Part 6

His father was an Otoe, and his mother a Missouria Indian. By hereditary descent he became, in 1854, head chief of the Bear band of Otoes, and being ambitious, worked himself finally into the position of head chief of the Otoes and Missourias. In 1874 he led a portion of the tribe away from their reservation, in violation of law and agency regulations, for which he, with five others, was arrested and confined for a time at Fort Wallace. In consequence, he became alienated from the agency and main part of the tribe, and lost his position as chief. Has features remarkably coarse; has a very stern, fierce disposition; is a deep schemer; would be willing to sacrifice almost any interest of his tribe in order to maintain a supremacy over them, and has been engaged in many stratagems of the kind. He is tenacious of old Indian customs, opposed to improvement that makes innovations thereon, and is a heavy clog on the tribe in their endeavors to advance in civilized pursuits. In stature, he is about 5 feet 9 inches, with a heavy-set, well-developed muscular frame; about 60 years of age.

487, 489, 490. LOD-NOO-WA-INGA. _Little Pipe._

Is a son of Hick-a-poo or Kick-a-poo, formerly a prominent chief of the tribe. The chiefship had been hereditary through many successors, and after the death of Hick-a-poo, the present Little Pipe, in 1858, took his place. He was one of the followers of Shungech-hoy in 1874; was arrested and imprisoned with him, and has not since been recognized as a chief. He is of a mild disposition, well disposed toward improvement, but quiet and without much individual force of character. Has been under unfavorable influences, and therefore makes but little progress. He is about 50 years of age, 5 feet 7-1/2 inches in stature, head 23 inches, chest 36, and weighs 155.

488. PAH-HO-CHA-INGA. _Little Iowa._

Generally known by his more proper name of Baptiste Devoin, is a son of John Devoin, who is half French and half Missouria Indian. His mother is half Omaha, one-quarter French, and one-quarter Iowa Indian. He was partially educated at the Pawnee Mission, at Belleview, Nebr.; can read, write, and speak the English language tolerably well; also speaks Pawnee, Omaha, and French. He married into the Otoe tribe, and has been employed at Otoe agency in the several positions of teamster, farmer, interpreter, and miller, under former agents. In 1869, he was employed as interpreter for the tribe, and has continued in that office until the present. In height he is 5 feet 9-3/4 inches, head measurement 23-1/2 inches, chest 44 inches, and weighs 220 pounds. He is about 40 years of age, and quite corpulent.

495. TCHA-WAN-NA-GA-HE. _Buffalo Chief._

Is an Otoe Indian, though his grandfather belonged to the Iowa tribe. He was, when a young man, a self-constituted chief, leading a portion of the Buffalo band of Otoes, at a time when Sack-a-pie was chief, and at whose death he became the recognized head chief of the band, which position he held until 1874. He is still living; is about 80 years of age, in stature 5 feet 6 inches, and weighs about 160 pounds. He is of rather a mild disposition, though decided in his ways; concilitory to the whites, and has gained many friends among them.

497. BAPTISTE DEVOIN AND TCHA-WAN-NA-GA-HE.

The same as given and described in Nos. 488 and 495.

500. { E'EN-BRICK-TO. _Blackbird._ { OP-PO-HOM-MON-NE. _Buck Elk Walking._

The first is half Otoe and half Omaha; the second, who is represented sitting, is a full-blood Missouria.

501. { INSTA-MUNTHA. _Iron Eagle._ { KO-INGA. _Little Thunder._ { OP-PO-HOM-MON-NE. { E'EN-BRICK-TO.

491.--LITTLE PIPE, with Missouria chief and interpreter.

496.--MEDICINE HORSE, BAPTISTE DEVOIN, and interpreter.

10. PONCAS.

The Poncas were originally part of the Omaha tribe, to whom they are related. Lived originally on the Red River of the North, but were driven southwestwardly across the Missouri by the Sioux, and fortified themselves on the Ponca River. United for a time with the Omahas for protection, but have generally lived apart. Were so exposed to the forays of the savage Sioux that they were almost exterminated at one time, but after the treaties of 1817 and 1825 rallied and began to increase. Were estimated then at 750, which has remained their average number ever since. In 1858 sold their lands and went on a reservation near the Yanktons, but being too near their old foes, and not being able to raise any crops, were in 1865 removed down to the mouth of the Niobrara, where they now have three villages. Are still exposed to raids from the Sioux, retarding very much their progress toward a self-supporting condition. Efforts are being made to have them join their relatives, the Omahas.

