CHAPTER XLI
HOW TO PROMOTE SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY BY MONEY
THE fact that five years ago Mr. Otto Beit, the brother of the late Mr. Alfred Beit, not only carried out the latter's intention of giving £50,000 to the promotion of research in connexion with the study of disease and the mastery of its causes, but added £150,000 on his own account to the amount originally proposed, produced great satisfaction among scientific men, and also in that large body of the public which, at the present day, understands something of the importance to the community of the minute and thorough study of disease, of its mode of access to man, and of the possibilities, which every day become brighter and clearer, of getting rid of it altogether. All honour and gratitude are due to Mr. Beit for his generous gift and for his wise appreciation of the good which can be done by proper application of such a fund. I have reason to know and to value the large-minded interest in science which was shown by the late Mr. Alfred Beit, since he gave me £1000, some twelve years ago, towards the expenses of expeditions which I was organizing for the investigation of the natural history of Lake Tanganyika,--expeditions which have yielded important scientific results, and have but recently exhausted the fund then collected.
It has often occurred to me that wealthy men who wish to devote large sums of money to the promotion of scientific research find difficulty in carrying out their intentions, owing to the fact that they do not know enough about the methods and conditions of scientific discovery to enable them to form a definite independent judgment as to how to assign their money, so as to make sure that it shall really be employed in the most effective way towards the end they have in view--namely, the increase of scientific discovery. They naturally have some doubts as to whether the old (or even the new) Universities can help them as trustees of the money when they see the importance attached by the former to antiquated methods of teaching and examination and observe their traditional cultivation of certain favoured studies, with a minimum of activity in research and discovery. They mistrust special societies or individuals as advisers in the matter, and sometimes finally spend the money which they had destined to be the means of furthering scientific discovery upon a costly and ill-considered architectural monstrosity dedicated to science, but of little help to its progress.
In past times various schemes have been adopted by benevolent men for bequeathing or giving their money so as to promote scientific discovery. Very generally there has been a certain amount of confusion between two distinct purposes--namely, that of creating new knowledge (the discovery of previously unknown things and new processes), and that of spreading existing knowledge amongst an increased proportion of the community. An admirable endowment for the latter purpose is that of Mr. Smithson, a member of the family of the present Duke of Northumberland, which was refused by the British Government for peculiar reasons, and conveyed by that gentleman to trustees in the United States of America about a hundred years ago, where the Smithsonian Institution has vastly aided the spread of science. Another valuable endowment which has been administered by special trustees for a still longer period is that of the celebrated physician Radcliffe, to whom we owe the scientific and medical library, an astronomical observatory, and travelling fellowships in the University of Oxford. The greatest sum dedicated to scientific research in England of late years is the noble gift of a quarter of a million sterling made by Lord Iveagh to the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine. There have been not a few generous donors of smaller sums for like purposes.
An inquiry was set on foot a few years ago in America in order to obtain the opinions of those who had experience of scientific research and the institutions intended to promote it in different countries, as to the best methods to adopt in order to effect such promotion. I do not know whether any report was published, but I remember that I was consulted on the subject by the late Professor Simon Newcomb, a foreign member of the Royal Society and one of the most distinguished scientific discoverers in the United States. I am quite sure that no general agreement or conclusion on the subject has been arrived at. So far as I can see, whenever any high-minded philanthropist desires to devote in this country a large sum of money to the promotion of scientific discovery, he is liable to come under the influence of highly respectable and eminent persons who, although they have no acquaintance with the nature of scientific discovery and the way in which it actually takes place, do not hesitate to fix up a scheme based on some antiquated and mistaken model, which is accepted with simple faith by the benevolent donor.
Scientific research is a delicate plant, and the secret of the way in which it may be nurtured has not been revealed to dignitaries and officials. It is interesting to note some of the methods which have been tried with the object of nurturing scientific discovery. In every case the donor has chosen or created an electing body or trustees of which I will say more below. He has directed this body to expend his gift with a view to the promotion of scientific discovery in one of the following ways: (1) in awarding prizes for discoveries made; (2) in terminable stipends to junior and senior workers selected by the trustees and called scholars or fellows, the stipends being given on condition of their holders devoting themselves for a few years to the attempt to make discoveries; (3) in permanent salaries to tried men, who are thus paid as professors or directors of laboratories and museums; (4) in providing specially designed buildings and apparatus for research, but no salaries for the workers; (5) in providing, on whatever scale the fund given permits, groups consisting of a professor or director, two or more assistants, attendants, building, apparatus, and the annual income necessary for materials of investigation and maintenance of the establishment. As to the trustees, or boards of electors, chosen by the donor, they are often some established scientific society or some university, or the board may be specially appointed by him. The last is the best sort of body, if properly constituted, but not unfrequently the perplexed promoter of scientific discovery finds himself assenting to the constitution of what is called "a representative body"--say, a bishop, a town councillor, a Secretary of State, a judge, and a university professor, with other members to be nominated by himself or his heirs. Such a board fails from a want of knowledge.
