Part 101

Grove’s battery, 495.

Gun, 32–pounder, 191. 68–pounder, 192. 35–ton, 201. 81–ton, 201. 100–ton, 201. 110–ton, 202. Elswick 4·7–in., 206. Maxim, 225. Moncrieff, 208. Nordenfelt, 223.

Gun-cotton, 747. torpedoes, 233.

Gunpowder, 734.

Guns, Armstrong’s, 192. Elswick, 194. Fraser-Woolwich, 195. Krupp’s, 214. quick-firing, 206. submarine, 240.

GUTTA-PERCHA, 728.

H.

Half-tone process, 629.

Hancock, Mr. Charles, 729. Mr. Thomas, 725.

Harvey’s torpedoes, 234.

Heat produced by electric current, 502.

Heat spectrum, 613.

Heating by gas, 776.

Helmholtz, 462, 464, 472, 474.

Henry, on Leyden jar discharge, 538.

_Hercules_, H.M.S., 150.

Hertz, Professor, 541.

Hippocampus, 664.

Hoe’s printing machines, 316, 318.

Holmes’ magneto-electric machine, 520.

Holophotal light, 604.

Holyhead and Kingston steamers, 136.

Horseless carriages (_Automobiles_), 23.

Horse-power, 10.

Hot-blast, 48.

Hotchkiss quick-firing guns, 208.

Hough’s metereograph, 654.

Howitzers, 213.

Hudson River steam navigation, 147.

Hughes’ printing telegraph, 560. microphone, 590.

HYDRAULIC POWER, 324.

I.

Iceland spar, 399.

Illuminating power of gas, 774.

Illusion by movement of eye, 475. by persistence of vision, 476. stage, 290.

Images formed by lenses, 399, 616.

Impact theory of Stellar Evolution, 718.

Incandescent electric light, 528.

Incandescent gas-burners, 777.

INCLINED RAILWAYS, 125.

_Inconstant_, H.M.S., 152.

INDIA-RUBBER, 724.

INDIA-RUBBER AND GUTTA-PERCHA, 724.

Indicator, 9.

INDUCED CURRENTS, 502.

Induction coils, 503.

Injector, Giffard’s, 11.

Instantaneous photography, 623.

INTRODUCTION, 1.

IRON, 29.

IRON BRIDGES, 276.

IRON IN ARCHITECTURE, 72.

Iron, cast, 40. chemical changes of, 34. lighthouses, 596. meteoric, 32. ores, 39. pig, 40. ships, 133. smelting, 39. utility of, 30. wrought, 47.

Ismaïlia, 260.

J.

Jablochkoff’s electric candle, 525.

Jackson, 551.

Jacobi, 531.

Jamin’s magnet, 513.

Johannesburg, 694.

Joule, 804, 805.

Joy’s valve gear, 20.

Jupiter, 384.

K.

Kaleidoscope, 389.

Karoos, 705.

Kimberley, 705.

Kinetographic theatre, 479.

Kinetoscope, 478.

Kirchhoff, 422.

Klondyke, 692.

_König_ or _Kaiser Wilhelm_, ironclad, 164.

König’s printing machine, 308.

Krupp’s guns, 214. steel, 55. works, 56.

L.

Lake Timsah, 260.

Lathe at Woolwich, 198.

Lathe, Blanchard, 96. screw-cutting, 87.

Lap of slide-valve, 9.

Lebel rifle, 188.

Lens, formation of image by, 616. in steps, 600. photographic, 616.

Lepidosiren, 685.

LETTERPRESS PRINTING, 306.

Leyden jar, 490. discharge, 538.

LIGHT, 380. electric, 497. invisible, 383.

LIGHTHOUSES, 593.

Limiting angle, 399.

Link motion, 16.

Linotype, the, 645.

Lithium, 425.

LITHOGRAPHY, 636.

Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 14.

Lock-gates, 267.

Locks in Manchester Ship Canal, 264, 266.

LOCOMOTIVE, THE, 14. balancing of, 20. compound, 18.

Lodge, Professor O., 540.

M.

MACHINE-GUNS, 218.

Madder, 796.

Magazine rifles, 187.

