Part 3

The method of galloping described applies to the horse and its allies, and to most of the cloven and soft-footed animals.

In the gallop of the dog the sequence of foot falling and the action of the body is materially different, and the animal is free from support twice in each stride.

Assuming that a racing hound after a flight through the air with elongated body and extended legs (like the conventional galloping horse), lands upon the left fore foot, the right fore will next touch the ground; from this he will again spring into the air, and with curved body and flexed legs land upon the right hind foot, while the right fore feet will be half the length of the body to the rear. The left hind now descends, another flight is effected, and again the left fore repeats its functions of support and propulsion.

These successive foot fallings are common to all dogs when galloping, and it is worthy of note that the same rotary action in the use of the limbs is adopted in the gallop of the elk, the deer and the antelope, all of which animals, like the dog, can for a time excel the horse in speed.

A search through all the dictionaries published at the time of writing, and accessible to the Author, fails to discover a correct definition of "the gallop." This motion is in America frequently miscalled the "run," and its execution "running," but no corresponding explanation of the word is given by any lexicographer.

In Scott's "Lady of the Lake" occurs "Then faint afar are heard the feet of rushing steeds in _gallop_ fleet," many other distinguished Authors refer to the same action by the same name, by which, or its equivalents, it is universally known in Europe.

THE LEAP.

There is little essential difference in general characteristics of either of the several movements that have been described, but with a number of experiments made with horses while leaping, no two were found to agree in the manner of execution. The leap of the same horse at the same rate of speed, with the same rider, over the same hurdle, disclosed much variation in the rise, clearance, and descent of the animal. A few phases were, however, invariable. While the horse was raising his body to clear the hurdle, one hind foot was always in advance of the other, which exercised its last energy alone.

On the descent, the concussion was always first received by one fore foot, followed more or less rapidly by the other, sometimes as much as 30 inches in advance of where the first one struck; the hind feet were also landed with intervals of time and distance.

No attempt will be made to analyze the consecutive phases of various other acts of Animal Locomotion, such as rearing, bucking, kicking, tossing, etc., on account of the irregularity which characterizes their execution, and the difficulty of obtaining reliable data.

The Author has vainly sought for the rules which govern the hind feet of a playfully disposed mule; but the inquiry has usually been unsatisfactory, and upon some occasions disastrous. Should these movements be controlled by any general law, it is of such a complex nature that all attempts to expound it have hitherto been fruitless.

The figures in the series of circles (see appendix A) were selected from

"ANIMAL LOCOMOTION"

and arranged by the Author for his less ambitious work,

"POPULAR ZOOPRAXOGRAPHY."

(See Appendix C).

They were traced by the well known artist, Erwin Faber, and are reproduced one-third the diameter of the circles arranged for the zoöpraxiscope. Many of the original phases of movement are omitted on account of the optical law which in the construction of a zoöpraxiscope requires that the number of illustrations must bear a certain relationship to the number of perforations through which they are viewed.

The popular number of thirteen having been selected for the latter, the same number of figures illustrate actions without lateral progressive motion.

When the number of illustrated phases is less than the number of perforations, the succession of phases is in the direction of the motion, and the disc is necessarily revolved in a reverse direction.

When the number of phases is greater than the number of perforations, the phases succeed each other in a direction contrary to that of the motion, and the disc is revolved in the direction of the motion.

An increased or diminished number of figures will respectively result in an increased or diminished apparent speed of the object.

For further information on the subject, the reader is referred to the

ZOOPRAXISCOPE.

* * * * *

_APPENDIX A._

SYLLABUS OF A COURSE OF TWO LECTURES

ON

ZOOPRAXOGRAPHY

OR

THE SCIENCE OF ANIMAL LOCOMOTION IN ITS RELATION TO DESIGN IN ART.