The methods of applying the income provided by the donor are not always such as to produce any marked result in the direction desired by him. It is generally agreed among scientific workers and experts that the giving of prizes or rewards for scientific discovery does not tend to increase the output of discoveries, however carefully and justly awarded. Though such an award as the £8000 or £10,000 of the Nobel prizes is a very agreeable compliment to the man so honoured, and often richly deserved, no one would urge a would-be promoter of scientific discovery to devote his gift to the foundation of prizes. And so, too, with regard to scholarships or fellowships, it is very generally and rightly held that they do little or nothing in promoting scientific discovery when they are small in value and are only to be held for two or three years. When a young man has taken his university degree in science or medicine a scholarship or fellowship of £250 a year for three years offers no inducement to him, if he is an able man, to abandon his regular professional career. If he accepts it, he will have had no time to go far on the path of discovery before it comes to an end, and he will find at the end of his three years that he has lost that amount of time so far as his profession is concerned, and that there is no life post or career open to him in the line in which he has spent three years--namely, that of a scientific investigator. As a rule, able men will not be drawn off in this way from their professions, but inferior men may be.
The man, on the other hand, who is specially gifted with the power of scientific discovery will not be affected by such temporary fellowships. He will enter on the career of discovery with or without such inducements. What such a man (and he is the only sort of man who matters) really requires, and should find open to him, is an assured career. This must take the form in the first place of a smaller post as assistant to a great discoverer, tenable for twenty years if need be, and subsequently a life post, with laboratory and assistants, when he has proved his possession of the discoverer's quality. Hence it is that what the benevolent millionaire who wishes to promote scientific discovery should do is to provide life posts, "professorships" or "directorships," for the really great discoverers, who exist often in cramped conditions. They should be of the value of £1500 to £3000 a year--not too large a stipend in view of the incomes earned by successful professional men and assigned by Government to judges, bishops, colonial governors, senior civil servants, and politicians--with two or three assistantships of £150 to £500 a year attached, to be filled up by nominations made by the professor himself as vacancies occur. A sum of £7500 a year, that which Mr. Otto Beit has so generously given, would pay for one professor, with three assistants, attendants, and interest on building and maintenance fund. Of course, if such a sum were offered to an existing institution where buildings and other conveniences are already provided, two research professors and their assistants could be paid for where one only would be possible if building and service had to be provided. There are buildings and laboratories in London and elsewhere provided by beneficent founders without stipends for directors and assistants, and there are already a good many young graduates drawing terminable inadequate stipends in succession to one another from great foundations. The difficulty is to bring about the combination of adequate funds for the chief and for the graduated minor posts, and for a well-equipped laboratory. When that is done, as it sometimes, though rarely, is, the only further difficulty is how to choose a real man, an inspired, inspiring discoverer. There is only one way.
Real discoverers are extremely rare--great ones are recognized about once in fifty years in any one large branch of science. There may be others wandering about--undiscovered discoverers. The only people who can discover them are men like themselves. Hence, in German universities and all wisely managed institutions for the promotion of scientific discovery, they give the power of choosing new discoverers to those discoverers already belonging to the university or institution, and they take care that all the electors are vitally interested for the honour, credit, and pecuniary success of their university. These conditions can be arranged and brought into healthy action by care and understanding. But the whole fabric may go to pieces, and jobbery and jealousy prevail (as has sometimes happened in England) if care is not taken to identify the personal interests of the electors (brother professors) with the honest exercise of their capacity to choose a real discoverer to fill a vacancy when it occurs, or if an ignorant council of "superior persons" is allowed to interfere.
