part I, _Commentatorium de Mysnia_). _Newe Chronica und Beschreibung des

Landes zu Meissen_, pp. 1 to 449, besides preface and index, and Part II. _Meissnische Bergk Chronica_, Dresden, 1590, pp. 1 to 205, besides preface and index.

Adam Daniel Richter: _Umständliche ... Chronica der ... Stadt Chemnitz nebst beygefügten Urkunden_, 2 pts. 4to, Zittau & Leipzig, 1767.

Ben. G. Weinart: _Versuch einer Litteratur d. Sächsischen Geschichte und Staats kunde_, Leipzig, 1885.

Friedrich August Schmid: _Georg Agrikola's Bermannus: Einleitung in die metallurgischen Schriften desselben_, Freyberg, Craz & Gerlach. 1806, pp. VIII., 1-260.

Franz Ambros Reuss: _Mineralogische Geographie van Böhmen_. 2 vols. 4to, Dresden, 1793-97. (Agricola Vol. I, p. 2).

Jacob Leupold: _Prodromus Bibliothecae Metallicae_, corrected, continued, and augmented by F. E. Brückmann. Wolfenbüttel, 1732, s.v. Agricola.

Christian Gottlieb Göcher: _Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon_, with continuation and supplements by Adelung, Leipzig, 1750, s.v. Agricola.

John Anton Van der Linden: _De Scriptis medicis, Libri duo_, Amsterdam, 1662, s.v. Georgius Agricola.

Nicolas François Joseph Eloy: _Dictionnaire Historique de la Médecine_, Liége & Francfort (chez J. F. Bassompierre), 1755, 8vo (Agricola p. 28, vol. I).

Georg Abraham Mercklinus: _Lindenius Renovatus de scriptis medicis continuati ... amplificati_, etc., Amsterdam, 1686, s.v. Georgius Agricola.

John Ferguson: _Bibliotheca Chemica_: A catalogue of the Alchemical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical books in the collection of the late James Young of Kelly & Durris, Esq., L.L.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E. Glasgow, 1906, 4to, 2 vols., s.v. Agricola.

Christoph Wilhelm Gatterer: _Allgemeines Repertorium der mineralogischen, bergwerks und Salz werkswissenschaftlichen Literatur_, Göttingen, 1798, vol. I.

Dr. Reinhold Hofmann: _Dr. Georg Agricola, Ein Gelehrtenleben aus dem Zeitalter der Reformation_, 8vo, Gotha, 1905.

Georg Heinrich Jacobi: _Der Mineralog Georgius Agricola und sein Verhältnis zur wissenschaft seiner Zeit_, etc., 8vo. Zwickau (1889), (_Dissertation_--Leipzig).

Georg Draud: _Bibliotheca Classica_, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1611.

B. G. Struve: _Bibliotheca Saxonica_, 8vo, Halle, 1736.

[4] Albinus states (p. 354): _Omnes simul editi Anno. 1549, iterum 1550, Basileae_, as though two separate editions.

[5] _G. Fabricii epistolae ad W. Meurerum et alios aequales_, by Baumgarten-Crusius, Leipzig, 1845, p. 83.

[6] _Dr. Georg Agricola_, Gotha, 1905, pp. 60-61.

[7] Albinus, _Landchronik_, pp. 354-5.

[8] _Dr. Georg Agricola_, p. 63.

[9] _Baumgarten-Crusius_, p. 115.

[10] _Virorum Clarorum Saec. XVI. et XVII._ _Epistolae Selectae_ by Ernst Weber, Leipzig, 1894, p. 2.

[11] Nicholas Episcopius to Georg Agricola, Sept. 17, 1548, published in Schmid's _Bermannus_ p. 38. See also Hofmann, op. cit. pp. 62 and 140.

[12] _Meissnische Landchronik_, Dresden, 1589, p. 354.

[13] Printed in Baumgarten-Crusius, pp. 48-49, letter XLVIII.

[14] Printed in Hermann Peter's _Meissner Jahresbericht der Fürstenschule_, 1891, p. 24.

[15] Baumgarten-Crusius. _Georgii Fabricii Chemnicensis Epistolae_, Leipzig, 1845, p. 139.

[16] There is a copy of this work in the Rathsschul Library at Zwickau.

[17] In the Rathsschul Library at Zwickau.

[18] Contained in Vols. XXXVII. and XL. of Stephan Roth's _Kollectanenbände_ Volumes of Transcripts.

[19] _Landchronik_, p. 354.

[20] Op. cit., p. 354.

[21] Book IV.

[22] Op. cit., p. 355.

[23] Page 291.

[24] See Baumgarten-Crusius, p. 114, letter from Georg Fabricius.

[25] Op. cit., p. 354.

[26] Albinus, Op. cit., p. 355.

[27] Baumgarten-Crusius, p. 2.

[28] See Ferguson, _Bibliotheca Chemica_, s.v. Daniel Agricola.

APPENDIX B.

ANCIENT AUTHORS.

We give the following brief notes on early works containing some reference to mineralogy, mining, or metallurgy, to indicate the literature available to Agricola and for historical notes bearing upon the subject. References to these works in the footnotes may be most easily consulted through the personal index.

GREEK AUTHORS.--Only a very limited Greek literature upon subjects allied to mining or natural science survives. The whole of the material of technical interest could be reproduced on less than twenty of these pages. Those of most importance are: Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), Theophrastus (371-288 B.C.), Diodorus Siculus (1st Century B.C.), Strabo (64 B.C.-25 A.D.), and Dioscorides (1st Century A.D.).

Aristotle, apart from occasional mineralogical or metallurgical references in _De Mirabilibus_, is mostly of interest as the author of the Peripatetic theory of the elements and the relation of these to the origin of stones and metals. Agricola was, to a considerable measure, a follower of this school, and their views colour much of his writings. We, however, discuss elsewhere[1] at what point he departed from them. Especially in _De Ortu et Causis_ does he quote largely from Aristotle's _Meteorologica_, _Physica_, and _De Coelo_ on these subjects. There is a spurious work on stones attributed to Aristotle of some interest to mineralogists. It was probably the work of some Arab early in the Middle Ages.

Theophrastus, the principal disciple of Aristotle, appears to have written at least two works relating to our subject--one "On Stones", and the other on metals, mining or metallurgy, but the latter is not extant. The work "On Stones" was first printed in Venice in 1498, and the Greek text, together with a fair English translation by Sir John Hill, was published in London in 1746 under the title "Theophrastus on Stones"; the translation is, however, somewhat coloured with Hill's views on mineralogy. The work comprises 120 short paragraphs, and would, if reproduced, cover but about four of these pages. In the first paragraphs are the Peripatetic view of the origin of stones and minerals, and upon the foundation of Aristotle he makes some modifications. The principal interest in Theophrastus' work is the description of minerals; the information given is, however, such as might be possessed by any ordinary workman, and betrays no particular abilities for natural philosophy. He enumerates various exterior characteristics, such as colour, tenacity, hardness, smoothness, density, fusibility, lustre, and transparence, and their quality of reproduction, and then proceeds to describe various substances, but usually omits his enumerated characteristics. Apart from the then known metals and certain "earths" (ochre, marls, clay, etc.), it is possible to identify from his descriptions the following rocks and minerals:--marble, pumice, onyx, gypsum, pyrites, coal, bitumen, amber, azurite, chrysocolla, realgar, orpiment, cinnabar, quartz in various forms, lapis lazuli, emerald, sapphire, diamond, and ruby. Altogether there are some sixteen distinct mineral species. He also describes the touchstone and its uses, the making of white-lead and verdigris, and of quicksilver from cinnabar.

Diodorus Siculus was a Greek native of Sicily. His "historical library" consisted of some 40 books, of which parts of 15 are extant. The first print was in Latin, 1472, and in Greek in 1539; the first translation into English was by Thomas Stocker, London, 1568, and later by G. Booth, 1700. We have relied upon Booth's translation, but with some amendments by friends, to gain more literal statement. Diodorus, so far as relates to our subject, gives merely the occasional note of a traveller. The most interesting paragraphs are his quotation from Agatharchides on Egyptian mining and upon British tin.

Strabo was also a geographer. His work consists of 17 books, and practically all survive. We have relied upon the most excellent translation of Hamilton and Falconer, London, 1903, the only one in English. Mines and minerals did not escape such an acute geographer, and the matters of greatest interest are those with relation to Spanish mines.

Dioscorides was a Greek physician who wrote entirely from the standpoint of materia medica, most of his work being devoted to herbs; but Book V. is devoted to minerals and rocks, and their preparation for medicinal purposes. The work has never been translated into English, and we have relied upon the Latin translation of Matthioli, Venice, 1565, and notes upon the Greek text prepared for us by Mr. C. Katopodes. In addition to most of the substances known before, he, so far as can be identified, adds schist, _cadmia_ (blende or calamine), _chalcitis_ (copper sulphide), _misy_, _melanteria_, _sory_ (copper or iron sulphide oxidation minerals). He describes the making of certain artificial products, such as copper oxides, vitriol, litharge, _pompholyx_, and _spodos_ (zinc and/or arsenical oxides). His principal interest for us, however, lies in the processes set out for making his medicines.