Magnesium, 720.

Magnetic field, 537.

Magnetism produced by current, 500.

Magneto-electric machines, 496, 507, 508.

MAGNETO-ELECTRICITY, 506.

Mallet’s Mortars, 212.

Malus, 405.

MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL, 262.

Manganese, 43.

Manhattan Life Insurance buildings, 78.

Mannlicher rifle, 187, 189.

Manufacturing _v._ making, 85.

Map, Channel Tunnel, 364. Manchester Ship Canal, 263. North Sea Canal, 271. Pacific Railway, 117. St. Gothard Railway, 372. Suez Canal, 256. Tower Bridge, etc., 299.

Marconi, 546.

Martini-Henry rifle, 184.

_Mary Powell_, the, 148.

Matter indestructible, 576.

Mauser rifle, 187, 188.

Maxim gun, 225.

Measuring machines, 88.

Mélinite, 748.

Menai Straits bridges, 280, 284.

Meteoric iron, 32.

Meteorites, 30.

Meteorology, importance of, 664.

Metereographs, 654.

Meters, gas, 775.

METROPOLITAN RAILWAY, THE, 114.

Microphone, 481.

Minié bullet, 180.

Mineral combustibles, 751.

Mines, submarine, 241.

Mirror, galvanometer, 570.

Mirrors, plane, 388.

Mirrors, illusions, 391–395.

Mitrailleur, 218.

Molecules, 733, 743.

_Monarch_, H.M.S., 156.

Moncrieff’s gun carriages, 208.

MONT CENIS TUNNEL, 351.

Montigny mitrailleur, 222.

Morse’s code, 560. instruments, 558. plate, 562. telegraphic line, 556. transmitting key, 561.

Mortar, Mallet’s, 212.

Mount Washington Inclined Railway, 125.

Musical sound, 666.

N.

Naphthaline, 669.

Napier’s platen machine, 321.

Nasmyth’s steam hammer, 26.

Nature knowledge, 1. printing, 640.

Nebulæ, 626.

Needle telegraphs, 553.

Negretti and Zambra’s recording thermometer, 659.

NEW METALS, 714.

_New York_, the, 148.

Newton’s prism experiment, 418.

Niagara Suspension Bridge, 287. Falls, 537.

NICARAGUA CANAL, 274.

Nichol’s prism, 403.

Niepce, J. N., 609. de Saint-Victor, 611, 615.

Nitro-benzol, 784.

Nitrogen and oxygen compounds, 732.

Nitro-glycerine, 734.

Nordenfelt gun, 223.

NORTH SEA CANAL, 271.

Note A—Production of coal, 812.

Note B—Conservation of energy, 812.

O.

Œrsted’s experiments, 548.

Oil springs, 760.

Oldbury, manufacture of aluminium, 722.

Ophthalmoscope, 423.

Optical apparatus of lighthouses, 598.

Orders of lighthouse apparatus, 602.

Organic bodies, 798.

Oscillating engines, 14

P.

PACIFIC RAILWAY, THE, 116.

Paddle-wheels, 130.

Page, Mr., 532.

PANAMA CANAL, 272.

Papier-maché stereotype process, 633.

PARAFFIN, 761. oils, 762, 763.

Parallel motion, 8.

Paris Exhibition, buildings of, 76.

Pascal’s principle, 325.

PATTERN PRINTING, 321.

Pepper, J. H., 392, 393, 505.

Percussion cap, 180.

PETROLEUM, 757.

Phenakistiscope, 476.

Phenomena of light, some, 382.

Phonautograph, 666.

PHONOGRAPH, 665.

Photographic camera, 615.

PHOTOGRAPHY, 607.

Photography, celestial, 636. in colours, 614, 630. in the dark, 613. X-Ray, 447.

Photolithography, 644.

Photozincography, 644.

Pig iron, 40.

Planes, Whitworth’s, 94.

Planets, photographs of, 636.

Planing machines, 92.

Plants in coal measures, 753.

Plaster of Paris, stereotype process, 633.

PNEUMATIC DISPATCH, 340. force, 333.

Pniel, 701.

Points, railway, 108.

Polariscope, 405.

