part i., pp. 420-423; the confinement of the little Princess, part ii.,

pp. 58-65; and all the passages where Count Rostoff sees the Emperor Alexander, or where the author speaks of the Emperor Napoleon I., etc.

[159] Vogüé, _op. cit._, p. 282.

[160] Count Leo Tolstoi, _A Short Exposition of the Gospel_. From the Russian, by Paul Lauterbach. Leipzig: Reclam’s Universal-Bibliothek, p. 13.

[161] L. Tolstoi, _Short Exposition of the Gospel_, p. 13.

[162] Tolstoi, _Short Exposition_, etc., p. 172.

[163] More accurately, in Vedântism.--TRANSLATOR.

[164] Tolstoi, _Short Exposition_, etc., p. 128.

[165] _Short Exposition_, p. 60.

[166] De Vogüé, _op. cit._, p. 333.

[167] L. Tolstoi, _Gesammelte Werke_, Berlin, 1891, Band II.: _Novels and Short Tales_, part i.

[168] Léon Tolstoi, _La Sonate à Kreutzer_. Traduit du Russe par E. Halpérine-Kaminsky. Paris: Collection des auteurs célèbres, p. 72.

[169] P. 119.

[170] _Short Exposition of the Gospel_, p. 140.

[171] _Le Roman du Mariage._ Traduit du Russe par Michel Delines. Paris. _Auteurs célèbres._

[172] Ed. Rod, _Les Idées morales du Temps présent_. Paris, 1892, p. 241.

[173] Raphael Löwenfeld, _Leo N. Tolstoi, sein Leben, seine Werke, seine Weltanschauung_. Erster Theil. Berlin, 1892, Introd., p. 1.

[174] Lombroso, _Genie und Irrsinn_, p. 256, foot-note.

[175] Löwenfeld, _op. cit._, p. 39.

[176] _Ibid._, p. 276.

[177] Professor Kowalewski, in _The Journal of Mental Science_, January, 1888.

[178] Griesinger, ‘Ueber einen wenig bekannten psychopathischen Zustand,’ _Archiv für Psychiatrie_, Band I.

[179] Lombroso, _Genie und Irrsinn_, p. 324.

[180] Sollier, _Psychologie de l’Idiot et de l’Imbécile_.

[181] Löwenfeld, _op. cit._, p. 100.

[182] Löwenfeld, _op. cit._, p. 47.

[183] Legrain, _Du Délire chez les Dégénérés_, pp. 28, 195.

[184] It is not my object, in a book intended primarily for the general educated reader, to dwell on this delicate subject. Anyone wishing to be instructed more closely in the morbid eroticism of the degenerate may read the books of Paul Moreau (of Tours) _Des Aberrations du Sens génésique_, 2^e édition, Paris, 1883; and Krafft-Ebing’s _Psychopathia sexualis_, Stuttgart, 1886. Papers on this subject by Westphal (_Archiv für Psychiatrie_, 1870 and 1876), by Charcot and Magnan (_Archives de Neurologie_, 1882), etc., are scarcely accessible to the general public.

[185] V. Magnan, _Leçons cliniques sur la Dipsomanie, faites à l’asile Sainte-Anne_. Recueillies et publiées par M. le Dr. Marcel Briand. Paris, 1884.

[186] Richard Wagner, _Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft_. Leipzig, 1850. The numbering of the pages given in quotations from this work refers to the edition here indicated.

[187] Arthur Schopenhauer, _Parerga und Paralipomena, Kurze Phil. Schriften_. Leipzig, 1888, Band II., p. 465.

[188] Charles Féré, _Sensation et Mouvement_. Paris, 1887.

[189] _Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft_, p. 169: ‘It is only when the desire of the artistic sculptor has passed into the soul of the _dancer_, of the _mimic interpreter_, of him who sings and speaks, that this desire can be conceived as satisfied. It is only when the art of sculpture no longer exists, or has followed another tendency than that of representing human bodies--when it has passed, as sculpture, into _architecture_--when the rigid solitude of this _one_ man carved in stone will have been resolved into the infinitely flowing plurality of veritable, living men ... it is only then, too, that _real plastic_ will exist.’ And on p. 182: ‘That which it [painting] _honestly_ exerts itself to attain, it attains in ... greatest perfection ... when it descends from canvas and chalk to ascend to the _tragic stage_.... But landscape-painting will become, as the last and most finished conclusion of all the fine arts, the life-giving soul, properly speaking, of architecture; it will teach us thus to organize the _stage_ for works of the dramatic art of the future, in which, itself living, it will represent the warm _background_ of _nature_ for the use of the _living_, and not for the imitated _man_.’

[190] Richard Wagner, _Gesammelte Schriften und Dichtungen_. Leipzig, 1883, Band X., p. 68.

[191] Compare also, in _Das Bühnenweihfestspiel in Bayreuth_, 1882 (_Gesammelte Schriften_, Band X., p. 384): ‘This [the ‘sure rendering of all events on, above, under, behind, and before the stage’] anarchy accomplishes, because each individual does what he _wishes_ to do, namely (?), what is right.’

[192] Edward Hanslick, _Musikalische Stationen_. Berlin, 1880, pp. 220, 243.

[193] Wagner, _Gesammelte Schriften und Dichtungen_, Band VI., p. 3 _ff._

[194] In a book on degeneration it is not possible wholly to avoid the subject of eroticism, which includes precisely the most characteristic and conspicuous phenomena of degeneration. I dwell, however, on principle as little as possible on this subject, and will, therefore, in reference to the characterization of Wagner’s erotic madness, quote only one clinical work: Dr. Paul Aubry, ‘Observation d’Uxoricide et de Libéricide suivis du Suicide du Meurtrier,’ _Archives de l’Anthropologie criminelle_, vol. vii., p. 326: ‘This derangement [erotic madness] is characterized by an inconceivable fury of concupiscence at the moment of approach.’ And in a remark on the report of a murder perpetrated on his wife and children by an erotic maniac--a professor of mathematics in a public school--whom Aubrey had under his observation, he says, ‘Sa femme qui parlait facilement et à tous des choses que l’on tient ordinairement le plus secrètes, disait que son mari était comme un furieux pendant l’acte sexuel.’ See also Ball, _La Folie érotique_. Paris, 1891, p. 127.

[195] Lombroso, _Genie und Irrsinn_, p. 229: ‘When the expression of their ideas eludes their grasp ... they resort ... to the continual italicizing of words and sentences,’ etc.

[196] Friedrich Nietzsche, _Der Fall Wagner_. Leipzig, 1889.

[197] _Der Fall Wagner._ _Ein Musikanten-Problem._ 2^{te} Auflage. Leipzig, 1889.

[198] Sollier, _op. cit._, p. 101.

[199] Lombroso, _Genie und Irrsinn_, p. 214 _et seq._

[200] Wagner, _Ges. Schriften_, Band X., p. 222.

[201] Rubinstein, _Musiciens modernes_. Traduit du russe par M. Delines. Paris, 1892.

[202] _The Origin and Function of Music: Essays, Scientific, Political and Speculative._ London: Williams and Norgate, 1883; vol. i., p. 213 _et seq._

[203] E. Hanslick, _op. cit._, p. 233: ‘As the dramatis personæ in “music-drama” are not distinguished by the character of the melodies they sing, as in ancient opera (Don Juan and Leporello, Donna Anna and Zerlina, Max and Caspar), but all resemble each other in the physiognomic pathos of the tones of their speech, Wagner aims at replacing this characteristic by so-called _leit-motifs_ in the orchestra.’

[204] Wagner, _Ueber die Anwendung der Musik auf das Drama_. _Ges. Schriften_, Band X., p. 242.

[205] Lombroso, _Genie und Irrsinn_, p. 225.

[206] _Ibid._, _op. cit._, p. 226.

[207] Wagner, _Religion und Kunst_. _Ges. Schr._, Band X., p. 307, note: ‘The author here expressly refers to A. Gleizès’ book, _Thalysia oder das Heil der Menschheit_.... Without an exact knowledge of the results, recorded in this book, of the most careful investigations, which seem to have absorbed the entire life of one of the most amiable and profound of Frenchmen, it might be difficult to gain attention for ... the regeneration of the human race.’

[208] ‘Alberich’s seductive appeal to the water-sprites makes prominent the hard, mordant sound of _N_, so well corresponding in its whole essence to the negative power in the drama, inasmuch as it forms the sharpest contrast to the soft _W_ of the water-spirits. Then when he prepares to climb after the maidens, the alliance of the _Gl_ and _Schl_ with the soft, gliding _F_ marks most forcibly the gliding off the slippery rock. In the appropriate _Pr_ (_Fr_), Woglinde as it were shouts “Good luck to you!” (_Prosit_) when Alberich sneezes.’--Cited by Hanslick, _Musikalische Stationen_, p. 255.

[209] Legrand du Saulle terms the persecutor who believes himself persecuted, ‘persécuté actif.’ See his fundamental work: _Le Délire des Persécutions_. Paris, 1871, p. 194.

[210] Wagner, _Das Judenthum in der Musik_. _Ges. Schr._ Band V., p. 83. _Aufklärungen über das Judenthum in der Musik._ Band VIII., p. 299.

[211] Wagner, _Deutsche Kunst und Deutsche Politik_. _Ges. Schr._ Band VIII., p. 39. _Was ist Deutsche?_ Band X., p. 51 _et passim_.

[212] Wagner, _Religion und Kunst_. _Ges. Schr._ Band X., p. 311.

[213] _Offenes Schreiben an Herrn Ernst von Weber, Verfasser der Schrift. Die Folterkammern der Wissenschaft._ _Ges. Schr._ Band X., p. 251.

[214] A game of cards to which Teutomaniacs are much addicted.

[215] F. Paulhan, _Le nouveau Mysticisme_. Paris, 1891, p. 104.

[216] Legrain, _op. cit._, p. 175: ‘The need for the marvellous is almost always inevitable among the weak-minded.’

[217] Sar Mérodack J. Péladan, _Amphithéatre des Sciences mortes. Comment on devient Mage_. Éthique. Avec un portrait pittoresque gravé par G. Poirel. Paris, 1892.

[218] Joséphin Péladan, _La Décadence latine_. Ethopée IX.: ‘La Gynandre.’ Couverture de Séon, eau-forte de Desboutins. Paris, 1891, p. xvii.

[219] Maurice Rollinat, _Les Névroses_ (Les Ames--Les Suaires--Les Refuges--Les Spectres--Les Ténèbres). Avec un portrait de l’auteur par F. Desmoulin. Paris, 1883. Quite as striking is his later collection of poems, _L’Abîme_. Paris, 1891.

[220] _Humiliés et Offensés_, p. 55; quoted by De Vogüé, _Le Roman russe_, p. 222, foot-note.

[221] Legrain, _op. cit._, p. 246.

[222] _Journal of Mental Science_, January, 1888.

[223] _Le Délire des Persécutions._ Paris, 1871, p. 512.

[224] Morel, ‘Du Délire panophobique des Aliénés gémisseurs.’ _Annales médico-psychologiques_, 1871, 2^e vol., p. 322.

[225] Maurice Maeterlinck, _Serres chaudes_. Nouvelle édition. Bruxelles, 1890.

[226] Lombroso, _Genie und Irrsinn_, p. 322: ‘Walt Whitman, the poet of the modern Anglo-Americans, and assuredly a mad genius, was a typographer, teacher, soldier, joiner, and for some time also a bureaucrat, which, for a poet, is the queerest of trades.’