Occasional scraps of information relating to the metals or mines in some connection are to be found in many other Greek writers, and in quotations by them from others which are not now extant, such as Polybius, Posidonius, etc. The poets occasionally throw a gleam of light on ancient metallurgy, as for instance in Homer's description of Vulcan's foundry; while the historians, philosophers, statesmen, and physicians, among them Herodotus, Xenophon, Demosthenes, Galen, and many others, have left some incidental references to the metals and mining, helpful to gleaners from a field, which has been almost exhausted by time. Even Archimedes made pumps, and Hero surveying instruments for mines.

ROMAN AUTHORS.--Pre-eminent among all ancient writers on these subjects is, of course, Pliny, and in fact, except some few lines by Vitruvius, there is practically little else in extant Roman literature of technical interest, for the metallurgical metaphors of the poets and orators were threadbare by this time, and do not excite so much interest as upon their first appearance among the Greeks and Hebrews.

Pliny (Caius Plinius Secundus) was born 23 A.D., and was killed by eruption of Vesuvius 79 A.D. His Natural History should be more properly called an encyclopædia, the whole comprising 37 books; but only portions of the last four books relate to our subject, and over one-half of the material there is upon precious stones. To give some rough idea of the small quantity of even this, the most voluminous of ancient works upon our subject, we have made an estimate that the portions of metallurgical character would cover, say, three pages of this text, on mining two pages, on building and precious stones about ten pages. Pliny and Dioscorides were contemporaries, and while Pliny nowhere refers to the Greek, internal evidence is most convincing, either that they drew from the same source, or that Pliny drew from Dioscorides. We have, therefore, throughout the text given precedence in time to the Greek author in matters of historical interest. The works of Pliny were first printed at Venice in 1469. They have passed dozens of editions in various languages, and have been twice translated into English. The first translation by Philemon Holland, London, 1601, is quite impossible. The second translation, by Bostock and Riley, London, 1855, was a great advance, and the notes are most valuable, but in general the work has suffered from a freedom justifiable in the translation of poetry, but not in science. We have relied upon the Latin edition of Janus, Leipzig, 1870. The frequent quotations in our footnotes are sufficient indication of the character of Pliny's work. In general it should be remembered that he was himself but a compiler of information from others, and, so far as our subjects are concerned, of no other experience than most travellers. When one considers the reliability of such authors to-day on technical subjects, respect for Pliny is much enhanced. Further, the text is no doubt much corrupted through the generations of transcription before it was set in type. So far as can be identified with any assurance, Pliny adds but few distinct minerals to those enumerated by Theophrastus and Dioscorides. For his metallurgical and mining information we refer to the footnotes, and in general it may be said that while those skilled in metallurgy can dimly see in his statements many metallurgical operations, there is little that does not require much deduction to arrive at a conclusion. On geology he offers no new philosophical deductions of consequence; the remote connection of building stones is practically all that can be enumerated, lest one build some assumption of a knowledge of ore-deposits on the use of the word "vein". One point of great interest to this work is that in his search for Latin terms for technical purposes Agricola relied almost wholly upon Pliny, and by some devotion to the latter we have been able to disentangle some very puzzling matters of nomenclature in _De Re Metallica_, of which the term _molybdaena_ may be cited as a case in point.

Vitruvius was a Roman architect of note of the 1st Century B.C. His work of ten books contains some very minor references to pumps and machinery, building stones, and the preparation of pigments, the latter involving operations from which metallurgical deductions can occasionally be safely made. His works were apparently first printed in Rome in 1496. There are many editions in various languages, the first English translation being from the French in 1692. We have relied upon the translation of Joseph Gwilt, London, 1875, with such alterations as we have considered necessary.

MEDIÆVAL AUTHORS.--For convenience we group under this heading the writers of interest from Roman times to the awakening of learning in the early 16th Century. Apart from Theophilus, they are mostly alchemists; but, nevertheless, some are of great importance in the history of metallurgy and chemistry. Omitting a horde of lesser lights upon whom we have given some data under the author's preface, the works principally concerned are those ascribed to Avicenna, Theophilus, Geber, Albertus Magnus, Roger Bacon, and Basil Valentine. Judging from the Preface to _De Re Metallica_, and from quotations in his subsidiary works, Agricola must have been not only familiar with a wide range of alchemistic material, but also with a good deal of the Arabic literature, which had been translated into Latin. The Arabs were, of course, the only race which kept the light of science burning during the Dark Ages, and their works were in considerable vogue at Agricola's time.

Avicenna (980-1037) was an Arabian physician of great note, a translator of the Greek classics into Arabic, and a follower of Aristotle to the extent of attempting to reconcile the Peripatetic elements with those of the alchemists. He is chiefly known to the world through the works which he compiled on medicine, mostly from the Greek and Latin authors. These works for centuries dominated the medical world, and were used in certain European Universities until the 17th century. A great many works are attributed to him, and he is copiously quoted by Agricola, principally in his _De Ortu et Causis_, apparently for the purpose of exposure.

Theophilus was a Monk and the author of a most illuminating work, largely upon working metal and its decoration for ecclesiastical purposes. An excellent translation, with the Latin text, was published by Robert Hendrie, London, 1847, under the title "An Essay upon various Arts, in three books, by Theophilus, called also Rugerus, Priest and Monk." Hendrie, for many sufficient reasons, places the period of Theophilus as the latter half of the 11th century. The work is mainly devoted to preparing pigments, making glass, and working metals, and their conversion into ecclesiastical paraphernalia, such as mural decoration, pictures, windows, chalices, censers, bells, organs, etc. However, he incidentally describes the making of metallurgical furnaces, cupellation, parting gold and silver by cementation with salt, and by melting with sulphur, the smelting of copper, liquating lead from it, and the refining of copper under a blast with poling.

Geber was until recent years considered to be an Arab alchemist of a period somewhere between the 7th and 12th centuries. A mere bibliography of the very considerable literature which exists in discussion of who, where, and at what time the author was, would fill pages. Those who are interested may obtain a start upon such references from Hermann Kopp's _Beiträge zur Geschichte der Chemie_, Braunschweig, 1875, and in John Ferguson's _Bibliotheca Chemica_, Glasgow, 1906. Berthelot, in his _Chimie au Moyen Age_, Paris, 1893, considers the works under the name of Geber were not in the main of Arabic origin, but composed by some Latin scholar in the 13th century. In any event, certain works were, under this name, printed in Latin as early as 1470-80, and have passed innumerable editions since. They were first translated into English by Richard Russell, London, 1678, and we have relied upon this and the Nuremberg edition in Latin of 1541. This work, even assuming Berthelot's view, is one of the most important in the history of chemistry and metallurgy, and is characterised by a directness of statement unique among alchemists. The making of the mineral acids--certainly nitric and _aqua regia_, and perhaps hydrochloric and sulphuric--are here first described. The author was familiar with saltpetre, sal-ammoniac, and alkali, and with the acids he prepared many salts for the first time. He was familiar with amalgamation, cupellation, the separation of gold and silver by cementation with salt and by nitric acid. His views on the primary composition of bodies dominated the alchemistic world for centuries. He contended that all metals were composed of "spiritual" sulphur (or arsenic, which he seems to consider a special form of sulphur) and quicksilver, varying proportions and qualities yielding different metals. The more the quicksilver, the more "perfect" the metal.

Albertus Magnus (Albert von Bollstadt) was a Dominican Monk, afterwards Bishop, born about 1205, and died about 1280. He was rated the most learned man of his time, and evidence of his literary activities lies in the complete edition of his works issued by Pierre Jammy, Lyons, 1651, which comprises 21 folio volumes. However, there is little doubt that a great number of works attributed to him, especially upon alchemy, are spurious. He covered a wide range of theology, logic, alchemy, and natural science, and of the latter the following works which concern our subject are considered genuine:--_De Rebus Metallicis et Mineralibus_, _De Generatione et Corruptione_, and _De Meteoris_. They are little more than compilations and expositions of the classics muddled with the writings of the Arabs, and in general an attempt to conciliate the Peripatetic and Alchemistic schools. His position in the history of science has been greatly over-estimated. However, his mineralogy is, except for books on gems, the only writing of any consequence at all on the subject between Pliny and Agricola, and while there are but two or three minerals mentioned which are not to be found in the ancient authors, this work, nevertheless, deserves some place in the history of science, especially as some attempt at classification is made. Agricola devotes some thousands of words to the refutation of his "errors."

Roger Bacon (1214-1294) was a Franciscan Friar, a lecturer at Oxford, and a man of considerable scientific attainments for his time. He was the author of a large number of mathematical, philosophical, and alchemistic treatises. The latter are of some importance in the history of chemistry, but have only minute bearing upon metallurgy, and this chiefly as being one of the earliest to mention saltpetre.

