my pen could interest the public half as much as it would a favourite Skye terrier, well known in Albemarle Street.

UNITED SERVICE CLUB,

PALL MALL.

POSTSCRIPT

TO THE SECOND EDITION, REPRINTED IN THIS.

[Page Header: MR. L----G'S LETTER.]

Sometime after the foregoing sheets were numbered and prepared for the press, I received a letter on the subject of dogs and dog-breaking from Mr. L----g (spoken of in 183).

I had long ago requested him freely to make remarks upon my book, assuring him that as I had only written from a wish to be serviceable, I could not but take all his comments in good part, however much they might be opposed to my pre-conceived ideas. I further promised to mention his criticisms for the benefit of my future readers, if I considered them judicious.

Every man is fully entitled to form an opinion for himself: and as there are minor points--though on most we are fully agreed--in which Mr. L----g and myself slightly differ, I think it the fairest plan to let him explain his own views in his own way, and I have the less hesitation in doing so as, to most sportsmen, a letter from a clever sportsman on his favourite subject must always be more or less interesting. He writes nearly word for word as follows:--

"7, HAYMARKET, January, 1850.

"SIR,--On perusing your book on dog-breaking I really find little, if anything, to say that will assist you in your new edition; but I must observe that I think you would be doing a service to the community, if you would lend a helping hand to improve the breed of pointers; or rather to get up a sort of committee of sportsmen (thorough judges) to investigate into the pedigree of dogs, and express their opinion of the make, nose, durability, &c., of the several animals submitted to them; that prizes might be awarded, or stakes hunted for; and books kept of the pedigree of the several competitors, much in the same way as such matters are managed with greyhounds.

"It is of no consequence how fast a dog travels who is wanted for the moors, or how wide he ranges; but such a dog would be worse than useless in the south, and in all small enclosures. I feel assured that dogs which are first-rate on grouse are not fitted for partridge. My experience tells me that not one dog in twenty is worth keeping,--that the generality do far more harm than good,--this I see almost every day that I am out. There seem to be now-a-days no recognised thorough-bred pointers, but those obtained from one or two kennels in Yorkshire. I have shot over many north-country dogs, but found there was too much of the fox-hound blood in them for the south,--they are too high-couraged, and range much too far. After the first fortnight of partridge-shooting you want quiet, close rangers who will never move until told. In the turnip-fields in Norfolk you will get among lots of birds, and you may then fill your bag any day, provided you can hunt the field in perfect quiet; but with a rattling, blustering dog you will hardly get a shot,--yet you want a dog that shall be neither too large nor too heavy.

"Not one dog in fifty of the many I see, properly hunts his ground. The reason is this. The keepers in the north,--yet none understand their duties better,--take out a lot of dogs along with an old one; off they all start like oiled lightning--some one way, the others just the contrary: one gets a point, they all drop and stop. The keepers say, is not that beautiful?--is it not a picture for Landseer? I have followed the party on the moors over the self-same ground a dozen of times, and obtained with my brace of close rangers and good finders double the number of shots that they did, and three times the amount of game; for I was walking at my ease, and giving my dogs time to make out the birds--which is very essential in the middle of the day, when there is a scorching sun.

"I recollect one instance in particular. Some years ago I had just arrived at the top of a very stiff hill on the Bradfield Moors (in Yorkshire), and was making for a certain spring where I had forwarded my luncheon, and a fresh supply of ammunition, when I saw, immediately before me, two gentlemen with their keepers, and four very good-looking setters, hunting the precise ground I had to take to get to my point--about a mile off. I therefore sat down for a quarter of an hour to let them get well ahead. They found several straggling birds; but there was such a noise from the keepers rating and hallooing to the dogs, that, although they got five or six shots, they only bagged one brace of birds. When they reached the spring, they observed me coming over the very ground they had beat only a quarter of an hour before. I got ten shots, every one to points, and killed nine birds. I was highly complimented on the beautiful, quiet style of my dogs, &c., and was offered a goblet of as fine old sherry as man ever drunk. I need not observe that I much relished it after my morning's walk. The gentlemen said, that if I felt disposed to take the dogs to the Tontine Inn, Sheffield, when I had done with them, I should find fifty guineas there awaiting me; but I declined the offer, as on several occasions I had repented having yielded to the temptation of a long price for favourite dogs. The brace I refused to sell were young setters, bred by Tom Cruddas, keeper to--Bowes, Esq., near Barnard Castle, Durham. I subsequently found them very unfitted for the style of work required in small fields and indifferent stubble, and I was well beaten in a trial with them against a brace of Russian setters. I afterwards procured the latter by exchanging my Englishmen for them. For two years I was much pleased with the foreigners, and bred some puppies from them; they did not, however, turn out to my satisfaction. I then tried a cross with some of the best dogs I could get in England and from Russia, but could never obtain any so good as the original stock. I have now got into a breed of red and white pointers from the splendid stock of the late Sir Harry Goodrich, and many and many another hundred head of game should I have killed,--and in much greater comfort and temper should I have shot,--had I possessed so perfect a breed twenty years ago.

"As a proof of what can be done with dogs, I will mention that I broke in a spaniel to hunt (with my setters) in the open as well as in cover, and made him 'point,' 'back,' and 'drop to charge,' as perfectly as any dog you ever saw; and he would, when ordered, retrieve his game; the setter, meanwhile, never moving until desired. I shot over them for two years. They were a very killing pair, but had not a sporting look. In September, '38, I took them with me to that excellent sportsman, Sir Richard Sutton. The old Squire Osbaldiston, was there. They were both much pleased with the dogs. By letting my poor pet 'Dash' run about, he was bitten by a mad dog in the neighbourhood. Of course I lost him.

"Speaking of spaniels, I must say I think that there is no kind of dog that retrieves birds so well in thick turnips, where so much dead and wounded game is frequently left unbagged. With 'Dash' I seldom lost a feather in the strongest turnips in the course of a whole day; but I now rarely go out with sportsmen but that I see two or three birds lost,--sometimes more,--from what are _said_ to be the best breed of retrievers in the country. The constant loss of wounded birds is one of the drawbacks to the Norfolk shooting, where, without doubt, the finest shooting in England is to be obtained. Gentlemen there go out, some four, five, or six in a line, with only one or two retrievers, and a man to each to pick up the killed game. The sportsmen never stop to load, for each has generally a man by his side with a spare gun ready charged. If a bird is winged, or a hare wounded, the dogs go in at once to fetch it. Were the sportsmen to divide into distinct parties, each party taking one or two steady, close-ranging dogs, what much more true sport and pleasure they would have!--and kill, too, quite as much game.

"You ask me wherein I differ from you in what you have written? Certainly in very little,--and I have sent several gentlemen to Murray's for copies of your book; but in page 3, you say that 'dog-breaking does not require much experience.' There I cannot agree with you,--for how is it that there are so few who understand it? Not one keeper or gentleman in a thousand, in my opinion. The reason is that they have not sufficient practice and experience.[111]

"In another point I differ with you. I have seen some of the best rangers I ever shot over made by being allowed to follow their mother in the field, or some very old dog,[112]--what some people would term a worn-out potterer. But I think it a yet better plan to attach a lay-cord of about forty yards in length to the collar of the young dog, and let a man or boy hold the other end. You will give a slight whistle when he gets to the extremity of his range, and a wave of the hand to turn him forward or back.[113] By such means I have seen dogs, with a few days' constant shooting, made perfect in that,--the _most essential_ thing in all dog-breaking.

"I observe that you condemn the check-collar[114] _in toto_. I think you are wrong. I have seen dogs cured by it who would not drop to shot, but would perpetually rush in, especially if a wounded bird was fluttering near them, and who had been most unmercifully licked, to no useful purpose. I recollect orders being given to destroy a dog that appeared utterly incorrigible. As he was a beautiful 'finder,' I begged that he might be allowed one more trial. I sent to town for a check-collar, and in a few hours he was pulled head over heels half-a-dozen times. He then found out what he was punished for, squatted down accordingly, and never afterwards attempted to rush forward, unless he was over-fresh. You speak of hares not annoying your dogs in Scotland. I have been sadly annoyed by them when grouse-shooting there. In one part, from hares jumping up every five minutes, I had great difficulty in restraining my dogs from chasing; and on this occasion I found the check-collar quite a blessing,--for had I used the whip I should have been thrown off my shooting, and the noise would have disturbed the birds. I had at the time two of the best shots in England shooting against me, and I should to a certainty have been beaten had I not been so prudent as to take out the collar.

"I remember selling to a young officer a brace of my puppies, or rather young dogs (for they were eighteen months old), for twenty-five guineas. They were well broken, but had not been shot over. He had not been an hour on the moors before up started one of the small Scotch sheep. Both the dogs gave chase, and on their return the keeper was directed to give them a good dressing. One of them would not hunt for them again, and became so timid that the officer desired the keeper to get rid of it. It was given to a gentleman in the neighbourhood, who knew he could not be far away in accepting it, as it had been bred and sold by me. He took it out a few times and soon found out its value. The other dog the officer sold for 10_l._, and then wrote a very angry letter to me, complaining of my having sold him such a brace as well broken. A fortnight after this he invited the gentleman who had become possessor of the shy puppy to come and shoot with him. The gentleman made his appearance with, what he termed, his 'shy friend.' After many protestations against taking out such a brute, it was agreed that it should be done on the gentleman's offering to bet 5_l._ that his 'shy friend' would get more points than either of the dogs they proposed hunting; and another 5_l._ that he should prove himself the best broken of the dogs, and never during the whole day offer to chase hare or sheep. The bets were not made, but to show you the esteem in which his late master afterwards held the animal, he offered fifty guineas to get her back, but the money was refused. His brother also turned out a magnificent dog--so much for want of patience.

"It is just possible that all I have written may be of no use,--but should you find it of any, it is quite at your service. Since I last saw you I have had many more opportunities of observing the extraordinary nose of the dog I showed you--a quality in which I fancy forty-nine out of fifty dogs are deficient. I sent him down to Hickfield-place, Hants, for the Speaker, who is an excellent sportsman, to use for a few times to see if he was not superior to his dogs. He returned the dog with a very handsome basket of game, saying he was one of the finest dogs he had ever seen hunted, and he begged me to get him a brace of the same kind against next season; stating that the price would be no consideration if they proved as good as mine. I have tried him against many other old dogs, _said_ to be 'the best in England,' but not one of them had a shadow of a chance against him. I have refused a very long price for him. For beauty, style, symmetry, nose, durability, and good temper (a great thing), none can beat him. I should like to increase his breed for the sake of the shooting community; yet I have no wish to keep him publicly as a sire, nor to send him away. I think I should be doing a general benefit, if I gave it out that his services could be obtained for three guineas: and that the sums thus obtained were to be set aside as a prize for the best dog, to be contended for by competitors who should give 3_l._ or 5_l._ each. Something of this kind, could, I think, be managed, and it would greatly tend to improve our breed of pointers. I bought a bitch with the view of getting some pups by him. She had nine, but not one like the father, grandfather, or great-grandfather--so I sold her, puppies and all. I have just purchased another; she comes of an excellent stock, and has good shape. I shall see what luck I have with her. She is a far more likely dam.

"I should have written to you long ago, had I not expected to meet the person I term my Yorkshire breeder. He is _the best breaker I ever saw_, and a man you can depend upon. He and his father, for sixty years, have borne as high a character for honesty, as for excellence in breaking. Many a time has he contended, and always come off victor, against Mr. Edge's dogs--a good trial kennel, but the breed have savage dispositions, bad tempers, and are very unmanageable when young. I have tried many of them myself, and have no faith in them.

"On the moors, when the work is excessively fatiguing, and plenty of water is generally to be found, you may with advantage employ setters: but in a hot September, in England, when no water could be procured, I have known some of the best setters I ever saw do nothing but put up the birds. In mid-day, when there was but little scent, their nasal organs seemed quite to fail them, and being fast they constantly ran into coveys before they could stop themselves.

"I was once asked to be umpire in a match between a pointer and a setter. It was to be decided by which of the dogs got most points in the day. As this was the agreement, I was obliged to abide by it and decide accordingly: but that is not the test by which the superiority of dogs ought to be determined. I presume what is really wanted in a dog is _usefulness to his master in killing game_. If so, that dog ought to be considered best which gets his master most shots within a rise not exceeding forty yards.[115] The setter being faster and taking a much wider range, got by far the most points, therefore I was compelled to award him the prize; but the pointer made twenty-two points to which the party got twenty-one shots. The setter got thirty points, but only sixteen of them could be shot to, and he put up thrice as many birds as the pointer. I could mention twenty other similar instances of trials between pointers and setters, but I should fill half-a-dozen more sheets and not interest you. It is getting dark, so I will conclude my long yarn.

"I am, Sir,

"Your obedient servant,

(Signed) "JOSH. LANG."

APPENDIX.

NOTE TO 65.--_Covers._--_Shooting._--_Loading._

What convenient covers they are--and what excellent shelter they furnish for game, when planted with holly, laurel, and other evergreens!--especially if the proprietor, in a moment of sporting enthusiasm, has consented to his keeper's request, and had some of the trees half-felled, so that the branches lying on the ground live and grow, deriving nourishment from the sap still flowing through the uncut bark. Perhaps gorse forms the best ground cover for the preservation of game; but it is far from being the most agreeable to shoot in. It has, however, a great merit--it is much disliked by poachers. There should be good roosting-trees; and the different kinds of fir--spruce particularly--give most security, their thick, spreading branches affording much concealment at all seasons of the year. They are, too, of quick growth. But the most favourably planted covers will prove unattractive unless there is a constant supply of water within a reasonable distance. An old brother officer of mine, who has property in Suffolk, argues,--and most will think correctly,--that for the preservation of game, beltings should not run round the external part of an estate (as is often the case,) but lie well within it, and at some distance from a high road.

Talking of beltings and pheasants, as some sporting Griffin (to use an Indian expression) may come across this book, I may as well, for his sake, mention, that pheasants are generally prevented from running to the further end of a belting, and then rising in one dense cloud, by a man sent ahead striking two sticks together, or making some other slight noise which, without too much alarming the birds, yet prevents their running past him. As the guns approach him he gets further forward and takes up another position, keeping wide of the cover whilst he is on the move. Should the Griffin make one of the shooting party, he is advised to bear in mind that the guns should keep close to the hedge (or rails), that any game on the point of "breaking" may not so readily observe them, and in consequence beat a retreat. By-the-bye, my young friend, should you wish your host to give you another invitation to his covers never let him see you carrying your barrels horizontally. If you are a bit of a soldier you will know what I mean when I say that, combining due preparation for prompt action with security to him who may be skirmishing near, your gun can be conveniently borne across the open at the "Slope arms" of the sergeant's fusil. When you are in cover (or your dog draws upon game), it might be carried much in the position of "Port arms." At the moment you level, following the example of the best pigeon shots, place your left hand well in advance of the poise. If you have any fears of the barrels bursting, leave them at home. Your steadiest position is with the elbow held nearly perpendicularly under the gun: whereas your right elbow ought to be almost in a horizontal line with your shoulder, thus furnishing a convenient hollow for the reception of the butt. The firmer you grasp the stock the less is the recoil. That amusing fellow Wanostrocht, in his work on cricketing ("Felix on the Bat"), writes, "The attitude of _en garde_ of the left-handed swordsman is the attitude of _play_ for the right-handed batsman,"--and you, my supposed Griffin, may rest assured that it is the best position your feet and legs can take on a bird's rising, but the right foot might be with advantage a little more to the right. Wanostrocht continues, "The knees are bent; and the body, well balanced, is prepared," you may add, "to turn steadily to the right or left according to the flight of the bird." In nine cases out of ten the common advice to "keep both eyes open" when firing is extremely judicious. But some men are "left-eyed;" a matter you have probably little thought about; and yet it is of consequence, for if you are "left-eyed," your aim from the right shoulder (both eyes being open) cannot be correct. To determine whether or not you are "right-eyed," look steadily, with both eyes open, at any small object near you,--rapidly raise a finger (of either hand) perpendicularly, endeavouring to cover the object. Instantly close the left eye. If you find that your finger lies in the direct line between the object and your right eye, you will have the satisfaction of knowing that you are "right-eyed;" but if your finger, instead of intercepting the object, is wide of the mark, at once close the right eye and open the left, when you will, in all probability, perceive that your finger lies directly between your left eye and the object, thereby showing that you are "left-eyed." I hope it may not be so, as, unless you can shoot from the left shoulder, you ought to close the left eye when bringing your gun to the poise, until from practice you become "right-eyed." The odds are in favour of your being right-legged as well as right-eyed, which important point will be settled, I hope to your satisfaction, should you ever be under the disagreeable necessity of having to kick an impertinent fellow downstairs. Never shoot in a hurry. Strive to acquire coolness--in other words, strive to acquire such a command over your trigger-finger that it shall never bend until so ordered by your judgment. Your eye will inform your reason of the exact moment when you ought to pull, and your finger, submissive to reason, ought to wait for that precise moment, and not yield to any nervousness. Look with the _greatest intensity_ at the bird as it rises, and coolly observe its line of flight while deliberately bringing the barrels to your shoulder. Steadiness will be increased by your not removing the gun from your shoulder the instant you have fired. Never fire when your shot can be of no more advantage than a single bullet. If you have a bet about killing a jack snipe, seize the favourable moment for pulling the trigger when the pellets will be spread over a disk of more than a yard in diameter. He will then be zigzagging some thirty-five or forty yards from you; and if your aim is taken at this moment a full foot in advance of his _general_ line of flight, there is little chance of his escaping unpeppered (and one grain will suffice), however adroitly he may turn and twist. For any kind of bird flying at that distance rapidly down wind and crossing you, your gun ought to be pitched _much_ further forward. A still greater allowance should be made if the distance be considerable: and greater elevation should be then given to the barrels, as the grains of shot will become deflected. The same rule holds with birds rising. Aim must be taken above them. There is always more fear of your firing too much to the rear and too low, than too much to the front and too high. Fancy that hares and rabbits have only heads--and get into the habit of looking at no other part,--nay, of looking yet further ahead. The best cover-shot I know says, that he aims at a rabbit rushing through gorse or underwood a yard in front of the spot where he last caught a glimpse of it. Rabbits halt for a moment the instant they get hidden by cover--not so hares. That their hands and eyes may work in unison, novices have been recommended to hang on the flight of swallows with an unloaded gun. It would be better practice to hang on a full foot or more in front of the birds. To save your locks use snap caps, and pull the very instant you think your aim is correct. No second aim can be so effective as the first. The more you thus practise (and at game especially, in order to overcome any nervous sensation occasioned by birds rising) before you commence using powder, the more certain is it that you will eventually become a cool, steady shot. After having commenced the campaign in right earnest, should you be shooting unsteadily or nervously, you would do well to have the philosophy to go up a few times to your dog's point with uncapped nipples, and by taking (long after the birds are on the wing, but yet within shot) a deliberate aim reassure yourself of the folly of all hurry and precipitancy. Lest you should (as often happens in spite of every previous resolution) involuntarily pull the trigger sooner than you intend, keep your finger off it until the very instant you wish to fire.[116] If you shoot with a muzzle loader and carry one of Sykes's spring-shot pouches--at present in such general use--by having its nozzle lengthened (some few are made long),--I mean by having a cylinder of nearly three inches in length welded to its end,--you will be able to load quicker than most of your fellow-sportsmen--particularly if you use a loading-rod: the best are of cane, because the material is light and tough. You can make the long nozzle of the shot-pouch (its end being cut square, _i.e._ at a right angle to its length) force the wad over the powder so far down the barrel before you press the pouch-spring to pour in the charge of shot, that you need not draw your ramrod to drive home until after you have inserted the shot-wad. Using a long nozzle has also this great advantage, that the shot is packed more densely than the powder. In the new German copper cap musket (whose long range is now, 1854, much spoken of,) to keep the powder loose when the charge is rammed home, a thick peg, nearly one and a half inches long, is fixed longitudinally in the centre of the chamber,--I mean, in the direction of the axis of the bore. This cylindrical peg, which is much like the _tige_ invented by Colonel Touvenin in 1828, arrests the _jagged_ bullet at the precise moment when the powder is sufficiently pressed to remove all chance of the _slightly_ six-grooved barrel's bursting; and yet not so much pressed as to interfere with the complete ignition of _every_ grain. These lie loose round the peg. The want of this complete ignition (owing to the rapidity of explosion not giving time for all the particles of closely-wedged powder being fired) has been the only valid objection yet offered to the detonating system. For strong shooting, the wad over the powder should be _much_ thicker than the wad placed over the shot. The several waddings now sold greased with some mercurial preparation undeniably retard leading--a great gain. If the long nozzle of the shot-pouch fits close within the barrel, on unloading your gun you can easily return the shot into the pouch without losing a grain. As a concluding piece of advice let me recommend you, my young friend, to make but a light breakfast whenever you expect a heavy day's work,--take out, however, a few sandwiches for luncheon.