This constant changing of his profession Lombroso rightly characterizes as one of the signs of mental derangement. A French admirer of Whitman, Gabriel Sarrazin (_La Renaissance de la Poésie anglaise_, 1798-1889; Paris, 1889, p. 270, foot-note), palliates this proof of organic instability and weakness of will in the following manner: ‘This American facility of changing from one calling to another goes against our old European prejudices, and our unalterable veneration for thoroughly hierarchical, bureaucratic routine-careers. We have remained in this, as in so many other respects, essentially narrow-minded, and cannot understand that diversity of capacities gives a man a very much greater social value.’ This is the true method of the æsthetic wind-bag, who for every fact which he does not understand finds roundly-turned phrases with which he explains and justifies everything to his own satisfaction.

[227] Walt Whitman, _Leaves of Grass_; a new edition. Glasgow, 1884.

[228] Maurice Maeterlinck, _The Princess Maleine and the Intruder_. London: W. Heinemann, 1892.

[229] Omitted in the English translation.--TRANSLATOR.

[230] Lisandro Reyes has clearly seen this in his useful sketch entitled _Contribution à l’Etude de l’État mental chez les Enfants dégénérés_; Paris, 1890, p. 8. He affirms expressly that among degenerate children there is no really exclusive ‘monomania.’ ‘Among them an isolated delirious idea may endure for some time, but it is most frequently replaced all at once by a new conception.’

[231] Legrain (_Du Délire chez les Dégénérés_, Paris, 1886) merely expresses this in somewhat different words, when he says (p. 68), ‘Obsession, impulsion, these are to be found at the base of all monomania.’

[232] Analyzed in the _Journal of Mental Science_, January, 1888.

[233] J. Roubinovitch, _Hystérie mâle et Dégénérescence_. Paris, 1890, p. 62.

[234] Legrain, _op. cit._, p. 10.

[235] Lombroso, _Genie und Irrsinn_ (German edition cited in vol. i.), p. 325.

[236] Dr. Paul Sollier, _Psychologie de l’Idiot et de l’Imbécile_. Paris, 1890, p. 174.

[237] See on this subject the remarkable treatise of Alfred Binet, ‘On the Psychic Life of Micro-organisms,’ contained in the volume of extracts: ‘_Le Fétichisme dans l’Amour (Etudes de Psychologie expérimentale). La Vie psychique des Micro-organismes, l’Intensité des Images mentales, le Problème hypnotique, Note sur l’Écriture hystérique._’ Paris, 1890.--A short time before Binet, this same subject was treated by Verworn in a very deserving manner, at once original and suggestive, in his _Psycho-physiologische Protisten-Studien_. Jena, 1889.

[238] ‘Certain [sick] persons enjoy keenly a sense of the lightness of their body, feel themselves hovering in the air, believe they could fly; or else they have a feeling of weight either in the whole body, in many limbs, or in one single limb, which seems to them huge and heavy. A young epileptic sometimes felt his body so extraordinarily heavy that he could scarcely raise it. At other times he felt himself so light that he believed he did not touch the ground. Sometimes it seemed to him that his body had assumed such proportions that it was impossible for him to pass through a door. In this last illusion ... the patient feels himself very much smaller or very much larger than he really is.’--Th. Ribot, _Les Maladies de la Personnalité_, 3^e édition. Paris, 1889, p. 35.

[239] Sollier, _Psychologie de l’Idiot et de l’Imbécile_, p. 52 _et seq._

[240] Lombroso, _L’Uomo delinquente_. 3^a edizione. Torino, 1884, p. 329 _et seq._

[241] Lombroso, _Les Applications de l’Anthropologie criminelle_. Paris, 1892, p. 179.

[242] Th. Ribot, _Les Maladies de la Personnalité_, pp. 61, 78, 105.

[243] Maudsley, _The Pathology of Mind_. London, 1879, p. 287.

[244] See also Alfred Binet, _Les Altérations de la Personnalité_, Paris, 1892, p. 39: ‘His senses close to outside stimulation; for him, the external world ceases to exist; he lives no more than his exclusively personal life; he acts only through his own stimuli, with the automatic movement of his brain. Although he receives nothing more from outside, and his personality is completely isolated from the surroundings in which he is placed, he may be seen to go, come, do, act, as if he had his senses and intelligence in full exercise.’ This, it is true, is the description of a patient, but what he says of the latter applies equally, with a difference of degree only, to the ego-maniac. Féré has communicated to the Biological Society of Paris, in the séance of November 12, 1892, the results of a great number of experiments made by him, whence it appears ‘that among the greater part of epileptics, hysterical and degenerate subjects, cutaneous sensibility is diminished.’ See _La Semaine médicale_, 1892, p. 456.

[245] Alfred Binet, _Les Altérations de la Personnalité_. Paris, 1892, pp. 83, 85, _et seq._

[246] ‘The organic, cardiac, vaso-motor, secretory, etc., phenomena accompanying almost all, if not all, affective states ... far from following the conscious phenomenon, precede it; none the less they remain in many cases unconscious.’--Gley, quoted by A. Binet, _Les Altérations de la Personnalité_, p. 208.

[247] This is not merely a simple hypothesis, but a well-demonstrated fact. Hundreds of experiments by Boeck, Weill, Moebius, Charrin, Mairet, Bosc, Slosse, Laborde, Marie, etc., have established that among the deranged, during periods of excitation and afterwards, the urine is more toxic, _i.e._, more full of waste and excreted organic matter, while after the periods of depression it is less toxic, _i.e._, poorer in disaggregated matter, than among sane individuals, which proves that, among the former, the nutrition of the tissues is morbidly increased or retarded.

[248] Dr. Paul Moreau, of Tours, describes perversion (_l’aberration_) in these somewhat obscure terms: ‘Perversion constitutes a deviation from the laws which rule the proper sensibility of the organs and faculties. By this word we mean to designate those cases in which observation testifies to an unnatural, exceptional, and wholly pathological change, a change carrying palpable disturbance into the regular working of a faculty.’--_Des Aberrations du Sens génésique_. 4^e édition. Paris, 1887, p. 1.

[249] ‘The vices of the psycho-physical organization manifesting themselves by acts prohibited, not only by morality--that aggregate of necessary rules elaborated by the secular experience of peoples--but also by their penal codes, are in discord with life in society, in the midst of which humanity can alone make progress.... A man, from his birth adapted to social life, can only acquire such vices as a consequence of certain pernicious conditions, through which his psycho-physical powers are set in opposition to the necessary exigencies of social life.’--Drill, _Les Criminels mineurs_, quoted by Lombroso in _Les Applications de l’Anthropologie criminelle_. Paris, 1892, p. 94. See also G. Tarde, _La Philosophie pénale_, Lyon, 1890, _passim_; ‘The morally deranged are not true lunatics. A Marquise de Brinvilliers, a Troppmann, a being born without either compassion or sense of shame--can it be said of such an one that he is not himself when he commits his crime? No. He is only too much himself. But his existence, his person, are hostile to society. He does not feel the same sentiments which we civilized people regard as indispensable. It is useless to think of curing him or of reforming him.’

[250] Darwinism explains adaptation only as the result of the struggle for existence, and of selection which is a form of this struggle. In one individual a quality appears accidentally, which makes it more capable of preserving itself and of conquering its enemies than those individuals not born with this quality. It finds more favourable conditions of existence, leaves behind it more numerous descendants inheriting this advantageous quality, and by the survival of the fittest and the disappearance of the less fit, the whole species comes into the possession of this advantageous quality. I do not at all deny that an accidental individual deviation from the type of the species, which proves an advantage in the struggle for existence, can be a source of transformations having as their result a better adaptation of the species to given and unmodifiable circumstances. But I do not believe that such an accident is the only source, or even the most frequent source, of such transformations. The process of adaptation appears to me to be quite otherwise, viz., the living being experiences in some situation feelings of discomfort from which he wishes to escape, either by change of situation (movement, flight), or by trying to act vigorously on the causes of these feelings of discomfort (attack, modification of natural conditions). If the organs possessed by the living being, and the aptitude these organs have acquired, are not sufficient to furnish the counteractions felt and wished for as necessary to those feelings of discomfort, the weaker creatures submit to their destiny, and suffer or even perish. More vigorous individuals, on the contrary, make violent and continuous efforts in order to attain their design, of flight, defence, attack, suppression of natural obstacles; they give strong nervous impulses to their organs to increase to the highest degree their functional capacity, and these nervous impulses are the immediate cause of transformations, giving to the organs new qualities, and rendering them more fit to make the living creature thrive. That the nervous impulse produces, as a consequence, an increase in the flow of blood, and a better nutrition for the organ in play, is a positive biological fact. In my opinion, then, adaptation is most frequently an act of the will, and not the result of qualities accidentally acquired. It has as premise the clear perception and representation of the external causes of the feelings of discomfort, and a keen desire to escape from them, or, again, that of procuring feelings of pleasure, _i.e._, an inorganic appetite. Its mechanism consists in the elaboration of an intense representation of serviceable acts of certain organs, and in the sending of adequate impulses to these organs. That such impulses can modify the anatomical structure of the organs, Kant already anticipated when he wrote his treatise, _Von der Macht des Gemüthes_; and modern therapeutics has fully confirmed this, by showing that the stigmata of a Louise Lateau, the healing of tumours on the tomb of the Deacon Paris, the modifications induced by suggestion on the skin of hysterical subjects, the formation of birth-marks by eventualities and emotions, are the effect of presentations on the bodily tissues. It was wrong to laugh at Lamarck for teaching that the giraffe has a long neck because it has continually stretched it in order to be able to feed off the topmost foliage of plants with tall stems. When the animal elaborates the clear idea that he ought to elongate his neck as much as possible in order to reach the elevated foliage, this presentation will influence in the strongest manner the circulation of the blood in all the tissues of the neck; these will be quite differently nourished from what they would be without this presentation, and the changes desired by the animal will certainly take place little by little, if his general organization makes them possible. Knowledge and will are therefore causes of adaptation--not the will in the mystical sense of Schopenhauer, but the will that is the dispenser of nervous impulses. This summary must suffice for the reader; this is not the place to develop it more, and to demonstrate in detail how fertile these ideas are for the theory of evolution.

[251] H. Taine, _Les Origines de la France contemporaine: La Révolution_, vol. ii., ‘La Conquête jacobine,’ Paris, 1881, pp. 11-12: ‘Neither exaggerated self-esteem nor dogmatic argument is rare in the human species. In every country these two roots of the Jacobin spirit subsist indestructible beneath the surface. Everywhere they are kept in check by established society, and everywhere they try to upheave the old historical structure which presses on them with all its weight.... At twenty years old, when a young man enters the world, his reason is hurt at the same time as his pride. In the first place, of whatever society he may be a member, it is a scandal to pure reason, for it has not been constructed on a simple principle by a philosophical legislator; it has been arranged by successive generations according to their multiple and varying needs.... In the second place, however perfect institutions, laws, and manners may be, since they have preceded him he has not assented to them at all; others, his predecessors, have chosen for him, and have enclosed him, in advance, in a moral, political, and social mould which pleased them. It matters little if it displeases him; he is forced to submit to it, and, like a harnessed horse, he must walk between the shafts in the harness put on him.... It is not surprising, then, if he is tempted to kick against the framework in which, _nolens volens_, he is enclosed, and in which subordination will be his lot. Thence it comes that the majority of young men--above all, those who have their careers to make--are more or less Jacobins on leaving college; it is _an infirmity of growth_.’

[252] Dr. Paul Sollier, _Psychologie de l’Idiot et de l’Imbécile_, p. 109 _et seq._: ‘There exists among idiots another instinct which is met with, nevertheless, to a certain degree among normal children. This is destructiveness, which shows itself among all children as a first manifestation of their powers of movement, under the form of a desire to strike, break, and destroy.... This tendency is much more pronounced among idiots.... It is not the same with imbeciles. Their malicious and mischievous spirit drives them to destroy, not only for the purpose of expending their strength, but with the object of injuring. It is an unwholesome gratification which they seek.’

