Chapter 8

[104] Particularly the Memorial to the Council of the Indies sent with Sanchez, April 20, 1586, translated in B. & R., VI, pp. 167-8, from the original MS. in the A. of I. (1-1-2/24), Torres, II, no. 3289, p. 159.

[105] B. & R., VII, pp. 130-1, translated from the original MS. in the A. of I. (67-6-18), Torres, III, no. 3556, pp. 15-6. See the statement of San Agustin quoted on p. 22, which gives the irreconciled Augustinian view. Most of the contemporary witnesses, however, seem to agree with the Dominicans.

[106] B. & R., VII, pp. 220-3, translated from Retana, _Archivo_, III, pp. 47-80, and there printed from the original MS. in the A. of I. (68-1-32), Torres, III, no. 3698, p. 32.

[107] Remesal, pp. 681-2.

[108] B. & R., VII, pp. 223-5, as in note 106.

[109] Martínez-Vigil, _op. cit._, p. 246, lists as written by Benavides a _Vocabularium sinense facillimum_, and Vinaza, p. 17, cites his entry.

[110] Schilling, p. 210, says that in his letter Cobo himself recorded that "Benavides wrote the first Chinese catechism in the Philippines." He does not however differentiate between writing in Chinese characters and writing transliterated Chinese, and moreover "hizo doctrina" may only mean that he taught the doctrine, not necessarily that he wrote one.

[111] B. & R., VII, p. 238, as in note 106.

[112] Aduarte, I, p. 140.

[113] Aduarte, I, p. 140, says, before the previously quoted passage, that Cobo "put the Doctrina Christiana in the Chinese language," and Viñaza, pp. 17-23, lists seven books by him, including the famous translation of the Chinese classic, _Beng-Sim-Po-Cam_, the original MS. of which, with an introductory epistle by Benavides, dated from Madrid, December 23, 1595, is in the Biblioteca Nacional at Madrid; an _Arte de las letras chinas_; _Vocabulario chino_; _Catecismo o doctrina christiana en chino_; (cited from León Pinelo, _op. cit._, 1737-38, I, col. 142); _Tratado de astronomia en chino_; _Linguae sinica ad certam revocata methodum_ (called by Martinez-Vigil, _op. cit._, p. 263, "the first works or work on the Chinese language"); and _Sententiae plures_, excerpted from various Chinese books. See also Beristain, _op. cit._, I, p. 316, and Quétif and Echard, _op. cit._, II, pp. 306-7.

[114] Aduarte, I, p. 122.

[115] Fernandez, _Historia Eclesiastica_, p. 304, "In the Chinese language and letters, P. Fr. Domingo de Nieva, of San Pablo of Valladolid, printed a memorial of the Christian life; and P. Fray Tomas Mayor, of the province of Aragon, from the Convent and College of Orihuela, the Symbol of Faith." In his _Historia de los Insignes Milagros_, f. 217, Fernández states that both these works were printed at Bataan. Since Mayor did not arrive in the islands until 1602 his work is not pertinent to the present discussion. Mayor's book was seen but inadequately described by Jose Rodriguez, _Biblioteca Valentina_, 1747, p. 406, from a copy then in the Library of the Dominican Convent at Valencia, but now lost. Medina records it under the year 1607, no. 6, p. 6. See also León Pinelo, _op. cit._, 1737--38, II, f. 919r, and Antonio, _op. cit._, I, p. 330.

[116] Aduarte, I, p. 342.

[117] Medina, nos. 399-402, pp. 261-2.

[118] Aduarte, I, pp. 255-8. San Pedro Martyr moved back and forth a good deal. The first year in the Philippines he was with Benavides at Baybay; the second year he was in Pangasinan. In 1590 he was ordered to the Chinese mission in Cobo's place by Castro before he left for China. When Castro got back and Cobo could resume his old station, San Pedro Martyr went to the vicariate of Bataan "the language of which he learned very well," and when Cobo left for Japan in 1592, San Pedro Martyr went back to San Gabriel.