Polarizer, 403.

Polytechnic institution, Regent Street, 505.

PORTABLE ENGINES, 24.

Portable telegraphic instruments, 556.

Portrait, Davy, 714. Helmholtz, 452. Joule, 789. Kirchhoff, 416. Lesseps, 249. Morse, 547. Senefelder, 632. Simpson, 731. Tesla, 572. Thomson, 481. Watt, 3. Whitworth, 85.

Port Saïd, 257.

Post-office railway van, 111.

Potassium, 715.

Powder, smokeless, 748.

Power, horse, 10. hydraulic, 324. of steam engine, 9. of locomotive, 21.

Powers, mechanical, 32.

Pressure gauge, 12. transmitted in fluids, 324.

Principle, the copying, 86. of the cantilever, 291.

PRINTING MACHINES, 305. processes, 632. telegraphs, 570.

Process blocks, 629.

Progress of mankind, 2.

Projectiles, 166. air’s resistance to, 175. deviation, 199. long range of Whitworth, 193. speed of, measured, 659. trajectory of, 174.

Propagation of sound, 668.

Prospecting, 361.

_Proteus anguinus_, 684. the modern, 807.

Pseudoscope, 472.

Puddling furnace, 45.

Q.

Queensferry, 292.

Quick-firing guns, 206. Hotchkiss, 208.

R.

RAILWAYS, 101. Great Western, 106. Metropolitan, 114. Midland, 112. London and Manchester, 102, 124. London and Woolwich, 103. Pacific, 116. St. Gothard, 371. Stockton and Darlington, 101.

Randt, the, 694.

Rangoon petroleum, 759.

Rays polarized, 401.

Réaumur’s steel, 67.

Recoil, 172.

RECORDING INSTRUMENTS, 653.

Red-short iron, 62.

REFLECTION OF LIGHT, 388.

Reflection in water, 396. total, 399.

REFRACTION, 397. double, 399.

Regulators for electric lamps, 523.

Reiss, 583.

Reliance building, the, 78.

Resistance, electrical, 494.

Resonance, electric, 540, 541.

Retina, 456.

Reverberatory furnace, 45.

Rifle, Brunswick, 180. Chassepot, 182. Lebel, 188. Lee, 188. Mannlicher, 187, 189. Martini-Henry, 184. magazine, 187. Mauser, 187, 188. military, 178. Minié, 181. Snider Enfield, 184. Vetterli, 189. Whitworth, 182.

RIFLED CANNON, 190.

Rifles, breech-loading, 182. reduction of bores of, 189.

Rifling, 171. guns, 199.

Righi, Professor, 541.

Rigi, railways ascending the, 126.

RIVER STEAMBOATS, 144.

ROCK BORING, 349.

“Rocket,” 14.

ROCK-DRILLING MACHINES, 355.

ROENTGEN’S X-RAYS, 445.

Rolling iron, 71.

Ronald’s telegraph, 548.

Roscoe, 425, 437, 444. and Bunsen, 664.

Royal Gun Factory, Woolwich, 27.

Ruete’s ophthalmoscope, 466.

Ruhmkorff’s coil, 730.

S.

Saint Paul building, the, 78.

Saltash Bridge, 283.

San Francisco, 123.

Sand, properties of, 253.

Saw, circular, 100.

SAWING MACHINES, 98.

Saturn, 440.

Schilling’s telegraph, 549.

Science, benefits of, 1.

Science and useful arts, 2.

Scott’s phonautograph, 669.

Screw, 86. cutting lathe, 87. dies and taps, 86. propeller, 116, 117.

Sea anemones, 679. horses, 684.

Secondary batteries, 530.

Segment shells, 217.

Senefelder, 556, 636.

Shear steel, 54.

SHIP CANALS, 249.

SHIPS OF WAR, 149.

Shrapnel shells, 216.

Siemens, 67.

Siemens’ dynamo, 522. pneumatic tubes, 341. regenerator, 68. regulator, 523.

Siemens-Martin steel, 70.

Sight, 452.

Signals, railway, 108.

Silver plating by electricity, 500.

Sirius, 440.

Skerryvore, 596.

Skiagraphs, 447.