To find these great discoverers is, indeed, no light task. They have to be looked for by the State, firstly, in the primary schools; the net has to be drawn and the minor fishes allowed to escape, whilst the strong and promising are sent on to high schools. Then again, after further sifting, some are passed on to the special college, then a selection to the university, and at last one or two a year may be chosen as assistants to an established and inspiring discoverer. Seven, ten, or fifteen years later one out of all his fellows and predecessors is recognized as the incomparable teacher and discoverer--the inspirer of others, the one great man of half a century. He must be chosen by his colleagues, his fellow-workers, not by political wire-pullers nor by any variety of social "Bumble." He is given laboratories and assistants, and men come to consult him, to sit under him, work for him, from all parts of the world. Louis Pasteur was such a man. Huxley pointed out by what a vast public expenditure Pasteur was gradually sifted out from his fellows, and made professor in the Normal School of Paris. Of course, a good many inferior people got a share of the training provided, and did some unimportant things; but if we put them aside it is perfectly true (as a calculation of the expenses of the whole network of State-supported schools and colleges and bursaries through which he passed will show) that the capture or discovery of Pasteur cost the French nation about £25,000,000. He was worth it, not only to France, but to every other nationality--and more, too, more than can be measured by gold. His name, honoured throughout the world on account of the splendid discoveries associated with it, gave self-respect, courage, and healthy pride to France at a time when she had cruelly suffered. Ten years ago the most popular newspaper in France took a "plebiscite" to determine who, in the general estimation of the French people, was the greatest Frenchman of the nineteenth century--the century which included the first Napoleon, Victor Hugo, Gambetta. The vote was given by some millions, and resulted in a majority for Louis Pasteur. Would Englishmen have shown such discernment? Such a man is absolutely necessary as the head of any great institute which exists for the purpose of scientific discovery. Such men, smaller it may be, but of the same inspiring quality, are the only men fit to be university professors. It is because there are still such men at the Institut Pasteur that it remains a great seat of discovery. It is because they have not such men, and that there is no intelligent attempt to get them, that many wealthy institutions in our own country fail to produce scientific fruit.
INDEX
Abies, the genus of the Silver Fir, 317
Acorns, sea-, 100, 110
Actinia mesembryanthemum, a common sea-anemone, 85, 86 living in an aquarium for fifty years, 86
African animals, preservation of, 20
Alchemists and the divining-rod, 385
Aldeburgh, amber to be bought there, 74 the great pebble beach at, 55
Alpine flowers, 161 reason of strong colour of, 167, 168
Amber, 71-76 chemical nature of, 75 insects in, 73 uses of, 73, 74
Amber-routes, 70
Ambleteuse, once a great harbour, 51
Amphioxus, 2
Anchovy, the, 359 sauce, its history and colour, 359
Anemone, the Weymouth, 88
Anemones, sea-, 81, 84, 85, 86 fertilization of, 186
Anthea cereus, a sea-anemone, 86
Ape, the lines on the palm of the, 373 to man, from, 236-291
Apes, mental qualities of, 241, 242
Aquariums, marine, made fashionable by Mr. Gosse, 83
"Arabian Nights," stories as to men turned into fish, 353
Araucaria, the monkey-puzzle, 329
Arbor vitæ, a kind of cypress, 330
Argentière (Switzerland), 164
Aril of the yew tree, 310
Arthropods or jointed-leg owners, 102, 103
Ashtaroth, 352
Astrology, 372
Atargatis, 352
Atlas cedar, 320
Augurs, the Roman corporation of, 371
Aurelia, the common jelly-fish, 95
Australian natives, 29, 30
Automata, animals as, 187
Balancers or dwindled wings of the two-winged flies, 218
