Part 1

Produced by Julia Miller, Pat McCoy and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from scans of public domain material produced by Microsoft for their Live Search Books site.)

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. F. V. HAYDEN, U. S. GEOLOGIST.

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS, No. 9.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OF

PHOTOGRAPHS

OF

NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS.

BY

W. H. JACKSON, PHOTOGRAPHER OF THE SURVEY.

WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1877.

PREFATORY NOTE.

OFFICE OF UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES,

_Washington, D. C., November 1, 1877._

The collection of photographic portraits of North American Indians described in the following "Catalogue" is undoubtedly the largest and most valuable one extant. It has been made at great labor and expense, during a period of about twenty-five years, and now embraces over one thousand negatives, representing no less than twenty-five tribes. Many of the individuals portrayed have meanwhile died; others, from various causes, are not now accessible; the opportunity of securing many of the subjects, such as scenes and incidents, has of course passed away. The collection being thus unique, and not to be reproduced at any expenditure of money, time, or labor, its value for ethnological purposes cannot easily be over-estimated.

Now that the tribal relations of these Indians are fast being successively sundered by the process of removal to reservations, which so greatly modifies the habits and particularly the style of dress of the aborigines, the value of such a graphic record of the past increases year by year; and there will remain no more trustworthy evidence of what the Indians have been than that afforded by these faithful sun-pictures, many of which represent the villages, dwellings, and modes of life of these most interesting people, and historical incidents of the respective tribes, as well as the faces, dresses, and accoutrements of many prominent individuals.

Those who have never attempted to secure photographs and measurements or other details of the physique of Indians, in short, any reliable statistics of individuals or bands, can hardly realize the obstacles to be overcome. The American Indian is extremely superstitious, and every attempt to take his picture is rendered difficult if not entirely frustrated by his deeply-rooted belief that the process places some portion of himself in the power of the white man, and his suspicion that such control may be used to his injury. No prescribed regulations for the taking of photographs, therefore, are likely to be fully carried out. As a rule, front and profile views have been secured whenever practicable. Usually it is only when an Indian is subjected to confinement that those measurements of his person which are suitable for anthropological purposes can be secured. In most cases the Indian will not allow his person to be handled at all, nor submit to any inconvenience whatever. Much tact and perseverance are required to overcome his superstitious notions, and in many cases, even of the most noted chiefs of several tribes, no portrait can be obtained by any inducement whatever. If, therefore, the collection fails to meet the full requirements of the anthropologist, it must be remembered that the obstacles in the way of realizing his ideal of a perfect collection are insurmountable.

About two hundred of the portraits, or one-fifth of the whole collection, have been derived from various sources, and most of these are pictures of Indians composing the several delegations that have visited Washington from time to time during the past ten years. Such individuals are usually among the most prominent and influential members of the respective tribes, of which they consequently furnish the best samples. The greater portion of the whole collection is derived from the munificent liberality of William Blackmore, esq., of London, England, the eminent anthropologist who has for many years studied closely the history, habits, and manners of the North American Indians. The Blackmore portion of the collection consists of a number of smaller lots from various sources; and it is Mr. Blackmore's intention to enlarge it to include, if possible, all the tribes of the North American continent.

The entire collection, at the present time consisting of upward of a thousand negatives, represents ten leading "families" of Indians, besides seven independent tribes, the families being divisible into fifty-four "tribes," subdivision of which gives forty-three "bands." The collection continues to increase as opportunity offers.

The present "Catalogue" prepared by Mr. W. H. Jackson, the well-known and skilful photographer of the Survey, is far more than a mere enumeration of the negatives. It gives in full, yet in concise and convenient form, the information which the Survey has acquired respecting the subjects of the pictures, and is believed to represent an acceptable contribution to anthropological literature.

F. V. HAYDEN, _United States Geologist_.

PREFACE.

The following Descriptive Catalogue is intended to systematize the collection of Photographic Portraits of Indians now in the possession of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories, and to place on record all the information we have been able to obtain of the various individuals and scenes represented. It is of course far from complete; but it is a beginning, and every new fact that comes to light will be added to what has already been secured. This information has been gathered from many sources, principally from Indian delegates visiting Washington, and by correspondence with agents and others living in the Indian country.

