Part 4

"Will necessarily revolutionize the treatment of the action of the horse in painting and sculpture. For the physiological study of animal movements these pictures are a veritable treasure."--_Landwirthschaftliche-Zeitung, Vienna._

"I am lost with admiration of these photographs of Mr. Muybridge."--PROFESSOR MAREY, in _La Nature, Paris._

"Interesting and instructive to all."--_New York Herald._

"Highly interesting and valuable for every lover of horses."--_Illustrirte Zeitung, Berlin._

"We cannot more fittingly conclude our review than by repeating our recommendation of the work to all artistic and scientific bodies."--_The Nation, New York._

"So perfect was the synthesis that a dog in the lecture room barked and endeavored to chase the phantom horses as they galloped across the screen."--_Berkeley Weekly News._

"Noted artists, such as Menzel, Knaus, Begas; eminent scientists, such as von Helmholtz, Siemens and Förster and even the imperturbable field-marshal, Count von Moltke, were enthusiastic in their applause."--_Illustrirte Zeitung._

"A very large number could not obtain admission, so great was the desire to hear the lecture.... A wonderful surprise even to the careful observer of Nature."--_Die Press_, Vienna.

"The lecture was received with stormy applause."--_Berliner Post_, Berlin.

"The lecture was given in a popular manner, with scientific accuracy and artistic taste.... The room was filled to the last corner; nearly all the Royal Family and the Ministers were present."--_Münchener Neueste Nachrichten_, Munich.

"After attending Mr. Muybridge's demonstrations, we felt no surprise at his having been received so enthusiastically in Paris."--_Berliner Tageblatt_, Berlin.

"The lectures of Mr. Muybridge are unquestionably the most intensely interesting we ever listened to. No one in Berlin should fail to attend them."--_Norddeutsch Allgem Zeitung_, Berlin.

"Some lectures are too technical for the general public. Here is one in which everybody is interested. The Lecture Theatre was crammed to repletion; we thought a few vacant places might have been reserved for those whose pleasant duty it is to record the brilliant success of Mr. Muybridge."--_Pall Mall Budget_, London.

"So great an interest did the demonstrations excite that Mr. Muybridge was unanimously requested to repeat them. Two days afterward this distinguished company, including the venerable Field-Marshal (Count von Moltke) himself, attended a repetition of the lecture."--_Illustrirte Zeitung._

* * * * *

_APPENDIX B._

ANIMAL LOCOMOTION.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

The results of the investigation executed for the University of Pennsylvania are

SEVEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-ONE SHEETS OF ILLUSTRATIONS,

containing more than 20,000 figures of men, women, and children, animals and birds, actively engaged in walking, galloping, flying, working, jumping, fighting, dancing, playing at base-ball, cricket, and other athletic games, or other actions incidental to every-day life, which illustrate motion or the play of muscles.

These sheets of illustrations are conventionally called "plates."

EACH PLATE IS COMPLETE IN ITSELF WITHOUT REFERENCE TO ANY OTHER PLATE,

and illustrates the successive phases of a single action, photographed with automatic electro-photographic apparatus at regulated and accurately recorded intervals of time, _consecutively_ from one point of view; or, _consecutively_ AND _synchronously_ from _two_, or from _three_ points of view.

A series of twelve consecutive exposures, from each of the three points of view, are represented by an outline tracing on a small scale of plate 579, a complete stride of a horse walking; the intervals of exposures are recorded as being one hundred and twenty-six one-thousandths of a second.

When one of the series of foreshortenings is made at a right angle with the lateral series the arrangement of the phases is usually thus:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Laterals.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rear Foreshortenings from points of view on the same vertical line, at an angle of 90 deg. from the Laterals.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Front Foreshortenings from points of view on the same horizontal plane, at suitable angles from the Laterals.

The plates are not _photographs_ in the common acceptation of the word, but are printed in PERMANENT INK, from gelatinised copper-plates, by the New York Photo-Gravure Company, on thick linen plate-paper.

The size of the paper is 45 × 60 centimetres--(19 × 24 inches), and the printed surface varies from 15 × 45 to 20 × 30 centimetres--(6 × 18 to 9 × 12 inches).

The number of figures on each plate varies from 12 to 36.

To publish so great a number of plates as one undivided work was considered unnecessary, for each subject tells its own story; and inexpedient, for it would defeat the object which the University had in view, and limit its acquisition to wealthy individuals, large Libraries, or Institutions where it would be beyond the reach of many who might desire to study it.

It has, therefore, been decided to issue a series of One Hundred Plates, which number, for the purposes of publication, will be considered as a "COPY" of the work. These one hundred plates will probably meet the requirements of the greater number of the subscribers.

In accordance with this view is re-issued the following prospectus.