Balanus, the sea-acorn or acorn-barnacle, 110
Ballet, Russian Imperial, 169, 177
Barnacle, growth and transformation of, 111-113 the legend of the, and the goose, 118-141 the ship's, figure of, 109
Barnacle-goose, the, 118
Barnacles, 100, 108-141 nauplius young of, discovered by the Army surgeon, Vaughan Thompson, 107 their "complemental males" discovered by Darwin, 115
Barrett, Sir W. F., on water-finders, 389, 390
Beaches, constituents of, 53, 55-63
Bee, the queen, retains the sperm of one drone for four or five years, 405
Beit, M. Otto, 408
Bernacæ and bernak, Celtic word for shell-fish, 121
Berri-berri, a disease due to bad diet, 297
Birds believed to be produced by trees, 118 their courtship, 298-300
Birth-marks, belief in, similar to that in magical power of water-finders, 390 experiment by the patriarch Jacob, 391, 399 Mr. Heape on, 398
Bivalve and univalve shells, 143
Bleeding of the nose, Latin hymn to arrest, 343
Blood, amount of, in man's body, 348 coloured blue in scorpions, crustaceans, and molluscs, 346 colourless corpuscles of, 349 colourless, of lower animals, 346 duties of the, 349, 350 emotion and excitement caused by sight of, 345 fascination of, distinguished from cruelty, 344 of the grub of the midge and of the coiled pond-snail, coloured red by hæmoglobin, 346 red corpuscles of, 347 superstitions about, 342, 343 the, and its circulation, 343 _et seq._ the only case of an insect with red, 223, 346 used as an adhesive by Australians, 343
Blood-stream, its pace in man, 348
Blood-vessels, swollen, of molluscs, crustacea, and insects, 340
Bournemouth, various pine trees at, 324
Bower-bird, its play-run, 196
Brain of apes and man, 253 _et seq._ increase of its size means increase of educability, 268 significance of its greater size in man than apes, 257-261 small brains of extinct animals, 259
Brent-geese and tree-geese, 122
Bristle-worms, 79
Browne, Sir Thomas, and the spontaneous generation of mice, 125
Bruno, St., his lily, 165
Bummaloh, or Bombay duck, 359
Bunodes crassicornis, a sea-anemone, 85, 86
Bustard, the courting of the, 199
Buttercup, the white, 165
Cable, author of "Old Creole Days," 55
Canard and cock-and-bull stories, 119
Canine tooth of the Piltdown jaw, discovery of the, 287
Capercailzie, the, 44
Carnelians on the Felixstowe beach, 58
Cedars, 319
Cement stones, 58
Charles II and the globe of fish, 406
Chartreuse, the Grande, 163
Chesil beach, the, 61
Chin, the bony, of man, peculiar to him, 250
Christmas trees, 302
Chyle, the, 333
Circulation, the, of the blood, 348
Cirripedes, the order comprising barnacles, 114
Click-beetles, the adults of wire-worms, 225
Cockle, the common, 146 jumping powers of the, 150
Cœlom, the lymph-holding body cavity, 338
Colours of marine animals, 93
Cone of the Douglas fir (figure), 327 of the Larch (figure), 319 of the Monterey Pine, or Pinus insignis (figure), 325 of the Pinaster (figure), 323 of the Prickly pine, Pinus muricata (figure), 326 (male and female) of the Scots fir (figure), 305 (female) of the Silver fir (figure), 316 (female) of the Spruce or Christmas tree (figure), 318 (modified) of the Yew tree (figure), 310
Cones, globular, of cypress, 330 of juniper, 308, 331 of firs and pine trees, 303
Coniferæ, survey of, 313 tabular statement of their families, sections, and genera, 331
Conifers, the three commonest in England, 308
Conjugation in lower forms of life, 183
Conjurers still believed by some to conjure spirits and deal in the black art, 365
Connective tissue, 335
Conscious and unconscious minds, 262-263
Consciousness, arrival of, 213
Contagious magic and fish-eating, 354
Copal gum, similar to amber, 73
Copalite found at Highgate, 76
Coprolite on the Suffolk shore, 59
Coral, white, 3, 9
Corals related to sea-anemones, 89
Corethra, the plume fly, its transparent larva, 27, 224
Corpus Christi, festival of, and dancing, 174
Corpuscles, colourless, of the blood, 349 red, of the blood, 347
Correvon, M., his garden, 163
Corundum pebbles give flame-flash when rubbed together, 67