_List of illustrations._

517-518. { ASH-NOM-E-KAH-GA-HE. _Lone Chief._ { TA-TONKA-NUZHE. _Standing Buffalo._ { WA-GA-SA-PI. _Iron Whip._ { WASTE-CO-MANI. _Fast Walker._

519. WA-GA-SA-PI. _Iron Whip._

521. NATIVE DRAWING.

11. WINNEBAGOES.

The Winnebagoes are a branch of the great Dakota family, calling themselves O-tchun-gu-rah, and by the Sioux, Hotanke, or the Big-voiced People; by the Chippeways, Winnebagonk--whence their common English name--a word meaning men from the fetid waters. The French knew them as La Puans (the Stinkers), supposed to have been given them in consequence of the great quantity of decaying and putrid fish in their camps when first visited by white men. With some others they formed the van of the eastward migration of the Dakotas, penetrating apparently some distance, but were forced back to Green Bay. This was some time previous to 1670, as the map of the French Jesuit missionaries, dated 1671, styles Green Bay the "Bayo des Puans," and the map accompanying Marquette's journal, dated 1681, notes a village of the "Puans" as near the north end of Winnebago Lake, on the west side.[A]

[Footnote A: Alexander Ramsey.]

They were then numerous and powerful, holding in check the neighboring Algonkin tribes, but soon after an alliance of tribes attacked and very nearly exterminated them. Became firm friends of the French until the Revolution, when they joined the English; made peace with the colonists afterward, but sided with the English again in 1812.

In 1820 they numbered about 4,500, and were living in five villages on Winnebago Lake and fourteen on Rock River. By a treaty in 1832 they ceded all their lands south of the Wisconsin and Fox Rivers, for a reservation on the Mississippi, above the Upper Iowa, but here they became unsettled, wasteful, and scattered. In 1846 they surrendered this reservation for another above the Saint Peter's. This proved unfit, and they became badly demoralized, losing many of their number by disease, but were kept on it by force. In 1853 they were removed to Crow River, and in 1856 to Blue Earth, Minnesota, where they were just getting a start in civilized pursuits when the Sioux war broke out, and the people of Minnesota demanded their removal. Thus again they were put on the march, and this time landed at Crow Creek, on the Missouri, near Fort Randall, a place so utterly unfit, that the troops could not retain them on it. Out of 2,000 when taken there, only 1,200 reached the Omaha reserve, to which place they had fled for protection. They were then assigned a new reservation on the Omaha lands, and placed under the care of the Friends, and since then have prospered. At the time of their removal, in 1863, from Minnesota, many of the tribe who had taken up farms remained, receiving their share of the tribal funds. There were also last year 860 in Wisconsin, of whom 204 have lately joined those in Nebraska, swelling their numbers to 1,667. Nearly all of these now dress in civilized attire, and many of them have taken farms, their lands being divided into 40-acre allotments for the purpose, upon which they are building neat and comfortable cottages. There is an industrial and three day schools on the reserve, which are attended by one-sixth of their whole number. Their chiefs are now elected annually by the tribe, who in turn appoints a force of twelve policemen from the Indians to preserve order.

1080. JNO. M. ST. CYR.

A delegate representing the Wisconsin Winnebagoes. Has been to Washington three times. His mother was a relative of Little Priest, one of the most prominent chiefs of the tribe, and his father a Frenchman.

808. { NAW-CHER-CHOO-NU-KAW. { BAD THUNDER.

812. WAH-KUNK-SCHA-KAW, and daughter.

Wife of "Martin Van Buren," a former prominent chief of the tribe.

814. KA-RA-CHO-WE-KAW. _A Blue Cloud Passing By._

809, 813. WINNEBAGO CHILDREN.

IV. PAWNEES.

1. ARICKAREES.

The Arickarees, Ricarees, or Rees, as variously written, call themselves Sa-nish, or Tanish, meaning "the people," a common form of expression among Indians to indicate their superiority. They were originally the same people as the Pawnees of the Platte River, their language being nearly the same. That they migrated upwards along the Missouri from their friends below is established by the remains of their dirt-villages, which are yet seen along that river, though at this time mostly overgrown with grass. At what time they separated from the parent stock is not correctly known, though some of their locations appear to have been of very ancient date, at least previous to the commencement of the fur-trade on the Upper Missouri. At the time when the old French and Spanish traders began their dealings with the Indians of the Upper Missouri, the Arickaree village was situated a little above the mouth of Grand River, since which time they have made several removals, and are now located at Fort Clark, in a former village of the Mandans.