Origin of the Author's Investigations--Diagram of the Studio at the University of Pennsylvania where the Investigation was conducted--Batteries of Cameras, Electro-exposers, Contact-motor, Chronograph, and other apparatus used for photographing consecutive phases of animal movements--Method of obtaining successive exposures of moving objects synchronously from several different points of view--Normal Locomotion of Animals--Twelve consecutive phases of a single step of the Horse while walking; also of the Ox, Elk, Goat, Buffalo, and other cloven-footed animals; the Lion, Elephant, Camel, Dog, and other soft-footed animals; of the Sloth while suspended by its claws, and of the Child while crawling on the ground; of man walking erect--The Normal Method of Locomotion by all animals essentially the same--The Quadrupedal Walk as interpreted by Prehistoric Man, by the Egyptians, Assyrians, Phoenicians, Etruscans, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, and by eminent artists of mediæval and of modern times--The Statue of Marcus Aurelius the great source of modern errors; Marcus Aurelius in London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dublin, Paris, Berlin, Amsterdam, New York, Boston, and many other cities--Albert Durer, Verrocchio, Meissonier, Paul Delaroche, Landseer, Rosa Bonheur, Elizabeth Thompson Butler, &c.--Other Quadrupedal movements, the Amble, Rack, Trot and Canter--Twelve phases in the Gallop of a Horse--Origin of the modern representation of the Gallop--Gallop as depicted by the Hittites, North American Indians, Egyptians, Assyrians, Greeks, the mediæval artists--The modern conventional gallop; evidences of its absurdity; acknowledgment by the Artist of the necessity of reformation--Leap of the Horse, Kick of the Mule, &c., all illustrated by photographs the size of life, from nature, and comparisons made with the interpretation of the same movements by artists of pre-historic, ancient, mediæval and modern times--Demonstration of the action of the primary feathers in the wing of a Bird while Flying, and a solution of the complex problem of Soaring.

AFTER THE VARIOUS METHODS OF LOCOMOTION HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED BY ANALYSIS, THEY WILL BE REPRESENTED SYNTHETICALLY BY THE ZOOPRAXISCOPE.

_Among the many Institutions where Mr. Muybridge has had the honor of Lecturing on_

ZOOPRAXOGRAPHY

_are the following_:--

Royal Academy of Arts, London. Royal Society of London. Royal College of Surgeons, London. Royal Institution of Great Britain. Royal Dublin Society. Royal Geographical Society. Royal Institution, Hull. British Association for the Advancement of Science. Linnean Society, Zoological Society. Art and Science Schools, South Kensington Museum. London Institution, Glasgow Philosophical Society. Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society. Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society. Town Hall, Birmingham; Nottingham Arts Society. Manchester Athenæum. University of Oxford. Eton College, Clifton College. Wellington College, Yorkshire College, Rugby School, Charterhouse. Leeds Mechanics' Institute. Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society. Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society. Warrington Literary and Philosophical Society. Yorkshire Philosophical Society, Bristol Naturalists' Society. Bath Associated Scientific and Art Societies. Ipswich Scientific Society, Photographic Society of Ireland. Liverpool Associated Literary, Scientific and Art Societies. St. George's Hall, Liverpool. School of Military Engineering, Chatham. The School of Fine Arts; Hall of the Hemicycle, Paris. The Society of Artists, Berlin. The Society of Artists, Vienna. The Society of Artists, Munich. The Urania Scientific Society, Berlin. The Polytechnic High School, Vienna. The Polytechnic High School, Munich. The University of Turin. The "Cercle de L'Union Artistique," The Studio of M. Meissonier in Paris, Etc., Etc., Etc.

_And at all the principal Institutions of Art, Science, Education and Learning in the United States of America._

ABBREVIATED CRITICISMS.

"On Monday last, in the theatre of the ROYAL INSTITUTION, a select and representative audience assembled to witness a series of the most interesting demonstrations of Animal Locomotion given by Mr. Muybridge.

"The Prince and Princess of Wales, Princess Victoria, Louise, and Maud, and the Duke of Edinburgh honored the occasion by their presence; likewise did I note among the brilliant company Earl Stanhope, Sir Frederick Leighton, P.R.A.; Professors Huxley, Gladstone, and Tyndall; and last, not least, Lord Tennyson, poet laureate.