Basil Valentine is the reputed author of a number of alchemistic works, of which none appeared in print until early in the 17th century. Internal evidence seems to indicate that the "Triumphant Chariot of Antimony" is the only one which may possibly be authentic, and could not have been written prior to the end of the 15th or early 16th century, although it has been variously placed as early as 1350. To this work has been accredited the first mention of sulphuric and hydrochloric acid, the separation of gold and silver by the use of antimony (sulphide), the reduction of the antimony sulphide to the metal, the extraction of copper by the precipitation of the sulphate with iron, and the discovery of various antimonial salts. At the time of the publication of works ascribed to Valentine practically all these things were well known, and had been previously described. We are, therefore, in much doubt as to whether this author really deserves any notice in the history of metallurgy.

EARLY 16th CENTURY WORKS.--During the 16th century, and prior to _De Re Metallica_, there are only three works of importance from the point of view of mining technology--the _Nützlich Bergbüchlin_, the _Probierbüchlein_, and Biringuccio's _De La Pirotechnia_. There are also some minor works by the alchemists of some interest for isolated statements, particularly those of Paracelsus. The three works mentioned, however, represent such a stride of advance over anything previous, that they merit careful consideration.

_Eyn Nützlich Bergbüchlin._ Under this title we frequently refer to a little booklet on veins and ores, published at the beginning of the 16th century. The title page of our copy is as below:--

This book is small 8vo, comprises 24 folios without pagination, and has no typographical indications upon the title page, but the last line in the book reads: _Gedruckt zu Erffurd durch Johan Loersfelt, 1527_. Another edition in our possession, that of "Frankfurt am Meyn", 1533, by Christian Egenolph, is entitled _Bergwerk und Probierbüchlin_, etc., and contains, besides the above, an extract and plates from the _Probierbüchlein_ (referred to later on), and a few recipes for assay tests. All of these booklets, of which we find mention, comprise instructions from Daniel, a skilled miner, to Knappius, "his mining boy". Although the little books of this title are all anonymous, we are convinced, largely from the statement in the Preface of _De Re Metallica_, that one Calbus of Freiberg was the original author of this work. Agricola says: "Two books have been written in our tongue: the one on the assaying of mineral substances and metals, somewhat confused, whose author is unknown; the other 'On Veins', of which Pandulfus Anglus is also said to have written, _although the German book was written by Calbus of Freiberg, a well-known doctor; but neither of them accomplished the task he had begun_." He again refers to Calbus at the end of Book III.[2] of _De Re Metallica_, and gives an almost verbatim quotation from the _Nützlich Bergbüchlin_. Jacobi[3] says: "Calbus Fribergius, so called by Agricola himself, is certainly no other than the Freiberg doctor, Rühlein von C(K)albe." There are also certain internal evidences that support Agricola's statement, for the work was evidently written in Meissen, and the statement of Agricola that the book was unfinished is borne out by a short dialogue at the end of the earlier editions, designed to introduce further discussion. Calbus (or Dr. Ulrich Rühlein von Kalbe) was a very active citizen of Freiberg, having been a town councillor in 1509, burgomaster in 1514, a mathematician, mining surveyor, founder of a school of liberal arts, and in general a physician. He died in 1523.[4] The book possesses great literary interest, as it is, so far as we are aware, undoubtedly the first work on mining geology, and in consequence we have spent some effort in endeavour to find the date of its first appearance. Through the courtesy of M. Polain, who has carefully examined for us the _Nützlich Bergbüchlein_ described in Marie Pellechet's _Catalogue Général des Incunables des Bibliothèques Publiques de France_,[5] we have ascertained that it is similar as regards text and woodcuts to the Erfurt edition, 1527. This copy in the Bibliothèque Nationale is without typographical indications, and M. Polain considers it very possible that it is the original edition printed at the end of the fifteenth or beginning of the sixteenth centuries. Mr. Bennett Brough,[6] quoting Hans von Dechen,[7] states that the first edition was printed at Augsburg in 1505, no copy of which seems to be extant. The Librarian at the School of Mines at Freiberg has kindly furnished us with the following notes as to the titles of the copies in that Institution:--(1) _Eyn Wolgeordent und Nützlich Bergbüchlein_, etc., Worms, 1512[8] and 1518[9] (the place and date are written in), (2) the same as ours (1527); (3) the same, Heinrich Steyner, Augsburg, 1534; (4) the same, 1539. On comparing these various editions (to which may be added one probably published in Nürnberg by Friedrich Peypus in 1532[10]) we find that they fall into two very distinct groups, characterised by their contents and by two entirely different sets of woodcuts.

Group I.

(_a_) _Eyn Nützlich Bergbüchlein_ (in _Bibl. Nat._, Paris) before 1500 (?).

(_b_) Ditto, Erfurt, 1527.

Group II.

(_c_) _Wolgeordent Nützlich Bergbüchlein_, Worms, Peter Schöfern, 1512.

(_d_) _Wolgeordent Nützlich Bergbüchlein_, Worms, Peter Schöfern, 1518.

(_e_) _Bergbüchlin von Erkantnus der Berckwerck_, Nürnberg, undated, 1532 (?).

(_f_) _Bergwerckbuch & Probirbuch_, Christian Egenolph, Frankfurt-am-Meyn, 1533.

(_g_) _Wolgeordent Nützlich Bergbüchlein_, Augsburg, Heinrich Steyner, 1534.

(_h_) _Wolgeordent Nützlich Bergbüchlein_, Augsburg, Heinrich Steyner, 1539.

There are also others of later date toward the end of the sixteenth century.

The _Büchlein_ of Group I. terminate after the short dialogue between Daniel and Knappius with the words: _Mitt welchen das kleinspeissig ertz geschmeltzt soil werden_; whereas in those of Group II. these words are followed by a short explanation of the signs used in the woodcuts, and by directions for colouring the woodcuts, and in some cases by several pages containing definitions of some 92 mining terms. In the editions of Group I. the woodcut on the title page represents a miner hewing ore in a vein and two others working a windlass. In those of Group II. the woodcut on the title page represents one miner hewing on the surface, another to the right carting away ore in a handcart, and two others carrying between them a heavy timber. In our opinion Group I. represents the older and original work of Calbus; but as we have not seen the copy in the _Bibliothèque Nationale_, and the Augsburg edition of 1505 has only so far been traced to Veith's catalogue,[11] the question of the first edition cannot be considered settled at present. In any event, it appears that the material grafted on in the second group was later, and by various authors.

The earliest books comprise ten chapters, in which Daniel delivers about 6,000 words of instruction. The first four chapters are devoted to the description of veins and the origin of the metals, of the remaining six chapters one each to silver, gold, tin, copper, iron, lead, and quicksilver. Among the mining terms are explained the meaning of country rock (_zechstein_), hanging and footwalls (_hangends_ and _liegends_), the strike (_streichen_), dip (_fallen_), and outcrop (_ausgehen_). Of the latter two varieties are given, one of the "whole vein," the other of the _gesteins_, which may be the ore-shoot. Various veins are illustrated, and also for the first time a mining compass. The account of the origin of the metals is a muddle of the Peripatetics, the alchemists, and the astrologers, for which acknowledgment to Albertus Magnus is given. They are represented to originate from quicksilver and sulphur through heat, cold, dampness, and dryness, and are drawn out as exhalations through the veins, each metal owing its origin to the special influence of some planet; the Moon for silver, Saturn for lead, etc. Two types of veins are mentioned, "standing" (_stehendergang_) and flat (_flachgang_). Stringers are given the same characteristics as veins, but divided into hanging, footwall, and other varieties. Prominence is also given to the _geschick_ (selvage seams or joints?). The importance of the bearing of the junctions of veins and stringers on enrichment is elaborated upon, and veins of east-west strike lying upon a south slope are considered the best. From the following notes it will be seen that two or three other types of deposits besides veins are referred to.

In describing silver veins, of peculiar interest is the mention of the association of bismuth (_wismuth_), this being, we believe, the first mention of that metal, galena (_glantz_), quartz (_quertz_), spar (_spar_), hornstone (_hornstein_), ironstone and pyrites (_kies_), are mentioned as gangue materials, "according to the mingling of the various vapours." The term _glasertz_ is used, but it is difficult to say if silver glance is meant; if so, it is the first mention of this mineral. So far as we know, this is the first use of any of the terms in print. Gold alluvial is described, part of the gold being assumed as generated in the gravel. The best alluvial is in streams running east and west. The association of gold with pyrites is mentioned, and the pyrites is found "in some places as a complete stratum carried through horizontally, and is called a _schwebender gang_." This sort of occurrence is not considered very good "because the work of the heavens can be but little completed on account of the unsuitability of the position." Gold pyrites that comes in veins is better. Tin is mentioned as found in alluvial, and also in veins, the latter being better or worse, according to the amount of pyrites, although the latter can be burned off. Tin-stone is found in masses, copper ore in schist and in veins sometimes with pyrites. The ore from veins is better than schist. Iron ore is found in masses, and sometimes in veins; the latter is the best. "The iron veins with good hanging- and foot-walls are not to be despised, especially if their strike be from east to west, their dip to the south, the foot-wall and outcrop to the north, then if the ironstone is followed down, the vein usually reveals gold or other valuable ore". Lead ore is found in _schwebenden gang_ and _stehenden gang_. Quicksilver, like other ore, is sometimes found in brown earth, and sometimes, again, in caves where it has run out like water. The classification of veins is the same as in _De Re Metallica_.[12] The book generally, however, seems to have raised Agricola's opposition, for the quotations are given in order to be demolished.