Particular attention has been paid to proving the authenticity of the portraits of the various individuals represented, and it is believed that few, if any, mistakes occur in that respect.

The historical notices are mainly compilations from standard works on the subject.

All of the following portraits and views are photographed direct from nature, and are in nearly every case from the original plates, the exceptions being good copies from original daguerreotypes or photographs that are not now accessible.

The portraits made under the supervision of the Survey are generally accompanied by measurements that are as nearly accurate as it has been possible to make them.

The pictures vary in size from the ordinary small card to groups on plates 16 by 20 inches square. The majority, however, are on plates 6-1/2 by 8-1/2 inches square; these are usually trimmed to 4 by 5-1/2 inches, and mounted on cabinet cards.

All the photographs are numbered upon their faces, and as these numbers do not occur in regular order in the text a Numerical Index is appended, by means of which the name of any picture, and the page on which the subject is treated, may be readily found.

W. H. J.

ADVERTISEMENT.

Miscellaneous Publications No. 5, entitled "Descriptive Catalogue of the Photographs of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories for the years 1869 to 1873, inclusive," published in 1874, contains, on pages 67-83, a "Catalogue of Photographs of Indians, [etc.]" This, however, is a mere enumeration of the negatives then in the possession of the survey, and is now superseded by the present independent publication.

CATALOGUE OF PHOTOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS.

LIST OF FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND BANDS.

I. ALGONKINS.

CHEYENNES. CHIPPEWAS. _Pembina._ _Red Lake._ _Rabbit Lake._ _Mille Lac._ _Wisconsin._

DELAWARES. MENOMONEES. MIAMIS. OTTAWAS. POTTAWATOMIES. SACS AND FOXES. SHAWNEES. PEQUODS. _Stockbridge._ _Brotherton._

II. ATHABASCAS.

APACHES. _Coyotero._ _Essa-queta._ _Jicarilla._ _Mohave._ _Pinal._ _Yuma._ _Chiricahua._ NAVAJOS.

III. DAKOTAS.

CROWS. DAKOTAS. _Blackfeet._ _Brule._ _Cut Head._ _Mdewakanton._ _Ogalalla._ _Oncpapa._ _Sans Arc._ _Santee._ _Sisseton._ _Two Kettle._ _Wahpeton._ _Yankton._ _Upper Yanktonais._ _Lower Yanktonais._ IOWAS. KAWS OR KANSAS. MANDANS. MISSOURIAS. OMAHAS. OSAGES. OTOES. PONCAS. WINNEBAGOES.

IV. PAWNEES.

ARICKAREES OR REES. KEECHIES. PAWNEES. _Chowee._ _Kit-ka-hoct._ _Petahowerat._ _Skeedee._ WACOS. WICHITAS.

V. SHOSHONES.

BANNACKS. COMANCHES. KIOWAS. SHOSHONES. UTAHS. _Capote._ _Muache._ _Tabeguache._ _Yampa._ _Uinta._

VI. SAHAPTINS.

NEZ-PERCES. WARM SPRINGS. WASCOS.

VII. KLAMATHS.

KLAMATHS. MODOCS. ROGUE RIVER.

VIII. PIMAS.

PAPAGOS. PIMAS.

IX. IROQUOIS.

SENECAS. WYANDOTS OR HURONS.

X. MUSKOGEES.

CREEKS. SEMINOLES. CHICKASAWS. CHOCTAWS.

XI. INDEPENDENT TRIBES.

ARAPAHOES. CADDOS. CHEROKEES. MOQUIS. PUEBLOS. TAWACANIES. TONKAWAYS.

HISTORY OF FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND INDIVIDUALS.