[119] Aduarte, I, p. 323.

[120] Remesal, p. 683.

[121] See Hermann Hülle, _Über den alten chinesischen Typendruck und seine Entzvicklung in den Ländern des Fernen Ostens_, N.P., 1923; Thomas Francis Carter, _The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward_, New York, 1925; and Cyrus H. Peake, _The origin and development of printing in China in the light of recent research_, in the Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 1935, X, pp. 9-17.

[122] B. & R., VII, pp. 226, as in note 106.

[123] Aduarte, II, pp. 15-18.

[124] Medina, p. xix, supposed that the Doctrina was printed in the Hospital of San Gabriel in Minondoc, but Aduarte, I, p. 107, says that when the village of Baybay became overcrowded, it became necessary to spread the Chinese Christian settlement to a new site directly across the river, where land was given them by Don Luis Pérez Dasmariñas, the son and successor of Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas, and there a second church of San Gabriel was built. According to an inscription on a painting of Don Luis, exhibited at the St. Louis Fair of 1904 and illustrated in B. & R., XXX, p. 228, he bought the land from Don Antonio Velada on March 28, 1594, so that San Gabriel of Minondoc could not have been the place where the 1593 volumes were printed. Marin, _op. cit._, II, p. 617, says that San Gabriel was moved several years after its foundation to Binondo at the request of the city, and was rebuilt twice. It is apparent that San Gabriel in the Parian was abandoned after the church in Binondo was built.

[125] Juan de Vera was probably a comparatively common name at this time, because upon baptism the natives and Chinese assumed any Spanish name they pleased, and since Santiago de Vera was governor from 1584 to 1590, his last name would have been very popular. Aduarte, I, p. 86, mentions an Indian chief, Don Juan de Vera, who helped the Dominicans in Pangasinan, and Retana, col. 23, quotes from a document sent by the Audiencia of the Philippines to the King, August 11, 1620, the appointments as official interpreters of one Juan de Vera on June 15, 1598, and the same or another Juan de Vera on October 9, 1613.

[126] Aduarte, I, p. 108.

[127] The title-page of this unique book is as follows: [row of type ornaments] / _Ordinationes Generales_ / prouinciæ Sanctissimi Rosarij / [type ornament] Philippinarum. [type ornament] / Factæ per admodum Reuerendum patrem fratrem / Ioanem de Castro, primum vicarium generalem e- / iusdem prouintiæ. De consilio, & vnanimi con / sensu omnium frattu, qui primit_9_ in pro / uintiam illam se contulerunt, euan / gelizandi gratia./ Sunt que semper vsque in hodiernum diem in om- / nibus eiusdem prouintiæ capitulis infalibiliter / acceptatæ, inuiolabiliter ab omnibus / fratribus obseruandæ. / Binondoc, per Ioannem de Vera china / Christianum. Cum licentia. 1604. / [row of type ornaments]. The volume, an octavo bound in maroon levant morocco by Sangorski and Sutcliffe, consists of eight leaves, as follows: title-page as above, on the verso the permission signed at Manila, June 24, 1604, by Fr. Miguel Martin de San Jacinto, prior provincial of the Dominican Province of the Philippines; the text of the ordinances in Latin on eleven pages, with the device of the Dominican order on the verso of the last page; blank.

[128] See note 102.

[129] Medina, _Adiciones y Ampliacixones_, p. [5].

[130] Retana, cols. 77-8, where he gives as his source Hilario Ocio, _Reseña biográfica de los religiosos de la provincia del Santisimo Rosario de Filipinas_, Manila, 1891, I, p. 63. Ocio did not cite Remesal as his source, but the information, including the printer's name as Francisco de Vera, is the same.

[131] Both title-pages are reproduced in Francisco Vindel, _Manual Gráphico-Descriptivo del Bibliófilo Hispano-Americano_, Madrid, 1930--34, IX, p. 22, and VII, p. 181 respectively.