[253] Jules Huret, _Enquête sur l’Évolution littéraire_, p. 288.

[254] Théophile Gautier, _Les Grotesques_. 3^{me} édition. Paris, 1856.

[255] _Les Fleurs du Mal_, par Charles Baudelaire, précédées d’une notice par Théophile Gautier. 2^e édition. Paris, 1869, p. 46.

[256] M. Guyau, ‘L’Ésthétique du Vers moderne,’ _Revue philosophique_, vol. xvii., p. 270.

[257] Th. Gautier, quoted by M. Guyau, _loc. cit._, p. 270.

[258] Printed in _L’Écho de Paris_, No. 2,972, July 8, 1892.

[259] Théodore de Banville, _Petit Traité de Poésie française_. 2^e édition revue. Paris, 1880, pp. 54, 64.

[260] M. Guyau, _loc. cit._, pp. 264, 265.

[261] Compare with the above Tolstoi’s opinion on the same subject: ‘He is violently hostile to all rhymed verse. Rhythm and rhyme chain down thought, and all that is opposed to the most complete formation possible of the idea is an evil.... Tolstoi ... regards the decline in our esteem for poetry in verse as a progress.’--Raphael Löwenfeld, _Gespräche über und mit Tolstoi_. Berlin, 1891, p. 77.

[262]

‘Prince, je mens. Sous les Gémeaux Ou l’Amphore, faire en son livre Rimer entre eux de noble mots, C’est la seule douceur de vivre.’

[263] Eugène Crépet, _Les Poètes français_, vol. iv., p. 536: study by Charles Baudelaire of Théodore de Banville.

[264] ‘No human sobs in the poets’ song!’

[265] Jules Huret, _op. cit._, pp. 283, 297.

[266] F. Brunetière, ‘La Statue de Baudelaire,’ _Revue des deux Mondes_, September 1, 1892, vol. cxiii., p. 221.

[267] _Les Fleurs du Mal_, par Charles Baudelaire, précédées d’une notice par Théophile Gautier. 2^e édition. Paris, 1869, p. 22.

[268] Baudelaire, in the work quoted by Eugène Crépet, _Les Poètes français_, vol. iv., pp. 541, 542.

[269] Franz Brentano, _Das Schlechte als Gegenstand dichterischer Darstellung_. Vortrag gehalten in der Gesellschaft der Litteratur freunde zu Wien. Leipzig, 1892, p. 17.

[270] Fr. Paulhan, _Le nouveau Mysticisme_. Paris, 1891, p 94. See, in addition, all the chapter ‘L’amour du mal,’ pp. 57-99.

[271] Oswald Zimmermann, _Die Wonne des Leids_. _Beiträge zur Erkenntniss des menschlichen Empfindens in Kunst und Leben._ 2te umgearbeitete Auflage. Leipzig, 1885, p. 111. This book is without value in point of ideas, for it reproduces, in language deliberately inflated, and visibly aspiring to ‘depth,’ the most imbecile drivel of the trio, Edward von Hartmann, Nietzsche and Gustave Jäger. But the author, who is well read, has carefully compiled some useful materials in certain chapters, particularly in that entitled, ‘Association of Voluptuousness and Cruelty’ (p. 107 _et seq._). (The case of Jeanneret, first published by Chatelain in the _Annales médico-psychologiques_, has also been quoted by Krafft-Ebing, _Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Psychopathologie_. 3te Auflage. Stuttgart, 1892, p. 248.)

[272] Sollier, _op. cit._, p. 123: ‘The imbecile is refined in his persecutions, and that knowingly. He loves to see suffering. He skins a bird alive, laughs on hearing its cries and seeing its struggles. He tears off the feet of a frog, looks at its suffering for a moment, then abruptly crushes it, or kills it in some other way, as one of the imbeciles at Bicêtre does.... The imbecile is as cruel to his fellow-creature as to animals, and that even in his jesting. Thus he will laugh maliciously and mock at a comrade who has become crippled.’

[273] Paul Bourget, _Essais de Psychologie contemporaine_. Paris, 1883, p. 28.

[274] _Ibid._, pp. 12, 13.

[275] Verworn employs the word ‘chemotropism.’

[276] Sainte-Beuve, _Causeries du Lundi_, vol. xiv., p. 70. Article on the complete poems of Théodore de Banville. October 12th, 1857.

[277] Barbey d’Aurevilly, _Goethe et Diderot_. Paris, 1882.

[278] J. K. Huysmans, _A Rebours_. 4ème mille. Paris, 1892, p. 251.

[279] Paul Bourget, _op. cit._, p. 6: ‘He is a libertine, and depraved visions amounting to Sadism disturb the very man who comes to worship the raised finger of his Madonna. The morose orgies of the vulgar Venus, the heady fumes of the black Venus, the refined delights of the learned Venus, the criminal audacity of the bloodthirsty Venus, have left their memories in the most spiritualized of his poems. An offensive odour of vile alcoves escapes from these ... verses....’ And p. 19: ‘... It is not so with the mystic soul--and that of Baudelaire’s was one. For this soul did not content itself with a faith in an idea. It _saw_ God. He was for it not a word, not a symbol, not an abstraction, but a Being, in whose company the soul lived as we live with a father who loves us.’

[280] Théophile Gautier, who was himself a member of a hashish club, tries to make us believe (_Les Fleurs du Mal_, p. 57 _et seq._), that Baudelaire was addicted to the use of narcotic poisons only with the object of ‘physiological experiment’; but we know the tendency of the degenerate to represent the impulsions of which they are ashamed as acts of free will, for which they have all sorts of palliating explanations.

[281] Dr. E. Régis, _Manuel pratique de Médecine mentale_. 2e édition. Paris, 1892, p. 279.

[282] _Les Fleurs du Mal_, p. 5--‘le culte de soi-même.’ This is Théophile Gautier’s own term.

[283] Paul Bourget, _op. cit._, p. 31.

[284] Ch. J. J. Sazaret, _Etude sur la Simulation de la Folie_. Nancy, 1888. This pamphlet by a beginner, which contains a useful collection of clinical observations, is particularly amusing, in that all the observations cited by the author demonstrate exactly the reverse of what he proposes to prove. After having himself asserted (p. 22) that ‘the victims of hysteria are much given to simulate all sorts of maladies,’ he says (p. 29): ‘Persons mentally affected now and then simulate madness; the case is rare, but it has nevertheless been verified, and if it has not been oftener recorded, it is, we believe, that observers have limited themselves to a superficial examination, and certain actions have not been analyzed.’ The case is so far from rare that it is pointed out in every observation quoted by the author. In the case of Baillarger (2nd observation), the so-called simulatrix had been in a lunatic asylum eight years before, as a fully confirmed madwoman; in the case of Morel (4th observation), the simulator ‘had a nervous attack at the sight of a lancet,’ which is clearly aichmophobia and a certain stigma of degeneration; in the 6th observation Morel admits that ‘the extravagance of the subject, his fear of poison’ (thus a case of pronounced iophobia), ‘and the fact of picking up filth, indicate a possible mental disorder’; the case of Foville (10th observation) ‘had a certain number of insane in his family’; the case of Legrand du Saulle (18th observation) was ‘the son of a hysterical woman and grandson of a madman’; the case of Bonnet and Delacroix (19th observation) ‘numbers some insane among his ancestors’; the case of Billod (22nd observation) ‘has often manifested disturbance and delirium,’ etc. All these supposed simulators were insane quite unmistakably, and the fact that they intentionally exaggerated the symptoms of their delirium was only a further proof of their alienation.

[285] Fr. Paulhan, _op. cit._, p. 92: ‘While affecting the faith of a seminarist, he [Villiers] delighted in blasphemy. He considered the right to blaspheme as his peculiar property.... This Catholic Breton loved the society of Satan more than that of God.’

[286] Joséphin Péladan, _Vice suprême_. Paris, 1882, p. 169.

[287] _Les Fleurs du Mal_, p. 244:

‘Tête-à-tête sombre et limpide Qu’un cœur devenu son miroir! Puits de vérité, clair et noir, Où tremble une étoile livide,

‘Un phare ironique, infernal, Flambeau des grâces sataniques, Soulagement et gloire uniques, --La conscience dans le Mal!’

[288] _Les Fleurs du Mal_, pp. 17, 18.

[289] _Les Fleurs du Mal_, pp. 17, 18.

[290] J. K. Huysmans, _A Rebours_. 4^{me} mille. Paris, 1892, p. 49.

[291] Henri Kurz, in his introduction to the ‘Simplician’ writings of Grimmelshausen. Leipzig, 1863, 1st part, p. li. See also his remarks on the German of Grimmelshausen (author of _Simplicissimus_), p. xlv. _et seq._

[292] Paul Bourget, _op. cit._, p. 24.

[293] The sacculus is a cirripedia which lives in the condition of a parasite in the intestinal canal of certain crustacea. It represents the deepest retrograde transformation of a living being primarily of a higher organization. It has lost all its differentiated organs, and essentially only amounts to a vesicule (hence its name: little bag), which fills itself with juices from its host, absorbed by the parasite with the help of certain vessels, which it plunges into the intestinal walls of the latter. This atrophied creature has retained so few marks of an independent animal that it was looked upon for a long time as a diseased excrescence of its host’s intestines.

[294] Maurice Barrès, _Trois Stations de Psycho-thérapie_. Paris, 1892. ‘Deuxième Station.’

[295] _Ibid._, _Un Homme libre_. 3e édition. Paris, 1892.

[296] _Ibid._, _Le Jardin de Bérénice_. Paris, 1891, p. 37 _et seq._

[297] _Ibid._, p. 245 _et seq._

[298] _Ibid._, _L’Ennemi des Lois_. Paris, 1893, pp. 63, 88, 170.

[299] Maurice Barrès, _Examen de trois Idéologies_. Paris, 1892, p. 14.

[300] _Examen de trois Idéologies_, p. 36.

[301] _Ibid._, p. 46.

[302] _L’Ennemi des Lois_, p. 285.

[303] Oscar Wilde, _Intentions_. London, 1891, p. 197.

[304] Schiller also says:

‘Ewig jung is nur die Phantasie; Was sich nie und nirgends hat begeben, Das allein veraltet nie.’--_An die Freunde._

‘Forever young is fantasy alone; That which nowhere ever has existed, That alone grows never old.’

But Schiller did not mean by this that Art should disregard truth and life, but that it must discriminate between what is essential, and consequently lasting, in the phenomenon, and that which is accidental, and therefore ephemeral.

[305] Compare this with Kant’s _Kritik der Urtheilskraft_ (_herausgegeben und erlautert von J. H. v. Kirchmann_); Berlin, 1869, p. 65: ‘All interest spoils the judgment in matters of taste, and deprives it of its impartiality, especially if it does not, as rational interest does, make the feeling of utility paramount to that of pleasure, but bases it upon the latter, which always happens in an æsthetic judgment in so far as a thing causes pleasure or pain.’ Modern psycho-physiology has recognised this notion of Kant’s as erroneous, and has demonstrated that ‘the feeling of pleasure’ in itself is originally a feeling of organic ‘utility,’ and that ‘judgment in matters of taste’ does not exist at all without ‘interest.’ Psycho-physiology makes use of the terms ‘organic tendency’ or ‘proclivity,’ instead of ‘interest.’ Moreover Wilde, who does not mind contradicting his own loose assertions, says (p. 186): ‘A critic cannot be fair in the ordinary sense of the word. It is only about things that do not interest one that one can give a really unbiased opinion, which is no doubt the reason why an unbiased opinion is always absolutely valueless. The man who sees both sides of a question is a man who sees absolutely nothing at all.’ Hence Hecuba must be something to the critic, that he may be able to criticise at all.