I. ALGONKINS.

Early in the seventeenth century, the Algonkins were the largest family of North American Indians within the present limits of the United States, extending from Newfoundland to the Mississippi, and from the waters of the Ohio to Hudson's Bay and Lake Winnipeg. Northeast and northwest of them were the Eskimos and the Athabascas; the Dakotas bounded them on the west, and the Mobilian tribes, Catawbas, Natchez, &c., on the south. Within this region also dwelt the Iroquois and many detached tribes from other families. All the tribes of the Algonkins were nomadic, shifting from place to place as the fishing and hunting upon which they depended required. There has been some difficulty in properly locating the tribe from which the family has taken its name, but it is generally believed they lived on the Ottawa River, in Canada, where they were nearly exterminated by their enemies, the Iroquois. The only remnant of the tribe at this time is at the Lake of the Two Mountains.

Of the large number of tribes forming this family, many are now extinct, others so reduced and merged into neighboring tribes as to be lost, while nearly all of the rest have been removed far from their original hunting-grounds. The Lenni Lenape, from the Delaware, are now leading a civilized life far out on the great plains west of the Missouri, and with them are the Shawnees from the south and the once powerful Pottawatamies, Ottawas, and Miamis from the Ohio Valley. Of the many nations forming this great family, we have a very full representation in the following catalogue, about equally divided between the wild hunters and the civilized agriculturists.

1. CHEYENNES.

"This nation has received a variety of names from travellers and the neighboring tribes, as Shyennes, Shiennes, Cheyennes, Chayennes, Sharas, Shawhays, Sharshas, and by the different bands of Dakotas, Shai-en-a or Shai-e-la. With the Blackfeet, they are the most western branch of the great Algonkin family. When first known, they were living on the Chayenne or Cayenne River, a branch of the Red River of the North, but were driven west of the Mississippi by the Sioux, and about the close of the last century still farther west across the Missouri, where they were found by those enterprising travelers Lewis and Clark in 1803. On their map attached to their report they locate them near the eastern face of the Black Hills, in the valley of the great Sheyenne River, and state their number at 1,500 souls." Their first treaty with the United States was made in 1825, at the mouth of the Teton River. They were then at peace with the Dakotas, but warring against the Pawnees and others. Were then estimated, by Drake, to number 3,250.

During the time of Long's expedition to the Rocky Mountains, in 1819 and 1820, a small portion of the Cheyennes seem to have separated themselves from the rest of their nation on the Missouri, and to have associated themselves with the Arapahoes who wandered about the tributaries of the Platte and Arkansas, while those who remained affiliated with the Ogalallas, these two divisions remaining separated until the present time. Steps are now being taken, however, to bring them together on a new reservation in the Indian Territory.

Up to 1862, they were generally friendly to the white settlers, when outbreaks occurred, and then for three or four years a costly and bloody war was carried on against them, a notable feature of which was the Sand Creek or Chivington massacre, November 29, 1864. "Since that time there has been constant trouble. * * * In '67, General Hancock burned the village of the Dog Soldiers, on Pawnee Fork, and another war began, in which General Custer defeated them at Washita, killing Black Kettle and 37 others." The northern bands have been generally at peace with the whites, resisting many overtures to join their southern brethren.

_List of illustrations._

118, 120. HAH-KET-HOME-MAH. _Little Robe._ (Front.) SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 119, 121. HAH-KET-HOME-MAH. _Little Robe._ (Profile.) SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 109. HAH-KET-HOME-MAH. _Little Robe._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 110. MIN-NIN-NE-WAH. _Whirlwind._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 111. WHOAK-POO-NO-BATS. _White Shield._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 112. WO-PO-HAM. _White Horse._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 113. BAH-TA-CHE. _Medicine Man._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 114. PAWNEE. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 115. ED. GUERRIER. _Interpreter._ SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 26. LAME WHITE MAN. NORTHERN CHEYENNE. WILD HOG. NORTHERN CHEYENNE. 27. BALD BEAR. NORTHERN CHEYENNE. CUT FOOT. NORTHERN CHEYENNE. 28. DULL KNIFE. NORTHERN CHEYENNE. LITTLE WOLF. NORTHERN CHEYENNE. 29. CRAZY HEAD. NORTHERN CHEYENNE. SPOTTED WOLF. NORTHERN CHEYENNE. 30, 31. STONE CALF AND WIFE. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 116. WHIRLWIND AND PAWNEE. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 117. LITTLE ROBE AND WHITE HORSE. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 122. HIGH TOE. 123-4. GROUPS AT AGENCY.