Courting dress of water-fleas, 205
Courtship, 180-215 methods of, in man not inherited or instinctive, 211
Crabs, 98, 104, 105
Crane-fly, 216 _et seq._
Crawfish and crayfish, 99
Crustaceans, use of the word, 98
Cucujos, the, a phosphorescent beetle of South America, 234
Cupressus sempervirens, the common cypress, 330
Cyancæa, the stinging jelly-fish of our coast, 95
Cycads, an order allied to conifers, 309
Cypress tree, the, 330
Cyprus and coffers, 330 and Crete, ancient vases from, with pictures of transition from barnacle to goose, 130, 133
Daddy-Long-Legs, 216 _et seq._ sometimes used as a name for the spider-like Opilio, 220
Dagon, the fish-god, 352
Dancing and science, 169 _et seq._ of birds and spiders, 171 various kinds of, 172, 173, 177, 178
Daphne, the Alpine, 166
Darwin and Lord Morton's mare, 400
Dawson, Mr. Charles, discovers the missing link, 284
Deodar, the Himalayan cedar, 320
Destruction of native animals in England, 15
Dewar, Sir James, on suspended animation of luminous bacteria, 158
Diet, certain substances necessary to be healthy, 294
Diptera or two-winged flies, divisions of, 222
Disharmonies in animal structure and habit, 227 in man's structure, 228
Display in courtship, 197 _et seq._
Divination, 371 by the forked twig, 384 by throwing a rod into the air, 383 varieties of methods in, 371
Divining-rod, the, 383
Dormouse, easily loses the skin of its tail, 219
Dousers and dousing, 385 dishonest variety of, 388 or water-finders tested by a committee, 392 some honest, 387
Dragon, the heraldic, and the parachute lizard, 382
Dredge, the naturalist's, 1
Duclaux, Professor, his advice as to diet, 299
Dunwich, a submerged city, 50
Earth-worm, cœlom of the, 338
Educability, 213, 268-269
Elaterids, a family of beetles, 225 phosphorescent species of, 234
Emperor moth, attractive smell of female, 209
Eoanthropus Dawsoni, the Piltdown Hominid, 283
Erosion of the coast, 51
Euphausia, a phosphorescent shrimp, picture of, 154
Evergreens, our native, list of, 312
Ewart, Prof. Cossar, his experiments on telegony, 400
Experience, learning by individual, 212
Expression by the face, greater in man than apes, 273
Eyes of deep-sea animals, 93
Fabre, his opinion of animal intelligence, 197, 198
Fainting, men, at sight of blood, 345
Fast days, 351, 352
Felixstowe beach, 56 erosion of the coast at, 50 large piece of amber found at, 70
Fertilization, 180
Fir, Scots, 305, 321 Silver, or Abies pectinata, 315 used to build the Trojan horse, 306
Fire-flies of Southern Europe, 233
Firestones, 65
Fish, a young, saves Manu from the Deluge, 353 and Christian ornament, 356, 357 and fast days, 351 _et seq._ as the symbol of Christ, 354 certain, poisonous to every one, 358 modelled in gold, life size, dug up near the Black Sea, 353 poisons, 357, 358 some, poisonous only to certain individuals, 358 worship of, and the fish-god, 352
Fish-worship of the ancient Greek Orpheists, 355
Flame, flash of, produced under water, 66 produced by rubbing two quartz pebbles together, 65
Flame-seeking insects, 229, 230
Flies, two-winged, or Diptera which are phosphorescent, 234 various kinds of, 222, 223
Fly as dirt carrier, 300
Food, constituents of, 292
Foot of man and his upright carriage, 243
Foot-jaws of crab and lobster, 104
Forbes, Edward, a sketch by, 159
Fowl, the common, 43
France gained courage and self-respect through Pasteur, 415
French cookery, sham, in Switzerland, 165
Fresh water jelly-fish, 91, 92
Fridays and fish-eating, by Jews as well as Christians, 352
Frog, blue variety of the edible, 163
Futurists, 23
Galliformes, an order of birds, 43
Geese, drawings of, by ancient Mykenæan artists, modified to resemble barnacles, 133, 134
Gelinotte, 46
Geology and living toads in rocks, 379
Geomancy, 372
Gerard the herbalist on the transformation of ship's barnacles into geese, 121
Giard, Professor; discovery of a phosphorescent disease in sand-hoppers, by him, 156
Gingko tree of Japan, 309
Giraldus Cambrensis and the production of geese from timber, 120
Glass-like marine animals, 92
Glow-worms, 233