PROSPECTUS

ANIMAL LOCOMOTION,

AN ELECTRO-PHOTOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF CONSECUTIVE PHASES OF ANIMAL MOVEMENTS,

BY

EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE.

Commenced, 1872--Completed, 1885.

PUBLISHED 1887, UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

_Exclusively by Subscription_.

CONSISTING OF A SERIES OF

ONE HUNDRED PLATES,

AT A SUBSCRIPTION PRICE OF

ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS For the United States, or TWENTY GUINEAS For Great Britain;

Or the equivalent of Twenty Guineas in the gold currency of other countries in Central or Western Europe.

The Plates are enclosed in a strong, canvas-lined, full AMERICAN-RUSSIA LEATHER PORTFOLIO.

Additional Plates in any required number will be supplied to the subscriber at the same proportionate rate; these, however, must be ordered at the same time as the subscription Plates.

It was considered inadvisable to make an _arbitrary_ selection of the one hundred Plates offered to subscribers, and with the object of meeting, as far as possible, their diverse requirements, they are invited to make their own selection, either from the subjoined list of subjects, or from a detailed catalogue, which will be forwarded free of expense to every subscriber.

The following are the numbers of Plates published of each class of subjects, from which the subscriber's selection can be made:--

Class. Plates Published. 1. Men, draped 6 2. " pelvis cloth 72 3. " nude 133 4. Women, draped 60 5. " transparent drapery and semi-nude 63 6. " nude 180 7. Children, draped 1 8. " nude 15 9. Movements of a man's hand 5 10. Abnormal movements, men and women, nude and semi-nude 27 11. Horses walking, trotting, galloping, jumping, &c. 95 12. Mules, oxen, dogs, cats, goats, and other domestic animals 40 13. Lions, elephants, buffaloes, camels, deer, and other wild animals 57 14. Pigeons, vultures, ostriches, eagles, cranes and other birds 27 --- Total number of Plates 781 Containing more than 20,000 Figures.

Should the selection be made from the Catalogue, it will be advisable to give the Author permission to change any one of the selected Plates for any other illustrating the same action, if, in his judgment, the substituted Plate illustrates that action with a better model, or in a more perfect manner than the one selected.

With regard to the selection of Plates, however, it has been found by experience that unless any special subject or plate is required it will be more satisfactory to the subscriber if he gives the Author GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS as to the CLASS of subjects desired and to leave the SPECIFIC selection to him.

Many of the large Libraries and Art or Science Institutions in America and in Europe have subscribed for, and have now in their possession, a complete series of the seven hundred and eighty-one Plates, the subscription price for which is

FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS

in the United States,

ONE HUNDRED GUINEAS

in Great Britain for the complete series, in eight full AMERICAN-RUSSIA LEATHER PORTFOLIOS, or if bound in eleven volumes, each plate _hinged_, full American-Russia leather,

FIVE HUNDRED AND FIFTY DOLLARS

in the United States,

ONE HUNDRED AND TEN GUINEAS

in Great Britain; or its equivalent for any city in Central or Western Europe.

Subscribers who wish to make use of these Plates for the promotion or diffusion of knowledge, or for artistic or scientific purposes, will be afforded facilities for acquiring working copies by special arrangement with the Author.

The investigations of the Author are so well known; and so generally recognized as affording the only basis of truthful interpretation or accurate criticism of Animal Movement, that it is perhaps scarcely necessary to quote from the many elaborate reviews of "Animal Locomotion," which have been published in the American, English, French, and German Scientific, Artistic, and other Journals. A few extracts therefrom are however given in Appendix A.

For the value of the present work to the general student of Nature and the lover of Art, no less than to the Artist and the Archæologist, the Physiologist and the Anatomist, it is with much pride and gratitude that he refers to the annexed list of some of his subscribers.

SUBSCRIBERS.

The general or departmental Libraries of the following

UNIVERSITIES.

Amsterdam Andrews, St. Basel Berlin Bern Bologna Bonn Breslau Bruxelles Edinburgh Erlangen Freiburg Genève Genova Glasgow Göttingen Griefswald Hallé Heidelberg Innsbrück Jena Kiel Königsberg Leiden Leipzig Liège Louvain München Napoli Oxford Padova Pisa Prag Roma Rostock Strassburg Torino Tübingen Utrecht Wien Würzberg Zürich

IMPERIAL, NATIONAL, OR ROYAL ACADEMIES OF FINE ARTS.

Amsterdam Antwerpen Berlin Bern Birmingham Bologna Breslau Bruxelles Budapest Dresden Düsseldorf Firenze Frankfurt Genova Gent Leipzig Liège London Manchester Milano München Napoli Paris Praha Roma (_de France_) Sheffield Torino Venezia Wien Zürich Architectural Institute, München Herkomer School of Art, Bushey

ART MUSEUMS.