2. CHIPPEWAS.

Migrating from the East late in the sixteenth or early in the seventeenth century, the Chippewas, or Ojibwas, settled first about the Falls of Saint Mary, from which point they pushed still farther westward, and eventually compelled the Dakotas to relinquish their ancient hunting-grounds about the headwaters of the Mississippi and of the Red River of the North. Were first known to the French, about 1640, who called them _Sauteux_, from the place of their residence about Sault Ste. Marie, a name still applied to them by the Canadian French. They were then living in scattered bands on the banks of Lake Superior and Lake Huron, and at war with the Foxes, Iroquois, and Dakotas, becoming thereby much reduced in numbers. Were firm allies of the French in all of their operations against the English, and took a prominent part in Pontiac's uprising. During the revolutionary war they were hostile to the colonists, but made a treaty of peace with them at its close. They again sided with the English in the war of 1812, but joined in a general pacification with a number of other tribes in 1816. Like other tribes, they gradually ceded their lands to the Government, receiving in return annuities and goods, until in 1851 all but a few bands, retaining but moderate reservations, had removed west of the Mississippi.

"The Chippewas, now numbering 19,606, formerly ranged over Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and with common interests, and acknowledging more or less the leadership of one controlling mind, formed a homogeneous and powerful nation; a formidable foe to the Sioux, with whom they waged incessant warfare, which was checked only by the removal of the Minnesota Sioux to Dakota after the outbreak of 1863."

The collecting of the Chippewas upon thirteen reservations, scattered over the above-named States, under five different agencies, has so modified the _esprit du corps_ of the tribe that, though speaking the same language and holding the same traditions and customs, the bands located in different sections of the country have few interests and no property in common, and little influence or intercourse with each other. The agency has taken the place of the nation, and is in turn developing the individual man, who, owning house, stock, and farm, has learned to look solely to his own exertions for support. No tribe by unswerving loyalty deserves more of the Government, or is making, under favorable conditions, more gratifying progress; 9,850 of the tribe live in houses, 9,345 are engaged in agriculture and other civilized occupations; and 13,202 wear citizen's dress. Fifty-seven per cent. of their subsistence is obtained by their own labor, mainly in farming; for the rest, they depend on game and fish, especially the latter, of which they readily obtain large quantities.

The Chippewas are extensively intermarried with the Ottawas, and are thrifty and worthy citizens of the United States, as are also those of Saginaw, and of Keewenaw Bay in Michigan. The Bad River, Red Cliff, Red Lake, and Mississippi bands are likewise making rapid progress in civilization. Of those which have made but little or no progress are the Leech Lake, White Earth, Mille Lac, and other scattered bands in remote and inaccessible regions of Minnesota and Wisconsin, the older chiefs resolutely opposing any attempt on the part of the younger men to begin a civilized life.

_List of Illustrations._

1001. ES-EN-CE. _Little Shell._ PEMBINA.

Head chief of the Pembinas, residing at Turtle Mountain, in Dakota. His father and grandfather were chiefs of the same band before him. Took an active part against the Sioux in the Minnesota massacres in 1863. Visited Washington in 1874, at the head of a delegation in behalf of their bands, to protest against being removed from their old homes about Turtle Mountain.

1002. MIS-TO-YA-BE. _Little Bull._ PEMBINA.

Head brave of the Pembinas, and resides at Pembina. Is a man of considerable influence, his word being law with his band. Has good common sense and fine executive ability. Was removed by the Government to White Earth reservation, but refuses to live there, and has gone back to his old home. Has fought the Sioux frequently, and has been quite successful in stealing horses from them. Has two wives. Does no farming.

1003. KA-EES-PA. _Something Blown Up by the Wind._ PEMBINA.

A half-breed, but lives and dresses like an Indian. His father was made a chief of the Pembinas by the English and Americans, and upon his death succeeded him. Is a very successful hunter, and is looked upon as a representative man of the tribe.