Goose-tree, the, as drawn by Gerard in 1597, 123
Gopher tree of the Bible, 330
Gosse, Mr. Philip Henry, 83
Greek dancing, 175, 176 name-gods or totems, 356
Grouse, black, red, and others, 45 the, and allied birds, 41
Gummi-horn, the, 160
Hæma, the red part of blood, 339, 347
Hæmoglobin, or blood-red, 347 in the blood of the larva of thebig black midge (Chironomus), 223 in Bonellia, 11 in the coiled pond-snail, 346
Hæmolymph, the proper name for vertebrate blood, 339, 346
Hallucination and self-hypnotism, 372
Hamingia, a green worm, 10-11
Hamlet and superstition, 361
Hampstead Heath, 16
Hands and feet, size and shape of, as indicating character, 375
Hardanger Fiord, 3
Haruscipation, 372
Heart-urchin, 80
Henslow, of Cambridge, 59
Hierapolis, where Atargatis was worshipped, 352
Hopkins, Mr. Gowland, his experiments on diet, 294
Hôtel du Planet, good food at, 164
House sparrow trained to be a songster, 207
Houssay, M. Frederic, his discovery of the origin of the goose and barnacle story in paintings on Mykenæan vases, 131 _et seq._
Huxley and Cuvier on the distinctive quality of man, 272 and Owen, their controversy, 236
Hybridization, infection of plants by, 403
Hydra tuba breaks up into jelly-fish, 97
Idiosyncrasy as to poisonous quality of fish, 358
Infant, crying of the human, a speciality, 272
Infantile diarrhœa, 300
Inflammation, nature of, 349
Insects, many guided by the sense of smell, 209
Instinct and reason in courtship, 205
Instincts, 267
Intestine, the large, a disharmony, 228
Japan, the umbrella pine of, 330
Javanese story of a bird produced by a shell-fish, 138
Jaw, lower surface of the Piltdown, compared with that of man and of chimpanzee, 282 from Moulin-Quignon, 289 Heidelberg, compared with Piltdown, 286 Piltdown, 283
Jelly-fish, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97
Jelly-fishes which sting, 95
Juniper, the, 308, 330
Junipers, 330
Kauri resin, similar to amber, 73
Kowalewsky, the Russian zoologist, 11
Labouchere, Mr. Henry, his view on food, 293
Lacteals, or milky lymphatic vessels, 333
Lampyris noctiluca, the common glow-worm, 233
Lancelet, the, 2
Langouste, 99
Larch tree, the common, 307, 319
Laughter in apes, 241
Leather-jackets, the grubs of the Crane-fly, 221
Lebanon, cedar of, 320
Lepas anatifera, the ship's barnacle, 109
Leprosy and fish-diet, 357 favoured by same conditions as scurvy, 296
Lervik (Norway), 3
Lights, nocturnal, attract insects and birds, 230, 232
Lily of St. Bruno, 166
Limpet and cockle compared, 146, 148
Lizard, the parachute, is the model upon which the heraldic dragon is founded, 382
Lobsters, 99, 100
Loch Fyne herrings, their food, 155
Longevity of a sea-anemone, 86
Lophohelia, 9
Luciola italica, the fire-fly of South Europe, 233
Luges, or mountain sledges, 167
Lug-worm, 79
Luminous bacteria, 158 grub of Paraguay called the railway-beetle, 234 or luminescent insects, 232
Lyell, Mr., his Bill for the preservation of the Great Grey Seal, 32, 34 Sir Charles, used the term "missing link," 276
Lymph, amount of, in man's body, 333, 348 and lymphatic system, 332 _et seq._
Lymphatic vessels of the human arm (figure), 334
Lymph-hearts, 337
Magi, the priests of Zoroaster, 368
Magic, history of, 369, 370 sympathetic, 369
Male, the seeker and wooer, 185, 190
Man, his conscious memory, 187 primitive, courtship of, 195
Mandrill, beautiful colours of the, 205
Man's modern method of courtship, 215 structure compared with that of the gorilla and chimpanzee, 239, 240, 241
Manu, the Indian Noah, 353
Mare, Lord Morton's, 400
Mares not infected by sire, 399-400, 401
Mastodon, fragments of teeth of, found with the Piltdown jaw, 289
Mate-hunger, Mr. Pycraft on, 191, 192
Maternal impressions, 396 _et seq._
May-flies or Ephemerids, 230 some are phosphorescent or luminescent, like glow-worms, 231
Mechanisms of instinct, inherited, 268, 269 of the mind, distinguished, 211, 212
Medicines, quack, and credulity, 366
Memory essential to consciousness, 264 unconscious, 266 unconscious and conscious, distinguished, 212, 214