Slide rest, 87.

Smokeless powder, 226.

Snider rifle, 184.

Snow-plough, 123.

Sodium, 715.

Some phenomena of light, 382.

Sommeiller perforators, 351.

Sömmering’s telegraph, 548.

Sound, 665. waves, 640.

Sounding telegraph, 566.

South African diamond fields, 701.

Speaking machine, 670. tubes, 730.

Spectra, absorption, 431. bright lined, 425. of permanent gases, 430. of salts, 424. of stars, 440. spark, 420.

SPECTROSCOPE, 416.

Spectrum, continuous, 422. lithium, 425, 436. of sodium, 424. pure, 420. solar, 418, 613.

Sphygmograph, 660.

Spiegeleisen, 64.

Stage illusions, 395.

Stars, distance of, 440. motion of, 442. spectra of, 440.

Steamboats, river, 144.

Steam engine, agricultural, 23. domestic, 25. forms of, 14. Newcomen’s, 3. portable, 23. Watt’s double-acting, 6. Watt’s improvements, 4.

STEAM ENGINES, 3.

Steam carriages, 21. expansive working of, 8, 17.

STEAM HAMMER, THE, 25.

STEAM NAVIGATION, 129.

Steam fire engine, 23. “navvies,” 269. rollers, 23. superheated, 9.

Steamships, comparative sizes of, 138. recent improvements in, 139. speed of, 137.

Steel, 52, 68. Bessemer, 58. blister, 54. cast, 54. Krupp’s, 55. puddled, 55. Réaumur’s, 67. shear, 54. Siemens, 68. tempering, 53. tensile strength of, 53.

Stellar evolution, 810.

Stephenson, George, 14, 102. Robert, 280.

ST. GOTHARD RAILWAY, 371.

Stereoscope, Brewster’s refracting, 470. Wheatstone’s reflecting, 469.

Stereoscopic effect, 469. lustre, 472. views, 470, 474.

STEREOTYPING, 642.

Stevenson, Alan, 602, 603.

Storage battery, 530.

Strada, 547.

Stratified discharge, 517.

Stroboscopic disc, 476.

Submarine cables, 575.

Sub-Wealden, exploration, 362.

SUEZ CANAL, THE, 251.

Sun, elements in, 438. constitution, 438.

Superheated steam, 9.

Surface plates, Whitworth’s, 94.

SUSPENSION BRIDGES, 284.

Sympathetic needles, 547.

Syphon recorder, 571.

Swan’s carbon process, 619, 481.

T.

Table, air resistance to projectile, 177. benzol and toluol compounds, 789. coal raised in Great Britain, 727. coal-tar, colours, 794. composition of cast iron, 43. dimensions of parts of eye, 462. dimensions of steamships, 138. electric light _v._ gas, 514, 515. floatation of _Monarch_ and _Captain_, 160. formulæ of hydro-carbon, 758. Gramme machine, 518. hydro-carbon in coal-tar, 782. illuminating power of gases, 774. lighthouse apparatus, 602. lighthouse lamps, 597. Martini-Henry rifle, 187. nitrogen and oxygen compounds, 731, 732. photographic actions, 612. products from 100 lbs. of coal, 796. ships of war, 166. telegraph code, Morse’s, 560. telegraph, war department, 557. tenacities of iron, 277. wave-lengths of colours, 411. Wheatstone’s dot signals, 565.

Talbot, 610.

Talbotype, 611.

TALL BUILDINGS, 76.

Tawell, arrest of, 550.

TELEGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTS, 553.

TELEGRAPHIC LINES, 572.

Telegraph poles, 572.

Telegraphs in Great Britain, 574.

Telegraphy, wireless, 546.

Tel-el-Kebir, 260.

Telepherage, 549.

TELEPHONE, THE, 581.

Telestereoscope, 472.

Tenacities of iron, 277.

Tension of electricity, 498.

Tesla, Nikola, 542. oscillator, 542.

Tesla’s experiments, 545.

Thallium, 426.

_The Terrible_, H.M.S., 167.

Thomson, Sir W., 483, 570, 571, 805, 808.

Throttle valve, 6.