_Probierbüchlein._ Agricola refers in the Preface of _De Re Metallica_ to a work in German on assaying and refining metals, and it is our belief that it was to some one of the little assay books published early in the 16th century. There are several of them, seemingly revised editions of each other; in the early ones no author's name appears, although among the later editions various names appear on the title page. An examination of these little books discloses the fact that their main contents are identical, for they are really collections of recipes after the order of cookery books, and intended rather to refresh the memory of those already skilled than to instruct the novice. The books appear to have grown by accretions from many sources, for a large number of methods are given over and over again in the same book with slight variations. We reproduce the title page of our earliest copy.

The following is a list of these booklets so far as we have been able to discover actual copies:--

_Date._ _Place._ _Publisher._ _Title (Short)._ _Author._

Unknown Unknown Unknown _Probierbüchlein_ Anon. (Undated; but catalogue of British Museum suggests Augsburg, 1510.)

1524 Magdeburg _Probirbüchleyn Anon. tzu Gotteslob_

1531 Augsburg Unknown _Probierbuch aller Anon. Sachsischer Ertze_

1533 Frankfurt a. _Bergwerck und Anon. Meyn Probierbüchlein_

1534 Augsburg Heinrich _Probirbüchlein_ Anon. Steyner, 8vo.

1546 Augsburg Ditto, ditto _Probirbüchlein_ Anon.

1549 Augsburg Ditto, ditto _Probirbüchlein_ Anon.

1564 Augsburg Math. Francke, _Probirbüchlein_ Zach. Lochner 4to

1573 Augsburg 8vo. _Probirbuch_ Sam. Zimmermann

1574 Franckfurt _Probierbüchlein_ Anon. a. Meyn

1578 Ditto _Probierbüchlein Fremde Cyriacus und subtile Kunst_ Schreittmann

1580 Ditto _Probierbüchlein_ Anon.

1595 Ditto _Probierbüchlein darinn Modestin Fachs gründlicher Bericht_

1607 Dresden 4to _Metallische Probier C. C. Schindler Kunst_ _Bericht vom Ursprung und Erkenntniss der Metallischen erze_

1669 Amsterdam _Probierbüchlein darinn Modestin Fachs gründlicher Bericht_

1678 Leipzig _Probierbüchlein darinn Modestin Fachs gründlicher Bericht_

1689 Leipzig _Probierbüchlein darinn Modestin Fachs gründlicher Bericht_

1695 Nürnberg 12mo. _Deutliche Vorstellung Anon. der Probier Kunst_

1744 Lübeck 8vo. _Neu-eröffnete Probier Anon. Buch_

1755 Frankfurt 8vo. _Scheid-Künstler ... Anon. and Leipzig alle Ertz und Metalle ... probiren_

1782 Rotenburg an 8vo. _Probierbuch aus K. A. Scheidt der Fulde Erfahrung aufgesetzt_

As mentioned under the _Nützlich Bergbüchlein_, our copy of that work, printed in 1533, contains only a portion of the _Probierbüchlein_. Ferguson[13] mentions an edition of 1608, and the Freiberg School of Mines Catalogue gives also Frankfort, 1608, and Nürnberg, 1706. The British Museum copy of earliest date, like the title page reproduced, contains no date. The title page woodcut, however, in the Museum copy is referred from that above, possibly indicating an earlier date of the Museum copy.

The booklets enumerated above vary a great deal in contents, the successive prints representing a sort of growth by accretion. The first portion of our earliest edition is devoted to weights, in which the system of "lesser weights" (the principle of the "assay ton") is explained. Following this are exhaustive lists of touch-needles of various composition. Directions are given with regard to assay furnaces, cupels, muffles, scorifiers, and crucibles, granulated and leaf metals, for washing, roasting, and the preparation of assay charges. Various reagents, including glass-gall, litharge, salt, iron filings, lead, "alkali", talc, argol, saltpetre, sal-ammoniac, alum, vitriol, lime, sulphur, antimony, _aqua fortis_, or _scheidwasser_, etc., are made use of. Various assays are described and directions given for crucible, scorification, and cupellation tests. The latter part of the book is devoted to the refining and parting of precious metals. Instructions are given for the separation of silver from iron, from lead, and from antimony; of gold from silver with antimony (sulphide) and sulphur, or with sulphur alone, with "_scheidwasser_," and by cementation with salt; of gold from copper with sulphur and with lead. The amalgamation of gold and silver is mentioned.

The book is diffuse and confused, and without arrangement or system, yet a little consideration enables one of experience to understand most statements. There are over 120 recipes, with, as said before, much repetition; for instance, the parting of gold and silver by use of sulphur is given eight times in different places. The final line of the book is: "Take this in good part, dear reader, after it, please God, there will be a better." In truth, however, there are books on assaying four centuries younger that are worse. This is, without doubt, the first written word on assaying, and it displays that art already full grown, so far as concerns gold and silver, and to some extent copper and lead; for if we eliminate the words dependent on the atomic theory from modern works on dry assaying, there has been but very minor progress. The art could not, however, have reached this advanced stage but by slow accretion, and no doubt this collection of recipes had been handed from father to son long before the 16th century. It is of wider interest that these booklets represent the first milestone on the road to quantitative analysis, and in this light they have been largely ignored by the historians of chemistry. Internal evidence in Book VII. of _De Re Metallica_, together with the reference in the Preface, leave little doubt that Agricola was familiar with these booklets. His work, however, is arranged more systematically, each operation stated more clearly, with more detail and fresh items; and further, he gives methods of determining copper and lead which are but minutely touched upon in the _Probierbüchlein_, while the directions as to tin, bismuth, quicksilver, and iron are entirely new.

Biringuccio (Vanuccio). We practically know nothing about this author. From the preface to the first edition of his work it appears he was styled a mathematician, but in the text[14] he certainly states that he was most of his time engaged in metallurgical operations, and that in pursuit of such knowledge he had visited Germany. The work was in Italian, published at Venice in 1540, the title page of the first edition as below:--

It comprises ten chapters in 168 folios demi-octavo. Other Italian editions of which we find some record are the second at Venice, 1552; third, Venice, 1558; fourth, Venice, 1559; fifth, Bologna, 1678. A French translation, by Jacques Vincent, was published in Paris, 1556, and this translation was again published at Rouen in 1627. Of the ten chapters the last six are almost wholly devoted to metal working and founding, and it is more largely for this description of the methods of making artillery, munitions of war and bells that the book is celebrated. In any event, with the exception of a quotation which we give on page 297 on silver amalgamation, there is little of interest on our subject in the latter chapters. The first four chapters are undoubtedly of importance in the history of metallurgical literature, and represent the first work on smelting. The descriptions are, however, very diffuse, difficult to follow, and lack arrangement and detail. But like the _Probierbüchlein_, the fact that it was written prior to _De Re Metallica_ demands attention for it which it would not otherwise receive. The ores of gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, and iron are described, but much interrupted with denunciations of the alchemists. There is little of geological or mineralogical interest, he too holding to a muddle of the classic elements astrology and alchemy. He has nothing of consequence to say on mining, and dismisses concentration with a few words. Upon assaying his work is not so useful as the _Probierbüchlein_. On ore smelting he describes the reduction of iron and lead ores and cupriferous silver or gold ores with lead. He gives the barest description of a blast furnace, but adds an interesting account of a _reverbero_ furnace. He describes liquation as consisting of one operation; the subsequent treatment of the copper by refining with an oxidizing blast, but does not mention poling; the cupellation of argentiferous lead and the reduction of the litharge; the manufacture of nitric acid and that method of parting gold and silver. He also gives the method of parting with antimony and sulphur, and by cementation with common salt. Among the side issues, he describes the method of making brass with calamine; of making steel; of distilling quicksilver; of melting out sulphur; of making vitriol and alum. He states that _arsenico_ and _orpimento_ and _etrisagallio_ (realgar) are the same substance, and are used to colour copper white.

In general, Biringuccio should be accredited with the first description (as far as we are aware) of silver amalgamation, of a reverberatory furnace, and of liquation, although the description is not complete. Also he is, so far as we are aware, the first to mention cobalt blue (_Zaffre_) and manganese, although he classed them as "half" metals. His descriptions are far inferior to Agricola's; they do not compass anything like the same range of metallurgy, and betray the lack of a logical mind.