[306] See in my _Paradoxe_ the chapters ‘Inhalt der poetischen Literatur’ and ‘Zur Naturgeschichte der Liebe.’

[307] S. A. Tokarski’s article on ‘Myriachit’ in the _Neurologisches Central-Blatt_ for November, 1890. Tokarski in this article also informs us that this word should be written _meriatschenja_, and not _myriachit_.

[308] Edmund R. Clay, _L’Alternative_. _Contribution à la Psychologie._ _Traduit de l’anglais par A. Burdeau_; Paris, 1886, p. 234: ‘Sympathy is an emotion caused in us by that which seems to us to be the emotion or the sensation of others.’

[309] Helmholtz, _Die Lehre von den Tonemfindungen_. 4 Aufl. Braunschweig, 1877.

[310] Pietro Blaserna, _Le Son et la Musique_, followed by _Causes physiologiques de l’Harmonie musicale_, par H. Helmholtz. 4^e édition. Paris, 1891.

[311] E. Brücke, _Bruchstücke aus der Theorie der bildenden Künste_. Leipzig, Intern. wissensch. Bibl. (The French edition of Brücke’s works contains also Helmholtz’s _L’Optique et la Peinture_.)

[312] Henry Joly, _Les Lectures dans les Prisons de la Seine_. Lyon, 1891. See also Lombroso, _L’Uomo delinquente_. Turin, 1884, p. 366 _et seq._, and p. 387 _et seq._

[313] Pitrè, _Sui Canti popolari italiani in Carcere_. Firenze, 1876. See also the portrait-group of the three brigands of Ravenna in Lombroso, _op. cit._, Plate XV., facing p. 396.

[314] _Raskolnikow_, Roman von F. M. Dostojewskij, Nach der vierten Auflage des russichen Originals; _Prestuplenie i Nakazanie_, übersetzt von Wilhelm Henckel. Leipzig, 1882, Band I., pp. 122-128.

[315] The knowledge of this fact is as old as æsthetic science itself. It is well expressed, as by others, so by Dr. Wilh. Alex. Freund, in his _Blicken ins Culturleben_; Breslau, 1879, p. 9: ‘Idealization consists ... in the removal of accidental accessories disturbing the true expression of the essential;’ p. 11: ‘All [eminent artists] raise that which they see to a purified image, purged of all that is unessential, accidental, disturbing; from that image springs up in all of them the idea lying at the base of the vision;’ p. 13: ‘He [the artist] comprehends the essential ... from which the accidental disturbing accessories of the external phenomenon fall off like withered leaves, so that to his inner eye the truth appears as a living idea,’ etc.

[316] See foot-note to p. 38.

[317] Wilhelm Loewenthal makes the feeling and need of religion spring from the same presentient emotion. For the author of _Grundzüge einer Hygiene des Unterrichts_, religion is the form assumed in man’s consciousness by the ideal, _i.e._, the presentient knowledge of the aim of evolution. ‘The instinct of development--the indispensable base of all life and all knowledge--is identical with the religious need.’ Thus he writes in a memoir, unfortunately only ‘printed as a manuscript,’ but most worthy of being made accessible to all the world.

[318] NORA (_the children talk all at once to her during the following_). And so you have been having great fun? That is splendid. Oh, really! you have been giving Emmy and Bob a slide, both at once! Dear me! you are quite a man, Ivar. Oh, give her to me a little, Mary Ann. My sweetheart! (_Takes the smallest from the nurse, and dances it up and down._) Yes, yes; mother will dance with Bob, too. What! did you have a game of snowballs as well? Oh, I ought to have been there. No, leave them, Mary Ann; I will take their things off. No, no, let me do it; it is so amusing. Go to the nursery for awhile, you look so frozen. You’ll find some hot coffee on the stove. (_The nurse goes to the room on the left._ NORA _takes off the children’s things and throws them down anywhere, while she lets the children talk to each other and to her_.) Really! Then there was a big dog there who ran after you all the way home? But I’m sure he didn’t bite you. No; dogs don’t bite dear dolly little children. Don’t peep into those parcels, Ivar. You want to know what there is? Yes, you are the only people who shall know. Oh, no, no, that is not pretty. What! must we have a game? What shall it be, then? Hide and seek? Yes, let us play hide and seek. Bob shall hide first. Am I to? Very well, I will hide first.--_A Doll’s House_, Griffith and Farran, p. 30.

[319] RANK (in NORA’S and HELMER’S room). [He has that day discovered a symptom in himself which he knows is an infallible sign of approaching death.] Yes, here is the dear place I know so well. It is so quiet and comfortable here with you two.

HELMER. You seemed to enjoy yourself exceedingly upstairs, too.

RANK. Exceedingly. Why should I not? Why shouldn’t one get enjoyment out of everything in this world? At any rate, as much and as long as one can. The wine was splendid.

HELMER. Especially the champagne.

RANK. Did you notice it, too? It was perfectly incredible the quantity I contrived to drink.... Well, why should one not have a merry evening after a well-spent day?

HELMER. Well spent? As to that, I have not much to boast of.

RANK (_tapping him on the shoulder_). But I have, don’t you see.

NORA. Then, you have certainly been engaged in some scientific investigation, Dr. Rank.

RANK. Quite right....

NORA. And am I to congratulate you on the result?

RANK. By all means you must.

NORA. Then the result was a good one?

RANK. The best possible, alike for the physician and patient--namely, certainty.

NORA (_quickly and searchingly_). Certainty?

RANK. Complete certainty. Ought not I, upon the strength of it, to be very merry this evening?

NORA. Yes, you were quite right to be, Dr. Rank.... I am sure you are very fond of masquerade balls.

RANK. When there are plenty of interesting masks present, I certainly am....

HELMER. ...But what character will you take [at our next masquerade]?

RANK. I am perfectly clear as to that, my dear friend.

HELMER. Well?

RANK. At the next masquerade I shall appear invisible.

HELMER. What a comical idea!

RANK. Don’t you know there is a big black hat--haven’t you heard stories of the hat that made people invisible? You pull it all over you, and then nobody sees you.... But I am quite forgetting why I came in here. Helmer, just give me a cigar--one of the dark Havanas.... Thanks. (_He lights his cigar._) And now good-bye ... and thank you for the light.

[_He nods to them both and goes._--_A Doll’s House_, pp. 96-100.]

[320] Frau Alving is speaking with Pastor Manders, and is just relating that she was one day witness to a scene in the adjoining room which proved to her that her departed husband was carrying on an intrigue with her maidservant. In the next room are Oswald, her son, and Regina, the offspring of the intercourse of her husband with the maidservant.

[_From within the dining room comes the noise of a chair overturned, and at the same moment is heard_:

REGINA (_sharply, but whispering_). Oswald, take care! Are you mad? Let me go!

MRS. ALVING (_starts in terror_). Ah! (_She stares wildly towards the half opened door_; OSWALD _is heard coughing and humming inside. A bottle is uncorked._)

MANDERS (_excited_). What in the world is the matter? What is it, Mrs. Alving?

MRS. ALVING (_hoarsely_). Ghosts! The couple from the conservatory have risen again!--_Ghosts, The Pillars of Society, and other Plays_. By Henrik Ibsen, Camelot Series, p. 150.]

[321] Frau Helseth has in vain sought for Rosmer and Rebecca in the house.

MADAME HELSETH (_goes to the window and looks out_). Oh, good God! that white thing _there_!--My soul! They’re both of them out on the bridge! God forgive the sinful creatures--if they’re not in each other’s arms! (_Shrieks aloud_) Oh--down--both of them! Out into the mill-race! Help! help! (_Her knees tremble, she holds on to the chair-back, shaking all over, she can scarcely get the words out._) No. No help here. The dead wife has taken them.--_Rosmerholm._ London, Walter Scott, p. 144. The last sentence is not a happy one. It is commonplace, upsetting the mood of the hearer or reader.

[322] Hjalmar has passed the night away from home, having learned that his wife before her marriage with him had had a _liaison_ with another. He returns in the morning, crapulous and hipped. He is bombastic and melodramatic, while his wife is calm and practical:--

GINA (_standing with the brush in her hand, and looking at him_). Oh, there now, Ekdal; so you’ve come after all?

HJALMAR (_comes in and answers in a toneless voice_). I come--only to depart again immediately.

GINA. Yes, yes; I suppose so. But, Lord help us, what a sight you are!

HJALMAR. A sight?

GINA. And your nice winter coat, too! Well, that’s done for.... Then, you are still bent on leaving us, Ekdal?

HJALMAR. Yes; that’s a matter of course, I should think.

GINA. Well, well.... (_Sets a tray with coffee, etc., on the table._) Here’s a drop of something warm, if you’d like it. And there’s some bread and butter and a snack of salt meat.

HJALMAR (_glancing at the tray_). Salt meat! Never under this roof! It’s true I haven’t had a mouthful of solid food for nearly twenty-four hours; but no matter.... Oh no, I must go out into the storm and the snow-blast--go from house to house and seek shelter for my father and myself.

GINA. But you’ve got no hat, Ekdal. You’ve lost your hat, you know, etc.--_The Wild Duck_, Act V.

[323] Auguste Ehrhard, Professor à la Faculté des Lettres de Clermont-Ferrand, _Henrik Ibsen et le Théâtre contemporain_, Paris, 1892, p. 233: ‘Ibsen’s characters may in general be divided into two categories--those in which the moral element, the life of the soul, dominates, and those in which the animal prevails. The first are, for the most part, mouthpieces of the theories dear to the poet.... They have their primary origin in the brain of the poet.... It is he who gives them life.’

[324] Right out here so early--eh?... Well, did you get safe home from the quay--eh? Look here. Let me untie the bow--eh? etc.--_Hedda Gabler._ London, W. Heinemann, pp. 7-9.

[325] NORA. Yes, I really am now in a state of extraordinary happiness. There is only one thing in the world that I should really like.

RANK. Well, and what’s that?

NORA. There’s something that I should so like to say--but for Torvald to hear it.

RANK. Then, why don’t you say it to him?

NORA. Because I daren’t, for it sounds so ugly....

RANK. In that case I would advise you not to say it. But you might say it to us, at any rate.... What is it that you would like to say in Helmer’s presence?

NORA. I should like to shout with all my heart--Oh, dash it all!--_A Doll’s House_, _op. cit._, pp. 26, 27.

[326] Auguste Ehrhard, _op. cit._, p. 270.

[327] Dr. R. von Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia sexualis mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der conträren Sexualempfindung_. _Eine klinisch-forensische Studie._ Dritte vermehrte und verbesserte Auflage. Stuttgart, 1888. See (p. 120) the observation relative to the young nobleman who was erotically excited by his ‘boot-thoughts.’ I cite this single case only, but it would be possible to instance dozens of cases where nightcaps, shoe-nails, white aprons, the wrinkled head of an old woman, etc., have excited sensuality in the highest degree.

[328] _A Doll’s House_, p. 112:

HELMER. To forsake your home, your husband, and your children! And only think what people will say about it.

NORA. I cannot take that into consideration. I only know that to go is necessary for me....

HELMER. ... Your duties to ... your children?

NORA. I have other duties equally sacred ... duties towards myself, etc.

[329] _Ghosts_, p. 170: OSWALD. At last he said, ‘You have been worm-eaten from your birth.’ ... I didn’t understand either, and begged of him to give me a clearer explanation. And then the old cynic said, ‘The father’s sins are visited upon the children.’ And p. 194: OSWALD. The disease I have as my birthright (_he points to his forehead, and adds very softly_) is seated here.