Mendés, Catulle, the French poet, and jelly-fish, 97
Metchnikoff on disharmonies, 367
Midge (Chironomus), its grub has red blood, 346
Midges, large kind of, 223
Milk and infantile scurvy, 296 Pasteurized, 300 supply of pure, 292 _et seq._
Millais, Sir Everett, on telegony, 400
Millionaire and sodium in the sun, 378
Milton the poet, his belief in spontaneous generation, 126
Mind, the, of apes and of man, 262 _et seq._ of man differs from that of animals, 213
Missing link, the, 275 _et seq._
Molluscs, alternate swelling of and shrinking of parts of the body, 149 and their shells, 142 _et seq._
Monboddo, Lord, his views on man and apes, 276
Monkey-puzzle or Araucarian pine, 329
Moray, Sir Robert, on the transformation of the ship's barnacle into a goose, 115, 127
Moth, the, and the candle, 226 _et seq._ vapourer, male pursues female living in water and is drowned, 210
Mules, 399
Müller, Iwan, and the microscope, 28
Müller, Professor Max, his suggestion as to the origin of the belief that barnacles give rise to geese, 139-141
Murray, Sir John, at Millport, 155
Muscles of apes and men, 247
Music a late acquisition of man, 208
Mussel, the edible, 145
Name-gods or totems of ancient Greeks, 356
Naples, 2, 52, 203
Naturalist on the seashore, 25
Nature reserves, 13
Nature-worship, the ancient, 352
Nauplius, the young form or larva of crustaceans, 105, 106, 107
Neander or Moustierian man, 280
Necromancy, or communication with the dead, 371
Needles of firs and pine trees, 303, 315 of pine-trees in tufts of one to five, 321
Nero, the Roman Emperor, and amber, 71
"Nigromantia" and the black at, 371
Nobel prizes, 412
Normand, Rev. Canon, 3
Norway, 1
Noverre, "the Shakespeare of the dance," 176
"Nullius in verba," the motto of the Royal Society, 128, 362, 407
Nutrition, not so simple a matter as supposed, 293
Occultism, modern, 363
Octopus, courtship of the, 203
Odours as attractions and guides in courtship, 209
Opal, 57
Orchestia, a sand-hopper, 153
Orpheus, the fish-god, substituted for Dionysus, the wine-god, 355 the warden of the fishes, a fish-god, 355
Ovules and sperms, 181
Oxygen carried by the red corpuscles of blood, 347
Oysters growing on trees, 145
Palmistry or chiromancy, 372, 373
Paradisia liliastrum, 166
Pasteur, the Institut, a great seat of discovery, 416 what he cost to France, 415
Pavlova, Madame Anna, 169, 178
Pebbles of the seashore, 55-63
Penguins, method of courtship of, 196
Pentargon Cove and a young Grey Seal, 35, 40
Perfumes produced by male butterflies, 210 use of, by man, 209
Phagocytes, 336, 349
Phonograph and chants of Australian natives, 31
Phosphorescence of the sea, 153
Phosphorescent insects, 232 sand-hoppers, 156 shrimps, 154, 155
Photo-taxis or light guidance, 235
Picea, the genus of the Spruce or Christmas tree, 317
Pierre-à-voir, 167
Piltdown jaw, age of the, 289 jaw and Heidelberg jaw compared, 286 jaw, as reconstructed by Dr. Smith Woodward, 288 skull and jaw, 289
Pine, origin of the word, 304 Aleppo, 322 Arolla (Pinus cembra), 328 Bhotan (Pinus excelsa), 329 Californian prickly, 320 cluster, or Pinaster, 322 Corsican or Austrian, 322 Monterey, or Pinus insignis, at Bournemouth, 324 Montezuma of Mexico, 329 Pyrenæan or Calabrian, 322 stone, or parasol pine, 323 trees and other conifers, 302 _et seq._ umbrella, of Japan, 330 Weymouth (Pinus strobus), 328
Pipe-fish, 75
Pollen of pine trees carried by wind, 304
Ponds as nature-reserves, 27
Prawns, 99
Primates, apes and bats, 238
Proteids, special, necessary in food, 297
Pseudotsuga, the Douglas fir, 327
Ptarmigan, 45
Ptomaines of putrid fish, 357
Puteoli, near Naples, 52
Quartz, 57 crystals, rubbed together produce flame, 67
Raised beaches, 52
Rats, experiments on feeding young, 294
Razor-fish, 80
Reasoning, the origin of false as well as of true beliefs, 367
Record, the Great, the peculiar possession of humanity, 271
Redi, Italian naturalist, on the generation of maggots by eggs laid by flies, 126
Regeneration of legs and tails, 218, 219
Religion and magic, one in origin, 369.