NOTE TO 283.--_Trapping._--_Owl as decoy._--_Hen Harrier._--_Keeper's Vermin dogs._--_Stoats._

A good book for gamekeepers on trapping is still a great desideratum. It should be written by a practical man who is a bit of a naturalist; for no trapper can be very successful unless he is well acquainted with the haunts and habits of the many kinds of vermin it is his business to destroy. Mr. C----e's gamekeeper, at R----n, Perthshire, who was well aware of the great importance of diligently searching for their nests in the breeding season, was at length amply repaid for often watching the proceedings of a hen-harrier frequently seen hovering over a small wood not far from his cottage. He could never perceive that she alighted on any of the trees; but from the time of year, and her so perseveringly returning to the spot, he felt convinced that her nest was not far off. Ineffectual, however, was every search. At length, one morning he was lucky enough to remark that something fell from her. He hunted close in that direction,--found the nest, and the young ones regaling on a snipe whose remains were still warm; evidently the identical bird she had most adroitly dropped from a considerable height into the middle of her hungry brood. It would have been very interesting to have observed how she managed on a windy day. Probably she would have taken an easy shot by sweeping close to the trees. In Germany much winged vermin is destroyed with the aid of a decoy horned owl. The keeper having selected a favourable spot on a low hillock where the bird is likely to be observed, drives an upright post into the ground, the upper part of which is hollowed. The bird is placed on a perch much shaped like the letter =T=. A string is attached to the bottom of the perpendicular part, which is then dropped into the hollow or socket. The armed keeper conceals himself in a loopholed sentry-box, prepared of green boughs, at a suitable distance, amidst sheltering foliage. His pulling the string raises the perch. The owl, to preserve its balance, flutters its wings. This is sure to attract the notice of the neighbouring magpies, hawks, crows, &c. Some from curiosity hover about, or, still chattering and peering, alight on the neighbouring trees (of course, standing invitingly within gun-shot); others, having no longer any reverence for the bird of Wisdom in his present helpless condition, wheel round and round, every moment taking a sly peck at their fancied enemy, while their real foe sends their death-warrant from his impervious ambuscade.

Talking of vermin, I am reminded that J----s H----d, an old gamekeeper with whom I am acquainted, avers that one of his craft can hardly be worth his salt unless he possesses "a regular good varmint of a dog." It should be of a dark colour, not to betray so readily the movements of his master to interested parties. He says he once owned one, a bull-terrier, that was, to again quote the old man's words, "worth his weight in gold to a gamekeeper;" that it was incredible the quantity of ground-vermin, of every kind, the dog killed, which included snakes and adders--destroyers of young birds of every sort, and it is said of eggs (but this it is difficult to conceive, unless we imagine them to be crushed in the same manner as the boa-constrictor murders his victims, a supposition without a shadow of proof--small eggs, however, might be swallowed whole),--that he was perpetually hunting, but never noticed game--had an excellent nose, and, on occasions when he could not run into the vermin, would unerringly lead his master to the hole in the old bank, tree, or pile of fagots where it had taken refuge; when, if it was a stoat or weasel, and in a place where the report of a gun was not likely to disturb game, the keeper would bring him into "heel," wait patiently awhile, and then, by imitating the cry of a distressed rabbit, endeavour to entice the delinquent to come forth and be shot. If this _ruse_ failed, H----d quickly prepared a trap that generally sealed the fate of the destructive little creature. As the dog retrieved all he caught, the old barn-door was always well covered with _recent_ trophies. Old trophies afford no evidence of a keeper's diligence.

The dog invariably accompanied his master during his rounds at night, and had great talents for discovering any two-legged intruder. On finding one he would quietly creep up, and then, by running round and round him as if prepared every moment to make a spring, detain him until joined by the keeper; all the while barking furiously and adroitly avoiding every blow aimed at his sconce.[117]

He was moreover (but this has little to do with his sporting habits), a most formidable enemy to dogs of twice his power; for he would cunningly throw himself upon his back if overmatched, and take the same unfair advantage of his unfortunate opponent which Polygars are trained to do when they are attacking the wild hog (445).

I relate this story about H----d and his bull-terrier because few men ever were so successful in getting up a good show of game on a property. It was a favourite observation of his that it was not game,--it was vermin, that required looking after; that these did more injury than the largest gang of poachers, as the depredations of the latter could be stopped, but not those of the former. There are few who, on reflection, will not agree with the old keeper. Stoats are so bloodthirsty, that if one of them come across a brood of young pheasants he will give each in succession a deadly gripe on the back of the neck close to the skull, not to make any use of the carcasses, but in the epicurean desire to suck their delicate brains. All who are accustomed to "rabbiting" know that even tame ferrets evince the same murderous propensities, and commit indiscriminate slaughter, _apparently_ in the spirit of wanton destructiveness.

From all, however, that I have seen and heard, I fancy no animal so much prevents the increase of partridges and pheasants, as the hooded crow.

An intelligent man, C----s M----n (an admirable dresser of salmon-flies), whose veracity I have no reason to distrust, assured me that he had seen about the nest of a "hoodie" (as he called the bird), the shells of not less than two hundred eggs, all nearly of the partridge and pheasant. He told me that he once had an opportunity of observing the clever proceedings of a pair of these marauders, bent on robbing the nest on which a hen-pheasant was actually sitting. One of the depredators by fluttering round her, and slily pecking at her unprotected stern, at length so succeeded in irritating her, that she got up to punish him. By a slow scientific retreat, he induced her to pursue him for a few steps, thus affording his confederate, who had concealed himself, the opportunity of removing certainly one egg, perhaps two. By repetitions of this sham attack and retreat, the adroit pilferers eventually managed to empty the nest.

The above mentioned man had been brought up as a gamekeeper in Cumberland. He became an excellent trapper; and was afterwards employed on an estate near the Cheviot Hills, where, in a short time, he got up a decent stock of game by destroying the vermin. He found the grounds swarming with "hoodies;" but it was not until their breeding season the following spring, when he was favoured in his operations by a frost, that he succeeded in capturing them in considerable numbers. On the ground becoming hard, he, for nearly a fortnight, fed certain spots on the banks of the Teviot with wood pigeons and rabbits, besides any vermin that he contrived to shoot. By that time the "hoodies" habitually resorted, without distrust, to those places for food. He then set his traps baited with all such delicacies,--but he considered a small rabbit, or a pigeon lying on its back with outstretched wings, as the most tempting of his invitations; and it often happened that he had scarcely disappeared before the click of the closing spring apprised him of a capture. When his frequent success had rendered the birds shy, he set his traps in the adjacent stream, covering their sides with grass or rushes,--the attractive bait alone appearing above the surface. For three reasons he regarded the banks of the river as the best situation for his traps--he could, as just mentioned, conceal them in the water on the birds becoming too suspicious--secondly, streams are much resorted to by the "hoodie," who searches diligently for any chance food floating on the water,--and lastly, the rooks, of which there were many in that part of the country, from naturally hunting inland, the reverse of the "hoodie," were the less likely to spring his traps.

From the short, fuller neck,--the head bent peeringly downwards,--but, above all, from the hawk-like movements of the wing, the sportsman will be able to distinguish the hooded-crow from the rook at a moment when he may be too distant to observe the black and more hooked bill,--and never let him spare. He should be suspicious of every bird he sees crossing and re-crossing a field,--in reality hunting it with as regular a beat as a pointer's.

M----n killed a great many stoats and weasels with _unbaited_ traps. As it is the habit of these little animals, when hunting a hedge-row, to prefer running through a covered passage to turning aside, he used, where the ground favoured him by slightly rising, to cut a short drain, about a foot in breadth, and rather less in depth, parallel and close to the hedge, covering it with the sods he had removed. At the bottom of these drains he fixed his traps, as soon as the animals became accustomed to the run, and rarely failed in securing every member of the weasel family which had taken up its abode in the vicinity. The best description of hutch-trap (which many prefer to the gin-trap) is made entirely of wire, excepting the bottoms. All appears so light and airy that little suspicion is awakened. The doors fall on anything running over the floor. Of course, this trap is baited unless set in a run. An enticing bait is _drawn_ towards it from several distant points.

To many keepers it _ought_ to be of much advantage to read Colquhoun's advice on trapping, appended to "The Moor and the Loch."

NOTE TO 407.--_Rearing Pheasants._--_Cantelo._--_Pheasantries._--_Mr. Knox._

With respect to rearing pheasants under a barn-door hen, he observed that they required _meat_ daily. He said that he had been in the habit of shooting rabbits for those he had brought up, and of giving them the boiled flesh when cut up into the smallest pieces, mixed with their other food. He remarked, farther, that the chicks ought to be allowed to run upon the grass at _dawn_ of day--which was seldom regularly done, such early rising being at times not equally congenial to the taste of all the parties concerned.

The treatment he recommended seems reasonable, for those who have watched the habits of pheasants must have remarked that, immediately upon quitting their roosts, they commence searching in the moist grass for food (greatly to the benefit of the farmer), and do not resort to the corn-fields until after the dew is off the ground, and the rising sun has warned the grubs, slugs, worms, and caterpillars to seek concealment.

Ornithologists, and men who have studied the subject, are agreed that partridges in a yet larger degree benefit the agriculturalist by picking up, during the greater part of the year, myriads of worms and insects; besides consuming immense quantities of weeds and their seeds. They rival the ill-used mole in the number of wire-worm they destroy. These facts have been incontrovertibly proved by an examination of the crops of the birds at all seasons.

I am not wishing to fight any battles for hares and rabbits. They do great mischief,--but in fairness it must be said for the hare, that he commits far less waste and havoc than the other. A rabbit will wander from turnip to turnip, nibbling a bit from each, whereby the air is admitted[118] and the whole root destroyed; whereas a hare, if undisturbed, will sit down before one head, and not move until she has devoured the whole of its contents, merely leaving a rind not much thicker than an egg-shell. It is, however, undeniable that both of them do much mischief to young plantations at all seasons of the year, and they will even eat the bark off, and so kill some kinds of full-grown trees, when snow is on the ground and food scarce.

To the health of many, usually considered only grain-feeding birds, a certain portion of animal food appears essential. It is not solely for grain that the common fowl scrapes the dung-hill. Throw a bone of a cooked brother or sister to a brood of chickens confined in a poultry-yard, and see with what avidity they will demolish the remains of their defunct relative. Fowls never fatten on board ship; _occasionally_ owing to want of gravel,--_constantly_ to want of animal food. In a long voyage a bird that dies in a coop is often found by "Billyducks"[119] half eaten up; and it is questionable whether a sickly companion be not occasionally sacrificed by his stronger associates to appease their natural craving for flesh. In the West Indies the accidental upsetting of an old sugar-cask in a farm-yard, and its scattering forth a swarm of cock-roaches, sets all the feathered tribe in a ferment. The birds that had been listlessly sauntering about, or standing half-asleep in the friendly shade, suddenly seem animated with the fury of little imps,--and, influenced by a taste _in every way_ repugnant to our feelings, with outstretched necks and fluttering wings race against each other for possession of the offensive, destructive insects, evincing in the pursuit an agility and a rapidity of movement of which few would imagine them to be capable.

The keeper just spoken of used to rear his pheasants within doors, or rather in an outhouse, the floor of which was in part covered with sods of turf,--but I think J----s T----n, another of the craft whom I know well, pursues a better and far less troublesome plan. He selects a piece of clover[120] facing the south, and sheltered from the north and east winds by a contiguous small copse which he feels assured can harbour no destructive vermin. On this grass-plat, if the weather is fine, he places the common barn-door hens,--each with her brood the moment they are hatched,--under separate small coops. Two or three boards run from each coop, forming a temporary enclosure, which is removed in about a week on the little inmates gaining strength. If he has any fear of their being carried off by hawks, &c., he fixes a net overhead. The hens had sat on the eggs in an outhouse.

The first food given to the chicks is soaked bread,--and white of eggs cut up fine. The colour (is not that a bull?) catches their eye, which is the alleged reason for all their food being given to them white. Ants' nests are procured for them,--of the red ant first,--of the larger kind, when the chicks become so strong that the insects cannot injure them--later in the season, wasps' nests. When there is a difficulty in procuring any of these nests, curd is often given; but should it become sour, as frequently happens in hot weather, it is likely to occasion dysentery,[121] therefore oatmeal porridge made with milk is considered a safer diet. This is eagerly picked up when scattered about, sprinkled as it were,--and the weaker chicks are thus enabled to secure a fair share. T----n breeds a quantity of maggots for them,--and at no expense,--in the adjacent copse. Whatever vermin he kills (whether winged or four-footed) he hangs up under a slight awning as a protection from the rain. On the flesh decaying the maggots drop into the box placed underneath to receive them. The insects soon become clean, if sand and bran is laid at the bottom of the box, and it is an interesting sight to see the excited little birds eagerly hurrying from all quarters to the grass-plat on the keeper striking the tray with his knuckles to invite them to partake of some choice maggots, spread out on sanded boards.

If a piece of carrion is placed under a wire netting near the coops, the chicks will feed with avidity on the flies it attracts.

Change of food is beneficial:--therefore, boiled barley or rice, is often substituted, or oatmeal, or Indian-corn meal,--mixed with the flesh of boiled rabbits.

Saucers of clean water are placed about. Water in a dirty state is very injurious. It is not of any depth, lest the chicks should wet their feathers when standing in it. Occasionally iron saucers are used, ingeniously designed on the ridge and furrow plan. The ridges are so little apart, that the chicks can insert no more than their heads into the furrows. As cleanliness must in all things be preserved, the coops are shifted a few feet aside twice a day.

The chicks soon quit the hens to roost in the shrubs, which afford welcome shade during the mid-day heat; but the imprisoned matrons are still useful, as their plaintive call prevents the chicks from becoming irreclaimable truants. As they have always the opportunity of running in the grass and copse, where they find seeds and insects, they quickly become independent, and learn to forage for themselves,--yet when fully grown up they are not so likely to stray away as birds who have been more naturally reared, and who have been made wanderers even in their infancy. This is a great advantage.

That the chicks may come upon fresh ground for seeds and insects, the situation of the coops may be occasionally changed. If liable to be attacked by vermin at night, a board can be fixed in front of each coop.

Partridges may be reared by the same means. But instances are rare of their laying while in a state of captivity.

That the young birds may be able to rid their bodies of vermin, they should be provided with small heaps of sand protected from rain, and dry earth, in which they will gladly rub themselves.