Amsterdam Berlin Budapest

ARCHÆOLOGICAL INSTITUTES AND MUSEUMS.

Dresden Griefswald Heidelberg Königsberg Leipzig Prag Rostock Strassburg Wien Würzburg Zürich

INDUSTRIAL ART AND SCIENCE MUSEUMS.

Berlin Dublin Edinburgh Kensington Paris Wien

INDUSTRIAL ART SCHOOLS.

Amsterdam Breslau Budapest Frankfurt Nürnberg Zürich

LIBRARIES.

The Royal Library, Windsor Castle. Imperial Library, Berlin. Birmingham, Free Public Edinburgh, Advocates' Glasgow, Mitchell Free Liverpool, Free Public London, British Museum Manchester, Free Public Nottingham, Free Public Paris, National Library

ANATOMICAL INSTITUTES.

Bern Breslau Freiburg Hallé Innsbrück Kiel Königsberg Leipzig München Pisa Prag Rostock Tübingen Würzburg Zürich

ROYAL COLLEGES OF SURGEONS.

Edinburgh London

PHYSIOLOGICAL INSTITUTES.

Basel Berlin Bern Bologna Bonn Breslau Bruxelles Erlangen Freiburg Genova Göttingen Griefswald Hallé Heidelberg Innsbrück Jena Kiel Königsberg Leipzig Louvain München Napoli Prag Rostock Strassburg Torino Tübingen Wien Würzburg Zürich

VETERINARY INSTITUTES.

Alfort Bern Berlin Dresden London

ANTHROPOLOGICAL MUSEUMS.

Dresden Firenze

ETHNOLOGICAL, NATURAL HISTORY, AND ZOÖLOGICAL INSTITUTES AND MUSEUMS.

Amsterdam Bruxelles Freiburg Kiel Leiden Liège Napoli Paris Rostock

PHYSICAL INSTITUTES.

Basel Bologna Bruxelles Genève Heidelberg Padova Prag Roma Rostock Utrecht

POLYTECHNIC HIGH SCHOOLS.

Berlin Firenze Wien Zürich

COLLEGES.

Charterhouse Clifton Dublin (Trin.) Eton Owens Wellington

ROYAL PORCELAIN MANUFACTORIES.

Berlin Dresden

ARTISTIC, LITERARY OR SCIENTIFIC CLUBS.

Düsseldorf, _Malkesten_ Glasgow, _Western_ London, _Athenæum_ Rome, _Internazionale_

Agricultural High School of Berlin Faculty of Medicine of Paris Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow Psychological Institute of Leipzig Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh Royal Institution, Edinburgh Royal Dublin Society Royal Society of London

DEPARTMENTS OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT.

Bureau of Education Bureau of Engraving Bureau of Ethnology Department of War Library of Congress National Museum Patent Office Smithsonian Institution Surgeon General's Office.

INSTITUTIONS OF ART AND OF ART TRAINING.

Baltimore, Maryland Institute. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts. Chicago, Art Institute. Cincinnati, Art Museum. Milwaukee, School of Design. Minneapolis, School of Design. New Bedford, Swain School. New York, Cooper Union. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, National Academy of Design. Philadelphia, Academy of Fine Arts. Philadelphia, School of Industrial Art. Philadelphia, School of Design for Women. St. Louis, Museum of Fine Arts. Washington, Corcoran Gallery of Art.

INSTITUTIONS OF SCIENCE.

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. American Institute, New York. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. College of Physicians, Philadelphia. Essex Institute, Salem. Franklin Institute, Philadelphia. Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Cambridge. Museum of Natural History, New York. Peabody Museum of Yale College.

UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES.

Brown Columbia Cornell Harvard Johns Hopkins Kansas Lehigh Minnesota Nebraska New York Pennsylvania Princeton Vassar Vermont Wellesley Yale

LIBRARIES.

Baltimore--Peabody Boston--Athenæum Boston--Public Brooklyn--L. I. Historical Brooklyn Library Chicago--Historical Chicago--Public Cincinnati--Public Denver--Mercantile Harlem Library Massachusetts--State Minneapolis--Public New Bedford--Public New York--Mercantile New York--State Pennsylvania--State Philadelphia Library St. Paul--Public San Francisco--Public Springfield (Mass.)--Public Wisconsin--State Historical Worcester (Mass.)--Public

It is impossible within the limits of this appendix to record the names of the many well-known _Dilettanti_, Art Connoisseurs, Manufacturers, etc., who have acquired copies of Animal Locomotion, and it is difficult, without unjust discrimination, to select a few from among the many Eminent Men whose names and works are known all over the world and who are subscribers. Among those, however, who have honored the Author by placing their names on his subscription book--all academical and university distinctions being omitted--are the following:

ARCHITECTS, PAINTERS OR SCULPTORS.