Reproduction, mechanism of, 181
Research, scientific, a delicate plant, 411 how to help it by money, 413 various attempts at promoting, 411
Reserves for native fauna in various countries, 19
Rhabdopleura, 4, 5, 6, 7
Rice, polished, and berri-berri, 297
Rings of the body of crab, lobster, and prawn, 104
Rock-pools, 25, 81
Roman road, submerged, near Naples, 52
Royal Society, its influence on superstition, 361 its motto, 128, 362, 407 the method of its founders, 362
Ruff, the display in courtship of the, 198
St. Swithin's Day, belief about, exploded, 406
Sagartia troglodytes, a beautiful sea-anemone, 85, 88
Samland, where amber is mined, 70
Sand, dry, shrinks when wetted, 64 of the seashore, 65 size and shape of its grains, 62
Sand-eels, 79
Sand-hoppers, 152 disease of, 156, 157
Sardines, 360
Savin, a kind of juniper, 308
Scavengers, phagocytes as, 349
Schliemann's great experiment, 406
Schynige Platte, view from the, 160
Sciadopitys, the Japanese umbrella pine, 330
Science and the unknown, 361 _et seq._
Scientific discovery aided by money, 408 _et seq._
Scorpions, cannibalism of, 202
Scots fir, 305, 312
Scurvy, infantile, described by Sir Thomas Barlow, 296 nature of that disease, 295
Sea-anemones, 81, 84, 85, 86
Seal, the Great Grey, 32 _et seq._ the northern fur-seal, courtship of, 192, 193
Sea shells, 142
Seashore as nature-reserve, 24 constituents of, 48, 55
Sea-worms, 78, 79
Seeds, winged, of fir trees, 317
Sequoia, the Big-tree and the Red-wood, 329
Shakespear and barnacles, 120
Shells of molluscs, 142
Singing competitions of male birds, 207
Skeleton of apes and man, 245 _et seq._
Skull and jaw found at Piltdown, 277, 290
Smell, the sense of, in man and animals, 208, 209
Smithson, founder of the Smithsonian Institute, 409
Snail, pond-, with red blood, 346
Soap-wort, 167
Soho, old house in, 14
Song, the beginnings of, in man, 208
Sounds as attractions in courtship, 206
Space, extreme cold of, not fatal to life, 159
Spencer, Professor Baldwin, shows bioscope pictures of Australian natives, 30
Sperms and ovules, 181
Spider's courtship and dance, 201
Sprats fraudulently sold as Anchovies and as Sardines, 360
Spruce introduced to Britain by man, 307 or Norway pine, 306, 317
Stickleback's nest and courtship, 200, 201
Stordö (Lervik), 3
Stricker of Vienna, the microscopist, 336
Succinite, correct name for amber, 75
Survival value of colour in flowers, 168
Switzerland, 160 _et seq._
Synapta, and anchors in its skin, 80
Tail of man, a disharmony, 228
Talitrus, a sand-hopper, 153
Taxodinæ, a group of fir trees, 329
Teeth of apes and of man, 248, 249 of extinct animals on the seashore, 59 wisdom, as disharmonies, 228
Telegony described, 399
Tetraonidæ, the grouse family, 44
Thoracic duct, the, 334
Thumb of apes and of man compared, 243
Thuya, the Arbor vitæ, 330
Tipula oleracea, the Crane-fly or Daddy-Long-Legs, 216 _et seq._
Toads found living in stone, 376 _et seq._
Topiary and yew trees, 312
Troy, discovery of ancient, 406
Tsetse fly, 22
Tyndal, the late Professor, 67
Vitamine from outer coat of rice-grain, 298
Volvox animalcule, 183, 184
Water-finder, impostor exposed, 392, 393
Water-finders, 387, 390
Water-finding, theories of, 388, 389
Weald of Sussex, 289
Wellingtonia, the American Big-tree, 329
Whittington and his cat, origin of the legend, 139
Wickham Fen, 18
Willey, Dr., on the lancelet, 3
Winter-green, 167
Wire-worms, true and false, 221
Woman in civilized races, not man, seeks to captivate by display, 211
Yew, the Irish, 311, 312 trees, 310, 311, 312
_Printed by_ MORRISON & GIBB LIMITED, _Edinburgh_
Transcribers notes:
Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling is retained.
Italics are shown thus: _sloping_.
Bold is shown thus: =strong=.
Small capitals have been capitalised.
In the Index for Piltdown, skull and jaw, 289 was added as it was missing in the original.
In the Index the entry for Max Müller, Professor, has been altered to Müller, Professor Max, and placed accordingly.
End of Project Gutenberg's Diversions of a Naturalist, by Edwin Ray Lankester