"Mr. Muybridge exhibited a large number of photographs of horses galloping, leaping, etc.... By the aid of an astonishing apparatus called a ZOOPRAXISCOPE, which may be briefly described as a magic lantern run mad (with method in the madness), the animals walked, cantered, ambled, galloped, and leaped over hurdles in a perfectly natural and lifelike manner. I am afraid that, had Muybridge exhibited his ZOOPRAXISCOPE three hundred years ago, he would have been burned as a wizard.... After the horses came dogs, deer, and wild bulls. Finally man appeared (in instantaneous photography) on the scene, and ran, leaped, and turned back somersaults to admiration."--GEORGE AUGUSTUS SALA in _Illustrated London News_.

"Both scientific and artistic circles in London are at present greatly interested in the triumphs of Mr. Eadweard Muybridge in photographing the successive phases of animal movements. Our leading biologists and artists have at once perceived and acknowledged the vast importance of the results of his work."--_The Times, London._

"The Archbishop of York occupied the chair.... His Grace congratulated the crowded and distinguished audience on the opportunity afforded them of hearing Mr. Muybridge, and said that to everybody who felt an interest in the phenomena of motion, the magnificent results of the investigation carried on by Mr. Muybridge and the University of Pennsylvania were wonderfully instructive."--_York Herald._

"His audiences have been drawn from the very first ranks of art, science, and fashion."--_British Journal of Photography._

"These demonstrations are marvellously complete, ... exceedingly abundant and rich in suggestion and instruction, and appeal to almost every class or condition of humanity."--_Saturday Review, London._

"Mr. Muybridge delighted his audience with his wonderful photographs."--_The Times, London._

"... Last night Mr. Muybridge gave his final lecture in Newcastle on 'The Science of Animal Locomotion,' with the whole of the wonderful illustrations; the Art Gallery being again crowded to excess."--_Newcastle Chronicle._

"A photographic achievement which seemed to me at the time scarce credible, and which I was presently assured by one of our ablest English photographers was absolutely outside the bounds of possibility."--PROFESSOR R. A. PROCTOR in the _Gentleman's Magazine_.

"At the conversazione of the Royal Society much interest was excited by Mr. Eadweard Muybridge's lecture. The ZOOPRAXISCOPE afforded the spectator an opportunity of studying by synthesis, the facts of motion which are also demonstrated by analysis."--_Illustrated London News._

"A really marvellous series of plates."--_Nature, London._

"Artistic people are all talking about Mr. Muybridge, who has come hither with that rare desideratum--_something new_."--London CORRESPONDENCE, _Philadelphia Times._

"It is impossible to do justice in this short time to the extraordinary exhibition given by Mr. Muybridge at the Institute of Technology.... The interest they excite in the mind of the spectator is indescribable."--_Sunday Gazette, Boston._

"The photographs have solved many complicated questions as to animal locomotion."--_Art Journal, London._

"The effect was weird, yet fascinating. Plaudit followed plaudit. A better pleased assemblage of people it would be difficult to find."--_Boston Journal._

"... Mr. Muybridge then gave his famous lecture and demonstration on Animal Locomotion. The hall (St. James') was crowded, and many were unable to obtain seats."--Report of the Photographic Convention, _British Journal of Photography_.

"A demonstration that vividly interests all the world."--_L'Illustration, Paris._

"Many of these pictures have great--indeed, astonishing--beauty. The interest which they present from the scientific point of view is three-fold:--(_a_) They are important as examples of a very nearly perfect method of investigation by photographic and electrical appliances. (_b_) They have also a great value on account of the actual facts of natural history and physiology which they record. (_c_) They have, thirdly, a quite distinct, and perhaps their most definite, interest in their relation to psychology."--PROF. E. RAY LANKESTER, F. R. S., in _Nature_.