_Thunderer_, H.M.S., 164.

“Times” newspaper, 387, 312.

TOOLS, 85.

Torpedo-boats, 231.

TORPEDOES, 227.

Tour de Cordouan, 593.

Tourmaline, 404.

TOWER BRIDGE, THE, 297.

Trajectory of projectile, 174.

Tramways, 22.

Transfer process, 638.

Transvaal, 693.

Tunnel, Mont Cenis, 351. St. Gothard, 373.

Tunnels, helicoidal, 379.

Turbine, 144.

_Turbinia, the_, 144.

Turret ships, 154.

Tyndall, 383, 803, 809.

U.

Undulation of the ether, 409.

V.

Vaal River, 701.

Valentine, electric, 581.

Valve, throttle, 6. slide, 8.

Vegetable nature of coal, 753.

VELOCITY OF LIGHT, 384.

Venice, view in, 396.

Vetterli rifle, 189.

Victoria, Australia, gold-field of, 688.

Victoria Bridge, Montreal, 282.

_Victoria_, H.M.S., 166, 168.

Vision, persistence of, 476.

VISUAL IMPRESSIONS, 468.

Voltaic element, 490.

Vulcanite, 728.

Vulcanized india-rubber, 727.

W.

Wall papers, machines for printing, 322.

Walter press, 323.

Warner’s torpedo experiment, 241.

Warren girder, 280.

_Warrior_, H.M.S., 150.

Warships, new types of, 167.

Water decomposed by electricity, 498.

Waterproof cloths, 726.

Watt, 3, 4, 8, 14.

Welding, electric, 537.

Wells, Horace, 735.

Welsbach incandescent gas lights, 777.

Whaleback, 147.

Wheatstone, 387, 470, 474, 552. and Cooke’s telegraph, 548, 554.

Wheatstone’s automatic telegraph, 564. dial telegraph, 568. dot signals, 565.

Wheels of railway carriages, 107.

Whitehead’s torpedoes, 232, 242.

Whitworth’s guns, 193. rifle, 182.

Wire-drawing for Atlantic cables, 576.

Wireless telegraphy, 546.

Woodbury printing process, 641. process for engraving photographs, 643.

Woolwich, 27. “infants,” 201.

Work, 11, 12, 160, 325, 804.

X.

X-RAYS, 445.

Y.

Young’s paraffin oil, 762.

Z.

Zinc, amalgamated, 490.

Zincography, 644.

Zoetrope, 478.

Zöllner, 475.

EDINBURGH: PRINTED BY MORRISON AND GIBB LIMITED

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Added “near Bristol” after “146. Clifton Suspension Bridge,” on p. xii. 2. Added “PLATE IX.” to caption of illustration facing p. 144. 3. Added “PLATE XI.” to caption of illustration facing p. 168. 4. Switched the captions for “Fig. 99.” facing p. 210 with the caption for “Fig. 102” facing p. 206. The captions were out of order and did not agree with the content of the illustration. 5. Changed “a calibre of 4,724 in.” to “a calibre of 4·724 in.” on p. #208. Otherwise the muzzle opening would be larger than its length. Confirmed online. 6. Changed “the two rows in” to “the two rows is” on p. 332. 7. Added “O T” after “P P, or” on p. 398. 8. Added “PLATE XVII.” to caption of illustration facing p. 422. 9. Changed “screw motion to finally” to “screw motion to finely” on p. 433. 10. Changed “which strangely makes it” to “which strangely makes its” on p. 491. 11. Changed “Duke of Wellington’s statute” to “Duke of Wellington’s statue” on p. 550. 12. Changed “-” to “·-” for the Morse Code for A in the table on p. 565 to agree with the text that follows. 13. Changed “vegetation which spontaneously makes it” to “vegetation which spontaneously makes its” on p. 678. 14. Added “INDEX” header on p. 813. 15. Silently corrected typographical errors. 16. Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed. 17. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. 18. Superscripts are denoted by a carat before a single superscript character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in curly braces, e.g. M^r. or M^{ister}. 19. Subscripts are denoted by an underscore before a series of subscripted characters enclosed in curly braces, e.g. H_{2}O.