If you design rearing pheasants annually, always keep a few of the tame hens and a cock at home. By judicious management these will supply a large quantity of eggs for hatching,--eggs that you can ensure, when in their freshest state, being placed under barn-door hens. Keep the eggs in a cool place. I cannot believe that you will ever be guilty--for it is guilt, great guilt--of the sin of _purchasing_ eggs. "Buyers make thieves,"--and one sneaking, watching, unwinged pilferer on two legs would do more mischief in the month of May than dozens of magpies or hooded crows.

Pheasants so soon hunt for their own subsistence, that they are brought to maturity at less expense than common fowls.

Since the publication of the second edition, I have had an opportunity of talking to Mr. Cantelo, the clever inventor of the novel hatching machine, whereby (following nature's principle) heat is imparted only to the upper surface of eggs. He annually rears a large quantity of all kinds of poultry, besides partridges and pheasants, and I believe no one in England is so experienced in these matters.

He found it best not to give food to any kind of chicks for the two first days after they were hatched. As they would not all break the shell together, it is probable that in a state of nature many of them would be for, at least, this period under the hen before she led them forth to feed. To young turkeys and pheasants he gave no food for three days. They would then eat almost anything voraciously, whereas, when fed sooner, they become dainty and fastidious.

He recommends that the lean of raw beef, or any meat (minced fine, as if for sausages) be given to partridge or pheasant chicks, along with their other food,[122] or rather before their other food, and only in certain quantities; for if they are fed too abundantly on what they most relish, they are apt to gorge themselves, and they will seldom refuse meat, however much grain they may have previously eaten. He said that they should be liberally dieted, but not to repletion,--that once a day they should be sensible of the feeling of hunger.

It certainly is most consonant to nature, that the flesh given to the chicks should not be cooked; and Mr. Cantelo observed that it would be immediately found on trial, that young birds prefer that which is undressed,--nay, that which has a bloody appearance.

He considers maggots (gentles) an admirable diet, and he gave me a valuable hint about them. This is, that they be fattened on untainted meat, placed in the sand-box into which they fall. The pieces of meat will soon be drilled like a honey-comb, and the little crawlers, by becoming in a day or two large and fat, will prove a far more nourishing diet than when given in the attenuated state to which they are commonly reduced, by the present starving process of cleansing.

Mr. Cantelo has remarked that guinea-birds require food at an earlier period after they are hatched than any other sort of chick,--and that they and ducklings eat most meat,--turkey-poultry least.

Wet is injurious to all chickens (the duck-tribe excepted); and when the hen, from being confined, cannot lead her brood astray, they will, of themselves, return to her coop on finding the grass too damp.

Mr. Cantelo is strongly of opinion, that all diseases to which infant birds are liable are contagious. He advises, in consequence, that the moment any one of the brood is attacked with diarrhoea, sore eyes, or sneezing, it be instantly separated from the others.

He considers all chickens safe from ordinary diseases on their gaining their pen-feathers.

He has found that _nest_ eggs, not sat on for twelve hours, do not lose their vitality. This shows that eggs taken by mowers should not be hastily thrown away, in consequence of a considerable delay unavoidably occurring before they can be placed under a hen to complete their hatching.

Pheasants sit about five days longer than common fowls.

Mr. Cantelo recommends that eggs sent from a distance be packed in oats. He had succeeded in hatching some he had kept, as an experiment, upwards of two months in a temperate atmosphere, _turning them daily_. This continued vitality is, however, seldom a consideration as regards pheasants; for the earlier in the season the birds can be produced the better. It is a great advantage to have five months' growth and feed in them by the first of October.

Mr. Knox, in his interesting work on "Game-birds and Wildfowl," has given some good advice about the rearing and preservation of pheasants. I will make some extracts from it, and, I think, many would do well to read the whole book.

With respect to a pheasantry for procuring eggs, he is of opinion that in March,--the time when the cocks begin to fight,--the enclosure containing the stock of birds should be divided, by high hurdles, or wattles, into partitions, so that each cock may be told off with three hens into a distinct compartment. He advises that no harem should be greater in a state of confinement. His opportunities for forming a correct judgment have probably been greater than mine; but I must observe that I have known of ladies, kept in such small seraglios, being worried to death. "The larger the compartments," he says, "the better;" "a heap of bushes and a mound of dry sand in each;" an attendant to visit them once (and but once) a day, to take in the food of "barley, beans, peas, rice, or oats; boiled potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, and Swedish turnips;"[123] and to remove whatever eggs may have been laid during the preceding twenty-four hours.

The accidental destruction of the net overhanging Mr. Knox's pheasantry, and the escape of the cocks, led to his ascertaining a fact of much importance; viz. that pinioned hens (one wing amputated at the carpal joint--"the wounds soon healed") kept in an unroofed enclosure, near a cover, into which (what are called) "tame-bred pheasants" have been turned, will always attract sufficient mates--mates in a more healthy state than confined birds,--and that the eggs will be more numerous, and unusually productive.

I can easily imagine that such matrimonial alliances are sure to be formed wherever the opportunity offers; and if I were establishing a pheasantry, I would adopt the plan Mr. Knox recommends, unless withheld by the fear that more than one cock might gain admittance to the hens; for I am aware of facts which incline me to think, that, in such instances, the eggs may be unserviceable. At a connexion's of mine, where the poultry-yard lies close to a copse, hybrid chickens have often been reared--the offspring of barn-door hens and cock-pheasants _not tame-bred_.

Mr. Knox elsewhere observes, that the hen-pheasants kept in confinement should be tame-bred; that is, be "birds which have been hatched and reared under domestic hens, as those which are netted, or caught, in a wild state, will always prove inefficient layers." "About the fourth season a hen's oviparous powers begin to decline, although her maternal qualifications, in other respects, do not deteriorate until a much later period. It is, therefore, of consequence to enlist, occasionally, a few recruits, to supply the place of those females who have completed their third year, and who then may be set at large in the preserves." Of course, not those birds who have had the forehand of a wing amputated.

Talking of ants' eggs, which Mr. Knox terms "the right hand of the keeper" in rearing pheasant chicks--it is the first food to be given to them--Mr. Knox says, "Some persons find it difficult to separate the eggs from the materials of the nest. The simplest mode is, to place as much as may be required--ants, eggs, and all--in a bag or light sack, the mouth of which should be tied up. On reaching home, a large white sheet should be spread on the grass, and a few green boughs placed round it on the inside, over which the outer edge of the sheet should be lightly turned; this should be done during sunshine. The contents of the bag should then be emptied into the middle, and shaken out so as to expose the eggs to the light. In a moment, forgetting all considerations of personal safety, these interesting little insects set about removing their precious charge--the cocoons--from the injurious rays of the sun, and rapidly convey them under the shady cover afforded by the foliage of the boughs near the margin of the sheet. In less than ten minutes the work will be completed. It is only necessary then to remove the branches; and the eggs, or cocoons, may be collected by handfuls, unencumbered with sticks, leaves, or any sort of rubbish."

Mr. Knox goes on to say, that "green tops of barley, leeks, boiled rice, Emden groats, oatmeal, &c.," are excellent diet for the chicks, but that this kind of food is "almost always given at too early a period. In a state of nature, their food, for a long time, would be wholly insectile." "Now, as it is not in our power to procure the quantity and variety of small insects and larvæ which the mother-bird so perseveringly and patiently finds for them, we are obliged to have recourse to ants' eggs, as easily accessible, and furnishing a considerable supply of the necessary sort of aliment in a small compass."

"When the chicks are about a week or ten days old, Emden groats and coarse Scotch oatmeal may be mixed with the ants' eggs; and curds, made from fresh milk, with alum, are an excellent addition. If ants' nests cannot be procured in sufficient quantities, gentles should occasionally be given."

When more wasps' nests are obtained than are required for immediate use, "it will be necessary to bake them for a short time in an oven. This will prevent the larvæ and nymphs from coming to maturity,--in fact, kill them--and the contents of the combs will keep for some weeks afterwards. Hempseed, crushed and mingled with oatmeal, should be given them when about to wean them from an insect diet. Hard boiled eggs, also, form a useful addition, and may be mixed, for a long time, with their ordinary farinaceous food."

"Young pheasants are subject to a kind of diarrhoea, which often proves fatal. If the disease be taken in time, boiled milk and rice, in lieu of any other diet, will generally effect a cure. To these chalk may be added, to counteract the acidity which attends this complaint; and should the symptoms be very violent, a small quantity of alum, as an astringent."

This treatment appears reasonable. Many consider rice a judicious diet in such cases; and I know of a surgeon's giving boiled milk with great success, in the West Indies, to patients suffering from diarrhoea.

"But the most formidable disease from which the young pheasant suffers is that known by the name of 'the gapes:'--so termed from the frequent gaping efforts of the bird to inhale a mouthful of air. Chickens and turkeys are equally liable to be affected by it; and it may be remarked, that a situation which has been used, for many successive seasons, as a nursery ground, is more apt to be visited with this plague, than one which has only recently been so employed. Indeed, I have observed that it seldom makes its appearance on a lawn or meadow during the first season of its occupation; and, therefore, when practicable, it is strongly to be recommended, that fresh ground should be applied to the purpose every year: and when this cannot be done, that a quantity of common salt should be sown broadcast over the surface of the earth, after the birds have left it in the autumn." He elsewhere describes the gapes as that "dreadful scourge, which, like certain diseases that affect the human subject, seems to have been engendered and fostered by excessive population within a limited district."

"Dissection has proved that the latent cause of this malady is a minute worm of the genius _fasciola_, which is found adhering to the internal part of the windpipe, or trachea." Then Mr. Knox explains how this worm may be destroyed; (and only by such means,--the most delicate operator being unable to extract it without materially injuring the young bird)--viz. by fumigating with tobacco-smoke, according to the method (which he fully describes) recommended by Colonel Montagu. If the worm is not destroyed, the death of the bird ensues "by suffocation from the highly inflamed state of the respiratory apparatus."

I once kept many guinea-birds when abroad; and I am now convinced that I should have succeeded in rearing a far greater number, had I adopted more closely the mode of feeding, &c., here recommended for young pheasants.

In July, '57, I saw in a large clover field at Sandling, East Kent, 820 pheasant chicks which had been reared by M----n under sixty-six common hens. It was a very interesting sight. I accompanied him round all the coops. They stood about twenty paces apart, and I could not detect a single bird with a drooping wing or of sickly appearance. He told me most positively that he had not lost one by disease, but a few had been trodden under foot by careless, awkward hens, and, what seems curious, some few chicks on quitting the shell had been intentionally killed by the very hens which had hatched them. A hatching hen will sometimes thus destroy ducklings,--but these are far more unlike her natural progeny than are pheasant chicks. M----n found that game-fowls make the best mothers--Cochin-china the worst. He has a prejudice,--how doctors differ! against maggots and ants' nests. However, he has a right to his notions, for he lost hardly any birds in the year '56, out of the 400 and upwards that broke the shell. He devotes himself to what, with him, is a labour of love. He has great, and just pride in his success. He maintains that pheasants can be reared cheaper than barn-door fowls, wherever there are woods, as the chicks find their own food at such an early age. The rearing of the birds that I saw and about fifty partridge-chicks, occupied the whole of his time and that of an assistant. There was also a boy to cook, &c. The chicks were fed every two hours throughout the day with a mixture of hard boiled eggs,[124] curds, bread-crumbs, rape and canary seed. The shutter of each hutch doing duty as a tray for the food. After the chicks had fed M----n made his rounds, and scraped into a pot all that was not consumed, being careful that nothing was left to get sour. He gave a small portion of these remains to the imprisoned matrons. He feeds the chicks liberally, yet calculates to a great nicety what will be eaten, for on every shutter a portion, but a very small portion of food was left. Water, kept in earthenware pans made with concentric circles on the ridge and furrow system, was placed at intervals between the hutches. Many times a day he moved the several coops a few feet to fresh ground. At night when all the chicks have joined the hens he fastens the shutters, and does not remove them in the morning until the dew is off the grass. How entirely is this practice opposed to the advice of the Yorkshireman given at the commencement of this note! and yet it might be possible to reconcile the contradictory recommendations by supposing that as soon as the young birds have nearly reached maturity they are allowed to search for insects at the earliest dawn. M----n's last location for the hutches would be in the centre of the landlord's property, and they would not be taken away until the hens were quite abandoned by the young pheasants--which in general would be at the end of August. Differing much from Mr. Knox, it was M----n's practice to keep as many as five hens with one cock for the purpose of obtaining eggs. I observed that some hutches possessed a disproportionate number of inmates. This had arisen from the hutches having been placed in too close proximity before the chicks had the sense to know their respective foster-mothers.

Remarking once after a good battue in cover upon the fine condition of the birds spread in a long array on the lawn for the inspection of the ladies, I was told that the keeper greatly attributed their size and weight to keeping ridge and furrow pans near their feeding places constantly filled with bark-water. He used to boil from a quarter to half a pound of oak-bark in two gallons of water until it was reduced to half the quantity. After once tasting it the pheasants become fond of it, their natural instinct telling them the advantages of the tonic. A cross with the true China makes the young birds hardy and wild. The brilliancy of the plumage is much increased but not the size of the birds. However long Chinese pheasants may be kept in confinement they will be alarmed at the sight of strangers.

NOTE TO 537.--_Setters._--_Poachers._--_Keepers._--_Netting Partridges._--_Bloodhounds._--_Night-dogs._

It is far more easy to get a well broken pointer than a well broken setter; but times may change, for clean farming, the sale of game, poaching, and poisoning of seed-grain, are now carried on to such an extent, and the present game-laws are so inefficacious, that, probably, our children will much prefer the hard-working setter to the pointer. What an encouragement to villany is it that poulterers will give a higher price for game that appears perfectly uninjured, than for what has been shot; and _seldom ask questions_! It is a pity that the sale of such game cannot be rendered illegal. The destructive net sweeps off whole coveys at a time. The darkest night affords no protection, for the lantern attached to the dog's neck sufficiently shows when he is pointing at birds. A friend of mine in Kent, some years ago, wanted a partridge in order to break in a young bitch. Under a solemn promise of secrecy he was taken to an attic in an old house, not far from London, where he saw more than a hundred birds, ready for the market against the approaching first of September, running among the sheaves of corn standing in the corners of the room. To prevent the employment of the net, it has been recommended that the fields frequented by partridges should be staked, according to the method successfully followed in some preserved streams: but there are French gamekeepers who adopt a far less troublesome, and more effective plan. They themselves net the coveys at night, as soon as the harvest is collected, and turn them out again on the same ground the next evening, in the fullest confidence that the birds are henceforth safe from the poacher's net: for, however carefully they may have been handled, they will have been so alarmed, that their distrust and wariness will effectually prevent their being again caught napping. Talking of poaching, I am led to observe that one well-trained bloodhound would be more useful in suppressing poaching than half-a-dozen under-keepers; for the fear poachers naturally entertain of being tracked to their homes at dawn of day, would more deter them from entering a cover, than any dread of being assailed at night by the boldest armed party. Even as compared with other dogs, the sensitiveness of the olfactory nerves of the bloodhound appears marvellous. Let one of pure breed but once take up the scent of a man, and he will hold it under the most adverse circumstances. No cross scents will perplex him.

At two o'clock on a frosty December morning in '44, when the wind blew bitterly cold from the east, Mr. B----e, of S----d, Warwickshire, was called up by the keepers of a neighbour, Mr. W----n, and informed that some poachers were shooting pheasants in a plantation belonging to Mr. B----e, whose keepers were on the look-out in a different direction. They and Mr. W----n's had agreed to work in concert, and mutually assist each other.

Mr. B----e instantly dressed, and went out with his brother (Captain B----), and the butler, making a party of eight, including Mr. W----n's keepers. They took with them a couple of trained bloodhounds in long cords, a regular night-dog, and a young bloodhound which had broken loose, and, unsolicited, had volunteered his services.

On entering the plantation, it was found that the poachers, having become alarmed, had made off. Two of the keepers remained to watch. The bloodhounds were laid on the scent. They took it up steadily, and the rest of the party followed in keen pursuit. As the poachers had not been seen, their number was unknown, but it was supposed to be about six from the report of the guns.

Notwithstanding the cold east wind and sharp frost the hounds hunted correctly, for about three miles, across fields, and along foot-paths and roads, until they came to a wood of three hundred acres. They took the scent into the heart of it, evincing great eagerness. Here the hunt became most exciting, for the poachers were heard in the front crashing through the branches. A council of war was held, which unluckily ended, as many councils of war do, in coming to a wrong decision. It was resolved to divide forces, and endeavour to head the enemy. Captain B----e, two men and one of the old hounds, turned down a ride towards which the poachers seemed to be inclining; while the others continued the direct chase. The poachers, however, soon broke cover, but had not run across many fields ere they were overtaken. The clear, bright moon showed eight well-armed men,--rather a disproportionate force for the attacking three. A fight ensued. The young hound and the watch-dog were shot. Mr. B----e was lamed, and his two men being a good deal hurt, the poachers triumphed and resumed their flight. On Captain B----e rejoining the baffled party the pursuit was renewed for nine miles,--the dogs carrying the scent the whole way into Coventry, where they were stopped.

It was now half-past seven. Many early risers were about the streets; the police offered to point out the poachers, provided their identity could be sworn to. The hounds were stopped. Two men were apprehended--(a third escaped from the police)--were lodged in jail, and subsequently convicted and sentenced to eighteen months' hard labour. As they had not been seen until the time of the scuffle, which took place fully five miles from Mr. B----e's plantation, the only evidence to prove they had been poaching there was furnished in the undeviating pursuit of the hounds. The remainder of the gang fled the country.