"Mr. Meissonier's critical guests were evidently sceptical as to the accuracy of many of the positions; but when the photographs were turned rapidly, and made to pass before the lantern, their truthfulness was demonstrated most successfully."--_Standard, London._

"Meissonier, devoting himself to his friends, evidently cared little for personal compliments; he was anxious for the well-deserved distinction of his _protégé_ Muybridge.... 'C'est merveilleusement arrangé!' said Alexandre Dumas. 'C'est que la nature _compose_ crânement bien!' replied Meissonier."--_Le Temps_, Paris.

"The sensation of the day, and the topic of popular conversation."--_Boston Daily Advertiser._

"The rapid movements by different animals were most interesting: and hurdle-racing by horses--the very whipping process being visible--brought down the house."--_Boston Herald._

"On revolving the instrument, the figures that have been derided by so many as impossible absurdities, started into life, and such a perfect representation of a racehorse at full speed as was never before witnessed was immediately visible."--_The Field, London._

"Mr. Muybridge showed that many of our best artists have been in the habit of depicting animals in positions which they never assume in nature."--_Chambers' Edinburgh Journal._

"The large school-room (Clifton College) was crowded. The head master presided. Loud applause and frequent laughter greeted the life-sized photographs from nature, which by a rapid revolution of the ZOOPRAXISCOPE, showed among other actions, the ambling of an elephant, the gallop of a race-horse, the somersault of a gymnast and the flight of a bird."--_Bristol Mercury._

"The lecture theatre of the ROYAL ACADEMY OF ARTS was filled to overflowing."--_Athenæum, London._

"The Royal Dublin Society's Theatre was filled to its utmost capacity yesterday afternoon, when Mr. Muybridge resumed his course of Lectures. The demonstration is simply marvellous."--_Daily Express, Dublin._

"The result of years of labor, and of large expenditure of money is at last laid before the public in this magnificent work, and the result is one of which Mr. Muybridge and the University of Pennsylvania may well be proud."--_Evening Post_, New York.

"A Lecture of an exceptionally interesting character."--_Nottingham Guardian._

"There was a crowded attendance. Throughout the lecture Mr. Muybridge retained the close interest of his audience, and drew from them frequent and warm applause."--_The Scotsman, Edinburgh._

"In all my long experience of London life I cannot recall a single instance where such warm tributes of admiration have been so unsparingly given by the greatest in the land, as in the case of Mr. Muybridge's lectures."--OLIVE LOGAN in the _Morning Call, San Francisco_.

"Mr. Muybridge illustrated his lecture with a series of most valuable photographs, as well as that most fascinating of scientific toys--the ZOOPRAXISCOPE."--_Magazine of Art, London._

"His labors attracted considerable attention in the world of science, while among artists and art critics a pretty controversy set in on the subject of the horse and his representation in art, which is likely to be revived and extended to other fields.... With Mr. Muybridge, 'Instantaneous Photography' has acquired a new significance, ..."--_Saturday Review, London._

"No parallel in the history of photography."--_Photographic Times, New York._

"An exhibition which Raphael, Tintoretto, Michael Angelo, and other great masters of the Renaissance would have travelled all over Europe to see."--_Evening Transcript, Boston._

"The audience was astonished and delighted at the marvellous demonstrations of Animal Locomotion that were brought before them.... The most remarkable feature of the British Association meeting this year."--_Newcastle Journal._

"The effects of the ZOOPRAXISCOPE made up one of the most unique and instructive entertainments imaginable."--_Boston Daily Globe._

"A more curious, entertaining, and suggestive exhibition it has not been our good fortune for a long time to attend."--_Sacramento Record-Union._

"Everybody has heard something of the wonderful success which Mr. Muybridge has achieved; and in no country in the world is greater interest felt in his work, particularly as regards horses, than in England."--_Engineering, London._

"Simply marvels of the photographer's art."--_Mercury_, Leeds.