_Other works._ There are several works devoted to mineralogy, dating from the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, which were, no doubt, available to Agricola in the compilation of his _De Natura Fossilium_. They are, however, practically all compiled from the jeweller's point of view rather than from that of the miner. Among them we may mention the poem on precious stones by Marbodaeus, an author who lived from 1035 to 1123, but which was first printed at Vienna in 1511; _Speculum Lapidum_, a work on precious stones, by Camilli Leonardi, first printed in Venice in 1502. A work of wider interest to mineralogists is that by Christoph Entzelt (or Enzelius, Encelio, Encelius, as it is variously given), entitled _De Re Metallica_, and first printed in 1551. The work is five years later than _De Natura Fossilium_, but contains much new material and was available to Agricola prior to his revised editions.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See pages 44 and 46.

[2] Page 75.

[3] _Der Mineralog Georgius Agricola_, Zwickau, 1889, p. 46.

[4] Andreas Möller, _Theatrum Freibergense Chronicum_, etc., Freiberg, 1653.

[5] Paris, 1897, Vol. I. p. 501.

[6] Cantor Lectures, London, April 1892.

[7] Hans von Dechen, _Das älteste deutsche Bergwerksbuch_, reprint from _Zts. für Bergrecht Bd. XXVI._, Bonn, 1885.

[8] Panzer's _Annalen_, Nürnberg, 1782, p. 422, gives an edition Worms _bei_ Peter Schöfern, 1512.

[9] The Royal Library at Dresden and the State Library at Munich have each a copy, dated 1518, Worms.

[10] Hans von Decken _op. cit._, p. 48-49.

[11] _Annales typographiae augustanae ab ejus origine, MCCCLXVI. usque ad. an. M.D.XXX. Accedit dom Franc. Ant. Veith. Diatribe de origine ... artis typographicae in urbe augusta vindelica edidit...._ Georgius G. Zapf., Augsburg, 1778, X. p. 23.

[12] See p. 44.

[13] _Bibliotheca Chemica_.

[14] Book I., Chap. 2.

APPENDIX C.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

As stated in the preface, the nomenclature to be adopted for weights and measures has presented great difficulty. Agricola uses, throughout, the Roman and the Romanized Greek scales, but in many cases he uses these terms merely as lingual equivalents for the German quantities of his day. Moreover the classic language sometimes failed him, whereupon he coined new Latin terms adapted from the Roman scale, and thus added further confusion. We can, perhaps, make the matter clearer by an illustration of a case in weights. The Roman _centumpondium_, composed of 100 _librae_, the old German _centner_ of 100 _pfundt_, and the English hundredweight of 112 pounds can be called lingual equivalents. The first weighs about 494,600 Troy grains, the second 721,900, and the third 784,000. While the divisions of the _centumpondium_ and the _centner_ are the same, the _libra_ is divided into 12 _unciae_ and the _pfundt_ into 16 _untzen_, and in most places a summation of the units given proves that the author had in mind the Roman ratios. However, on p. 509 he makes the direct statement that the _centumpondium_ weighs 146 _librae_, which would be about the correct weight if the _centumpondium_ referred to was a _centner_. If we take an example such as "each _centumpondium_ of lead contains one _uncia_ of silver", and reduce it according to purely lingual equivalents, we should find that it runs 24.3 Troy ounces per short ton, on the basis of Roman values, and 18.25 ounces per short ton, on the basis of old German. If we were to translate these into English lingual equivalents of one ounce per hundredweight, then the value would be 17.9 ounces per short ton.

Several possibilities were open in translation: first, to calculate the values accurately in the English units; second, to adopt the nearest English lingual equivalent; third, to introduce the German scale of the period; or, fourth, to leave the original Latin in the text. The first would lead to an indefinite number of decimals and to constant doubt as to whether the values, upon which calculations were to be based, were Roman or German. The second, that is the substitution of lingual equivalents, is objectionable, not only because it would indicate values not meant by the author, but also because we should have, like Agricola, to coin new terms to accommodate the lapses in the scales, or again to use decimals. In the third case, that is in the use of the old German scale, while it would be easier to adapt than the English, it would be more unfamiliar to most readers than the Latin, and not so expressive in print, and further, in some cases would present the same difficulties of calculation as in using the English scale. Nor does the contemporary German translation of _De Re Metallica_ prove of help, for its translator adopted only lingual equivalents, and in consequence the summation of his weights often gives incorrect results. From all these possibilities we have chosen the fourth, that is simply to reproduce the Latin terms for both weights and measures. We have introduced into the footnotes such reductions to the English scale as we considered would interest readers. We have, however, digressed from the rule in two cases, in the adoption of "foot" for the Latin _pes_, and "fathom" for _passus_. Apart from the fact that these were not cases where accuracy is involved, Agricola himself explains (p. 77) that he means the German values for these particular terms, which, fortunately, fairly closely approximate to the English. Further, we have adopted the Anglicized words "digit", "palm", and "cubit", instead of their Latin forms.

For purposes of reference, we reproduce the principal Roman and old German scales, in so far as they are used by Agricola in this work, with their values in English. All students of weights and measures will realize that these values are but approximate, and that this is not an occasion to enter upon a discussion of the variations in different periods or by different authorities. Agricola himself is the author of one of the standard works on Ancient Weights and Measures (see Appendix A), and further gives fairly complete information on contemporary scales of weight and fineness for precious metals in Book VII. p. 262 etc., to which we refer readers.

ROMAN SCALES OF WEIGHTS.

Troy Grains. 1 _Siliqua_ = 2.87 6 _Siliquae_ = 1 _Scripulum_ 17.2 4 _Scripula_ = 1 _Sextula_ 68.7 6 _Sextulae_ = 1 _Uncia_ 412.2 12 _Unciae_ = 1 _Libra_ 4946.4 100 _Librae_ = 1 _Centumpondium_ 494640.0

Also

1 _Scripulum_ = 17.2 3 _Scripula_ = 1 _Drachma_ 51.5 2 _Drachmae_ = 1 _Sicilicus_ 103.0 4 _Sicilici_ = 1 _Uncia_ 412.2 8 _Unciae_ = 1 _Bes_ 3297.6

SCALE OF FINENESS (AGRICOLA'S ADAPTATION).

4 _Siliquae_ = 1 Unit of _Siliquae_ 3 _Units of Siliquae_ = 1 _Semi-sextula_ 4 _Semi-sextulae_ = 1 _Duella_ 24 _Duellae_ = 1 _Bes_

OLD GERMAN SCALE OF WEIGHTS. Troy Grains. 1 _Pfennig_ = 14.1 4 _Pfennige_ = 1 _Quintlein_ 56.4 4 _Quintlein_ = 1 _Loth_ 225.6 2 _Loth_ = 1 _Untzen_ 451.2 8 _Untzen_ = 1 _Mark_ 3609.6 2 _Mark_ = 1 _Pfundt_ 7219.2 100 _Pfundt_ = 1 _Centner_ 721920.0

SCALE OF FINENESS.

3 _Grenlin_ = 1 _Gran_ 4 _Gran_ = 1 _Krat_ 24 _Krat_ = 1 _Mark_

ROMAN LONG MEASURE. Inches. 1 _Digitus_ = .726 4 _Digiti_ = 1 _Palmus_ 2.90 4 _Palmi_ = 1 _Pes_ 11.61 1-1/2 _Pedes_ = 1 _Cubitus_ 17.41 5 _Pedes_ = 1 _Passus_ 58.1

Also

1 Roman _Uncia_ = .97 12 _Unciae_ = Pes 11.61

GREEK LONG MEASURE. Inches. 1 _Dactylos_ = .758 4 _Dactyloi_ = 1 _Palaiste_ 3.03 4 _Palaistai_ = 1 _Pous_ 12.135 1-1/2 _Pous_ = 1 _Pechus_ 18.20 6 _Pous_ = 1 _Orguia_ 72.81

OLD GERMAN LONG MEASURE. Inches. 1 _Querfinger_ = .703 16 _Querfinger_ = 1 _Werckschuh_ 11.247 2 _Werckschuh_ = 1 _Elle_ 22.494 3 _Elle_ = 1 _Lachter_ 67.518

Also

1 _Zoll_ = .85 12 _Zoll_ = 1 _Werkschuh_

ROMAN LIQUID MEASURE. Cubic inches. Pints. 1 _Quartarius_ = 8.6 .247 4 _Quartarii_ = 1 _Sextarius_ 31.4 .991 6 _Sextarii_ = 1 _Congius_ 206.4 5.947 16 _Sextarii_ = 1 _Modius_ 550.4 15.867 8 _Congii_ = 1 _Amphora_ 1650.0 47.577

(Agricola nowhere uses the Saxon liquid measures, nor do they fall into units comparable with the Roman).

GENERAL INDEX.

NOTE.--The numbers in heavy type refer to the Text; those in plain type to the Footnotes, Appendices, etc.

Abandonment of Mines, =217=

Abertham. Mines at, =74=; =92=; 74

Abolite, 113

_Abstrich_, 465; 492

Abydos. Gold mines of, =26=; 27 Lead figure from, 390

_Abzug_, 464; 465; 475

_Achates_ (_see_ Agate).