A farmer, several years ago, sent to the same Mr. B----e to say, that a sheep had been killed and carried off in the night. Six hours, to a certainty,--probably many more,--had elapsed since the animal had been stolen before Mr. B----e could put the only hound he had with him on the scent. The dog, which was loose, hunted very slowly to a barn where the hidden skin was found; and afterwards, without any hesitation, held on the scent from the barn to the residence of a respectable person so wholly beyond all suspicion that the hound was called off. It was so late in the day, and along paths so much frequented, that it was thought the dog must have been hunting other footsteps than those of the real culprit. Mr. B----e at that moment was not aware that the respectable householder had taken in a lodger. This lodger, it subsequently appeared, was the thief, and in bed at the house at the time. Did not the Squire get well laughed at in all the adjacent beer-shops for his softness! However, this hunt, and another not very dissimilar under the head-keeper, effectually suppressed sheep-stealing in that neighbourhood.

The principal initiatory lesson for a bloodhound pup is to teach him to "road" well, as described in 43. He should, too, be perfected in following quietly at "heel." When commencing to teach him to follow the footsteps of the runner sent on in advance, it will be your aim to make the dog enjoy the scent and carry it on with eagerness. Therefore, that the man's shoes may prove attractive, have them lightly rubbed with tainted meat (or blood). The savoury application may be progressively diminished in intensity, until at length the pup is guided only by the natural effluvia escaping from the man's pores. Whenever the dog gets up to him, let it be a rule that he instantly reward the animal liberally with some acceptable delicacy.

After a time the fleetest and most enduring runner should be selected, and the interval between the time of his starting, and the moment when the hound is laid upon the scent, should be by degrees increased, until, at length, an hour and more will intervene.

The first lessons should be given early in the morning, when the dew is not quite off the grass; and the runner should be instructed to take a direction not likely to be crossed by others. Gradually the hound will be made to follow the scent under less favourable circumstances, as respects the state of the ground and the chance of the trail being interfered with.

It will be obvious that the example of an old well-trained hound would be very beneficial to the pup; and, if it can be so managed, he should not be thrown upon his own unaided resources, until he has acquired a tolerable notion of his business.

A young dog that works too fast must be brought to pursue at a pace regulated by your signals (end of IV. of 141). That completes his education.

At night bloodhounds are generally held with a light cord, which restraint appears to lessen their wish to give tongue. Of course, they are checked if they do, that the poachers may not be warned of the pursuit.

A trained bloodhound will seldom endeavour to carry on the scent he has brought into a road, until he has tried the adjacent gates, gaps, and stiles.

Bloodhounds not confined are peaceable and, _apparently_, cowardly. They will rarely attack, unless provoked; but let them be once roused by a blow, and they become extremely savage. They also soon become savage if chained up, when they evince but little affection or obedience. Should they, by accident, get loose, they will more willingly allow a woman or a child to re-chain them than a man.

Bull-dogs have good noses. I have known of the cross between them and the mastiff being taught to follow the scent of a man almost as truly as a bloodhound. The dog I now particularly allude to was muzzled during the day when accompanying the keeper; and the appearance of the formidable-looking animal, and the knowledge of his powers, more effectually prevented egg-stealing than would the best exertions of a dozen watchers. He was the terror of all the idle boys in the neighbourhood. Every lad felt assured that, if once "Growler" were put upon his footsteps, to a certainty he would be overtaken, knocked down, and detained until the arrival of the keeper. The dog had been taught thus:--As a puppy he was excited to romp and play with the keeper's children. The father would occasionally make one of them run away, and then set the pup on him. After a time he would desire the child to hide behind a tree, which gradually led the pup to seek by nose. An amicable fight always ensued on his finding the boy; and, as the pup grew stronger, and became more riotous than was agreeable, he was muzzled, but still encouraged to throw down the child. It is easy to conceive how, in a dog so bred, the instincts of nature eventually led to his acting his part in this game more fiercely when put upon the footsteps of a stranger.

INDEX.

A.

Accomplishments or Refinements:--

Distinguishing dog-whistle, 501. Dog to back the gun, 509. -- to head running birds, 525. -- to hunt without gun, 522. -- to retreat and resume point, 512. Regular retrievers to beat, 550. Setter to retrieve, 536. Water-retriever to fetch cripples, 553.

Affection an incentive, &c., 167, 259, 497, 559.

-- gained by first attentions, 167.

Age for education, 15, 62, 132.

Age of game, 7 _n._ 236 _n._ 338 _n._

Albania, cock-shooting in, 84.

Anecdotes. _See_ Instances.

Antelope--sagacity of fawn, 509 _n._

Antelopes and cheeta, 284.

Ants' nests, Guinea-chicks, 471 _n._

Arnica, lotion for bruises, 566.

Assistant with wild dog, 282.

Australia, kangaroo-hunting, 469.

Author's writing, cause of, 589.

Axioms, 274, 359.

B.

Back turned brings dog away, 223.

"Backing" how taught, 350, 353.

-- initiatory lesson in, 50.

-- the gun, 509.

"Bar," for wild dog, 299.

Bark of Oak--tonic for pheasants--end of note to 407.

Barbuda--Creole and cur, 471.

Beagles shot over, 80.

Bear at perfumer's, 461.

Bears killed in India, 444.

"Beat," a, range taught, 132, 133, 171, 175-179.

-- bad, hard to cure, 283.

-- good, difficult, but invaluable, 189.

-- Herbert's opinion, 232.

-- without gun, 522.

-- of five or six dogs, 245-248.

-- of four dogs, 244.

-- of three, 242, 243.

-- of two, 238-240.

-- taught following old dog, 191.

Beaters in India, 446.

Beckford, Education of buckhound, 558, 559.

-- Gentlemen hunting hounds, 413.

"Beckon," why useful signal, 37.

-- and "Heel," differ, 44.

Beef, heating in hot climates, 569.

Begging, how taught, 149.

Bell rang by dog, 417.

Bells, to rope of beaters in India, 446.

-- put on dogs, 63, 74, 401.

Beltings of wood, spaniels, 65.

"Ben," a capital retriever, 121.

Bermuda, militia, 200 _n._

Best dogs err, concise hints, 383.

Bird dead, loss of discourages dog, 312.

-- dead, seized and torn by dog, 321.

-- shot on ground, steadies dog, 340.

-- shot, search for, 266, 307, 309, 317. 322, 544.

-- shot, signal heel, 269.

-- winged, shoot on ground, 308.

Birds, lie well, dog winding them, 186.

-- lie, induced to, 401.

-- old, cunning of, 229, 232, 236.

-- wounded, scent differs, 545.

-- wild, intercepted, 384, 400, 525, 533.

-- wounded, first retrieved, 553.

-- wounded, make off towards covey, 544.

-- wounded, found evening, 316.

-- wounded, the search for, 266.

-- wounded, observed by dog, 113.

Bit for bloodsucker, 117.

Blackcock pointed three times, 289.

-- dog drawing on his first, 297.

Black too conspicuous a colour, 93.

Blacksmith shoeing kicker, 60.

Blind man, and Tweed-side spaniel, 385.

Blinking dead bird, 257.

-- from punishment, 165, 344.

Blinking, initiatory lessons prevent, 17.

B----k, Sir George, 481.

Bloodhounds, training of; poachers, 537 _n._ App.

Boar, wild; encounter with, 468.

Brace of dogs, sufficient if good, 137.

Break in dogs yourself, 3, 408, 409.

Breaker, qualifications required, 6.

-- one, better than two, 14.

Breakers in fault, not dogs, 493.

-- regular, displeased, 588.

-- hunt too many, 191, 362.

-- idle, dislike bold dogs, 198.

Breakers' accomplishments, 555.

"Breaking fence" prevented, 222.

Breeding and breaking, fetch money, 376.

-- in and in, bad, 279.

-- superior nose sought, 370.

Brougham's story of fox, of dog, 431 _n._

Buck-hound, Beckford's story of, 559.

Bull, strike horns, 283 _n._ App.

Bull-dogs, keepers, 546 _n._ App.

-- cross with, 137.

Bull-terrier, keeper's, 283 _n._ App.

Buying dogs. _See_ Purchasers.

C.

Calling constantly, injudicious, 148.

Cantelo on rearing birds, 407 _n._ App.

"Captain," Lord M----f's dog, 491.

Cards selected by "Munito," 414, 436.

"Care," signal for, 39.

Carrots, for horses, 10, 11, 33.

"Carrying" and "fetching," differ, 153.

-- how taught, 96, 109.

Cats and dogs returning home, 221.

"Caution," taught to fast dogs, 197.

-- in excess, 287;

-- cure for, 293.

Cautious and wild dog contrasted, 194.

-- dog, rarely too fast, 194.

Chain better than rope, 563.

Checkcord, 53, 54, 262, 282.

-- spike to, 25, 281, 335.

Cheeta and antelopes, 284.

-- how trained, 284 _n._

Child lost, fed by dog, 432.

China Pheasant, cross with, end of note to 407, page 343.

Circle wide when heading dog, 265.

Cirque National de Paris, 11.

Claws of dogs pared, 566 _n._

Clothes, dog sleeping on, 167 _n._

Clumber spaniels, 75.

Cock-shooting, 37, 84, 397.

Cocking, young man's pursuit, 72.

Cockroaches eaten by fowls, 407 _n._ App.

Collar, a light one on dog, 259.

Collie dogs, 415, 516.

Colours for concealment, 93 _n._

Commands given in a low tone, 20.

-- understood before seeing game, 16.

Companion, dog to be yours, 18, 383, 384.

-- initiatory lessons with, 49, 51.

Condition attended to, 566.

Consistency necessary, 6, 165, 278.

Coolness recommended, 278.

Couple to older dog, 29.

Couples, accustomed to, 48.

Courage created, 135, 347.

Cover, pointers in, 88.

Covers for game, 65 _n._ App.

Cricket, dogs made fag at, 150.

Cripples first retrieved, 553.

Cunning of old birds, 229.

D.

"Dash," a spaniel, described, 234.

Dead bird, blinking of, 267.

-- lifted by you, error of, 98.

-- loss of, discourages dog, 312.

-- rushing into, 321, 374.

-- search for, 266, 307, 309.

-- search for, with two dogs, 544.

-- the first killed, 265.

-- to be pointed, 267;

but not by retrieving setter or pointer, 548.

-- torn by dog, 322.

Dead, initiatory lesson in, 19, 34.

Diet considered, 567.

Distance, whence birds are winded, 182, 183.

-- between parallels, 181.

-- dog's knowledge of, 285.

Distemper, pups inoculated for, 572.

-- salt for, 579.

-- vaccination for, 573, &c.

Diving, how taught, 105.

Dogs, good, cheapest in the end, 137.

-- shape, &c. of, 137, 187, 364, 537.

-- shepherds', in France, 415.

-- slow, beating more than faster, 327.

-- unknown, fetch small sums, 380.

-- wildest, most energetic, 53, 137, 198.

Dominos played at by dogs, 433, 441.

"Down" see "Drop."

"Down charge," dog pointing, not to, 359.

-- initiatory lesson in, 27.

-- ingenious argument against, 316 _n._

-- why retrievers should, 119.

Draughts, the first to move wins, 158.

"Drop," a better word than "Down," 146.

-- dog to, another dropping, 49.

-- dog to, game rising, 328.

-- initiatory lessons in, 23, 25, 26.

-- unnatural, "Toho" natural, 24.

Dropper, pointing grouse or snipe, 497.

-- by Russian setter, 498.

Duck emits a goodish scent, 94.

Duck. Wood-duck of America, 511.

Duck-shooting in wild rice, 95.

Ducks, wounded, first retrieved, 553.

Duke of Gordon's dogs, 237.

E.

Ears not pulled violently, 327.

Education, age when commence, 15.

-- best conducted by one, 14.

-- Beckford's opinion of, 558.

-- commenced from A, B, C, 588.

-- expeditious, economical, 13.

Elephant, critical encounter with, 450.

-- skulls of, 462.

-- tricks exhibited, 160.

Energy, wildest dogs have most, 53, 137, 198.

Esquimaux dogs, and women, 169.

-- crossed with wolf, 137.

Example advantageous, 351;

especially to spaniels, 62; yours has influence, 264, 374.

Exercise on the road, 566.

F.

Falcon with Greyhound, 470.

Fastest dogs not _beating_ most, 257.

-- walkers not _beating_ most, 256.

Fasting, initiatory lessons given, 12.

Fat, enemy to endurance, 567.

Fatigued, dog not hunted when, 224.

Faults, punishment expected for, 348.

Fawn, sagacity of, 509 _n._

Feeding-time, lessons at, 30.

-- pistol fired, 28.

-- the evening, 568.

Feet, 187;

attended to, 566.

-- and loins compared, 137.

-- of setter better than pointer's, 187.

-- Partridge's, given to dog, 345.

Fence not to be broken, 222.

"Fence," or "Ware fence," initiatory lesson in, 46.

"Fetching" and "carrying" differ, 153.

-- evil of not, 235.

-- lessons in, 96, 109.

Fields, largest beat, 173.

"Find," initiatory lesson, 34, 35.

"Finder" not to advance, 357.

-- retrieves, 541.

Fire, dog to bask before, 225.

First day on game, good conduct of dog, 139;

of two dogs, 280.

First good point, 264;

first bird killed, 265.

Flapper shooting, 226.

Fleas. Saffron. Gum of sloe, 165 _n._

Flesh detrimental to pace, 567.

Flogging, how administered, 323.

-- reprobated, 9, 344.

"Flown," initiatory lesson, 45;

real, 330.

Food given cool, 568.

"Footing" a scent, 43, 112, 285.

"Forward," initiatory lesson, 36.

Fowls, killing of--the cure, 392.

-- require animal food, 407 _n._

Fox brought back by dog, 478.

-- his sagacity, 431 _n._

-- graceful when hunting, 537.

Fox-hound, cross gives vigour, 137.

Franconi's Cirque National de Paris, 11.

G.

Game, age, &c. 7 _n._ 236 _n._ 338 _n._

-- bag, birds looped on, 540.

-- lies close in hot weather, 446.

-- lies too close in turnips, 193.

-- not shown dog soon, 16, 171.

-- plentiful. Bad rangers, 255.

-- sprung towards gun, 64, 89, 284.

"Gone," initiatory lesson, 45;

real, 330.

Gordon, the Duke of, his dogs, 237.

Gorse, spaniels to be habituated to, 61.

Greyhounds, conditioning of, 566.

-- with Falcon, 470.

Griffin, hints to, 65 _n._, 400-403.

Grouse and snipe alternately set, 497.

-- best to break dog on, 331 _n._

-- cunning of old, 229.

-- dog for, rated on snipe, 497.

-- shot from stooks, 7 _n._

-- shot with aid of cart, 384.

-- spread while feeding, 265.

"Grouse's" portrait, 210.

Guinea-birds' eggs. Chicks, 471 _n._

Guinea-birds headed, 528.

Gun, dog to "back" the, 509.

-- first over fence, not dog, 222.

-- game flushed towards, 64, 89, 284.

-- how carried, 65 _n._

H.

Hand, bird delivered into, 98.

-- rewards taken from, 27.

Hare, chase of, checked, 334, 335.

-- heavy, tempts dog to drop, 116.

-- killed in form, steadies dog, 339.

-- scent of, strong, 333.

-- shooting of, condemned, 331.

-- white, the mountain, 338.

-- wounded, dog may pursue, 341.

Harriers, pointer hunted with, 495.

Hat-brush brought by dog, 156.

Hawker, Colonel, 577.

Haunt, dog brought on, 306;

not soon, 330.

Heading birds, 284, 400, 525.

Heading dog making too stanch, 287; circle wide, 265.

Health promoted by shooting, 409.

Heat beneficial to dogs, 571.

Hedge, furthest side hunted, 54.

Hedge-rows not hunted, 175.

"Heel," signal to, on killing, 269, 276.

-- the signal to, 37, 44.

Hen-harrier's nest found, 283 _n._

Herbert's Field Sports in United States, 241, 568.

Hereditary instincts, 128, 137, 279.

Hog-hunting with native dogs, 445.

Hog, wild, first encounter with, 468.

Hooded crow, 283 _n._

Horned owl, a decoy, 283 _n._

Horse, memory of, 221, _n._

Hoof ointment, 364 _n._

Horse, recipe for conditioning, 364 _n._

Horse's and dog's points similar, 364.

-- biting cured, 283 _n._

-- leg strapped, 60.

-- rushing at his leaps cured, 33.

Horses, how taught by Astley, 10.

-- fed on firing, 28.

Hounds, obedience of, 31.

-- tuition of, 30, 505.

Hunting, dog's chief enjoyment, 562.

-- dog long taking to, 132.

Huntsman for pack bad rangers, 248.

-- a gentleman, 413.

I.

Imitative, dogs are, 34, 264.

In-and-in breeding injudicious, 279.

Independence imparted, 375.

India, 444, 446, &c.

Indian-corn meal, 568.

Initiatory lessons, important, 12, 17, 52, 134, 141.