[330] _The Wild Duck_, Act III.:

GREGERS. Besides, if I’m to go on living, I must try and find some cure for my sick conscience.

WERLE. It will never be well. Your conscience has been sickly from childhood. That’s an inheritance from your mother, Gregers--it is the only inheritance she left you....

RELLING. But, deuce take it, don’t you see the fellow’s mad, cracked, demented!

GINA. There, you hear! His mother before him had mad fits like that sometimes.

[331] _The Wild Duck_, Act II.:

HJALMAR. She is in danger of losing her eyesight.

GREGERS. Becoming blind?

HJALMAR. ... But the doctor has warned us. It’s coming, inexorably.

GREGERS. What an awful misfortune! How do you account for it?

HJALMAR (_sighs_). Hereditary, no doubt.

Again, Act IV.:

MRS. SÖRBY. ... He (Werle) is going blind.

HJALMAR (_with a start_). Going blind? That’s strange--Werle, too, becoming blind!

[332] Dr Prosper Lucas, _Traité philosophique et physiologique de l’Hérédité naturelle dans les États de Santé et de Maladie du Système nerveux_, etc. (The title occupies seven lines more!) Paris, 1847, 2 volumes, t. i., p. 250. (It appears that Montaigne had this inherited horror of doctors.)

[333] Lucas, _op. cit._, t. i., pp. 391-420: _De l’hérédité des modes sensitifs de la vue_. On page 400 he tells of a family in which the mother became blind at the age of twenty-one years, and the children at sixteen and seventeen respectively, etc.

[334] August Weismann, _Ueber die Vererbung_. Jena, 1883.

[335] F. Galton, _Natural Inheritance_. London, 1888.

[336] Page 136:

MRS. ALVING. I know one who has kept both his inner and his outer self unharmed. Only look at him, Mr. Manders.

[337] Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia sexualis_, p. 139. The author here cites all the features in question as characteristic of the first stage of general paralysis: ‘Libidinous talk, unconstraint in intercourse with the opposite sex, plans of marriage.’

[338] _Rosmersholm_, p. 23:

REBECCA (_to Brendel_). You should apply to Peter Mortensgaard.

BRENDEL. _Pardon, Madame_--what sort of an idiot is he?

See the flat travesty in _An Enemy of the People_ (Act IV.) of the forum scene in Shakespeare’s _Julius Cæsar_, and the characterization of the ‘crowd,’ in _Brand_ (Act V.).

[339] Herbert Spencer, _The Man_ versus _the State_, 1884, p. 78.

[340] In the German text, ‘only of themselves and their families.’--TRANSLATOR.

[341] Edward Westermarck, _The History of Human Marriage_. London: Macmillan, 1892. See especially the two chapters on ‘The Forms of Human Marriage,’ and ‘The Duration of Marriage.’

[342]

‘At leve--er Kamp med Trolde J Hjertet og Hjernens Hvaelv; At digte--det er at holde Dommedag over sig selv.’

[343] Dr. Wilhelm Griesinger, _Pathologie und Therapie der psychischen Krankheiten für Aerzte und Studirende_. 5te Auflage. Gänzlich umgearbeitet und erweitert. Von Dr. Willibald Levinstein-Schleger; Berlin, 1892. (See p. 143, on ‘Diseased Impulses’; and p. 147, on ‘Excessive Energy of Will.’)

[344] Griesinger, _op. cit._, p. 77: ‘Retardation of thought may be produced ... by the state of constriction following a mental depression, by complete inertia extending to the arrest of thought.’

[345] Rationalized in the English version cited, as follows (p. 25): ‘Yes, perhaps I am a little delicate.’--TRANSLATOR.

[346] Rationalized in the English version by ‘now soon,’ being rendered as ‘nearly.’--TRANSLATOR.

[347] ‘True’ is omitted in the English version quoted.--TRANSLATOR.

[348] Bracketed clause not in English version.--TRANSLATOR.

[349] Griesinger, _op. cit._, p. 176. He names the coining of words ‘phraseomania.’ Kussmaul gives the name _Paraphrasia vesana_ to the coining of incomprehensible words, or the using of known words in a sense wholly foreign to them.

[350] Dr. A. Marie, _Études sur quelques Symptômes des Délires systématisés et sur leur Valeur_; Paris, 1892, chap. ii.: ‘Eccentricities of language. Neologisms and conjuring incantations.’ Tanzi cites, among others, the following examples: A patient used continuously to repeat, ‘That is true, and not false’; another began every phrase with, ‘God’s Word’; a third said, ‘Out with the vile beast!’ making at the same time a sign of benediction with the right hand; a fourth said unceasingly, ‘Turn over the page’; a fifth cried, in a tone of command, ‘Lips acs livi cux lips sux!’ etc. One of Krafft-Ebing’s patients (_op. cit._, p. 130) constructed, among others, the following words: ‘Magnetismusambosarbeitswellen, Augengedanken, Austrahlung, Glückseligkeitsbetten, Ohrenschussmaschine,’ etc. Krafft-Ebing, _op. cit._, pp. 130, 131.

[351] Vicomte E. M. de Vogué, ‘Les Cigognes,’ _Revue des deux Mondes_, February 15, 1892, p. 922: ‘Ibsen would have won our trust, were it only by certain axioms [?] which appeal to our actual distrusts, such as this ... in _Rosmersholm_: “The Rosmer view of life ennobles, but it kills happiness.”’ I am convinced that, unless previously told that they emanated from confined lunatics, these ‘comprehensives’ would, without difficulty, understand and interpret the expression ‘little-cupboards-of-appetite-of-representation’ (_Vorstellungs-Appetitschränkchen_), freely used by one of Meynert’s lunatic patients, or the words of a patient under Griesinger’s care (_op. cit._, p. 176) that ‘the lady superior was establishing herself in the military side-tone and in the retardation of her teeth.’

[352] Tanzi, _I Neologismi in rapporta col Delirio cronico_. Turin, 1890.

[353]

‘Vi vil gjöre det om igjen raditalere, Men dertil sordres baade Maend og Talere. J sörger sor Vandflom til Verdensparken, Jeg laegger med Lyst Torpedo under Arken.’

Observe the purely mystic vapours of this thought. The poet wishes to destroy everything, even the ark which shelters the saved remnants of terrestrial life, but sees himself placed beyond the reach of the destruction, and hence will survive the annihilation of everything else on earth.

[354] Georges Brandes, _op. cit._, pp. 431, 435, 438, etc.

[355] J. Cotard, _Études sur les Maladies cérébrales et mentales_; Paris, 1891. In this book the _délire des négations_ is for the first time recognised and described as a form of melancholia. The Third Congress of French Alienists, which sat at Blois from the 1st to the 6th of August, 1892, devoted almost the whole of its conferences to the insanity of doubt. In a work by F. Raymond and F. L. Arnaud, ‘Sur certains cas d’aboulie avec obsession interrogative et trouble des mouvements’ (_Annales médico-psychologiques_, 7^e séries, t. xvi.), we read, p. 202: ‘The invalids occupy themselves with questions intrinsically insoluble, such as the creation, nature, life, etc. Why the trees are green? Why the rainbow has seven colours? Why men are not as tall as houses?’ etc.

[356] Lombroso and B. Laschi, _Le Crime politique et les Révolutions par rapport au Droit, à l’Anthropologie criminelle et à la Science du Gouvernement. Traduit de l’Italien par H. Bouchard_. Paris, 1892, t. i., p. 195.

[357] Auguste Ehrhard, _op. cit._, p. 412: ‘He [Ibsen] assigns himself a _rôle_ to acquaint us in a direct manner with his own disillusionings.... He presents himself in the fantastic and tormented character of Ulric Brendel. Let us not be deceived by the disguise in which he veils himself. Ulric Brendel, the fool, is no other than Henrik Ibsen, the idealist’(?).

[358] Auguste Ehrhard, _op. cit._, p. 120: ‘With admirable frankness Ibsen, in his latest works, points out the abuse which may be made of his ideas [!]. He counsels reformers to extreme prudence, if not to silence. As for himself, he ceases to excite the multitude to the pursuit of moral and social progress [!]; he entrenches himself in his disdainful pessimism, and in aristocratic solitude enjoys the serene vision of future ages.’

[359] Henrik Jaeger, _Henrik Ibsen og haus Vaerker. En Fremstilling i Grundrids_. Christiania, 1892, _passim_.

[360] G. R. S. Mead, _Simon Magus_. London, 1892.

[361] Ehrhard, _op. cit._, p. 94.

[362] W. Roux, _Ueber den Kampf der Theile des Organismus_. Leipzig, 1881. Since the appearance of Roux’s work, the theory of phagocytose, or the digestion of weaker cells by the stronger, has been considerably extended. This, however, is not the place to cite the numerous communications bearing on this subject which have appeared in the _Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie_, in Virchow’s _Archiv_, in the _Biologische Centralblatt_, in the _Zoologische Jahrbücher_, etc.

[363] Jacoby, _La Folie de Césars_. Paris, 1880.

[364] Alfred Binet, _Les Altérations de la Personnalité_, Paris, 1892, p. 23, communicates the case (observed by Bourru and Burot, and often cited) of Louis B., who united in himself six different personalities--six ‘I’s’ having not the slightest knowledge of each other, each possessing another character, another memory, other peculiarities of feeling and movement, etc.

[365] ‘Suicidal’ is here not a mere rhetorical expression. If the tyrannical power of instinct always ends by leading the individual in the long-run to his destruction, it sometimes does this directly. Instinct, namely, may have for its direct object suicide or self-mutilation; and the ‘free’ man obeying his instinct has then the ‘liberty’ of mutilating or killing himself, although that so little tallies with his real wish that he seeks in others a protection from himself. See Dr. R. von Krafft-Ebing, _Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Psychopathologie_. Dritte umgearbeitete Auflage. Stuttgart, 1892, p. 311.

[366] Herbert Spencer, _The Individual versus the State_. London, 1884.

[367] Dr. Ph. Boileau de Castelnau, ‘Misopédie ou Lésion de l’Amour de la Progeniture’ (_Annales médico-psychologiques_, 3^e série, 7^e volume, p. 553). In this work the author communicates twelve observations, in which the natural feeling of the mother for her children was transformed by disease into hatred.

[368] G. Ferrero, ‘L’Atavisme de la Prostitution,’ _Revue scientifique_, 50^e volume, p. 136.

[369] R. von Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia sexualis_, etc., 7^{te} Auflage, p. 89 (the third edition of this book, from which I have made my previous citations, contains nothing on masochism), and _Neue Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der Psychopathia sexualis eine medicinisch-psychologische Studie_, Zweite umgearbeitete und vermehrte Auflage, Stuttgart, 1891, p. 1 _ff._ Krafft-Ebing gives this explanation of his word (p. 1 _et seq._): ‘By masochism I understand a peculiar perversion of the psychic _vita sexualis_, consisting in this, that the individual seized with it is dominated in his sexual feeling and thought by the idea that he is wholly and unconditionally subjected to the will of a person of the opposite sex, who treats him imperiously, humiliates and maltreats him.’ The word is formed from the name Sacher-Masoch, because ‘his writings delineate exactly typical pictures of the perverted psychic life of men of this kind’ (_Neue Forschungen_, etc., p. 37). I do not look upon this designation as a happy one. Krafft-Ebing himself shows that Zola and, long before him, Rousseau (he might have added Balzac in Baron Hulot in _Parents pauvres_, part i.: _La cousine Bette_) have embodied this condition quite as clearly as Sacher-Masoch. Hence I prefer the designation ‘passivism,’ proposed by Dimitry Stefanowsky. See _Archives de l’Anthropologie criminelle_, 1892, p. 294.