The cabins or huts of the Arickarees and other stationary tribes are built by planting four posts in the ground in the form of a square, the posts being forked at the top to receive transverse beams. Against the beams other timbers are inclined the lower extremities of which describe a circle, or nearly so, the interstices being filled with small twigs, the whole thickly overlaid with willows, rushes, and grass, and plastered over with mud laid on very thick. A hole is left in the top for smoke to pass out, and another at the side for a door. The door opens a few steps distant from the main building on the surface of the ground, from which, by a gradual descent through a covered passage, the interior of the hut is reached. The door is of wood, and the aperture large enough to admit a favorite horse to the family circle, which is often done. These buildings are located within fifteen or twenty feet of each other without any regard to regularity.

They cultivate considerable land, each family separating its little farm from their neighbors' by rush fences. Corn is their principal dependence, of which they raise considerable quantities. The work is done entirely by the women, the primitive hoe being their only implement. They generally have quite a surplus, which they trade to the Dakotas and to the fur companies.

The Arickarees are quite expert in manufacturing a very serviceable kind of pottery, neatly shaped, and well adapted for cooking purposes. They are of clay, hand wrought, but not glazed.

At the present time they number 900, and are associated with 600 Gros Ventres and 420 Mandans at the Fort Berthold agency on the Upper Missouri, where 13,000 square miles has been set apart for them as their reservation. They have 500 acres under cultivation, and are receiving considerable assistance from the Government in the way of improved implements. Many houses are being built, and the more progressive Indians are abandoning the old mud-lodges for them.

_List of illustrations._

1042. KU-NUGH-NA-GIVE-NUK. _Rushing Bear._

Head chief; age, 56; height, 5.8-1/2; head, 22-3/4; chest, 39-1/2.

1044. E-GUS-PAH. _Bull Head._

Age, 57; height, 5.4-1/2; head, 23-1/4; chest, 42-1/2.

1043. CHE-WA-KOO-KA-TI. _Black Fox._

Son of Black Bear, a great chief of the tribe. Age, 23; height, 5.5; head, 24; chest, 36-1/4.

717. BLACK BUFFALO.

718. LONG KNIFE.

2. KEECHIES.

The Keechies, of whom there are now only a small remnant of about 90 in the Indian Territory, affiliated with the Wichitas, Wacos, and Tawacanies; were originally from Texas, and are supposed to be the Quitzies of the Spanish authorities of 1780. Even at that time they were a small tribe, numbering about 100 warriors. After the admission of Texas, were placed on a State reservation, where they remained undisturbed until 1859, when their presence became so distasteful to the settlers that it became necessary to remove them. Land was leased from the Choctaws and Chickasaws, and the Keechies settled on it, building their villages of grass houses along the Canadian River. The breaking out of the civil war set them back, just as they were beginning to prosper, compelling another remove for safety. In 1867 they were restored to their lands again, and since then have progressed rapidly in civilized pursuits. Like the Wichitas and Wacos, they are of the same stock as the Pawnees.

_List of illustrations._

411. KNEE-WAR-WAR, (front.)

412. KNEE-WAR-WAR, (profile.)

3. PAWNEES.

There is but little definite knowledge of the early history of the Pawnees, although they are among the longest known to the whites west of the Mississippi. Marquette notes them in his map, 1673, as divided into various bands. They are supposed to be the Panimaha of La Salle's voyage in 1688. At the time of Lewis and Clarke's visit, in 1803, their principal village was on the south side of the Platte. Pike, in 1806, estimated the population of three of their villages at 6,233, with nearly 2,000 warriors, engaged in fierce combats with neighboring tribes. In 1820, three of the four bands into which they have been for a long time divided resided on the banks of the Platte and its tributaries, with a reservation on Loup Fork, on the ninety-eighth meridian. Were then estimated at about 10,000 souls, living in earth-covered lodges, and much devoted to the cultivation of the soil, but engaging regularly every season in a grand buffalo-hunt. The Delawares, in 1823, burnt the Great Pawnee village on the Republican, and these Pawnees, becoming much reduced in numbers by small-pox soon after, sold all their lands south of the Platte, and removed to the reservation on Lou Fork. The means were provided, and many exertions made to place them on the high road to prosperity; but their inveterate foe, the Sioux, harassed them continually; drove them repeatedly off their reservation, and despoiled their villages. This warfare and disease soon reduced them to half their former number. In 1861, they raised a company of scouts for service against the Sioux, and a much larger force under the volunteer organization, incurring in consequence an increased hostility from their enemies, who harassed them so continuously, that in 1874 the chiefs in general council determined upon removing to a new reservation in the Indian Territory, lying between the forks of the Arkansas and Cimarron, east of the ninety-seventh meridian. Their removal was almost entirely effected during the winter of 1874-'75.