Inoculation for distemper, 572 _n._

INSTANCE OF breaking highly, 251, 395, 499;

--coolness and courage, 449-468; --cunning in grouse, 229; in pheasant, 232, 236; in monkeys, 431 _n._; --dog's barking at point, 521; --dog's behaving well first day, 139, 280; --dog's forcing game to gun, 89; --dog's pointing after the shot, 275; --dog's intercepting, 206, 527, 530; --dog's manner showing birds on the run, 295, 530; dog's pointing on his back, 199; --dog's pointing on fence, 200; --dog's detaining with paw, 319; --dog's retreating from and resuming point, 286, 517, 519, 520; dog's retrieving snipe he would not point, 318; dog's retrieving duck, though detesting water, 320; --dog's running riot from jealousy, 343; dog's running riot only out of sight, 386; --dog's running to heel, but not blinking, 195; --dog's slipping off and replacing collar, 431 _n._; --dog's stanchness--high price it commanded, 382; --dog's stanchness to excess, point made three times, 289; --dog, though never retrieving, bringing lost bird, 97; dog's walking to mallard from a distance, 93 _n._; --dog's walking from a distance to object he seeks, 216; --dogs alternately retrieving as ordered, 542; --dropper's alternately pointing grouse and snipe, 497; example being useful, 352; --good snipe-shot who always used a dog, 395; --good snipe-shot who never used a dog, 394; --longevity and vigour, 226; --old dog proving of great value, 228 --Newfoundlands finding their vessels amidst many, 218, 219; pointer's hunting with hounds or standing snipe, 495; --pointer's superior nose, 366; --pointer standing at partridge while carrying hare, 546; --pot-hunting ruining dog, 373; --prices dogs fetch, 137, 237, 254, 379, 382, 500; retriever bolting partridge because interfered with, 540; --retriever losing birds from not delivering into hand, 98; --retriever killing one bird to carry two, 100; --retriever never disturbing fresh ground, 552; --retriever ranging spontaneously, 551; --retriever tracking wounded through other game, 547; retriever running _direct_ to hidden object, 216; --"roading" well performed by young dog, 290; --setter facing about, on birds running, 295, 530; --setter's superior nose, 369; --setter's standing fresh birds while carrying dead one, 546; --spaniels pointing, 68, 551; --young dogs behaving well first day shown game, 139, 280.

Instinct and reason contrasted, 432.

Instincts hereditary, 128, 137, 279.

Ireland. Snipe, Woodcock, 397, 565.

Isle-aux-Noix, good conduct of dog, 395.

J.

Jesse's opinion of dogs, 431.

K.

Kangaroos, Greyhounds, 469.

Keeper, advice in choosing, 586 _n._

Keeper, feeding several dogs, 30.

-- to teach accomplishments, 555.

Keeper's dogs for vermin and poachers, 283 _n._ App. 537 _n._ 588 _n._

Keepers dislike this book, 588.

-- blameable for bad dogs, 4.

-- idle, dislike dogs of energy, 193.

-- rival, bet respecting, 499.

Kennel, dog in, when not with you, 563.

Kennels in India and England, 570.

Keys, retrievers taught with, 106.

-- "Médor's," bringing, 418.

Killed outright--evil of thinking, 311.

Killing fowls--the remedy, 392.

-- sheep-cure attempted, 387, &c.

Kitchen, dog not allowed run of, 563.

Knox on rearing Pheasants, 407 _n._ App.

L.

Ladies, breaking for gun, 166.

-- no control over dogs, 147.

Ladies' Pets pampered, 163.

Learned dog in Paris, 435;

St. John's, 561.

Leeward, beat from, 201.

-- dog's beat from without gun, 522.

Left hand signals, "Down charge," 24.

-- -- less than right, 142.

Left side of dog, keep on, 285.

"Left," signal for dog to go to, 36.

Lending dog injudicious, 584.

Lesson left off when well repeated, 96.

Lessons, initiatory, reasonable, 12, 17, 52, 134.

-- -- walking in fields, 131.

"Lifting" a dog, 309, 533, 546.

Lion bearded in his den, 465.

Liver, hard boiled, 116.

Loins and feet compared, 137.

Longevity and vigour in a setter, 226.

Lord M----'s setter facing about on birds running, 295, 530.

M.

Major B----d's well broken dogs, 250.

Mange--mutton instead of beef, 569.

Mare making colts swim, 352 _n._

Markers used with spaniels, 81.

Meat recommended for dogs, 569.

Medicine, how easily given, 580.

Memory in horse, 221 _n._

Militia regiment treeing, 200 _n._

Monkeys--their fun, 431 _n._

Moors, advantage of, 137.

"Munito" selecting cards, 414.

Muscle wanted, not flesh, 567.

Muscovy drake, the cross, 471 _n._

Musk bull found by "Muta," 487.

_Mute_ spaniels, old sportsmen prefer, 83.

Mutton less heating than beef, 569.

Muzzle dogs that worry sheep, 391.

N.

Names ending in "o"--dissimilar, 145.

Netting partridges, 537 _n._ App.

Newfoundland carrying off parasol, 151.

-- swimming to ship, 218, 219.

-- that fished, 474, 475.

-- the true breed, 126.

"Niger's" crossing hedge to drive birds, 533 _n._

Night-dogs, 283 _n._ and 537 _n._ App.

"No" better word than "Ware," 47.

Noise spoils sport, 7, 20, 172, 473.

Nose carried high, 42, 186.

-- condition of, important, 570.

-- direction of, shows birds, 284.

-- of pointers and setters differ, 174 _n._

-- of timid dogs often good, 135.

-- tenderness of, how judged, 365.

"Nosing" allowed, 314.

O.

Oatmeal and Indian-corn, 568.

Old birds, cunning of, 229, &c.

-- first killed, 404, 405.

Old crippled Scotch sportsman, 411.

Old dog allowed liberties, 564.

-- range taught with, 191.

-- when good, value of, 227.

"On" initiatory lesson in, 19, 21.

Owl used to decoy vermin, 283 _n._ App.

P.

Parallels, distance between, 181, 184.

Parasol carried off for bun, 151.

Partridges, benefit farmers, 407 _n._ App.

-- how to choose, 7 _n._

-- netted, 537 _n._ App.

-- old killed first, 404.

-- red-legged, 535 _n._

-- wild, intercepted, 284, 400.

Patience enjoined, 263.

Paw kept on wounded bird by dog, 319.

Pea-fowl wants sagacity, 509 _n._

Peg, or spike on checkcord, 281, 335.

Perseverance and range attained, 565.

-- cures bad habits, 165.

-- in seeking, taught, 313.

Pheasants, benefit farmer, 407 _n._ App.

-- cover for, 65 _n._ App.

-- cunning of old, 231, 236.

-- old hens killed off, 404.

-- rearing of, 471 _n._ App.

Physic, how easily given, 580.

Pigeons shot to retriever, 114.

Pike, voracity of, 231 _n._

Pincushion, retrievers fetch, 106.

Pistol, horses fed at discharge, 28.

Poachers, dogs for attacking, 283 _n._ and 537 _n._ App.

-- killing birds, 7 _n._ 93 _n._

-- tracked by bloodhounds, 537 _n._

Poultry and game reared, Cantelo, 407 _n._ App.

-- killing birds, 7 _n._ 93 _n._

-- tracked by bloodhounds, 537 _n._

Poultry and game reared, Cantelo, 407 _n._ App.

"Point dead," to, 266.

Point left and resumed, 512.

-- 150 yards from grouse, 183.

-- 100 yards from partridge, 182.

-- not quitted for "down charge," 274, 359.

-- the first good one, 264.

-- inclination to, general, 471.

-- same, taken three times, 289.

Pointer cross with Indian dog, 448.

Pointer's points, 137, 187, 364, 537.

Pointing, dog not soon, 132, 281, 306.

-- dog when, not to down, 359.

-- origin of, 24.

Polygar dogs, to hunt hog, 445.

Pony for shooting, how broken in, 32.

Porcupine, dogs for hunting the, 448.

Porteous's whistles, 507, &c.

Pot-hunting sportsmen ruin dogs, 373.

Potato-fields, avoid, 192.

Preparatory lessons important, 12, 17, 52, 134, 141.

Price of dogs, 138, 237, 254, 379, 382, 500.

Punishment avoided by lessons, 17.

-- causes blinking, 344, &c.

-- decreases, whip carried, 342.

-- not shunned by dogs, 348, &c.

-- how administered, 323.

-- making dog too stanch, 287.

-- not inflicted on _suspicion_, 326.

-- reprobated, 9, 344.

Pups born in India, 448.

-- -- in winter, 571.

-- inoculated for distemper, 572.

-- vaccinated for distemper, 573, &c.

Purchasers of dogs, hints to, 146, 365, 372.

Puzzle-peg, saved by word "up," 41.

"Puzzling" with nose to ground, 185.

Q.

Quail pointed, dog on fence, 200.

-- large in Canada, 277.

Qualities expected in good dog, 8.

Quartering-ground. _See_ Beat.

R.

Rabbit-shooting, reprobated, 331.

-- with beagles, 80.

Rabbit-warren, visit, hares scarce, 337.

Rabbits, choice and age of, 338 _n._

Railway whistles, 507.

"Range." _See_ "Beat."

"Rating" dogs, how best done, 188.

Rats, dogs for gun not to kill, 130.

Red-legged partridges, headed, 527.

---- destroyed, 535 _n._

Red setters, Irish, 565.

Refinements. _See_ Accomplishments.

_Relays_ desirable--not a pack, 248.

Requisites in a dog, 8;

in a breaker, 6.

Retreat from point, &c. 512.

Retriever, bit for one that mouths, 117.

--evil of assisting, 115.

--"footing" scent, lesson in, 112.

--for water, qualities in, 93.

--made whipper-in, 57.

--observes struck bird, 113.

--(regular), useful with beaters, 550.

--(regular), to "down charge" or not? 119.

Retrievers, shape, &c. of, 125.

--to beat, 550.

--to fetch, taught, 108, &c.

--to pursue faster, 118.

--water, to fetch cripples first, 553.

--how bred, 126.

Retrieving not taught first season, 538.

--setters or pointers not to "point dead," 548.

--setters, not pointers, 536.

Rewards always given, 27, 40.

Rheumatism prevented by care, 571.

Rice, wild lakes, duck-shooting in, 95.

"Richelieu," snipe-shooting, 277.

Rifle, rest for, 509 _n._

Right, the signal to go towards, 36.

Right-eyed, 65 _n._ App.

Right hand, for "Toho" and "Drop," 24.

--signals more than left, 142.

Road, exercise on, good for dogs, 566.

"Roading," instance of fine, 290-292.

--by 6 dogs alternately, 251.

--by "Finder," 354.

Rope to tie dog, bad, 563.

Running bird, firing at, 308.

Rushing in to "dead" cured, 374.

Russian setter, dropper from, 498.

S.

Saffron removing fleas, 165 _n._

Salt for distemper, 579.

Scent, bad in calm or gale, 174.

--differently recognised by pointers and setters, 174 _n._

--of birds, not left for hare, 333.

--"footing" a, initiatory lesson in, 43.

Scent of wounded and unwounded birds differs, 545.

Search "dead," 266;

with 2 dogs, 544.

--for wounded bird, when to leeward, 309;

when to windward, 307.

Seeking dead, how taught, 313.

"Self-hunting," prevent, 564.

September, dog taken out in, 171.

--day's lesson continued, 259.

Servant useful in field, 282.

Seton proved useful, 123.

Setter, stanch--sum paid for, 382.

--to retrieve, 536;

argument against applies to retriever, 549.

Setters crouch more than pointers, 23.

--Duke of Gordon's breed, 237.

--for cover shooting, 87.

Setters, points in, 137, 187, 364, 537.

--red--the Irish breed, 565.

Setters' feet better than pointers', 187.

Severity reprobated, 9, 344.

Sheep, killing of--cure, 387-390.

Sheep-stealing. Bloodhounds, 537 _n._

Shepherds' dogs, 143, 163, 415.

--"forward" signal, for water retrievers, 91.

Shooting, excellence in, not necessary in breaker, 5, 253.

--hints to tyros, 65 _n._ App.

Shot-belt, nozzle lengthened, 65 _n._ App.

--on spaniels and setters, 60, 329.

Shot over, dog to be, before bought, 372.

Showman's dogs in Paris, 434, &c.

Shy birds intercepted, 284, 400, 525, 533.

Sight, dog not to be out of, 386.

Silence enjoined, 7, 172, 473.

Sinews of legs drawn, 345 _n._

Single-handed, shot to, 375.

Sloe, gum of, 165 _n._

Slow dog, associate for young one, 350.

--dogs hunting more than faster, 257.

Snipe, condition of, 236 _n._

--grouse-dog rated noticing, 497.

--killed off, 396.

Snipes, three, lifted in succession, 546.

Snipe-shooting on Richelieu, 277.

Snipe-shot who never used dog, 394;

who used one constantly, 395.

Spaniel puppies, keep close, 59.

Spaniels, age when shown game, 62.

--babbling occasionally best, 84.

--hunted in gorse, 61.

--mute, preferred, 83.

--numbers for a team, 74, 77.

--requisites in, 70.

--shot-belt on wildest, 60.

--Sussex, 236.

--that pointed, 68.

--water, how broken in, 90.

Spike-collar, 300, &c.

Spike fastened to checkcord, 281, 335.

Sportsmen to break dogs, 3, 408, 409.

Spring, dogs broken in, 170.

Springing the other birds after pointing one, 373.

Stanch--made too, by heading, 287.

St. John's old woman's dog, 559 _n._

Stoat, range of, 283 and _n._ App.

Stone, error of retrieving, 103.

Summary imparted by lessons, 141.

Sussex spaniel, 236.

"Suwarrow," heading running birds, 530.

T.

"Taffy," anecdotes of, 421-430.

Tattersall's, thirteen pointers at, 379.

Temper in breaker necessary, 6;

improved by _successfully_ teaching, 409.

Temper hereditary, 128.

Terrier pointing in varied attitudes, 298.

Terriers for covers, 24 _n._

Tigress' claws running into feet, 566 _n._

Time given determines education, 2.

-- saved by initiatory lessons, 52.

Timidity cured, 135, 345, 347.

"Toho," first good one in field, 264.

-- initiatory lesson in, 19, 21, 24.

Traps beat guns for vermin, 283, App.

-- visited by terrier, 283 _n._

Tricks easily taught after first, 136.

-- exhibited with effect, 154, 437.

-- taught by ladies, 150.

Trout, tame, 164.

-- trolling for, 231 _n._ 588 _n._

Turning back, brings dog away, 223.

Turnip-field ridden round, 401.

Turnips avoided, 192.

-- lessons in, 329.

Tweed spaniel, and blind man, 385.

Two dogs, beat of, 238-240.

-- steady, first day, 280.

U.

"Up," signal for--initiatory lesson, 41.

V.

Vaccination for distemper, 573, &c.

Vermin, dogs for, 283 _n._ 588 _n._

-- traps. Decoy owl, 283 _n._ App.

Vigour and longevity in setter, 226.

Vineyards protected by dogs, 415.

W.

Walkers, fastest, not beating most, 256.

"Ware," not so good word as "No," 47.

Warmth necessary for dogs, 571.

Warren, visit, hares scarce, 337 _n._

Water, dog taught to plunge into, 104.

Water-proof, recipe for leather, 567 _n._

-- -- for cloth, 567 _n._

Water-retriever, how broken, 90.

-- observes struck bird, 113.

-- qualities required in, 93.

Whales, Bermuda, 165 _n._

Whip carried saves punishment, 342.

-- to crack loudly, 188.

Whistle low, 20, 507.

-- dissimilar notes on one, 505.

-- distinguishing, for each dog, 501.

-- inattentive to, how punish, 188.

-- initiatory lesson in, 19.

Whistles, boatswain's, 506; railway, 507.

Whistling to animate, injudicious, 172; spoils sport, 7.

White dogs, arguments for and against, 187.

White feet, objectionable, 187.

White, too conspicuous a colour, 93.

Wild birds, intercepted, 284, 400, 525, 533.

Wild dog contrasted with cautious, 194.

Wild dogs turning out best, 198.

Wildfowl, wounded, retrieved first, 553.

-- reconnoitred with glass, 92.

Winged bird. _See_ Bird winged.

Winter pups, 571.

Wolf, cross with Esquimaux dog, 137.

Woodcock-shooting in Albania, 84;

in America, 37; in Ireland, 397; in Kent, 82.

Woodcocks attached to covers, 397.

-- reflushed, 82.

-- small, in Canada, 277.

Wood-duck of North America, 511.

Wounded bird. _See_ Bird wounded.

Y.

Yeomen of Kent, 236.

Yorkshire keeper's advice, 406.

Young dogs steady first day on game, 139, 280.

Youth, game followed in, liked, 69.

-- occupation followed in, liked, 563.

THE END.

R. CLAY, SON, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, BREAD STREET HILL.

ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON,

_January, 1865_.

MR. MURRAY'S

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Footnotes

[1: It may be satisfactory to others to know the opinion of so undeniable an authority as Colonel Hawker. The Colonel, in the Tenth Edition of his invaluable Book on Shooting, writes, (page 285)--"Since the publication of the last edition, Lieutenant-Col. Hutchinson's valuable work on 'Dog-breaking' has appeared. It is a perfect _vade mecum_ for both Sportsmen and Keeper, and I have great pleasure in giving a cordial welcome to a Work which so ably supplies my own deficiencies."]

[2: Rounded, too, at the extremities--the outer feathers not being the longest--a formation adverse to rapid flight. The extreme outer feather of _young_ birds is pointed, and, until late in the season, accompanies soft quills, weak brown beaks, and yellow legs. These (beaks and legs) become grey on maturity, or rather of the bluish hue of London milk--and the quills get white and hard--facts which should be attended to by those who are making a selection for the table. Hold an old and a young bird by their under beaks between your fore-finger and thumb, and you will soon see how little, comparatively, the old beak yields to the weight. This rule applies equally to grouse, the legs of which birds when young are not much feathered, but late in the season it is difficult to determine their age. Yet a knowing hand will find a difference, the old birds' legs will still be the more feathered of the two; and its feet will be more worn and extended. If you spread open the wing of any game-bird, you will find the upper part (near the second joint) more or less bare. The less that part is covered with feathers the younger is the bird.

A poulterer once told me that at the end of the season he judged much of the age of birds by the appearance of their heads.

"Ware" sunken eyes, and tainted or discoloured vents--they have been too long out of the kitchen.]