Accidents To Miners, =214-218=

Accounts (Mining), =96-98=

Adit, 101

_Aeris flos_ (_see_ Copper Flowers).

_Aeris squama_ (_see_ Copper Scales).

_Aes caldarium_, 109

_Aes luteum_, 109

_Aes nigrum_, 109

_Aes purum fossile_ (_see_ Native Copper).

_Aes rude plumbei coloris_ (_see_ Copper Glance).

_Aes ustum_ (_see_ Roasted Copper).

_Aetites_, 2

Africa. Iron, 420 Tin, 412

Agate, 114

Agriculture. Mining compared with, =5=

Ailments of Miners (_see_ Maladies of Miners).

Air Currents in Mines, =121=; =200=

Alabaster, 114

Alchemists, XXVII-XXX; 44; 608 Agricola's opinion of, XII; =XXVII.= Amalgamation, 297 Assaying, =248=; 219 Discovery of acids, 439; 460 Distillation, 441

Aljustrel Tablet, 83-84

Alkali, 558

Alloys, Assaying of, =247-252=

Alluvial Mining, =321-348=; 330-332

Alston Moor, 84

Altenberg, =XXXI=; VI. Collapse of mine, =216= Miners poisoned, =214= Tin working appliances, =290=; =304=; =318=

Alum, =564-568=; 564-570 A solidified juice, 1 Elizabethan Charter, 283 In roasted pyrites, =350= In _Sal artificiosus_, =463= Latin and German terms, 220; 221 Papal monopoly, 570 Use in making nitric acid, =439=; 460

Amalgam. Parting the gold from, =298=; 297

Amalgamation, 297 Of gilt objects, =461= Mills, =295-299=

Amber, =34=; 35

Amethyst, 114

_Amiantus_ (_see_ Asbestos).

Ampulla, =445-447=; 220

Annaberg, VI; =XXXI=; =42=; =75=; 75 Profits, =92=

Ant, venomous, =216=

Antimony, 220; 428; 354 Minerals, 110 Smelting of, =400=; =428= Use as type-metal, 2; 429

Antimony Sulphide, 220; 428; 451 Parting gold and silver with, =451=; 451; 461 Parting gold from copper, =463= Parting silver and iron, =544=

Antwerp, Scale of Weights, =263=

Apex Law, 81; 83-86

_Aqua regia_, 439; 441; 354

_Aqua valens_ (_see also_ Nitric Acid), =439-443=; 439; 220 Clarification with silver, =443=; 443 Cleansing gold-dust with, =396= Parting precious metals with, =443-447=

_Arbores dissectae_ (Lagging), 101

Archimedes, Screw of, 149

Architecture. Knowledge necessary for miners, =4=

_Area fodinarum_ (_see_ Meer).

Argentiferous Copper Ores, Smelting of, =404-407=

Argentite, 109

_Argentum purum in venis_ (_see_ Native Silver).

_Argentum rude plumbei coloris_ (_see_ Silver Glance).

_Argentum rude rubrum translucidum_ (_see_ Ruby Silver).

Argol, 234; 220 As a flux, =234=; =238=; =243= Use in melting silver nitrate, =447= Use in smelting gold dust, =396-398=

Argonauts, 330

Arithmetical Science. Knowledge necessary for miners, =4=

Armenia, Stone of, 115

Arsenic (_see also_ Orpiment _and_ Realgar), 111; 214

_Arsenicum_, 111

Arsenopyrite, 111

Asbestos, =440=; 440; 114

Ash-coloured Copper, =539-540=; 540; 523-524; 492 From liquation, =529-530=

Ashes which Wool Dyers use (_see also_ Potash), 233; 559; 220 Use in assaying, =236-238=

Ash of Lead, =237-238=; 237; 220

Ash of Musk Ivy (_see also_ Potash and _Nitrum_), =236-238=; 220

Asphalt, 581

_Asphaltites_ (_see_ Dead Sea).

Assay Balances (_see_ Balances).

Assay Fluxes (_see_ Fluxes).

Assay Furnaces, =224-228=; 220 Crucible, =226-227= Muffle, =224-228=; =239=

Assaying (_see also_ _Probierbüchlein_), =219=; 219; 220; 354 Amalgamation, =243= Bismuth, =247= Copper, =244= Cupellation, =240= Gold and silver alloys, =248= Gold ore, =242-244= Iron ore, =247= Lead, =245-246= Silver, =242-245= Silver and copper alloys, =249-250= Tin, =246= Tin and silver alloys, =251=

Assay Muffles (_see_ Muffles).

Assay Ton, =261=; 242

Assyrian Copper, 402

Asthma, =214=

Astronomy. Knowledge necessary for miners, =4=

Atarnea. Mines near, =26=; 27

Athens. Mining law, 83 Sea power and mines, 27 Silver mines (_see_ Mt. Laurion, Mines of).

_Atramentum Sutorium_ (_see also_ Vitriol), 572; 110

_Atramentum Sutorium candidum_, 113

_Atramentum Sutorium rubrum_, =274=; 274

_Aurichalcum_, 409; 404

_Auripigmentum_ (_see_ Orpiment).

Azure, 1; 109; 220 An indication of copper, =116= An indication of gold, =117= Colour of flame, =235=

Azurite 109; 220; 402

Babel, Tower of, 582

Babylonia. Bitumen in, 582 Use of lead, 391

Babytace. Gold buried by inhabitants, =9=; =15=

Baebelo, =42=; 42

Balances, =224=; =264-265=

Barite, 115

Barmaster, of High Peak, 77

Bars, for Furnace Work, =382=

Baskets, for Hoisting, =153=

Batea, =156=

Beer, =230=; 220

Bell, to call Workmen, =100=

Bellows, =362-373=; =419= Ancient use of, 354; 355; 362 Assay furnace, =226=; =245= Mine ventilation with, =207-210=

Beni Hassen, Inscriptions at, 586

_Berg-geel_, 111

Bergmeister, =33=; =81=; =95=; =77=; 77; 78 Deals with forfeited shares, =92-93= Jurors, =96=

Bergmeister's Clerk, =95=; 78

_Bergzinober_ (_see_ Quicksilver).

Bermius (Bermium), Mt. (_see_ Mt. Bermius).

Bismuth, =433=; 354; 220 Assaying ores of, =247= Indication of silver, =116= Minerals, 2; 111 Smelting of, =433-437=; =400= The "roof of silver," =117=; 433 _Zaffre_, 112

Bitumen. Ancient knowledge of, 220; 581-582; 354 Colour of fumes, =235= Dead Sea, =33= Distillation, =581= From springs, =582= Harmful to metals, =273= Roasting from ore, =273=; =276=; =351= Solidified juice, =1=

_Bituminosa cadmia_ (_see_ _Cadmia bituminosa_).

Blast, Regulation of, =380=; =386=

Blasting, 119

Blende, 113

Bleyberg, 239

Bloodstone, 111; 2

Bloom, 420

_Blütstein_ (_see_ Ironstone).

Bohemia. Antimony sulphide, 428 Pestilential vapours, =216= Sifting ore in, =293= Smelting, =384=

Bone-ash, =230=; 466

Borax, 560; 221; 110 Method of manufacture, =560= Use in gold smelting, =444=; =457=; =464= Use in assaying, =245=; =246=

Bornite, 109

Boundary Stones, =87=; 129

Boundaries, =77=; =147=

Bowls for Alluvial Washing, =322=; =324=; =334=; =336=

Brass, 410; 354; 2 Ancient methods of making, 404-405; 112

Breaking Ore, =117-119=

Brick Dust. Used in cementation, =454=; 454 Used in making nitric acid, =440=

Brine (_see also_ Salt). Evaporation of, =547-548=

Britain. Lead-silver smelting, 392 Miners mentioned by Pliny, 83 Tin trade, 411-413

British Museum. Egyptian gold-mining, 399 Egyptian lead, 390 Egyptian steel, 402

Bromyrite, 109

Bronze. Historical notes, 411; 402; 354

Bronze Age, 355; =402=; 411

Bryle (Outcrop), 101

Buckets, for Hoisting Ore, =153-154=; =157=

Buddle, 281; 282; 267 Divided, =302-303= Simple, =300-302=; =312-315=

Bullion, Pouring into Bars, =382=

Burning Ore, =231=; =273=; 267

Burnt Alum, =233=; 565; 221

_Cadmia_ (_see also_ Zinc, _Pompholyx_, _and_ Cobalt), =542=; 542; 112-113 Ancient ore of brass, 410 From dust chambers, =394= From liquation, =539=; 542 From roasting matte, =349= Poisonous to miners, =214=; 214 Roasting, =276= Smelting for gold and silver, =410=

_Cadmia bituminosa_, =276=; 273; 113

_Cadmia fornacis_ (_see_ Furnace Accretions).

_Cadmia fossilis_ (_see_ Calamine _and_ Blende).

_Cadmia metallica_ (_see also_ Cobalt), =403=; 113

_Caeruleum_ (_see_ Azure).