1004. KE-WOE-SAIS-WE-RO. _The Man Who Knows How to Hunt._ PEMBINA.

A half-breed and third brave of the band. Always joined the Chippewas in fighting the Sioux--the Pembinas fighting on horseback--and counts four scalps. Is a trader. Is thought very much of by his tribe, and has a reputation for moral worth and straightforward dealing.

851. LARGE GROUP of the proceeding four numbers.

1068. SHAY-WI-ZICK. _Sour Spittle._ RED LAKE.

A brave of the Red Lake band of Chippewas and younger brother of the head chief. His wife and children were killed by the Sioux, and he fought them frequently in return, killing two. Was a good speaker and farmed a good deal. Died last winter, aged about 70.

80, 1069. QUI-WI-ZHEN-SHISH. _Bad Boy._ RED LAKE.

Foremost brave of the Red Lake band. His father was chief, which office is now held by his older brother. Was ranked as one of the bravest of the Chippewas in their battles with the Sioux, and took many scalps. Was a fine speaker and a man of much influence. Farmed very successfully and raised considerable corn, and was also a good hunter. Had two wives. Died in 1872.

1070. QUI-WI-ZENS. _The Boy._ RED LAKE.

A brave and a leading warrior in the battles of his tribe with the Sioux. A good speaker, hunter, and farmer, although the farming is done almost entirely by his wife and children, as is the case with all these Indians. Is now dead.

1071. AUGUSTE. PEMBINA.

A brave of the Pembinas, formerly residing near the British line, but now removed, with his band, to the White Earth reservation. Has the reputation of being a miserable, worthless Indian, unwilling to work, and adhering with great tenacity to the heathenish customs of his tribe. Was baptized in his infancy by the Roman Catholics, but has renounced his Christianity. Has had his skull broken three times in quarrels with his own people, and has been twice wounded in fights with the Sioux.

1072. MOOZOMO. _Moose's Dung._ RED LAKE.

A petty chief of the Red Lake band. Died some years ago at a very old age. Was a great hunter, and farmed considerably also. Was much respected by the Red Lake bands, and especially so by the whites.

1073. ME-JAW-KEY-OSH. _Something in the Air Gradually Falling to the Earth._ RED LAKE.

A brave but recently made a chief of the Red Lake Chippewas, and is ranked as the very bravest of all his tribe. Had always been accustomed to fight the Sioux, but after the massacre of 1862-'63 re-organized and led a small party of from six to ten of his bravest men against them every summer for some time, killing with his own hand fifteen of their enemies and bringing home their scalps. Was a crafty warrior and knew well how to slay his foe without losing his own life. He still lives, farming and hunting for a living, and is a man of great influence in his band.

1074. ESSINIWUB OGWISSUN. _The Son of Essiniwub._ RED LAKE.

A quiet, peaceable young man, never on the war-path, peace having been declared with the Sioux before he came of age.

1075. MAIADJIAUSH. _Something Beginning to Sail Off._ RED LAKE.

A brave residing at Red Lake. His father was a chief and his younger brother the present head chief of the Red Lake band. Ten years ago had the reputation of being a bad man, and has the same suspicion still hanging about him; is ill-natured, cross-grained, and always striking and quarrelling with his fellow-Indians.

1076. NABONIQUEAUSH. _A Yellow-haired One Sailing Along._ RED LAKE.

1077. TIBISHKO-BINESS. _Like a Bird._ RED LAKE.

A petty chief and brother of Bad Boy. Has often fought the Sioux as a leading brave. Hunts for a living, while his family cultivates corn and potatoes. Is a good speaker and much respected by the Red Lakes.

78, 79. PO-GO-NAY-GE-SHICK. _Hole in the Day._

81. AH-AH-SHAW-WE-KE-SHICK. _Crossing Sky._ RABBIT LAKE.

82. NAH-GUN-A-GOW-BOW. _Standing Forward._ RABBIT LAKE.

83. KISH-KA-NA-CUT. _Stump._ MILLE LAC.

84. MIS-KO-PE-NEN-SHA. _Red Bird._ LAKE WINNIPEG.

85. NAW-YAW-NAB. _The Foremost Sitter._ WISCONSIN.

86. NOW-WE-GE-SHICK. _Noon Day._

3. DELAWARES.