[370] Ehrhard, _op. cit._, p. 88.

[371] Persian for Zoroaster.

[372] Dr. Hugo Kaatz, _Die Weltanschauung Friedrich Nietzsche_: Erster Theil, ‘Cultur und Moral’; Zweiter Theil, ‘Kunst und Leben.’ Dresden und Leipzig, 1892, 1 Th., p. vi.: ‘We are accustomed, especially in matters concerning the deepest problems of thought, to a finished, systematic exposition.... There is none of all this in Nietzsche. No single work of his forms a finished whole, or is wholly intelligible without the others. Each book, moreover, is totally wanting in organic structure. Nietzsche writes almost exclusively in aphorisms, which, filling sometimes two lines, sometimes several pages, are complete in themselves, and seldom manifest any direct connection with each other.... With proud indifference to the reader, the author has avoided cutting even _one_ gap in the hedge with which he has closely surrounded his intellectual creations. Access to him must be gained by fighting,’ etc. In spite of its seeming obscurity, Nietzsche has himself given such pointed information concerning his method of work as amounts to an avowal. ‘All writing makes me angry or ashamed; for me, writing is a necessity.’ ‘But why, then, do you write?’ ‘Yes, my dear friend, let me say it in confidence: I have hitherto found no other means of _ridding_ myself of my thoughts.’ (The italics are Nietzsche’s.) ‘And why do you wish to rid yourself of them?’ ‘Why I wish? Do I so wish? I must.’ _Die fröhliche Wissenschaft._ Neue Ausgabe, p. 114.

[373] Dr. Max Zerbst, _Nein und Ja!_ Leipzig, 1892.

[374] Robert Schellwien, _Max Stirner und Friedrich Nietzsche_, _Erscheinungen des modernen Geister und das Wesen des Menschen_. Leipzig, 1892.

[375] I refuted this silly sophism before Nietzsche propounded it in the passages above quoted from _Zur Genealogie der Moral_, p. 66, and _Jenseits von Gut und Böse_, p. 228. See _Die conventionellen Lügen der Kulturmenschheit_, 14 Aufl., pp. 211, 212: ‘This expression [of Proudhon’s, that property is theft] can be regarded as true only from the sophistical standpoint that everything existing exists for itself, and from the fact of its existence derives its right to belong to itself. According to this view, forsooth, a man steals the blade of grass he plucks, the air he breathes, the fish he catches; but, then, the martin, too, is stealing when it swallows a fly, and the grub when it eats its way into the root of a tree; then Nature is altogether peopled by arch-thieves, and, in general, everything steals that lives, _i.e._, absorbs from without materials not belonging to it, and organically elaborates them, and a block of platinum, which does not even pilfer from the air a little oxygen with which to oxidize itself, would be the sole example of honesty on our globe. No; property resulting from earning, that is, from the exchange of a determined amount of labour for a corresponding amount of goods, is not theft.’ If, throughout this passage, ‘theft’ be substituted for the word ‘exploitation,’ used by Nietzsche, his sophism is answered.

[376] _The Sacred Books of the East._ Translated by various Oriental scholars, and edited by F. Max Müller. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1st series, vol. x.: _Dhammapada_, by F. Max Müller; and _Sutta-Nipâta_, by V. Fausböll.

[377] _The Sacred Books of the East_, etc., vol. xix.: _Fo-sho-hing-tsan-king_, by Rev. S. Beal.

[378] Charles Darwin, _The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex_; London, J. Murray, 1885, p. 101: ‘All the baboons had reascended the heights, excepting a young one, about six months old, who, loudly calling for aid, climbed on a block of rock, and was surrounded. Now one of the largest males, a true hero, came down again from the mountain, slowly went to the young one, coaxed him, and triumphantly led him away, the dogs being too much astonished to make an attack.’

[379] Friedrich Nietsche, _Zur Genealogie der Moral_. _Eine Streitschrift._ Zweite Auflage. Leipzig, 1892, § 80.

[380] Gustav Freytag, _Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit_. Erster Band, aus dem Mittelalter. Leipzig, 1872, p. 42 _ff._: ‘The Roman Consul, Papirius Carbo ... denies the strangers [the Cimbrians and Teutons!] the right of sojourn because the inhabitants are enjoying the rights of hospitality of the Romans. The strangers excuse themselves by saying they did not know that the natives were under Roman protection, and they are ready to leave the country.... The Cimbrians do not seek a quarrel; they send to Consul Silanus, and urgently entreat him to assign them lands; they are willing in return for it to serve the Romans in time of war.... Once more the strangers do not invade Roman territory, but send an embassy to the Senate and repeat the request for an assignment of land.... The victorious Germans now sent a fresh embassy to the leader of the other army, for the third time, to sue for peace and ask for land and seed-corn.’

[381] _Zur Genealogie der Moral_, p. 79.

[382] _Ibid._, p. 73.

[383] Charles Darwin, _op. cit._, p. 98: ‘As soon as the mental faculties had become highly developed, images of all past actions and motives would be incessantly passing through the brain of each individual; and that feeling of dissatisfaction, or even misery, which invariably results ... from any unsatisfied instinct, would arise as often as it was perceived that the enduring and always present social instinct had yielded to some other instinct, at the time stronger, but neither enduring in its nature nor leaving behind it a very vivid impression. It is clear that many instinctive desires, such as that of hunger, are, in their nature, of short duration, and, after being satisfied, are not readily or vividly recalled,’ etc.

[384] _Zur Genealogie der Moral_, p. 9.

[385] _Ibid._, p. 48.

[386] _Jenseits von Gut und Böse_, p. 91: ‘The criminal is, often enough, not grown to the level of his deed: he dwarfs and traduces it. The legal defenders of the criminal are rarely artists enough to turn the beautiful terribleness of the deed to the profit of the doer.’

[387] ‘A people is the detour of nature, in order to arrive at six or seven great men.’ See also: ‘The essential thing in a good and healthy aristocracy is, that it should feel itself to be _not_ the function, but the _end_ and justification, be it of royalty or of the commonwealth--that it should, therefore, with a good conscience, suffer the sacrifice of a countless number of men who, _for its sake_, must be humbled and reduced to imperfect beings, to slaves, to instruments.’--_Jenseits von Gut und Böse_, p. 226.

[388] The following are a few examples, which could easily be centupled (literally, not hyperbolically)--_Jenseits von Gut und Böse_, p. 63: ‘It is the Orient, the deep Orient.’ p. 239: ‘Such books of depth and of the first importance.’ p. 248: ‘Deep suffering ennobles.’ ‘A bravery of taste, resisting all that is sorrowful and deep.’ p. 249: ‘Any fervour and thirstiness which constantly drives the soul ... into the bright, the brilliant, the deep, the delicate.’ p. 256: ‘An odour quite as much of depth [!] as of decay.’ p. 260: ‘To lie tranquilly like a mirror, so that the deep heaven might reflect itself in them.’ p. 262: ‘I often think how I may make him [man] stronger, wickeder, and deeper.’ _Also sprach Zarathustra_, pt. i., p. 71: ‘But thou Deep One, thou sufferest too deeply even from little wounds.’ Pt. ii., p. 52: ‘Immovable is my depth; but it sparkles with floating enigmas and laughters’ (!!). p. 64: ‘And this for me is knowledge: all depth should rise--to my height.’ p. 70: ‘They did not think enough into the depth.’ Pt. iii., p. 22: ‘The world is deep, and deeper than the day has ever thought it.’ Pt. iv., p. 129: ‘What says the deep midnight?... From a deep dream am I awakened. The world is deep, and deeper than the day thought. Deep in its woe. Joy--deeper still than sorrow of heart. All joy ... wishes for deep, deep eternity,’ etc.

[389] _Zur Genealogie der Moral_, p. 167.

[390] _Jenseits von Gut und Böse_, p. 159: ‘Our virtues? It is probable that we, too, still have our virtues, albeit they are no longer the true-hearted and robust virtues for which we hold our grandfathers in honour--though at a little distance.’ p. 154: ‘The man beyond good and evil, the master of his virtues ... he ought to be the greatest.’ So then, ‘beyond good and evil,’ and yet having ‘virtues’!

[391] _Zur Genealogie der Moral_, p. 79: ‘As a premise to this hypothesis concerning the origin of the evil conscience [through the ‘transvaluation of values’ and the ‘revolt of slaves in morality’] belongs the fact ... that this transformation was in no way gradual, or voluntary, and did not manifest itself as an organic growing into new conditions, but as a rapture, a leap, a compulsion.’ Hence, not only was that good which had previously been evil, but this ‘transvaluation’ even occurred suddenly, ordered one fine day by authority!

[392] _Jenseits von Gut und Böse_, p. 232: ‘Slave-morality is essentially a utilitarian morality.

[393] _Die fröhliche Wissenschaft_, p. 32: ‘In reality, however, evil instincts are just as purposive, as conservative of the species, and as indispensable as the good, only they have a different function.’ _Zur Genealogie der Moral_, p. 21: ‘At the root of all ... noble races lies the beast of prey ... this foundation needs from time to time to disburden itself; the animal must out, must hie him back to the desert.’ This means that it is essential to his health, and, consequently, of utility to him.

[394] _Zur Genealogie der Moral_, p. 6: ‘To what disorders, however, this [democratic] prejudice can give rise, is shown by the infamous [!] case of Buckle. The plebeianism of the modern spirit, which is of English origin, once more breaks forth ... there.’ _Jenseits von Gut und Böse_, p. 212: ‘There are truths that are best recognised by mediocre heads.... We are driven to this proposition since the intellect of mediocre Englishmen--I may mention Darwin, John Stuart Mill, and Herbert Spencer--acquired preponderance in the mean region of European taste.’

[395] _Die fröhliche Wissenschaft_, p. 43.

[396] See, in my novel, _Die Krankheit des Jahrhunderts_, Leipzig, 1889, Band I., p. 140, Schrötter’s remarks: ‘Egoism is a word. All depends upon the interpretation. Every living being strives for happiness, _i.e._, for contentment.... He [the healthy man] cannot be happy when he sees others suffer. The higher the man’s development, the livelier is this feeling.... The egoism of these men consists in their seeking out the pain of others and striving to alleviate it, in which, while combating the sufferings of others, they are simply struggling to attain to their own happiness. A Catholic would say of St. Vincent de Paul or of Carlo Borromeo, He was a great saint; I should say of him, He was a great egoist.’

[397] _Die fröhliche Wissenschaft_, p. 48.

[398] Dr. Hugo Kaatz, _op. cit._, Thiel I., Vorrede, p. viii.

[399] Robert Schellwien, _Max Stierner und Friedrich Nietzsche_. Leipzig, 1892, p. 23.

[400] _Also sprach Zarathustra_, pt. i., p. 84: ‘The “thou” is proclaimed holy, but not yet the “I.”’

[401] _Zur Genealogie der Moral_, p. 43.

[402] _Die fröhliche Wissenschaft_, p. 222.

[403] _Jenseits von Gut und Böse_, pp. 78, 106.

[404] C. Lombroso and R. Laschi, _Le Crime politique et les Révolutions_. Paris, 1892, t. i., p. 142.

[405] R. Schellwien, _op. cit._, p. 7: ‘The literary activity of the two thinkers [!] is separated by more than fifty years; but great as may be the difference between them, the agreement is not less, and thus the essential characters of systematic individualism are presented with all the more distinctness.’

[406] See, in my _Paradoxe_, the chapter ‘Wo ist die Wahrheit?’