Cakes of Melted Pyrites, 379; 222 A flux, =234= Roasting of, =349-351= Use in smelting, =379=

Calaëm (_see also_ Zinc), =409=

Calamine, 112; 113; 409; 410

Calcite, 114

Calcspar, =116=; 114

_Caldarium_ Copper, =512=; =542=; 404; 511

Caldrons, for Evaporating Salts, =548=

_Calmei_ (_see_ Calamine).

Cameros. Zinc found at, 409

Camphor, =238=; 238; 221

Cam-shaft, =282-283=; 267

_Canales_ (Ore Channels), 43; 46; 47 Ore shoots in, =117=

Cannon, =11=

Cardinal Points, =57=; =58=

Carnelian, 114

_Carneol_ (_see_ Carnelian).

_Carni_, 390 Cupellation, =483= Smelting of lead ores, =390=

Carpathian Mountains. Liquation practice in, =540=; =544= Sieves, =289= Stamp-milling, =319=

Carthage. Mines in Spain, =27=

Castulo (Cazlona), 42

Cementation (_see also_ Parting Gold from Silver), =453-457=; 453; 458

_Centumpondium_, 616; 242; 509 Scale of weights, =260-261=

Cerargurite, 109

_Cerussa_ (_see_ White-lead).

Cerussite, 110

Chain Pumps, =171-175=

Chalcanthite, 110

_Chalcanthum_ (_see also_ Vitriol), 109; 572

Chalcedony, 114

_Chalcitis_, 573; 109 Indication of copper, =116=

Chalcocite, 109; 402

Chalcopyrite, 109

Chaldean Antimony, 429

Chemistry. Origin, XXVII; 220

Chemnitz. Agricola appointed city physician, VII. Agricola elected burgomaster, VIII; IX. Quarrel over Agricola's burial, XI.

China, Grand Canal of, 129

Chinese. Early copper smelting, 402 Early iron, 421 Early silver metallurgy, 391 Early zinc smelting, 409

_Chrysocolla_ (_see also_ Borax), 110; 221; 584; 1 Collection in vats, =584= Colour of fumes, =235= Indication of copper, =116= Indication of gold, =117= Mineral, 109 Smelting of, =401=

Church, Share in Mines, =91=

Cimolite, 31

Cinnabar (_see_ Quicksilver _and_ _Minium_).

Claim, in American Title, 77

Cloth. Lining sluices, =322= Ventilation by shaking, =210=

Coal, 34

Cobalt, 354; 542; 112-113 Cobalt-blue, 112; 433 From lead smelting, 408 King Hiram's experience with, 214 Poisonous to miners, 214 Relation to _cadmia_, 112 Relation to bismuth, 435 Smelting ores of, 401

Cobalt-Arsenic Minerals (_see_ Arsenic).

Cobaltite, 113

_Cobaltum cineraceum_ (_see_ Smallite).

_Cobaltum ferri colore_ (_see_ Cobaltite).

_Cobaltum nigrum_ (_see_ Abolite).

Coiners, =95=; 78

Coins, =251-253=; =457=

Colchis. Alluvial gold washing, =330=

Cologne. Scale of weights, =263=

Companies, Mining, =89-93=; 90 Fraudulent dealing, =22= Investment in, =29=

Compass, =141-142=; 56; 129 Divisions of the, =56=; =57= Swiss, =145=; 137

Concentrates. From washing liquation products, =542= Sintering of, =401= Smelting of, =394=; =396-399=; =401=

Concentration, =267-348=; 279; 354

_Congius_, 153; 172, 617

Constantinople, Alum Trade, 569

Consumption. Miners liable to, =214=

_Conterfei_ (_see_ Zinc).

Contracts, Method of Setting, =96=

Copiapite, 111

Copper (_see also_ Liquation), 109; 402; 511 Assay of, =244=; =249= Granulation of, =250= Indications of, =116= Parting from gold, =462-464= Parting gold from silver, =448-451=; 448 Ratio in liquation cakes, 505; 506 Residues from liquation, =521= Rosette, =538=

Copper-filings, =233=; 233; 221

Copper flowers, =538=; 110; 233; 538 Pliny's description, 404

Copper Glance, =401=; 109

Copper Matte. Roasting, =350= Smelting, =404-407=

Copper Ore (_see also_ Copper Smelting, _etc._), 109 Assaying, =244-245=

Copper Pyrites, =117=; 109

Copper Refining, =530-538=; 354; 492; 535-536 Breaking cakes, =501-503= Enrichment of silver by settling, 510 Roman method, 404 Rosette copper, 535

Copper Scales, 110; 221; 233; 539 Use in assaying, =245=

Copper Schists (_see also_ Mannsfeld Copper Slates), 127 Method of smelting, =408=

Copper Smelting, =388-390=; =401=; =404=; 402 Invention of appliances, 353-354

Cornwall. Ancient tin mining, 413 Early German miners, 282 Early mining law, 85 Early ore dressing, 282 Influence on German mining, 283 "Knockers," 217 Mining terms, 77; 101; 267; 282 Royal Geol. Soc. Transactions, 84

_Coticula_ (_see_ Touchstone).

_Counterfeht_ (_see_ Zinc).

Crane. For cupellation furnaces, =476-477= For lead cakes, =500= For liquation cakes, =514=

Cremnitz. Age of mines, =5= Width of veins, =52=

Crinoid Stems, 115

Croppings, =37=; 37

Crosscuts, =106=

Crowbars, =152=

Crucible. Assay, =228=; =230=; =241=; =245=; 221 Of blast furnaces, =376=; =377=

_Crudaria_, 65

Crushing Mills (_see_ Stamp-mill _and_ Mills).

Crushing Ore, =231=; =279-287=; 279

Crystal (_Crystallum_), 114

Cumberland. Early report on ores of, 267 Roman lead furnaces, 392

Cup-Bearer. Right to a meer, =81=

Cupellation, =464-483=; 465-466 Buildings and furnaces, =464-472=; 492 Brightening of the silver, =241=, =475= In assaying, =240= In "tests," =483= Latin and German terms, 221; 492 Litharge, =475=

Cupels, =228-230=; 221; 466 Drying of, =240= Moulds, =231=

Cupric Oxide, 221

Cuprite, 109; 402

_Cyanus_ (_see also_ Azurite), 110

Cyprus. Ancient copper smelting, 402

_Dach_, 127

_Dactylos_, 617; 78

Dangers to Miners, =214-218=

_Darrlinge_, 492

_Darrofen_, 492

_Darrsöhle_, 492

Dawling, of a Vein, 101

Dead Sea. Bitumen in, =33=

Decemviral College, =96=

_Decumanus_ (_see_ Tithe Gatherer).

_Demensum_ (_see_ Measure).

Demons (_see also_ Gnomes), =217=; 217

Derbyshire (_see also_ High Peak). Early ore washing, 281 Introduction jigging sieve, 283 Mining law, 77; 84-85

Descent into Mines, =212=

Devon. Mining law, 85

Dilleugher, 267

Dioptra, 129

_Diphrygum_, 404

Dip of Veins, =65-75=

Dippas, 101

Dippers, =157= Of pumps, =172=

_Discretores_ (_see_ Sorters).

Distillation, 441 For making nitric acid, =441= Of amalgam, =244= Of quicksilver, =426-432=

_Distributor_, 78

Divining Rod, =38-40=; 38; 40

Divisions of the Compass, =56=; =57=

Drainage of Mines, =121=; =171-198= With buckets, =171= With chain pumps, =172= With rag and chain pumps, =188= With suction pumps, =172= With water bags, =198=

Drawing. Knowledge necessary for miners, =4=

Drifts, =104=; =105=; 101 Timbering of, =125=

Drusy Veins, =107=; 107

"Drying" Liquation Residues (_see also_ Liquation), =527-529=; 491; 492 Furnaces for, =521=; =526=; 492 Silver extracted by, =529= Slags from, 523

Dumps, Working of, =30=

Dust Chambers, =394=; =416=; 354

Dutins, (Timbers), 101

Dynamite, 119

"Earths." Agricola's view of, 1; 46; 48 Extraordinary, =115= Peripatetic view of, 46; 47

Egyptians. Alluvial mining, 330 Antimony, 428 Bronze, 402; 411 Copper smelting, 402 Crushing and concentration, 279 Furnaces, 355 Glass making, 586 Gold mining, 399 Iron, 421 Maps, 129 Mining law, 83 Silver and lead metallurgy, 390 Tin, 411; 412

Egyptian Screw (_see_ Archimedes, Screw of).

Eifel. Spalling ore, =272=

_Eisenertz_ (_see_ Ironstone).

_Eisenglantz_ (_see_ Ironstone).

Eisleben. Heap roasting, =279=; 274

_Electrum_, 458; 2; 35

Elements, Peripatetic Theory of, 44

Emery, 115

Erbisdorff. Tin strakes, =304=

_Excoctores_ (_see_ Smelters).