Alma-Tadema Armitage Becker Begas Bonnat Boughton Bouguereau Bridgman Burnham Carolus-Duran Cavelier Conti, Tito Dalou von Defregger Detaille Dubois Eisenmenger Ende Faed Falguière Fildes Fremiet Frith Garnier Gérôme Gilbert Gordigiani Gow Herkomer Hunt, Holman von Kaulbach Knaus Knight Kopf Leighton, Sir F. von Lenbach von Löfftz Marks du Maurier Meissonier von Menzel Millais, Sir J.E. Morot Munkacsy Orchardson Ouless Parsons Passini Poynter Puvis, de Ch Richardson Richmond Rivière-Briton Robert-Fleury Rodin Roll Roth Rümann Schilling Siemering St. Gaudens Story Thornycroft Tiffany Vibert Villefroy Vinea Wagner Ward Watts Weeks Wells von Werner Whistler Zügel.

ARCHÆOLOGISTS, AUTHORS OF ART WORKS, ETC.

von Berlepsch Bullen von Duhn Ewald Falke Furness, H. H. von Kekule Klein Muntz Overbeck Pietsch Preuner Pulszky Ruskin di Sambuy, Conte Smith, Gen. Sir R.M. Treu Wolff, Albert.

ANATOMISTS, ANTHROPOLOGISTS, BIOLOGISTS, ETHNOLOGISTS, PALÆONTOLOGISTS, PATHOLOGISTS, PHYSIOLOGISTS, PSYCHOLOGISTS, ZOOLOGISTS, ETC.

Acland, Sir H. W. Agassiz, A. Barrier du Bois Reymond Bowditch Bowman, Sir W. Braune, W. Brown-Sequard Burdon-Sanderson Cleland Darwin, F. Exner, S. Fick Flower Foster Galton, F. Gill Goode, Brown Hasse Haughton Heidenhain Hering Humphry Huxley Jensink von Kölliker von Kries Lankester Leidy Lubbock, Sir J. Ludwig Mantegazza Marey Marshall Meyer Milne-Edwards Mivart Moleschott Mosso Munk Müller, Max Owen, Sir R. Pasteur Pepper W. Pettigrew Rabl Romanes Rückert Schiff Schütz Virchow, R. von Voit Wear-Mitchell Wood Wundt von Zittell.

PHYSICISTS, ETC.

Abney Blake Blazerna Bramwell, Sir F. Bunsen Ditscheiner Edison Glaisher von Helmholtz Huggins Langley Mach Matthiessen Quincke Spottiswoode Thomson, Sir W. Vogel Weber.

MILITARY SCIENTISTS.

Field Marshal Count von Moltke General U. S. Grant General W. T. Sherman General P. H. Sheridan General R. B. Hayes.

* * * * *

THE SCIENCE OF ZOOPRAXOGRAPHY.

Made Popular by Suggestive Tracings from "Animal Locomotion."

A series of FIFTY ENGRAVINGS, each of which illustrates from 12 to 15 consecutive phases of some complete movement, photographed from life.

The successive phases of each action are arranged in a circle NINE INCHES IN DIAMETER; for reduced copies of some of which see appendix A.

Printed on six-ply Bristol-board and enclosed in

A STRONG CLOTH PORTFOLIO,

size 10×12 inches; price, Five Dollars in the United States; or One Guinea in Great Britain.

Sent free of postage upon receipt of price, to any country within the Universal Postal Union.

EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, U.S.A. Or, at 10 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London.

* * * * *

To convert the circles of figures into a

ZOOPRAXISCOPE,

cut out the disc, and, radiating from the centre thereof, about midway from the margin, cut or stamp thirteen equidistant perforations; each an inch long, and about the sixteenth of an inch wide.

Pin the centre of the disc to a handle and revolve it in the direction of the arrow, at a distance of about twenty-four inches, in front of a mirror.

By looking through the _upper_ series of perforations at the reflection of the _lower_ series of figures, a semblance of the original movements of life will be seen.

The figures may be appropriately colored, and the back of the cardboard disc should be painted a dark color, or covered with a piece of dark surfaced paper before cutting the perforations.

* * * * *

DESCRIPTIVE ZOOPRAXOGRAPHY.

An Elementary Treatise on Animal Locomotion,

BY

EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE.

Illustrated with twelve consecutive phases--occurring during a single stride--of each of the six regular progressive movements of the horse, traced from the results of an investigation made by the Author for the University of Pennsylvania.

12 mo. bound in cloth. Price in the United States, One Dollar; in Great Britain Four Shillings and Three Pence.

Sent upon receipt of price, free of postage to any country within the Universal Postal Union.

EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, U. S. A. Or 10 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London.

End of Project Gutenberg's Descriptive Zoopraxography, by Eadweard Muybridge