[3: The following facts are strong evidences of the correctness of this assertion. Late in the season far more grouse _than ought to be_ are shot by "gunners," to use an American expression,--"true sportsmen" I can hardly term them--who conceal themselves in large stooks of grain, to fire at the birds which come from the hills to feed; and, curious to say, several shots are often obtained before the pack takes wing. The first few reports frequently no more alarm them, than to make the most cautious of the number jump up to look around, when, observing nothing that ought to intimidate them, they recommence feeding. By commencing with the undermost birds, the Americans sometimes shoot in daylight all the Partridges (as they erroneously call them) roosting on a tree; and poachers in this country, by making a similar selection, often kill at night (using diminished charges) several Pheasants before those that are on the topmost branches fly away. A strong breeze much favours the poacher by diminishing the chance of the birds much hearing him.]

[4: But from his very infancy you ought not to have allowed him to be disobedient. You should have made him know--which he will do nearly intuitively--that a whip can punish him, though he ought never to have _suffered_ from it. I have heard of pups only four months old being made quite _au fait_ to the preliminary drill here recommended. This early exercise of their intelligence and observation must have benefited them. The questionable point is the unnecessary consumption of the instructor's time.]

[5: It may be fancy, but I have imagined that coveys hatched near railway stations have less than other birds regarded the sportsman's whistle.]

[6: This is one reason for giving initiatory lessons in the "Toho" before the "Drop." Another is that the dog may acquire the "Toho" before he has run the chance of being cowed in learning the "Drop." If the latter were taught first, he might confound the "Toho" with it.]

[7: I know of a young man's reading the first edition of this book, and taking it into his head to teach his Terrier to point according to the method just recommended. He succeeded perfectly. Some Terriers have been made very useful for cover shooting.]

[8: There is often such a similarity in the names of hounds, that a person cannot but be much struck, who for the first time sees them go to their meals, one by one as they are called.]

[9: It would expedite matters much if the groom did this while you remained near the pony to feed him, or _vice versâ_.]

[10: "Imitative creatures!" who can doubt it? If you make an old dog perform a trick several times in the sight of a young one who is watching the proceedings, you will be surprised to see how quickly the young one will learn the trick, especially if he has seen that the old dog was always rewarded for his obedience.]

[11: Obedience to all such signals will hereafter be taught out of doors at gradually increased distances: and to confirm him in the habit of sniffing high in the air (41) for whatever you may then hide, put the bread or meat on a stick or bush, but never in a hedge (175). With the view to his some day retrieving, as instanced in 277, it will be your aim to get him not to seek immediately, but to watch your signals, until by obeying them you will have placed him close to where the object lies, at which precise moment you will say energetically "Find," and cease making any further signs.]

[12: The least comprehensive and logical of the expressions, yet one often used. A dog being no critical grammarian, understands it to apply to "fur" as well as "feather."]

[13: With a resolute, reckless, dashing dog you may advantageously employ a _thinner_ cord of double that length,--whereas, the shortest line will sometimes prevent a timid animal from ranging freely. By-the-bye, the thinner the cord the more readily does it become entangled,--as a rule, a checkcord cannot be too firmly twisted,--a soft one quickly gets knotted and troublesome. (See note to 262.)]

[14: The printer finds this note on covers, shooting, and loading, so long that he will place it in an Appendix.]

[15: These fetch immense _fancy_ prices when well shaped,--black and tan, without a single white hair, and long eared. But this breed is nearly useless to the sportsman, whereas the Blenheim is a lively diligent little fellow in light cover, and from his diminutive size threads his way through low thick brushwood more readily than might at first be imagined, being incited to great perseverance by a most enthusiastic enjoyment of the scent. In strong high turnips, he is employed with much advantage to spring the partridge. He creeps under, where a larger dog would be constantly jumping.]

[16: For the benefit of those who have the good fortune, or the bad fortune, as the case may be, of always living within the sound of Bow bells, "Flick," be it observed, is a synonym for "Fur," thereby meaning Hare, or Rabbit.]

[17: But when the moors are covered with snow, poachers, who emerge in bands from the mines, often put a shirt over their clothes, and manage to approach grouse at a time when a fair sportsman cannot get a shot; but this is the only occasion on which one uniform colour could be advantageous. A mass of _any_ single colour always catches, and arrests the eye. Nature tells us this; animals that browse, elephants, buffaloes, and large deer, as well as those which can escape from their enemies by speed, are mostly of one colour. On the contrary, the tiger kind, snakes, and all that lie in wait for, and seize their prey by stealth, wear a garment of many colours, so do the smaller animals and most birds, which are saved from capture by the inability of their foes to distinguish them from the surrounding foliage or herbage. The uniform of our rifle corps is too much of one hue.]

[18: A drier and cleaner article than you may suppose, and which can be carried not inconveniently in a Mackintosh, or oil-skin bag,--a toilet sponge bag.]

[19: If a retriever has the opportunity, while prowling about, of gnawing hare or rabbit-skins thrown aside by a slovenly cook, it will not be unnatural in him, when he is hungry, to wish to appropriate to himself the hide, if not the interior of the animals he is lifting.]

[20: This reasoning obviously does not apply to the retrievers employed in those battues where rapid slaughter is "the order of the day,"--where the sportsmen do not condescend to charge their own guns, but are constantly supplied with relays of loaded arms.]

[21: I once had a pointer pup whose dam was broken in (after a fashion) and regularly shot to when seven months old. Without injury to her constitution, she could not have been hunted for more than an hour or two at a time. She ought not to have been taken to the held for _regular_ use until fully a year old.]

[22: I often shoot over a setter bitch (belonging to one of my relations) that has capital feet, but is very defective across the loins. She is extremely fast, and a brilliant performer for half a day; but she then shuts up completely. A little rest, however, soon brings her round for another half day's brilliant work. Unless a dog is particularly light in body, bad feet quickly scald upon heath or stubble, and they are longer getting round, than is a bad loined dog in recovering from a day's fatigue.]

[23: A trick that historical research probably would show to have been devised in a conclave of house-maids, and which was constantly performed by one of my oldest acquaintances, "Little-brush," a worthy son of the "Dearest-of-men," as he used to be called by his fond mistress, who, I need not say, had no children of her own on whom to lavish her caresses.]

[24: It is astonishing what myriads of fleas are bred in the sand in many hot countries. When walking along some of the roads during the spring, numbers of the little creatures will pay you the compliment of attaching themselves to your dress and person. At Bermuda they so regularly make their appearance with the whales, that the Niggers think there must be some intimate, however mysterious, connexion between the two. In India the natives expel the intruders from their houses by strewing fresh saffron leaves about the rooms; and a decoction from these said leaves, applied liberally to a dog's coat, rids him of the unwelcome visitors, however numerous. I have read that the same good effect will be produced if his hair be well wetted with a solution of the gum of the sloe-tree in water. Fourteen grains of the gum to one quart of water.

The capture of the whale, by-the-bye, at Bermuda, affords sport as exciting as it is profitable. The fish are struck within sight of the Islands, and as the water is shoal, owing to sandbanks, a short line is employed. By this line the stricken animal tows the harpooner's boat along with fearful rapidity, an immense wave curling far above the high bow. The flesh of the young whale is excellent,--very like veal,--and with the black population the whaling season is one of great feasting and enjoyment. By a colonial law no charge can be made for the flesh of the fish. Every comer has a right to carry off as much of the meat as he may require, _but no blubber_. On a whale being killed, a well-known signal, hoisted at the several look-out posts, quickly informs the coloured inhabitants of the successful seizure, and whether it has been effected at the north or south side. Numerous claimants then hurry off, on foot or in boat, to secure a sufficiency for several days' consumption, of a food they prize far more than beef or mutton. What is not immediately used is cut into strips, and dried in the sun.]

[25: In ordinary seasons immediately after St. Valentine's Day,--before the birds have made their nests.]

[26: "Leeward"--a nautical phrase--here meaning the side towards which the wind blows _from_ the field. If you entered elsewhere, the dog while ranging would be tempted, from the natural bearing of his nose towards the wind, to come back upon you, making his first turn inwards instead of outwards.]

[27: But, independently of these obvious reasons, scent is affected by causes into the nature of which none of us can penetrate. There is a contrariety in it that ever has puzzled, and apparently ever will puzzle, the most observant sportsman (whether a lover of the chase or gun), and therefore, in ignorance of the doubtless immutable, though to us inexplicable, laws by which it is regulated, we are contented to call it "capricious." Immediately before heavy rain there frequently is none. It is undeniable that moisture will at one time destroy it,--at another bring it. That on certain days--in slight frost, for instance,--setters will recognise it better than pointers, and, on the other hand, that the nose of the latter will prove far superior after a long continuance of dry weather, and this even when the setter has been furnished with abundance of water,--which circumstance pleads in favour of hunting pointers and setters together. The argument against it, is the usual inequality of their pace, and, to the eye of some sportsmen, the want of harmony in their appearance. Should not this uncertainty respecting the recognition of scent teach us not to continue hunting a good dog who is frequently making mistakes, but rather to keep him at "heel" for an hour or two? He will consider it a kind of punishment, and be doubly careful when next enlarged. Moreover, he may be slightly feverish from overwork, or he may have come in contact with some impurity,--in either of which cases his nose would be temporarily out of order.]

[28: There are sportsmen who aver that a setter's "falling" instead of standing is advantageous, as it does not so much alarm the birds.]

[29: Provided always he be not perpetually pointing, as occasionally will happen--and is the more likely to happen if he has been injudiciously taught as a puppy to set chickens, and has thereby acquired the evil habit of "standing by eye;" which, however, may have made him a first-rate hand at pointing crows.]

[30: With the understanding that the pace does not make him "shut up" before the day is over.]

[31: The more resolute a dog is, the more pains should be taken, before he is shown game, to perfect him in the instant "drop" (26), however far off he may be ranging.]

[32: The mention of quails taking to trees recalls to my recollection a novel light infantry manoeuvre (for the exact particulars of which I will not, however, positively pledge myself,) that was conceived with such admirable rapidity by the commanding officer on an occasion of great emergency, and executed with such wonderful celerity by the troops under him, that I hope my professional partialities will be allowed to excuse my describing it.

Bermuda, "the blest little island," as the fascinating Tommy Moore styles her, although now well supplied with all the necessaries of life, especially since the improvements in husbandry, introduced by its late excellent governor, Colonel R----d (now Sir William), was formerly but little better provided with fresh meat than a man-of-war victualled for a six months' cruise. At the time I allude to there were but few cows, and only one bull on the islands; and what made matters more disagreeable, it had been slanderously reported of the strange beast that "he was an awfully vicious animal." It is certain that he bellowed fearfully. The inhabitants (who have always been highly esteemed by those who know them) though they were not at that period as well fed with the roast beef of old England as when I was recently quartered among them, were, notwithstanding, a right loyal set, and prided themselves greatly upon their efficient militia. On a hot day,--as are most of their days,--when these good soldiers were at drill under their esteemed commander--let us say, Col. O----e,--a breathless messenger ran up to him as he was mounted on his grey charger in front of the steady line, and uttered some mysterious words. The gallant colonel's countenance assumed a look of deep anxiety,--for an instant his cheek blanched,--his lip quivered:--but quickly rallying, he abandoned his horse, and with infinite presence of mind, gave in unfaltering accents the order, "Gentlemen, _tree_ yourselves,--Moll Burgess's Bull is loose." Precept and example were here happily combined, and the able commander was among the first to find safety in the topmost branches of a neighbouring cedar. Military annals record no instance of more prompt, zealous obedience.]

[33: This dispersion of scent in the atmosphere explains why a dog who carries his head high finds more game than a dog who hunts with his nose near the ground.]

[34: When quartered, years ago, in County Wexford, I used frequently to see a fine strong-knit, well-built horse, who could never see me--for he was stone-blind; yet, odd to say, all his progeny had capital eyes.{1} He had rather a queer temper, as his name, "Restless," partly implied. During the spring he was led about the country, and what is very surprising, there was always a fight to get him past the lane or gate leading to any farm-house where his services had ever before been required. As it is certain that he was _perfectly_ blind, no faculty we can believe him to be possessed of, unless it be memory, will explain how, at such long intervals, he could recognise the many different places so accurately; and if it be attributable to memory, that of the Senior Wrangler of Cambridge's best year can in no way be compared with it.

{1} This is the more singular, as, from unexplained causes, diseases of that organ are but too common in Ireland. One veterinary surgeon attributed it to the dampness of the climate. His young English horses suffered while at Cork as much as his Irish ones.]

[35: Indeed, through a merciful dispensation, it seems to be ordained, that no animal (in the general course of nature) shall die a lingering, painful death from starvation, but shall serve for the nourishment of others before his body becomes attenuated from want.]

[36: Numerous accounts have been given of the voracity of the pike. K----g told me of a very remarkable instance, and one which clearly shows that fish do not always suffer so much torture when hooked as many suppose. He was spinning a gudgeon for pike in the river Stour, near Chilham, having bent on four large hooks, back to back, and a large lip-hook. He was run at by a pike, which he struck, but the line unfortunately breaking, the fish carried off fully four yards of it, together with half a yard of gimp, two large swivels, and a lead. K----g put on fresh tackle and bait. At the very first cast he was run at again, and succeeded in landing the fish, which weighed 12 lbs. To K----g's great surprise, he observed the lost line, swivel, and lead hanging out of its mouth, while,--apparently not much to the animal's discomfort,--the bait and hooks quietly reposed in its interior. On turning the gullet inside out, K----g found the bait so uninjured that he again fastened it to his line along with the recovered tackle, and actually caught another pike weighing 4 lbs., and a perch of 2½ lbs., with the very gudgeon that had been in the stomach of the large pike for nearly a quarter of an hour.

Those who are fond of trolling for trout would not find their time thrown away in reading Wheatley's _novel_ hints on all kinds of spinning baits. His "Rod and Line" is an excellent little book.]

[37: There are poulterers who would pare such a spur to diminish the appearance of age. The shorter and blunter the spur, and the smoother the leg, the younger is the bird. Dr. Kitchener, who appears not to have had much luck in stumbling upon well-fed pheasants, avers that they have not the flavour of barn-door fowls if they are cooked before they drop from the single tail feather by which, he says, they should be hung up in the larder; or, rather, he advises that two pheasants should be suspended by _one_ feather until both fall. Birds of full, beautiful plumage gratify the eye more than the palate. It is an indication of age in _all sorts_ of birds. The hens are the tenderest. On the body of birds, immediately under the wing, there is what keepers often call, "the condition vein." The more fat and yellow that appears, the higher is the condition of the animal. Blow aside the feathers of a snipe; and if the flesh is nearly black the bird wants condition,--it should be white.]

[38: On the 7th of July, 1836, his kennel was put up to auction, when three of his setters fetched, severally, seventy-two, sixty, and fifty-six guineas. Two puppies brought fifteen guineas each,--and two of his retrievers, "Bess" and "Diver," forty-six and forty-two guineas.]

[39: Entitled, "Field Sports in the United States and British Provinces, by Frank Forester."]

[40: A rule to be followed whenever you employ relays of braces.]

[41: That price was named in the Table of Contents of the first edition.]

[42: It is admitted, however, that they are often difficult animals to manage; for the _least_ hastiness on the part of the instructor may create a distrust that he will find it very hard to remove.]

[43: The first day for killing blackcock.]

[44: If painted white it will be the more readily seen and _trodden_ on,--a _step_ advisable preparatory to seizing it, or an ungloved hand may suffer should the dog be ranging rapidly.]

[45: Should they (unluckily for the lesson) run, you must endeavour to manage as detailed in 285.]

[46: As he acquires experience he will wish to rise the moment he observes that your loading is completed. Do not allow him to move, however correctly he may have judged the time. Let his rising be always in obedience to signal or word. You may occasionally make a mistake in charging, or your friend may not load as expeditiously as yourself.]

[47: Never being allowed to grip conduces so much to making him tender-mouthed, that, should he hereafter be permitted to lift his game, it is probable he will deliver it up perfectly uninjured.]

[48: Oftener practicable on heather than on stubble.]

[49: In order to work in silence, I advised (XI. of 141) that the signal to "heel," whenever the dog could observe it, should supersede the word "dead." It might be necessary to sing out with a boatswain's voice should the dog be far off.]

[50: Which becomes white in a severe winter,--a regular ermine; the only one of the weazel-tribe that does so in England.]

[51: This note on the subject of trapping, and keeper's vermin-dogs, &c., is so long that the printer has placed it in an Appendix.]

[Page Header: EDUCATION OF CHEETA.]

[52: The cheeta invariably selects the buck, passing by the nearer does and fawns. I never saw but one instance to the contrary. On that occasion the cheeta endeavoured to secure what appeared to be his easiest victim--a young fawn; but the little creature twisted and doubled so rapidly, that it escaped perfectly uninjured. The turbaned keeper, greatly surprised, begged the spectators to remain at a respectful distance while he proceeded to secure the panting, baffled animal. The caution was not unnecessary; for the disappointed beast, though usually very tractable, struck at the man's arm and tore it. On examination a large thorn was found in one of the animal's fore-paws, which fully explained the cause of his not _bounding_ after the lord of the herd, when he had, in cat-like manner, stealthily crawled as near as any intervening bushes would afford concealment. This preliminary part of the affair is at times very tedious; the rest is quickly settled: for the wondrous springs of the cheeta (whose form then so apparently dilates,{1} that the observer, if a novice, starts in the belief that he suddenly sees a royal tiger) soon exhaust him, which accounts for his always creeping as near as possible before openly commencing his attack.