The Pawnees now number in all 2,026, and yet retain the subdivision into bands, as follows: The Skeedee (Pawnee Mahas, or Loups), Kit-ka-hoct, or Republican Pawnees, Petahoweret, and the Chowee or Grand Pawnees. There are also living on the Washita, a small band of affiliated Wacos and Wichitas, sometimes called Pawnee Picts, who are undoubtedly an offshoot of the Grand Pawnees. They are under the care of the Friends; have well-organized day and industrial schools, and are well supplied with implements and means to carry forward a systematic cultivation of the soil.

_List of illustrations._

530-2. PETA-LA-SHA-RA. _Man and Chief._ CHOWEE.

Reputed head chief of the Pawnees, though really chief only of his own band, the _Chowee_. His claim was based partly on the fact of having been the first signer of their treaty of 1857. Being a good Indian orator, and of dignified bearing, he was generally awarded the first place in their councils, and led off in speech. In 1820, it is said that he put a stop to the custom, then prevalent among the Pawnees, of offering human sacrifices, but only by a display of great courage. In 1825 he visited Washington with a delegation of his tribe, and attracted much attention by his fine presence. Has always been friendly to the whites and in favor of the advancement of his tribe in civilized habits, although very slow himself to adopt new ideas. He died in the summer of 1874 from an accidental pistol-shot. Had but one wife, and she survives him.

533. LA-TA-CUTS-LA-SHAR. _Eagle Chief._ SKEEDEE.

At present the oldest, and consequently the head chief of the tribe.

534. LA-ROO-CHUK-A-LA-SHAR. _Sun Chief._ CHOWEE.

A son of Peta-la-sha-ra and head chief of the Chowee band; also a leader in the councils. Height, 5.9; head, 22; chest, 36-1/2.

535. TUH-COD-IX-TE-CAH-WAH. _Brings Herds._ SKEEDEE.

Height, 5.10; head, 22; chest, 42.

543. TU-TUC-A-PICISH-TE-RUK. _Gives to the Poor._ SKEEDEE.

A soldier or policeman of the Skeedees. Height, 5.9; head, 22-1/2; chest, 42.

545. SQUAW OF TU-TUC-A-PICISH-TE-RUK. SKEEDEE.

548. LA-HIC-TA-HA-LA-SHA. _Pipe Chief._ CHOWEE.

One of the signers of the treaty of 1858.

{ LA-ROO-CHUK-A-LA-SHAR. _Sun Chief._ See No. 534. CHOWEE. { { ARU-SAW-LA-KIT-TOWY. _A Fine Horse._ SKEEDEE. { 528. { SKI-AR-RA-RA-SHAR. _Lone Chief._ CHOWEE. { { SE-TED-E-ROW-WEET. _One Aimed At._ SKEEDEE. { { COT-TA-RA-TET-GOOTS. _Struck with a Tomahawk._ SKEEDEE.

{ TE-RAR-A-WEET. _Stopped with the Horses._ KIT-KA-HOCT. { { Height, 5.7; head, 21-1/2; chest, 37. A soldier of his { band. { { LA-SHARA-CHI-EKS. _Humane Chief._ KIT-KA-HOCT. { { One of the four chiefs of his band, dresses well; is { pleasant in manner, and of progressive tendencies. { Height, 5.10; head, 22-1/2; chest, 36. 529. { { AS-SON-OO-COT-TUK. _As a Dog, but yet a High { Chief._ KIT-KA-HOCT. { { One of the four chiefs of his band. Height, 5.8; { head, 22; chest, 35. { { LA-SHARA-TU-RA-HA. _Good Chief._ KIT-KA-HOCT. { { Head chief of the band. Height, 5.7; head, 22-1/2; { chest, 39. { { LA-SHAROO-TOO-ROW-OO-TOWY. _Difficult Chief._ KIT-KA-HOCT. { { One of the soldiers and head men of this band.

552-3. GROUP OF FOUR BROTHERS OF THE KIT-KA-HOCT BAND, viz:

LA-ROO-RUTK-A-HAW-LA-SHAR. _Night Chief._

LA-ROO-RA-SHAR-ROO-COSH. _A Man that left his Enemy lying in the Water._

A noted brave. Height, 5.10; head, 23; chest, 39.

TEC-TA-SHA-COD-DIC. _One who strikes the Chiefs first._

Second chief of his band, and one of four noted brothers (see No. 552), pre-eminent in their tribe for bravery in war and wisdom in council. Height, 5.8; head, 23; chest, 39.