[407] ‘With what magic she lays hold of me! What? Has all the world’s repose embarked here?’ ‘What use has the inspired one for wine? What? Give the mole wings and proud imaginings?’ ‘In so far as he says Yes to this other world, what? must he not then say No to its counterpart, this world?’ ‘Round about God all becomes--what? perhaps world?’ ‘A pessimist ... who says Yes to morality ... to _læde-neminem_-morality; what? is that really--a pessimist?’ ‘Fear and pity: with these feelings has man hitherto stood in the presence of woman. What? Is there now to be an end of this?’ I will content myself with these examples, but let it be remarked once for all, that all the specimens I adduce here for the purpose of examining Nietzsche’s mental state could easily be multiplied a hundredfold, as the characteristic peculiarities recur in him hundreds of times. On one occasion he plainly becomes conscious of this living note of interrogation, always present in his mind as an obsession. In _Also sprach Zarathustra_, pt. iii., p. 55, he calls the passion for rule, ‘the flashing note of interrogation by the side of premature answers.’ In this connection, this expression has absolutely no sense; but it at once becomes intelligible when it is remembered that the insane are in the habit of suddenly giving utterance to the ideas springing up in their consciousness. Nietzsche plainly _saw_ in his mind ‘the flashing note of interrogation,’ and suddenly, and without transition, spoke of it.

[408] ‘A Greek life, to which he said, No.’ ‘A pessimist who not merely says, No, wishes No [!] but who ... does No’ [!!]. ‘An inward saying No to this or that thing.’ ‘Free for death, and free in death, a holy No-sayer.’ Then as a complementary counterpart: ‘Pregnant with lightnings, who say, Yes! laugh Yes!’ ‘While all noble morality grows to itself out of a triumphant saying Yea.’ (He feels himself to be something) ‘at least saying Yea to life.’ ‘To be able to say Yea to yourself, that is ... a ripe fruit.’ (Disinterested wickedness is felt by primitive humanity to be something) ‘to which conscience valiantly says Yea.’ We see what use Nietzsche makes of his saying ‘Nay’ and ‘Yea.’ It stands in the place of nearly all verbs joining subject with predicate. The thought ‘I am thirsty’ would, by Nietzsche, be thus expressed, ‘I say Yes to water.’ Instead of ‘I am sleepy,’ he would say, ‘I say Nay to wakefulness,’ or, ‘I say Yes to bed,’ etc. This is the way in which invalids in incomplete aphasia are in the habit of paraphrasing their thoughts.

[409] Dr. Hermann Türck, _Fr. Nietzsche und seine philosophischen Irrwege_, Zweite Auflage. Dresden, 1891, p. 7.

[410] B. Ball, _La Folie érotique_, Paris, 1888, p. 50: ‘I have sketched for you the picture of chaste love (amorous lunacy, or the erotomania of Esquirol), where the greatest excesses remain enclosed within the limits of feeling, and are never polluted by the intervention of the senses. I have shown you some examples of this delirium pushed to the extreme bounds of insanity, without the intermixture of a single idea foreign to the domain of platonic affection.’

[411] In one passage of _Zur Genealogie der Moral_, p. 132, Nietzsche speaks of the ‘species of moral onanists and self-indulgers.’ He does not apply the expression to himself; but it was unquestionably suggested by an obscure suspicion of his own state of mind.

[412] Dr. R. von Krafft-Ebing, _Neue Forschungen_, u. s. w., p. 45 _ff._: ‘The complete contrary of masochism is Sadism. While in the former the subject desires to suffer sorrows, and to feel himself in subjection to violence, in the latter his aim is to cause sorrows, and to exercise violence.... All the acts and situations carried out in the active part played by Sadism constitute, for masochism, the object of longing, to be attained passively. In both perversions these acts form a progression from purely symbolic events to grievous misdeeds.... Both are to be considered as original psychopathies of mentally abnormal individuals, afflicted in particular with psychic _Hyperæsthesia sexualis_, but also, as a rule, with other anomalies.... The pleasure of causing sorrow and the pleasure of experiencing sorrow appear only as two different sides of the same psychic event, the primary and essential principle in which is the consciousness of active and passive subjection respectively.’ See Nietzsche, _Also sprach Zarathustra_, pt. i., p. 95: ‘Thou art going to women? Forget not the whip!’ _Jenseits von Gut und Böse_, p. 186: ‘Woman unlearns the fear of man,’ and thus ‘exposes her most womanly instincts.’

[413] Krafft-Ebing, _Neue Forschungen_, u. s. w., p. 108. (A sexual-psychopath thus writes): ‘I take great interest in art and literature. Among poets and authors, those attract me most who describe refined feelings, peculiar passions, choice impressions: an artificial (or ultra-artificial) style pleases me. In music, again, the nervous, stimulating music of a Chopin, a Schumann, a Schubert[!], a Wagner, etc., appeal to me most. In art, all that is not only original, but bizarre, attracts me.’ P. 128 (another patient): ‘I am passionately fond of music, and am an enthusiastic partisan of Richard Wagner, for whom I have remarked a predilection in most of us [sufferers from contrary-sexual-feeling]; I find that this music accords so very much with our nature,’ etc.

[414] See, in _Paradoxe_, the chapter on ‘Evolutionistische Æsthetik.’

[415] Dr. Max Zerbst, _Nein und Ja!_ Leipzig, 1892, p. vii.: ‘It is not impossible that this little book may fall into the hands of some who are nearly connected with the invalid ... whom every indelicate treatment of his affliction must wound most deeply.’ The very last person having the right to complain of indelicate treatment, and to demand consideration, is surely a partisan of Nietzsche’s, who claims for himself the ‘joy in wishing to cause woe,’ and ‘grand unscrupulousness’ as the ‘privilege of the over-man’! Zerbst calls his book a reply to that by Dr. Hermann Türck; but it is nothing but a childishly obstinate and insolent repetition of all Nietzsche’s assertions, the insanity of which has been proved by Dr. Türck. It is exceedingly droll that Zerbst, appealing to a feeble compilation by Ziehen, wishes to demonstrate to Türck that there are no such things as psychoses of the will. Now, Türck has not said a single word about a psychosis of the will in Nietzsche; but Nietzsche, indeed, in _Fröhliche Wissenschaft_, p. 270, does speak of ‘monstrous disease of the will,’ and of a ‘will-disease.’ Zerbst’s objection, therefore, applies, not to Türck, but to his own master--Nietzsche.

[416] Dr. Hugo Kaatz, _op. cit._, pt. i., p. 6.

[417] Ola Hansson, _Das junge Skandinavien. Vier Essays._ Dresden und Leipzig, 1891, p. 12.

[418] Albert Kniepf, _Theorie der Geisteswerthe_. Leipzig, 1892.

[419] Dr. Max Zerbst, _op. cit._, p. 1: ‘O, this modern natural science! these modern psychologists! Nothing is sacred to them!’ ‘When a man, grown up in the school of sickly “idealism,” confronts a cruel savant of this kind ... this godless man takes a small piece of chalk in his hand,’ etc. He ‘turns to the nonplussed idealist,’ and the latter somewhat timidly answers, and ‘adds something sorrowfully,’ whereupon ‘the young psychologist replies, with a gentle shrug of his shoulders.’ Quite so! the ‘cruel,’ the ‘godless,’ the ‘shoulder-shrugging’ young psychologist is himself, Zerbst; the whimpering idealist, the ‘timid’ and ‘sorrowful’ speaker and questioner is his opponent, Dr. Türck!

[420] Kurt Eisner, _Psychopathia spiritualis. Friedrich Nietzsche und die Apostel der Zukunft._ Leipzig, 1892.

[421] Ola Hansson, _Materialisimen i Skönlitteraturen, Populär-vetenskapliga_ [scientific!] _Afhandlingar_. Stockholm, undated, pp. 28, 50. In this brochure Hansson also designates the author of _Rembrandt als Erzieher_ as a ‘genius’!!

[422] _Revue politique et littéraire_, année 1891.

[423] ‘During his sojourn of several years in the solitary mountainous district of Sils Maria ... he was in the habit ... of lying on a verdant neck of land stretching into the lake. One spring he returned, to find, on the consecrated [!] spot, a seat, on which trivial folk might rest, in the place hitherto peopled only by his most secret thoughts and visions. And the sight of this all too human [!] structure was enough to render the beloved place of sojourn insupportable to him. He never set foot there again.’--Ola Hansson, quoted from Dr. Hermann Türck, _op. cit._, p. 10.

[424] Dr. Wilhelm Griesinger, _op. cit._, p. 77.

[425] Dr. von Krafft-Ebing, _Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie auf klinischer Grundlage für praktische Aertze und Studirende_. Vierte theilweise umgearbeitete Auflage. Stuttgart, 1890, p. 363 _ff._

[426] Translator.

[427] Dr. Hermann Türck, _op. cit._, s. 59.

[428] _Jenseits von Gut und Böse_, pp. 198, 201.

[429] _Die fröhliche Wissenschaft_, p. 130.

[430] _Jenseits von Gut und Böse_, p. 147.

[431] _Also Sprach Zarathustra_, pt. iii., p. 74.

[432] _Paris unter der dritten Republik_, Vierte Auflage. Leipzig, 1890. _Zola und Naturalismus Ausgewählte Pariser Briefe_, Zweite Auflage. Leipzig, 1887. ‘Pot Bouille, von Zola.’

[433] Jules Huret, _Enquête sur l’Évolution littéraire_, p. 135.

[434] J. H. Rosny, _Vamireh: Roman des Temps primitifs_. Paris, 1892.

[435] Ferdinand Brunetière, _Le Roman naturaliste_, nouvelle édition. Paris, 1892, p. 285.

[436] Thirty years before realism began to create a disturbance in Germany, with its mania for description, the Swiss novelist, Gottfried Keller, with a curious premonition, ridiculed it. See _Die Leute von Seldwyla_, Auflage 12, Berlin, 1892, Band II., p. 108. (The hero of the story entitled _Die missbrauchten Liebesbriefe_ [the misused love-letters] suddenly conceives the notion of becoming an author.) ‘He laid aside the book of commercial notes, and drew forth a smaller one provided with a little steel lock. Then he placed himself before the first tree he came to, examined it attentively, and wrote: “A beech-trunk. Pale gray, with still paler flecks and transverse stripes. Two kinds of moss cover it, one almost blackish, and one of a sheeny, velvety green. In addition, yellowish, reddish and white lichen, which often run one into another.... Might perhaps be serviceable in scenes with brigands.” Next he paused before a stake driven into the earth, on which some child had hung a dead slow-worm. He wrote: “Interesting detail. A small staff driven into the ground. Body of a silver-gray snake wound round it.... Is Mercury dead, and has he left his stick with dead snakes sticking here? This last allusion serviceable, above all, for commercial tales. N.B.--The staff or stake is old and weather-beaten; of the same colour as the snake; in places where the sun shines upon it it is covered with little silver-gray hairs. (This last observation might be new, etc.),”’ etc.

[437] Edmond et Jules de Goncourt, _Manette Solomon_. Paris, 1876, pp. 3, 145, 191.

[438] F. Brunetière, _op. cit._, p. 153.

[439] F. Brunetière, _op. cit._, p. 156.

[440] ‘Everything is a mystery. Everything is a semblance. Nothing really exists.’ The saying of one of Arnaud’s patients afflicted with the mania of negation. See F. L. Arnaud, ‘Sur le Délire des Négations,’ _Annales médico-psychologiques_, 7^e série, t. xvi., p. 387 _et seq._

[441] I would lay humanity on a white page, all things, all beings, a work which would be a vast ark.’--E. Zola, preface to _La Faute de l’Abbé Mouret_, edition of 1875. ‘Throw yourself into the commonplace current of existence.’ ‘Choose for your hero a person in the simplicity of daily life.’ ‘No hollow apotheoses, no grand false sentiments, no ready-made formulæ.’--E. Zola, _Le Roman expérimental_, _passim_.