The education of the cheeta is no less progressive than that of the dog; and whatever patience the latter may require from his instructor, the former demands far greater; not so much from want of docility, as from the nearly total absence of all the feelings of attachment so conspicuous in the canine race. The cubs when they are very young are stolen from the rocky fastnesses where they are usually bred. They are immediately hooded, and allowed no other exercise than what they can take when they are led about by their keeper. While he is feeding them, he invariably shouts in a peculiar key. In a month or so their eager looks, animated gestures, and possibly cheerful purring, testify that they comprehend its import as fully as a hungry young ensign does "the roast beef of old England." They are then slightly chained, each to a separate bandy (bullock-cart), and habituated to its motion. They are always fed during the drive. They thus learn to expect a good meal in the course of their airing. After a time the keeper, instead of feeding a promising pupil while he is a prisoner, goes to a little distance from the bandy and utters the singular cries now so joyfully heard, upon which--an attendant slipping off the chain and hood--the liberated cheeta runs to his trainer to be fed. By degrees this is done at increased distances. He is always conducted back to the carriage by the keeper's dragging at the lump of meat of which the animal retains a firm hold. The next step is for the man again to commence feeding _near_ the cart, but without making any noise,--the removal of the hood being the only thing that tells the spotted beast to look about him for his dinner. The last step is the substitution of a kid or wounded antelope, for the keeper with his provision basket, when it rarely happens that nature's strong instinct does not make the cheeta seize with eagerness the proffered prey. His education is now completed; but for many months he is never unhooded at a herd unless the driver has managed to get the cart within a very favouring distance.

The cheeta knocks over the buck with a blow of his paw on the hind-quarters, given so rapidly that the eye cannot follow the motion, and then grasps him firmly by the throat; nor will he quit hold of the windpipe as long as the prostrate animal can make the slightest struggle for breath. This affords the keeper ample time to cut off a limb, which he thrusts against the cheeta's nose, and as soon as the still quivering dainty tempts him to grasp it, he is again led off to his cart. He is then further rewarded with a drink of warm blood taken from the inside of the antelope, and the scene concludes by the carcass being strapped under the bandy.]

{1} A dealer often says in praise of a small horse,--and great praise it is--"You may fancy him a little one now, but wait till you see him move, and then you'll think him a big one."]

[53: Many think that grouse feed more down wind than partridges.]

[54: A pace that keeps the sportsman at a brisk walk is obviously the best. It is very annoying to be unable, by any quiet encouragement, to get a dog to "road" as rapidly as you wish--an annoyance often experienced with naturally timid dogs, or with those which have been overpunished.]

[55: "Suwarrow's" manoeuvre (530) clearly shows the true reason.]

[56: The speed with which one of these extremely beautiful, but in every other respect far, far inferior partridges will run, when only slightly wounded, is quite marvellous.]

[57: The force of the word "Dead" (preceding the command "Find")--that joyous, exciting note of triumph--ought never to be lessened by being employed, as I have heard it, to stimulate a dog to hunt when no bird is down; or, like the shepherd-boy's cry of "Wolf! wolf!" it will have little influence at the moment when it should most animate to unremitting exertions.]

[58: After a touseling you may have observed the dog rubbing his nose in the grass. He did right. I have lately had reason to think that when from the absence of grass a dog could not effectually wipe his nose, the fine down adhering to it has for some time interfered with the delicacy and discrimination of his olfactory organs. He got too near his birds before acknowledging them. Would you be shocked if I asked you to assist him occasionally in freeing his nostrils from the offending feathers?]

[59: In favour of such unsportsman-like haste they ingeniously argue that a continued noise after firing makes birds lie, from attracting their attention. They say that a sudden change to quiet (and a great change it must be, for a _chasseur_ is always talking) alarms the birds. As an evidence of this, they adduce the well-known fact of its frequently happening that a partridge gets up the moment the guns have left the spot, though no previous noise had induced it to stir.]

[60: Had you lost the bird from there being but little scent, it is probable you might have found it by renewing your search on your return homewards in the evening. If a runner, it would most likely have rejoined the covey.]

[61: "Toho," rather than "Drop,"--your object now being to make him stand at, and prevent his mouthing game; for you are satisfied that he would have "down charged" had the bird been missed.]

[62: Of course, with the proviso that he is not pointing at another bird (274).]

[63: Lest the cord should cut the turnip-tops, it might be better to employ the elastic band spoken of in 60.]

[64: A superior dog on grouse more easily becomes good on partridge than a superior partridge-dog becomes good on grouse. Grouse run so much, both when they are pairing, and after the first flight of the young pack, that a dog broken on them has necessarily great practice in "roading," ("roading," too, with the nose carried high to avoid strong heather--a valuable instructor), whereas the dog broken on partridge often becomes impatient, and breaks away when he first finds grouse. The former dog, moreover, will learn not to "break fence," and the necessity of moderating his pace when hunting stubbles and turnips, sooner than the latter will acquire the extensive fast beat so desirable on heather, where he can work for hours uninterrupted by hedge, ditch, or furrow; making casts to the right and left a quarter of a mile in length. First impressions are as strong in puppyhood as in childhood; therefore the advantage of having such ground to commence on must be obvious. There are, however, favoured spots in Perthshire, &c., where game so abounds that close rangers are as necessary as when hunting in England. Alas! even the grouse-dog will take far too quickly to hedge-hunting and pottering when on the stubbles. It is, of course, presumed that he is broken from "chasing hare"--a task his trainer must have found difficult (though none are ever shot to him) from the few that, _comparatively_ speaking, his pupil could have seen. Independently, however, of want of pace and practice in roading, it never would be fair to take a dog direct from the Lowlands to contend on the Highlands with one habituated to the latter,--and _vice versâ_, for the stranger would always be placed to great disadvantage. A _faint_ scent of game which the other would instantly recognise, he would not acknowledge from being wholly unaccustomed to it. Sometimes, however, a grouse-dog of a ticklish temper will not bear being constantly called to on "breaking fence." A fine, free ranging pointer, belonging to one of the brothers H----y, when brought to an enclosed county, became quite subdued and dispirited. He could not stand the rating he received for bounding over the hedges, and he evidently derived no enjoyment from the sport, though there were plenty of birds. On returning to the Highlands, he quite recovered his animation and perseverance. He added another to the many evidences that dogs are most attached to, and _at home_ on, the kind of country they first hunted.]

[65: The ears of young hares tear readily; and there is a gristly substance, larger than half a pea, at the end of the shank-bone of the fore-leg, just above the joint, which departs with youth. Their smooth, close, sharp claws disappear afterwards; and when quite old their jaw-bones become so strong as not to yield and crack to the strongest pressure of your fingers.

When you observe that the carving knife performs the part of curling-tongs, prefer a help from the birds at the top of the table.

Ditto, ditto, in all particulars, with regard to rabbits.]

[66: This appears extremely cruel; remember, however, that I entreated you to abstain entirely from shooting hares; but if you would not make this sacrifice, at least "only to fire at those which you were likely to kill outright" (332).]

[67: Thus greatly improving it for table. The cook who first thought of breaking the legs of birds, and dragging out the sinews, ought to be immortalized. The first person I saw practising the feat was an admirable black man-cook, in the West Indies: he was preparing turkeys for a large supper; and, to my great surprise, I saw him take up each bird, cut the skin in front of and about the middle of its legs, crack the bone across that part with a blow of the knife; then stick the sinews of the foot on a hook fixed high against the wall, seize firm hold of the thigh of the turkey, give a sudden powerful pull, and leave the lower part of the leg, with a large body of sinews, perfectly stripped of all flesh, suspended on the hook.]

[68: A singular evidence of the influence of example was furnished by a favourite charger belonging to the father of the present Lord G----d. As a reward for gallant service, she had been turned out for life, when only seven years old, on the banks of the Shannon. She had a shed to run into, and plenty of hay in winter. It pleased her, in all seasons, daily to have a swim in the river. Year after year colts were turned out on the same grass. All these, following the example set them by the mare, voluntarily took to the water, and gradually became expert swimmers. Until within a short time of her death, and she attained the unusual age of forty-three, she continued to bathe; and I have heard that she was evidently much puzzled and vexed whenever from the stream being frozen she could not get her plunge. She would walk a little way on the ice, but finding it too slippery, unwillingly return.]

[69: The continuation of the vertebræ of the back, and clearly, therefore, an indication of their substance. _Query_--Was it because our grandfathers knew that a tail naturally short was a pledge of stamina, that they endeavoured to imitate it by docking their horses and pointers? Curiously enough, the points named in 364 as desirable in a dog are considered good in a horse. In portraits of the useful old English hunter, you never see a feeble, flexible neck,--it is desirable that it should be arched,--a dog's neck also should be sufficiently strong, and put on high. Neither horse nor dog should have large fleshy heads,--and a full bright eye is in both a sign of spirit and endurance. The canon bone in a horse should be short, so ought the corresponding bone of a dog's leg; and every joint ought to be large, yet clean; and (without a bull) the _short_ ribs in both animals should be _long_. There are hardy horses whose flesh you cannot bring down without an amount of work that is injurious to their legs,--there are also thrifty dogs which are constantly too fat, unless they are almost starved, and common sense tells us they cannot be so starved without their strength being much reduced. The analogy does not hold with respect to ears, for it is generally considered that the dog's should be soft and drooping, lying close to his head--not short and ever in motion. Moreover, most men would wish his muzzle to be broad as well as long.

Our eye is so accustomed to the sight of weeds,--animals bred for short-lived speed, not for endurance,--that we no longer look for, and possibly do not properly appreciate, the short back (though long body), with scarcely room for a saddle; and _the width between the upper part of the shoulder-blades_ (as well as the lower)--the indication of space within--upon which points our forefathers justly set great value. We forget its being mentioned of Eclipse, whose endurance is as undeniable as his speed, that he had a "shoulder broad enough to carry a firkin of butter,"--and that Stubb's portraits of winners (of races four and occasionally six miles long!) show that they possessed powerfully muscular, as well as slanting shoulders. The frame of a clever Welsh, or New Forest pony, if his head is set on at a considerable angle with his neck, is perfection. It might with profit be studied by any youngster wishing to form his eye, and know what, on an enlarged scale, should be the build of a real hunter,--an animal fitted for every kind of work. The Arabs so much prize a short back and lengthy quarters, that they have a proverb to the effect that a horse which measures the same from the hip-bone to the end of his croupe, that he does from the hip-bone to the withers, is a blessing to his master. Another assertion of theirs is, that all their fastest horses measure less from the middle of the withers to the setting on of the tail, than they do from the middle of the withers to the extremity of the nose, or rather extremity of the upper lip. This measurement is supposed to be taken along the crest of the neck, over the forelock, and between the eyes.

It is sometimes so difficult to get a horse into condition, and the following recipe, given me by an old cavalry officer who is an excellent stable-master, is so admirable, that I need not apologize for inserting it:--

"Give three{1} ounces of cold drawn linseed oil in a cold mash every alternate night for a fortnight. If you judge it advisable, repeat the same after an interval of a fortnight. The good effects of the oil are not immediately visible, but in about a month the horse's coat will become glossy, and he will commence putting up good _hard_ flesh."

The daily rubbing in a portion of the following ointment into a horse's hoof (especially after exercise in moist ground, and on removal of wet bandages, _before any evaporation can take place_,) will prevent, indeed cure, brittleness--that constant precursor of contracted feverish feet:--

Tar (not Coal Tar). Soft Soap. Soap Cerate. Hog's Lard. ½ lb. of each well mixed together over a very slow fire.

{1} 20 oz. = 1 imperial pint.]

[70: Amidst sheep too.]

[71: I am glad to say I never had occasion to adopt so severe a remedy as the following; but I have heard of an otherwise incorrigible taste for blood being cured by a partridge pierced transversely with two knitting-pins being _adroitly_ substituted for the fallen bird which the dog had been restrained by a checkcord from bolting. The pins were cut to a length somewhat less than the diameter of its body, and were fixed at right angles to one another. Several slight wires would, I think, have answered better.]

[72: And if hares are shot to him, fewest wounded hares.]

[73: In the remaining odd case (one out of a hundred) the propensity may be traced to the animal belonging to a vicious stock,--in short, to hereditary instinct.]

[74: Mr. C. B----y, who has written so cleverly and usefully under the name of "Harry Hieover," supports (in "Practical Horsemanship") an argument respecting the breaking of horses, by describing with such good judgment the manner in which he would proceed to gradually wean a dog from worrying sheep (much on the principle of taking him to a rabbit-warren, 337), that I think some of my readers may peruse it with profit:--

"I suppose myself to have a dog addicted to chasing sheep. He must be cured of that. If I depute a servant to do this, I know how he will set about it. He will take the dog on a common, where sheep are running at large. The moment they see the dog they begin running. This is just what the man wished they might do. The dog, of course, immediately sets off after them, and the man after the dog. Probably after the latter has ceased chasing, he is caught; and at a moment when he is not in fault he is most brutally thrashed, knowing or not knowing what he is thrashed for. He is cowed for the day, and sore for three or four afterwards, when he forgets the beating; and the next time he sees the sheep, he feels the same excitement and propensity, and away he goes after them; so probably it would be as long as he lives.

"I now take the dog in hand, and as sedulously avoid taking him where he has a chance of seeing sheep running, as the other sought for a place where he should; for I know, with his present habits, the temptation will be too strong for the dog to resist. I put a collar round his neck, with a chain to hold him by, and a good dog-whip in my hand. I take him to a sheep-fold: here the sheep cannot run: and not being wild, the utmost they can do on seeing the dog is to huddle all together. On entering the fold I cry in a warning voice, 'Ware sheep, Don.' The dog looks up. 'Ware sheep,' I cry again. If he appears in the least elated or fidgety, 'Ware sheep,' I cry in a voice of anger. If he attempt to make any hasty advance towards them, a smart stroke or two of the whip makes him find 'Ware sheep' must be attended to. If after this he pulls towards, or jumps at them, I give him a good flogging, he deserves it, for he knows he is doing wrong, and has not over-excitement as an excuse. In a day or two, more or less, as he is more or less incorrigible, he will cease not only to jump at the sheep, but will walk quietly among them. He has learned perfectly one lesson, which is, that he must not touch sheep standing still. Probably, being now cowed by the warning 'Ware sheep,' if I took him on the common, he would, if he saw sheep running, stop at being halloed to (if not too far off); but it would be highly injudicious to trust him, for if he broke away, my three or four days' lesson would go for nothing:--he would be nearly as bad as ever.

"I now take him where sheep are wild, but never get near enough to set them running. But suppose they were to do so, I am prepared, for I have him in a cord some twenty yards long. This length gives him something of a feeling of liberty. If he looks towards the flock, 'Ware sheep' reminds him of his lessons. In a day or two I approach them; they begin to run: Don gets fidgety, but the warning and showing him the whip most probably controls him; if it does not, and he breaks away, I let him reach the end of the cord, and with a stentorian 'Ware sheep,' I pull him head over heels, haul him up, and getting hold of him, give him a second thrashing--a lesson or two more, and he, in nine cases in ten, will be broken of the habit. But if without the cord to check him he had got in full career, flaying the poor brute alive would not have prevented his doing it again; but his propensity having been diminished gradually, moderate reflection will reform him, which it would not have done while that propensity was in full force."--Page 171.]

[75: A muzzle is the best recipe for keeping a howling dog quiet at night--from what is commonly called "baying the moon." It should invariably be employed whenever any ointment is applied to his skin for mange, &c.]

[76: A dark day with a good breeze would be preferred with us.]

[77: But there is this to be said in favour of your perpetually shooting in wind and wet:--you will be acting a most friendly part by your less persecuting neighbour, for under the twofold annoyance of the gun and such weather, the birds will fly to great distances to seek for quiet shelter.]

[78: This note about rearing pheasants, &c., is so long that the printer has placed it in an Appendix. See page 335.]

[79: Neeps, anglicè turnips.]

[80: Callant, anglicè boy.]

[81: Hirple, anglicè limp.]

[82: Lord Brougham, in his "Dialogues on Instinct," gives anecdotes showing the great sagacity of animals. He writes--"The cunning of foxes is proverbial; but I know not if it was ever more remarkably displayed than in the Duke of Beaufort's country; where Reynard, being hard pressed, disappeared suddenly, and was, after strict search, found in a water-pool up to the very snout, by which he held on to a willow-bough hanging over the pond. The cunning of a dog, which Serjeant Wilde tells me of as known to him, is at least equal. He used to be tied up as a precaution against hunting sheep. At night he slipped his head out of the collar, and returning before dawn, put on the collar again to conceal his nocturnal excursions."

All animals are more or less cunning. The cunning of monkeys--I do not quite like using that word: it hardly does them justice--is nearly as proverbial as the cunning of foxes--but it is not so generally admitted that the monkey has an innate sense of the ludicrous; and it would surprise many to be told that its mischievous propensities frequently arise, not from a spirit of wanton destructiveness, but from a consciousness of fun--from a feeling of enjoyment at thinking of, or witnessing the embarrassments created by its pranks. Yet it is so. Captain H----e, when in the 7th Fusiliers, mentioned to me that the sailors of the ship in which he returned from the Mediterranean had two pet monkeys on board. The older one not being so tame as the smaller, a belt with a short rope was fastened round his waist, in order that he might be occasionally tied up, and as this belt had chafed him he greatly disliked its being touched. One hot day when the monkeys were lying beside each other on the deck, apparently asleep, H----e observed the little one raise himself softly, look at his companion, and feeling assured that he was asleep, sink down quietly, close his eyes, and give the obnoxious belt a sudden twitch. The other instantly sprang up,--perceiving, however, nothing near him but the little fellow (seemingly) in a deep slumber, he laid himself down to continue his siesta. After a while the young tormentor cautiously peered round; when satisfied that his friend was again in the arms of "Mr. Murphy," he repeated the disagreeable twitch with yet greater success,--the old chap becoming this time delightfully puzzled.