TE-LOW-A-LUT-LA-SHA. _Sky Chief._

A chief, and a brave leader of his band, taking the first place in war or peace. Was killed by the Sioux in the massacre of the Pawnees in 1873, while hunting buffalo in the valley of the Republican.

BAPTISTE BAYHYLLE, or LA-SHARA-SE-RE-TER-REK. _One whom the Great Spirit smiles upon._

United States interpreter, French half-breed.

550-1. NIGHT CHIEF AND THE MAN THAT LEFT HIS ENEMY LYING IN THE WATER.

554-5. BAPTISTE BAYHYLLE.

560. TE-LOW-A-LUT-LA-SHA. _Sky Chief._

The same as in No. 552, No. 4.

{ COO-TOWY-GOOTS-OO-TER-A-OOS. _Blue Hawk._ PETAHOWERAT. { 558-9.{ TUC-CA-RIX-TE-TA-RU-PE-ROW. _Coming around with { the Herd._ PETAHOWERAT. {

556-7. PERRUS-KITTY-BUSK. _Small Boy._ SKEEDEE.

575. LOO-KIT-TOWY-HOO-RA. _On a fine Horse._ PETAHOWERAT.

576. LUH-SA-COO-RE-CULLA-HA. _Particular in the Time of Day._ KIT-KA-HOCT.

577. LA-ROO-CHUK-A-RAR-OO. _The Sun Coming in._ CHOWEE.

578. SE-RAR-WOT-COWY. _Behind the one that strikes first._ SKEEDEE.

579, 585, 607. CAW-CAW-KITTY-BUSK. _Little Raven._ SKEEDEE.

580. AS-SAU-TAW-KA. _White Horse._ PETAHOWERAT.

581. LOOTS-TOW-OOTS. _Rattlesnake._ SKEEDEE.

582. KE-WUK. _Fox._ KIT-KA-HOCT.

583. KE-WUK-O-WE-TE-RAH-ROOK. _Acting a Fox._ SKEEDEE.

584. KIT-TOOX. _Beaver._ KIT-KA-HOCT.

586. AS-SOW-WEET.

592. AS-SOW-WEET AND SAWKA. _White._ CHOWEE.

589. TER-RA-RE-CAW-WAH. PETAHOWERAT.

Died in 1875; the oldest chief in the tribe. Very prominent in his day as a brave warrior.

591. CAW-HEEK. _An Old Man._ KIT-KA-HOCT.

{ LOO-KIT-TOWY-HIS-SA. _On a Fine Horse._ SKEEDEE. 593.{ { ARE-WAUKS. _A Male Calf._ CHOWEE.

594. LOOTS-TOW-OOS. _Rattlesnake_, and squaw. SKEEDEE.

595. E-RAH-COT-TA-HOT. _In the Front of Battle_, and squaw. SKEEDEE.

Alias Jim Curoux. A steady worker, and wearing citizens' dress.

596. A-RUS-SAW-E-ROOT-COWY. _A Nice Horse._ SKEEDEE.

597. CU-ROOX-TA-RI-HA. _Good Bear._ SKEEDEE.

598. TIT-TOWY-OOT-SE. _Beginning to go to War._ SKEEDEE.

Alias Johnson Wright. A civilized Indian.

599. KE-WUK-O-CAR-WAR-RY. _Fox on the War-path._ SKEEDEE.

Alias Fat George. Assistant carpenter at the agency.

600. CAW-CAW-KE-REEK. _Crow Eyes._ PETAHOWERAT.

601. KEE-WEEK-O-WAR-UXTY. _Medicine Bull._ SKEEDEE.

602. TEC-TA-SHA-COD-DIC. _One who strikes the Chiefs first._ KIT-KA-HOCT.

603. LE-TA-CUTS-A-WAR-UXTY. _Medicine Eagle._ SKEEDEE.

604. TA-CAW-DEEX-TAW-SEE-UX. _Driving a Herd._ SKEEDEE.

605. US-CAW-DA-WAR-UXTY. _Medicine Antelope._ KIT-KA-HOCT.

606. TER-RA-HA-TU-RIHA. _Good Buffalo._ PETAHOWERAT.

608. SIT-TE-ROW-E-HOO-RA-REEK. _Seen by All._ SKEEDEE.

609. LOO-KIT-TOWY-HIS-SA. _On a Fine Horse._ SKEEDEE.

610. PAW-HOO-CUT-TAW-WAH. _Knee-mark on the Ground on Stooping to Drink._ SKEEDEE.

611. SQUAW AND PAPPOOSE.

523, 567-8. THE VILLAGE OF THE PAWNEES.