[442] The family of Kérangal has been the subject of many works, and is well known in technical literature. The last published work on them is due to Dr. Paul Aubry: ‘Une Famille de Criminels,’ _Annales médico-psychologiques_, 7^e séries, t. xvi., p. 429 (reproduced in _La Contagion du Meurtre_, by the same author; Paris, 1894). See especially, pp. 432, 433, the curious genealogical tree of the family, in which Zola’s celebrated genealogical tree of the Rougon-Macquart and the Quenu-Gradelle can be immediately recognised.

[443] Brunetière, _op. cit._, p. iii.

[444] James Sully, _Pessimism: A History and a Criticism_. London, 1877, p. 411.

[445] Dr. Paul Sollier, _Psychologie de l’Idiot et de l’Imbécile_. Paris, 1891, p. 95.

[446] Catrou, _Étude sur la Maladie des Tics convulsifs_ (Jumping, Latab, Myriachit). Paris, 1890.

[447] Lombroso, _L’Uomo delinquente_, etc., pp. 450-480.

[448] His descriptions of impulsive criminals are not really exact. The laity have greatly admired his description of the assassin Lantier in _La Bête humaine_. The most competent judge in such matters, however, Lombroso, says of this character, which has been inspired in M. Zola, according to his own declaration, by _L’Uomo delinquente_: ‘M. Zola, in my opinion, has never observed criminals in real life.... His criminal characters give me the impression of the wanness and inaccuracy of certain photographs which reproduce portraits, not from Nature, but from pictures.’--_Le piu recenti scoperte ed applicazioni della psichiatria ed antropologia criminale. Con 3 tavole e 52 figure nel testo._ Torino, 1893, p. 356.

[449] Dr. R. von Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia Sexualis_, etc., 3^e Auflage; Stuttgart, 1888. Beobachtung 23, Zippes Fall, s. 55; Beobachtung 24, Passow’s Fall, s. 56; Aum. zu s. 57, Lombroso’s Fall.

Cæsare Lombroso, _Le piu recenti scoperte_, etc., p. 227: ‘He always had voluptuous sensations on seeing animals killed, or in perceiving in shops feminine under-garments and linen.’ The case of which Lombroso here speaks is that of a degenerate of fifteen years old, who had been observed by Dr. MacDonald, of Clark University.

[450] Léon Tolstoi, _[Œuvres complètes_, p. 385: ‘He smelt the warmth of her body, inhaled the odour of her perfumes ... and at this moment Pierre understood that not only _might_ Hélène become his wife, but that she _must_ become so--that nothing else was possible.’] It is related that the King of France, Henri III., married Marie of Cleves because, at the wedding of the King of Navarre and his sister, Marguerite of Valois, wishing to dry his face in the chemise wet with the perspiration of the young princess, he was so intoxicated by the scent which emanated from it, that he had no rest till he had won her who had borne it. See Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia Sexualis_, p. 17.

[451] Léon Tolstoi, _[Œuvres complètes_, t. ii., p. 385: ‘With him there had come into the room a strong, but not disagreeable, smell,’ etc.]

[452] Maurice Barrès, _L’Ennemi des Lois_, p. 47.

[453] Edmond de Goncourt, _La Faustin_. Paris, 1882, p. 267.

[454] Alfred Binet, _Le Fétichisme dans l’Amour_, etc., p. 26. This passage will make the German reader think of the sniffer of souls, G. Jaeger; I have no occasion to mention him here.

[455] Dr. R. von Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathie Sexualis_, p. 15, foot-note, p. 17.

[456] E. Séguin, _Traitement morale, Hygiène et Education des Idiots_. Paris, 1846.

[457] L. Bernard, _Le Odeurs dans le Romans de Zola_. Montpellier, 1889.

[458] _Le Temps_, N^o du 13 Février, 1892: ‘Current literature ... is, at present, at an inconceivably low ebb in Germany. From one end of the year to the other it is becoming an impossibility to discover a novel, a drama, or a page of criticism worthy of notice. The _Deutsche Rundschau_ itself recently admitted this in despair. It is not only the talent and the style which are deficient--all is poor, weak and flat; one might imagine one’s self in France, in the time of Bouilly.... Even the desire to rise above a certain level of ordinary writing seems wanting. One ends by being thankful to any contemporary German author who is seen to be making ... the simplest effort not to write like a crossing-sweeper.’ Every German who observes all the literary productions of his contemporaries will see that this is the opinion of a spiteful enemy. This opinion, nevertheless, is explained and justified by the fact that at the present day it is only the ‘realists’ who make enough stir to be heard in certain places abroad, and that there the natives are delighted to be able to consider them as representing all the German literature of the day.

[459] Arno Holz--Johannes Schlaf, _Die Familie Selicke_, 3^e Auflage; Berlin, 1892, p. vi.: ‘In fact, nothing so provokes us to smile ... as when they, in their anxiety to find models, label us as plagiarists of the great foreign authors. Let them say it, then.... It will be acknowledged some day that there has never yet been in our literature a movement less influenced from without, more strongly originated from within--in one word, more _national_--than this movement, even at the further development of which we look to-day, and which has had for its visible point of departure our _Papa Hamlet_. _Die Familie Selicke_ is the most thoroughly German piece of writing our literature possesses,’ etc. This passage may serve the reader as a model both of the style in which these lads write, and of the tone in which they speak of themselves and their productions.

[460] The complaint of want of money is a constant refrain among the ‘Young Germans.’ Listen to Baron Detlev von Liliencron: ‘You had nothing to eat again to-day; as a set-off, every blackguard has had his fill.’ ‘The terror of infernal damnation is--A garden of roses under the kisses of spring,--When I think of how heart and soul fret,--To be hourly bitten by the need of money.’ And Karl Bleibtreu: ‘Brass reigns, gold reigns,--Genius goes its way a-begging.’ ‘To call a ton of gold one’s own,--Sublime end, unattainable to man!’ etc.

[461] Heinz Tovote, _Im Liebesrausch_, Berliner Roman, 6^e Auflage. Berlin, 1893.

[462] Hermann Bahr, _Die gute Schule; Seelenstände._ Berlin, 1890.

[463] _Einsame Menschen_; Drama. 1891, p. 84.

[464] Gerhart Hauptmann, _Vor Sonnenaufgang_; Soziales Drama, 6^e Auflage; Berlin, 1892, p. 14: ‘During the two years of my imprisonment, I wrote my first book on political economy.’ p. 42: ‘The Icarians ... share equally all work and all desert. No one is poor; there are no poor among them.’ p. 47: ‘My fight is a fight for the happiness of all.... Moreover, I must say that the fight in the interest of progress brings me great satisfaction.’ (Let it be understood that not the smallest trace of this famous ‘fight’ is to be seen in the piece!) p. 63: ‘I should like to study the state of things here. I shall study the position of the miners here.... My work must be pre-eminently descriptive,’ etc.

[465] Since this book has been published, Hauptmann has put on the stage two new pieces: _The Beaver Pelisse_, which was an utter fiasco, and _Hannele, a Dream Poem_, much discussed on account of its strange mysticism.

[466] Scipio Sighele, _La Folla delinquente_, Turin, 1892; translated into French, _La Foule criminelle_, Paris, 1893. Fournial, _Essai sur la Psychologie des Foules_. Lyon, 1892.

[467] Gerhart Hauptmann, _Die Weber_, Schauspiel aus den vierziger Jahren, 2^e Auflage; Berlin, 1892, p. 39:

BERTHA. Where is father, then? [Old Baumert has gone silently away.]

MOTHER BAUMERT. I don’t know where he can have gone.

BERTHA. Could it be that he’s no longer used to meat?

MOTHER BAUMERT (_beside herself, in tears_). There now, you see--you see for yourself, he can’t even keep it down. He’ll throw up all the little good food he has had.

OLD BAUMERT (_returns, crying with vexation_). Well, well, ’twill soon be all over with me. They’ll soon have done for me. If one do chance to get something good, one isn’t able to keep it. (_He sits down on the bench by the stove, weeping._) [All this conversation is written in Silesian dialect.]

[468] Gerhart Hauptmann, _Der Apostel_, _Bahnwärter Thiel_, Novellistische Studien. Berlin, 1892.

[469] Hans Merian, _Die sogenannten ‘Jungdeutschen’ in unsererzeitgenössischen Literatur_, 2^e Auflage. Leipzig, ss. 12, 14. Undated.

[470] C. Lombroso and R. Laschi, _Le Crime politique_, etc., t. ii., p. 116.

[471] Dr. R. von Krafft-Ebing, _Neue Forshungen_, etc., 2 Auflage, pp. 109, 118. By the same, _Psychopathia Sexualis_, 3 Auflage, p. 65.

[472] Dr. A. B. Morel, _Traité des Dégénérescences_, p. 581, note: ‘The state of arrested development and _sterility_ are the essential characteristics of beings arrived at the extreme limit of degeneracy.’

[473] C. Lombroso and R. Laschi, _Le Crime politique_, etc., t. i., p. 8 _et seq._

[474] Charles Darwin, _A Naturalist’s Voyage round the World, Journal of Researches_, etc., chap. x.

[475] Ernest Renan, _Feuilles détachées_. Paris, 1892, Préface, p. 10.

[476] Ludwig Fulda, _Das verlorene Paradies_, Schauspiel in drei Aufzügen. Stuttgart, 1892. _Cf._ p. 112:

MÜHLBERGER. Rika, Rika; come out!

FREDERIKA. Oh, Lord! will they send me back?

MÜHLBERGER. Here’s my daughter. She must go into the fresh air--into the fresh air.

FREDERIKA. Father, let me be. I must work.

MÜHLBERGER (_with passionate resolution_). No. No more work--no more--no more work. You must go out into the fresh air, my child--my good sick child. (_He holds her in his embrace. Pause. No one present can escape from the impression of this episode._)

So says the author! I do not think that these sentimental phrases produce the smallest effect on anybody. Note (in the original) how Fulda, an author of talent, in no way affiliated to the ‘Young-German realists,’ is himself sufficiently intimidated by their ranting to seek for ‘modernity’ by using the Berlin dialect.

[477] Ernst von Wildenbruch, _Die Haubenlerche_, Schauspiel in vier Akten. Berlin, 1891. _Cf._ p. 134:

AUGUST. Work builds the world. Therefore, it must be executed for its own sake; it must be loved!... And you--when I have seen you standing before your tub--with the water-scoop in your hand--in such a way that the windows flew open--then I thought, Ah! here is one who loves his tub!...

ILEFELD. Master August, ‘tis as if I had been married to it, to my tub--that’s how it’s been!

AUGUST. And yet you leave it standing there so that anybody might take your place? What am I to say to the tub, should it ask after Paul Ilefeld?

ILEFELD (_sits down heavily and dries his eyes with his hand_).

All the workmen I know would be convulsed with laughing at this conversation.

[478] Madame Minna Wettstein-Adelt, _Three and a Half Months in a Factory_, Eine praktische Studie, 2^e Auflage. Berlin, 1892.

[479] Paul Gœhre, _Three Months Factory Hand and Apprentice_, Eine praktische Studie. Leipzig, 1892.

[480] Dr. S. Frenkel, ‘Die Therapie atactischer Bewegungstörungen,’ _Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift_, Nr. 52. 1892.

[481] A. G. Bianchi, _La Patologia del Genie e gli scienziati Italiani_. Milano, 1892, p. 79.

[482] Allusion is here made to the political influence exercised in a number of German electoral districts by the anti-Semite Passchen, a proved lunatic, with a mania for persecution.--TRANSLATOR.