A third time the little rascal, after the same precautions as before, endeavoured to play off his trick,--but he was foiled at his own weapons. The old gentleman suspecting him, had cunningly pretended to be asleep; and on the small paw quietly approaching his sensitive loins, he jumped up--seized the culprit in the very fact, and forthwith gave him a drubbing that taught him more respectful manners during the remainder of the voyage.

But to return for a moment to foxes. A story is told in the family of Mr. C----s R----n (286) of the sagacity of these animals, to which he gives implicit credence. Adjacent to their old family house stands a yet older high tower, the summit of which commands an extensive view of the surrounding country, and consequently of the several rides leading to the building. From this elevated position his grandfather was one morning watching the hounds drawing some neighbouring covers, when he saw a fox steal away unobserved, and hide himself in a few furze-bushes. The pack passed by at some distance from him, and Monsieur Reynard must have begun congratulating himself upon his escape, when to his horror he perceived two lagging skirters approaching his place of concealment. Instead of breaking away in an opposite direction, he at once went forth to greet them,--lay down, playfully wagging his tail,--and gave them a pressing, and doubtless sincere, invitation to join in a game of romps. The ruse was successful. The hounds came up, paid him the compliment of sniffing at him as he rolled on his back humbly admitting his inferiority, and then cantered off to join their companions. Upon this, Pug at once retreated to his first covert.]

[83: Is not the capability of forming a good judgment in unusual circumstances more dependent upon the exercise of the reasoning than the instinctive faculties?]

[84: So adroitly obtruding (or forcing) a particular card of an outspread pack upon the notice of an unsuspecting party, that he unhesitatingly selects that identical card. This trick is performed very effectively, having previously concealed the eight of a suit, by temporarily converting the seven into the eight by lightly sticking on a bit of paper cut into proper shape, and of the same colour as the suit. The metamorphosed card is forced upon one of the audience, and the exhibitor manages unperceived to remove the deception with his little finger when reshuffling the cards.]

[85: This would account for the showman's wish to increase the size of the circle (436), and keep his audience at a respectable distance, well out of hearing.]

[86: We speak not of the delightful Neilgherry hills, nor the valleys of the magnificent Himalaya mountains.]

[87: The really wild dogs of India,--the Dhole,--hunt by nose, and in packs.]

[88: Pointer rather than setter, not only on account of his shorter coat, but because his nose seems better suited to a hot climate. This cross would be hardy; and prove extremely useful when the grain. fields are cut; but in high grass and strong jungle a team of Clumbers would be invaluable. They could not, however, be kept healthy in the low, hot lands. We must naturally expect that in the cool parts of India the true English pointer (or setter) would be found more serviceable than the best cross. For those who are fond of coursing in India what a pity it is that it should be so difficult to procure good Arab-greyhounds. Whilst I was in the country, but I speak of many years ago, I never saw a decent one. A far better description of dog, and one which would keep healthy in the hottest weather, might be imported (if expense was no consideration) from the upper parts of Arabia, where an admirable, short-coated greyhound is reared for different kinds of coursing. The best dogs are greatly valued, and it is a question whether our noble breed is not originally derived from this stock.]

[89: Impression of feet.]

[90: In general he knowingly places his back against a tree.]

[91: The North American trappers apply the same term to an old beaver.]

[92: Guinea-birds being much prized in such of the islands as possess but little game, many are reared at the farms of the planters. The negroes dig up ants' nests, which are disagreeably numerous, and on bringing one into the yard, dash it violently upon the ground, when the chicks eagerly scramble for the contents,--the insects _and_ the eggs. By-the-bye, much is said about the difficulty of taking eggs from Guinea-birds without making them abandon their nests. The would-be purloiner, in answer to his inquiries, is often recommended to keep as far as possible from the nest; and, that it may in no way be contaminated by his touch, to remove the eggs during the absence of the birds with an iron or silver spoon, having a long stick attached to it as a handle;--but it is seldom told him,--and therein lies the real secret,--that, in addition to such precautions, he never ought to rob a nest without leaving _at the least_ three eggs. It is surprising how many may in this way be taken. I know of a single pair of guinea-birds being thus robbed in one spring of no less than eighty-four.

Having got into a Creole's poultry-yard, I am unwilling to quit it without observing, that few better birds are reared than his cross between common ducks and a Muscovy drake. It is found necessary carefully to guard against the ungainly gentleman's having any rival of the ordinary breed in the neighbourhood, for if the opportunity were afforded them, the ladies would to a certainty forsake their cumbrous lord for the more active commoner. Although the true Muscovy is very coarse eating, the Hybrid is as much an improvement upon the flavour as it is upon the size of the common duck. I have known the birds to be reared in this country, and often wondered that the plan was not more generally pursued.]

[93: Improved as regards shape and action, but not as to stanchness and nose.]

[94: On one occasion, shooting in India, I saw an instance of an animal's endeavouring to hide itself, that always struck me as remarkable from the youth of the creature, and the fact that its usual instincts lead it to seek safety, not in concealment, but in flight. I was looking for a small kind of grouse commonly called there rock-pigeon, when, crowning a small eminence, I unexpectedly came upon a young antelope, about a hundred yards off, that apparently had lost its dam. The country was open and bare, with here and there a few stunted bushes. It instantly ran behind one of these, and there remained while I drew the shot, and had nearly rammed down one of the balls (enclosed in greased cloth) that I constantly carried in my pocket ready for immediate use. I was almost prepared, when off it went. As the ball was nearly home, I forced it down, not liking the trouble of extracting it, and took a random chance shot at the little animal. I could not perceive that it winced, and it was not until it fell that I was aware I had struck it. The ball had passed through its body a little too far behind the shoulder, and somewhat too high--a common fault. It was so thin and poor that it must have been separated for some time from its mother. The want of sagacity evinced by peafowl, when hiding themselves, is strongly contrasted with the intelligence displayed by the fawn. I have known these birds, when alarmed, run their heads into a crevice, leaving the whole of their bodies exposed, and then fancy themselves so effectually protected, as to remain immoveable, until the sportsman got close to them.

When you are hunting, rifle in hand, for large game on an open prairie, or where it is unlikely that you will find a convenient rest, you can carry in your waistcoat pocket, until the moment you require it, not a very bad substitute, in the shape of a piece of string looped at both ends. This string will have been carefully adjusted to exactly such a length that when one loop is slipped over your left foot, and the other loop over the end of the ramrod (near the muzzle), on your bringing up your rifle to the poise, the pull of the string will restrain you from unduly elevating it while taking aim. An ordinary rest prevents your _lowering_ the muzzle when in the act of firing--the resistance of the string opposes your _raising_ it. The string, however, will not wholly hinder the muzzle from diverging to the right or left,--but in reality it will much prevent such unsteadiness, by permitting your left hand to press strongly upwards against the rifle. In the new drill for firing with the Enfield, the soldier is taught a position which gives him a firm rest for his musket. It is to sit on his right heel (the right knee carried well to the right, and resting on the ground), and to place his left elbow on his left knee. He is taught to take aim a little below the object, and to raise the muzzle very slowly--and to pull the moment he covers the object, having previously well considered what allowance he should make for the influence of the wind.]

[95: A reverend and _very enthusiastic_ dog-breaker in Cornwall (R. R. W----t), who took to the art late in life, had an admirable dog named Niger, who practised a peculiar self-taught dodge. He had a capital nose, and when he winded birds on the other side of a hedge, he would make a circuit, and coming behind them would drive them over to his master. This was all innate talent. In no way did it result from tuition.]

[96: Unless they are very young they are little prized at table; and they afford such bad sport to the gun that, notwithstanding their beauty, great pains are now taken in Norfolk and Suffolk to exterminate the breed. Their nests are sought for to be destroyed; and when the snow is on the ground, the old birds are killed in great numbers. It is observed that in proportion as they increase, so do the common partridge decrease. The stronger bird, according to the general law of nature, drives off the weaker congener. Mr. L----d, A----r's keeper (of H----n Hall), told me he had on several occasions seen the young red-legged Frenchmen perseveringly attack and eventually kill a whole covey of the less active English squeakers. The late Marquis of Hertford has the credit (?) of having been the first to turn out a few of the strangers. This was nearly fifty years ago at Sudbourn Hall, his seat in Suffolk, whence they have spread over that county and Norfolk, and are fast invading the northern parts of Essex.]

[97: This note on setters, poachers, keepers, bloodhounds, night-dogs, &c., is so long, that the printer has placed it in an Appendix. See page 344.]

[98: "Increased:" the gratification of carrying being far greater than that of merely "pointing dead."]

[99: A red-legged partridge.]

[100: Of course, a regular retriever is absolutely necessary when a team of spaniels is hunted, none of which are accustomed to retrieve (78).]

[101: In deep water diving birds will of course beat the most active dog.]

[102: Twice a day he should be allowed to run out, that he may not be compelled to adopt habits wholly opposed to his natural propensities. If he has acquired the disagreeable trick of howling when shut up, put a muzzle on him.]

[103: Claws of dogs kept on boarded floors, or not exercised, occasionally become so long, that unless they are filed or pared down, they cause lameness. In the menagerie at the Cape of Good Hope I saw a fine tigress, the claws of whose fore-feet had grown so far beyond her power of sheathing that they had penetrated deep into the flesh, and it was under consideration how to secure her so that the operator should incur no risk while sawing off the ends. She was very tame and sociable, and would rub against the bars when she was approached by visitors to invite their caresses; but it was quite distressing to see her raising each leg alternately, really to ease it of her weight, but apparently as if soliciting relief. The blessings of chloroform were then unknown. No tiger while under its drowsy influence had ever had an injured limb amputated, as was once successfully managed at the Surrey Zoological Gardens.]

[104: It will tend to your comfort and health to have your boots made waterproof, and you will not easily get a better preparation, when well rubbed into the leather, for effecting your object, than the following. It is an admirable one for rendering all kinds of leather pliable, and for _preserving_ them in that state--and how often in the beginning of a season have you found your water-boots as hard as a board!

To one ounce of India-rubber (the old bottle-shaped gum) cut into very small pieces, and dissolved in only as much spirits of naphtha as will convert the rubber into a thick fluid, add not more than one pint of oil; linseed oil, or neat's foot oil is, I am told, the best.

For waterproofing cloth:--

2 lbs. alum, 1 lb. sugar of lead, 20 quarts spring water.

Strain off to clear. Let garment soak 48 hours. Hang up until dry. Well brush afterwards. Inexpensive yet effective!

When you catch cold, do not too hastily blame our climate, our enviable climate, which preserves longer than any other the bloom of its women and the vigour of its men, where the extremes of cold and heat are equally unknown, in which you can take with advantage exercise every day in the year, and need never suffer annoyance from mosquitoes, sandflies, fleas, and other abominations, from which few countries are free. When heated by labour, are we not too apt to throw off some article of apparel in order to get cool? whereas the Turk, more sensibly, puts on additional clothing, and sits out of a draught until he loses all the extra heat he acquired from exercise.]

[105: Since the publication of the first edition of this book, I have had the gratification of reading Mr. Herbert's "Field Sports in the United States, &c.," and find that he does not consider Indian-corn to possess any injurious qualities--on the contrary, he strongly recommends its adoption in kennels.]

[106: In all diseases of dogs--inflammatory, of course, excepted--warmth is recommended.]

[107: There is a hardy breed of pointers that rarely take it,--especially if they are liberally fed, and lie warm while young.--W. N. H.]

[108: "Dogs, their Management," published by Routledge,--a work evidently written by a kind-hearted man of reflection, experience, and judgment; one who dares think for himself, not servilely treading in the footsteps of his predecessors.]

[109: A right good sportsman, in days long gone by, gave this advice to his son--"a true chip of the old block,"--"Don't get an experienced keeper wedded to his own customs and prejudices; but engage a young man fond of sport. Break _him_ to your mind; and then, and not until then, will you have _dogs_ broken to your mind."]

[110:

[Page Header: "SNAP" VISITING THE TRAPS.]

Is it quite certain that the keepers who plead their inability to devote more time to the improvement of their masters' dogs have never found time to break in dogs belonging to strangers? If a keeper would but make it a rule while he is going his rounds by day (to examine his traps, &c.) to allow each of his pupils in turn to accompany him in fine weather, and avail himself of that opportunity to give the young dogs an occasional out-door lesson, they would all be brought under good subjection, and be taught to obey implicitly every signal of the hand--which is half the battle--without taking him from his other occupations, and without his having devoted more than a few hours exclusively to their preparatory education. If a keeper feels no pride in the conduct of his dogs--if he is not animated with a spark of the enthusiasm that incites the huntsman to such willing exertion in the education and performance of his hounds, he (the keeper) had better change his profession. He may attain to eminence in another, he certainly never will in his present position.

As I have just talked about a keeper "going his rounds" to examine his traps, it would be wrong not to mention the serviceable "Snap," a white, short-haired terrier belonging to a gamekeeper of Mr. R----e's, who for many years has sat as member for Dover. The little animal's personal qualities are far inferior to his mental, for even his master, with all his well-known partiality for his petted companion, cannot call him handsome; but he has a right to quote in the dog's favour the old saying, "Handsome is as handsome does." Besides other ways of rendering himself useful, "Snap" willingly considers it a standing rule that he is to start off alone every morning after breakfast to take the tour of all the traps. On his return to the lodge, if he has no report to make, he maintains a discreet silence; but if any of them are sprung, by vermin or otherwise, he loudly proclaims the fact, and leads the keeper, whose time and legs he has thus cleverly saved, direct to any spots requiring his personal attention.]

[111: The reason in my opinion is, that they have not been properly taught--how to teach.--W. N. H.]

[112: An expeditious method, as is admitted in 191, but there, I think, all praise ceases.--W. N. H.]

[113: Doubtless a good plan; perhaps the best plan with a bold dog whose initiatory education has been neglected--and who, in consequence, will not watch for your signals, nor yet look to you on your whistling; but the cord might be longer, and the boy should follow the dog to allow of his range being more extended.--W. N. H.]

[114: Meaning the spike-collar described in 300 of this, and 136 of first edition. No mention was made in that edition of the milder collar now spoken of in 301.--W. N. H.]

[115: In the correctness of this reasoning I fully concur.--W. N. H.]

[116: See end of 448.]

[117: If you are attacked by a dog when you have the good fortune to be armed with a shilelagh, do not hit him across the head and eyes; bear in mind that the front part of his fore-legs is a far more vulnerable and sensitive spot. One or two well applied blows upon that unprotected place will generally disable the strongest dog. Consider how feelingly alive your own shins are to the slightest rap. I have in India seen a vicious horse quite cowed under such discipline, and a really savage nag in that country is, to use an expression common among the natives, a fellow who would "eat one to the very turban." They will sometimes cure a biter by letting him seize a leg of mutton burning hot off the fire--not so expensive a remedy as you may think, where sheep, wool, or rather hair and all, are constantly sold at 2_s._ each,--I will not describe how poor,--I have lifted them up, one in each hand, to judge of their comparative weight. A country bred horse may be conquered by harsh means; but a true Arab never. It is rare to find one that is not sweet-tempered; but when he is vicious, his high spirit and great courage make him quite indomitable.

With a stout stick, a better defence than you may at first imagine can be made against the attack of a vicious bull. Smart blows struck on the _tip_ of his horns seem to cause a jar painfully felt at the roots. Mr. B----n, of A----n, when he was charged in the middle of a large field by a bull which soon afterwards killed a man, adopting this plan, beat off the savage animal, though it several times renewed its attacks.]

[118: If my reader is a youngster, he ought to take this as a hint to mind where he treads when he traverses a turnip-field.]

[119: The common sobriquet of the boy in charge.]

[120: Clover does not retain the wet like common grass, and it affords some shade in hot weather to the very young birds.]

[121: Until the young birds recover do not let them have access to any water in which alum is not dissolved in the proportion of a lump about the size of a walnut to half a gallon of water--also mix such a quantity of common salt in their food, that the stimulant therein is quite perceptible to your taste, and feed more sparingly than usual.]

[122: Principally Indian corn-meal. When the chickens are older, the grain is merely bruised. To full-grown birds of a large species, it is given whole.]

[123: For reasons already given, I think some animal food should be added.--W. N. H.]

[124: French eggs, which he purchased cheap in large quantities from an importing house at Folkestone.]

Transcriber's Notes:

Original accentuation has been retained except for some inconsistent diacritical marks in the original; the three instances are given below:

(a) In the List of Illustrations: THLEW-ĔE-CHOH-DEZETH

(b) In the illustration caption; THLEW-EE-CHOH-DEZETH

(c) In the text: Thlew-ĕe-chōh-dezeth.

All instances have been standardised as this last example.

Typographical errors corrected:

rages changed to ranges in paragraph 87 Impropropriety changed to Impropriety recals changed to recalls sidge changed to side wil changed to will 836(date) changed to 1836 implicity changed to implicitly Schichallion changed to Schiehallion morever changed to moreover for consistency cares changed to cures in paragraph 293

Unusual spelling retained:

immoveably villanous and villany In the Chapter XIII sub-heading, and the advertisments 'receipt' is used rather than 'recipe', which is used elsewhere. Both words having the same meaning in the context.

In the original there were two instances of paragraph 55. The first instance has been renumbered as the 'missing' paragraph 54.

Paragraph 207 was not numbered in the original and has not been changed.

In the original there were 2 instances of paragraph 102, none of 103. Second instance of 102. renumbered to 103. which agrees with chapter heading.

Some illustration titles do not match the List of Illustrations.

In paragraph 44 the reference to 'XI. of paragraph 171' should refer to 'XI. of paragraph 141', and has been corrected.

End of Project Gutenberg's Dog Breaking, by William Nelson Hutchinson