"Not the least instructive part of the Lecture was the contrast between the positions of animals as shown in ancient and modern art, with their true positions as shown by themselves in the camera."--_New York Tribune._

"Professor Marey invited to his residence a large number of the most eminent men in Europe for the purpose of meeting Mr. Muybridge, and witnessing an exhibition that should be placed before the whole Parisian public."--_Le Globe, Paris._

"The art critic and the connoisseur will find a study of Mr. Muybridge's work of inestimable value in aiding them to criticize intelligently."--_Pennsylvanian, Philadelphia._

"The applause which greeted these wonderful pictures from the brilliant company was hearty in the extreme; and all predicted a new era was open to art, and new resources made available for the use of artists."--_Galignani's Messenger, Paris._

"Of immense interest and value."--_Lippincott's Magazine, Philadelphia._

"The ZOOPRAXISCOPE is the latest, most unique, and instructive form of amusement possible."--_Commercial Gazette_, Cincinnati.

"His work at once attracted the attention of the world."--_Scientific American_, New York.

"Of much interest and value, as well as a source of great amusement."--_Observer, London._

"The realism of the motions of the various animals was intense, and the audience was very enthusiastic."--_Boston Post._

"The Lecturer proceeded to show enlarged photographs of various animals in motion, as the horse, dog, lion, mule, cat, etc.... These were followed by some very striking pictures of the flight of birds, which from a scientific standpoint were by far the most interesting and valuable of the photographs shown during the evening."--_Lancet_, London.

"Of extreme interest, not only to the artists and scientists, but to the greater part of his audience, who were neither the one or the other."--_Birmingham Daily Gazette._

"A host of well-known scientists and artists are greatly interested in this remarkable work."--_Pall Mall Gazette._

"The lecture on Tuesday night more than fulfilled the expectations which the audience had formed of Mr. Muybridge's researches."--_Belfast News Letter._

"Mr. Muybridge might well be proud of the reception accorded him by his distinguished audience; it would have been difficult to add to the _éclat_ of his appearance, and his lecture was welcomed by a warmth as hearty as it was spontaneous."--_The Photographic News, London._

"The illustrations are truly wonderful, and the rapid changing positions were most instructive."--_Nottingham Express._

"The concert room was crowded.... A vote of thanks to the Lecturer was proposed by his Grace the Archbishop."--_Yorkshire Chronicle._

"A very brilliant audience was assembled at the Royal Institution.... The photographs properly studied should be most valuable in affording truer and more exact data for the painter to base his work upon...."--_The Builder, London._

"A very important subject to all those interested in art."--_Belfast News Letter._

"It is now nine years since the photographs of Mr. Eadweard Muybridge surprised the world by challenging all received conceptions of animal motion."--_Century Magazine, New York._

"The interest excited by the novelty, both of the demonstrations and the results, was so great, that Mr. Muybridge has been invited by the Photographic Society of Ireland to repeat them to-night in a public lecture."--_The Freeman's Journal, Dublin._

"The audience filled the large hall, and by their frequent and hearty applause, expressed their appreciation of the lecture."--_Irish Times, Dublin._

"A very large audience again assembled in the Town Hall last evening, on the occasion of the second Lecture by Mr. Muybridge. The Mayor, who presided, referred to the first Lecture as perhaps the most unique ever delivered in Birmingham."--_Birmingham Daily Gazette._

"The attendance was exceedingly large, and the Lecture and admirable illustrations were loudly applauded."--_The Irish Times, Dublin._

"There was a very large attendance, and seldom have we seen so much genuine admiration and enthusiasm displayed as were evoked by Mr. Muybridge's illustrations, which were really wonderful."--_The Daily Express, Dublin._

"There was a crowded audience, and the Lecture, which was listened to with the greatest interest, was warmly applauded."--_The Freeman's Journal, Dublin._

"No description can do justice to the extent and variety of the subjects presented in this thorough study of animal movements."--_Ledger_, Philadelphia.

"Wonderful and interesting demonstration; its influence will become more and more potent and universal as the years go on."--_Argus, Albany._