Exhalations. From veins, =38=; =44=

Exhausted Liquation Cakes (_see_ Liquation Cakes, Exhausted).

Fans, Ventilation, =203-207=

Fathom, 616; =77=; 78

_Federwis_, (_see also_ Asbestos), 114; 274

Feldspar, 114

_Ferrugo_ (_see_ Iron-rust).

_Ferrum purum_ (_see_ Native Iron).

_Fibrae_ (_see_ Stringers).

Fineness, Scales of, 253; 617

Fire-setting, =118-120=; 118-119

Firstum Mines (_see_ Fürst).

Fissure Vein (_see_ _Vena profunda_).

Flame. Determination of metal by, =235= Determination of required flux by, =235=

Flint, as a Flux, 380

Float, from Veins, =37=

Flookan, 101

Flue-dust, =394-396=

_Fluores_ (_see_ Fluorspar).

Fluorspar, 115; 380; 381 Indication of ore, =116=

_Flüsse_ (_see_ Fluorspar).

Fluxes (_see also_ Argol, Saltpetre, Limestone, Stones which easily melt, _etc._), =232-239=; 232; 237; 380; 221 Basic, 237 De-sulphurizing, =236=; 237 For smelting, =379=; =380=; =386=; =390= Reducing, =236=; 237 Stock fluxes for assaying, =236= Sulphurizing, =236=; 237

Footwall, =68=; =117=

Forehearth, =356=; =375-378=; =386=; 355 For tin furnaces, =411=; =413=

Foreman (_see_ Mining Foreman).

Forest-Fires, =36=; 36

Forest of Dean, 84

Forest of Mendip, 84

_Formae_, 101

_Fossa latens_ (_see also_ Drifts), 101

_Fossa latens transversa_ (_see also_ Crosscuts), 101

_Fossores_ (_see_ Miners).

Founders' Hoards, 355; 402

Fractional Meers, =80=

France. Mediæval mining law, 84

Free Mining Cities, 84

Freiberg, =XXXI.= Age of the mines, =5= Bergmeister, =95= Division of shares, =81=; =90=; =91= First discovery of veins, =35=; 36 Flooding of mines, =218= Method of cupellation, =482=

Fullers' Earth, 115

Fumes. From heated ore, =235= Poisonous, =215-216=

_Fundamentum_ (_see also_ Footwall), 101

_Fundgrube_ (_see also_ Meer), 77

Furnaces, =374-378=; =386=; =388=; 355; 492 Assaying (_see_ Assay Furnaces). Bismuth smelting, =433-437= Burning tin concentrates, =349= Cementation, =455= Copper smelting, =401-408= Cupellation, =467-468=; =482-483= "Drying" liquated copper, =522-526= Enriching copper bottoms, =510= Gold and silver ores, =382-384= Heating copper cakes, =503= Iron smelting, =420-421=; 420 Latin and German terms, 220 Lead ores, =408-410= Liquation of silver, =515= Melting lead cakes, =498= Nitric acid making, =441= Parting precious metals with antimony, =452-453= Quicksilver distillation, =426-432= Refining copper, =531-533= Refining silver, =483=; =489= Refining tin, =418= Roasting, =276-277= Smelting liquation slags, =507= Tin smelting, =411-413=; =419=

Furnace Accretions, 113; 221; 492 Removal of, =376=

Furnace Hoods, =494=

Fürst. Mines of, =24=; 24

_Gaarherd_ (_see_ Refining-hearth).

_Gaarmachen_ (_see_ Copper Refining).

Gad, 150

Galena, 51; 109; 110; 221 Bismuth distinguished from, 3 Smelting of, =400-401=

Gangue Minerals, 48

Garlic. Magnet weakened by, =39=

Garnets, =334=

Gases (_see also_ Fumes) From fire-setting, =120=

_Gedigen eisen, silber_, etc. (_see_ Native Iron, Silver, etc.).

_Gel atrament_ (_see_ _Misy_).

Gems, =115=; 1

Geology. Agricola's views, 595

Germans. English mining influenced by, 283 Mining men imported into England, 282 Ore-dressing methods, 281-282

_Geschwornen_ (in Saxon mines), 77

Geyer, =XXXI=; =42=; VI. Shafts, 102 Tin-strakes, =304=

Gilding, 460 Removal from objects, =460=; =464=

Gips (_see_ Gypsum).

Gittelde. Smelting of lead ore, =391=

_Glantz_ (_see_ Galena).

_Glasertz_ (_see_ Silver Glance).

_Glasköpfe_ (_see_ Ironstone).

Glass, =584-592= Blowing, =592= Furnaces, =586-590= From sand, 380

Glass-galls, 235; 221 As a flux, =235=; =238=; =243=; =246= Use in parting gold from copper, =464= Use in smelting gold concentrates, =397=; =398=

_Glette_ (_see_ Litharge).

_Glimmer_ (_see_ Mica).

Gnomes. In mines, =217=; 112; 214; 217

Goblins (_see_ Gnomes).

God's Gift Mine (_see_ Gottsgaab Mine).

Gold (_see also_ Gold Ores, Parting, Smelting, Stamp-Mill, _etc._). Alluvial mining, =321-336=; 330 Alluvial streams, =75= Amalgamation, 297 Gold-dust, =396= Historical notes, 399; 354 Indications of, =108=; =116= Lust for, not the fault of the metal, =16= Minerals, 108 Minerals associated with, =108-109= Smelting of ores, =381-382=; =386=; =388=; =390=; =396= Wickedness caused by, =9-10=

Gold Concentrates, =396-399=; 398

Golden Fleece, =330=; 330

Gold Ores, =107-108= Amalgamation, =295-299=; 297 Assay by amalgamation, =243-244= Assay by fire, =242-243= Flux used in assaying, =235= Flux used in smelting, =398= Smelting in blast furnace, =398-400= Smelting cupriferous ores, =404-407= Smelting in lead bath, =399= Smelting pyritiferous ore, =398-401= Stamp-milling, =321=

_Goldstein_ (_see_ Touchstone).

Goslar, =5=; =37=; 37 Lead smelting, =408= Native zinc vitriol, 572 Roasting ores, =274=; 274 Spalling hard ore, =271=

Goslarite, 113; 572

Gottsgaab Mine, VI; VII; =74=; 74

Gounce, 267

Grand Canal of China, 129

Granulation Methods for Bullion, =444=

Granulation of Copper, =250=

Greeks. Antimony, 428 Brass making, 410 Copper smelting, 403 Iron and steel making, 421 Metallurgy from Egypt, 402 Mining law, 83 Ore dressing, 281 Quicksilver, 432 Silver-lead smelting, 391 Smelting appliances, 355

Grey Antimony (_see also_ _Stibium_), 110; 221; 428

Griffins, 331

Groom of the Chamber. Right to a meer, =81=

Groove (_see also_ Shafts), 101

Ground Sluices, =336-337=

Ground Waters, 46-48

_Grünspan_ (_see_ Verdigris).

_Gulden_, 92; 419

Gunpowder. First use for blasting in mines, 119 Invention of, 562

Gypsum, 114

Hade, 101

_Haematites_ (_see_ Ironstone).

_Halinitrum_ (_see_ Saltpetre).

Halle, Salt Industry, =552=

Hammers, =151= With water power, =423=

Hangingwall, =68=; =117=

Harz Miners. Agricola consulted, VII. Antimony sulphide, 428 First mining charter, 84 First stamp-mill, 282 Pumps, =194=

Hauling Appliances (_see also_ Whims _and_ Windlasses), =160-168=; 149

Heap Roasting, =274-276=

Hearth-lead (_see also_ _Molybdaena_), =475=; 476; 110; 221 As a flux, =232= Use in smelting, =379=; =398=; =400=

Hearths. For bismuth smelting, =433-437= For melting lead, =390=; =498=

Heavenly Host Mine (_see_ _Himmelisch Höz_ Mine).

Heavy Spar, 115

Hebrews. Knowledge of antimony, 428 Silver-lead smelting, 391 Term for tin, 412

Hematite, 111

Hemicycle (_Hemicyclium_), =137-138=

_Heraclion_ (_see_ Lodestone).

_Herdplei_ (_see_ Hearth-Lead).

Hiero, King, =247=; 247

High Peak (Derbyshire). Mining law, 84 Nomenclature in mines, 77 Saxon customs, connection with, 77; 85

_Himmelisch Höz_ mine, =74=; =92=; 75

Hoe, =152=

Holidays of Miners, =99=

Horn Silver, 109

Horns of Deer, =230=

Hornstone, =116=; 114

Hungary. Cupellation, =483=

_Hüttenrauch_ (_see_ _Pompholyx_).

Iglau, Charter of, 84

Incense in Cupellation Furnaces, =472=

Indications of Ore, =106=; =107=; =116=

_Ingestores_ (_see_ Shovellers).

India. Steel, 423 Zinc, 409

_Intervenium_, =51=; =50=

Investment in Mines, =26-29=

Iron, 420; 354; 111 Cast, 420 Censure of, =11= Indications of, =116= Malleable, 420 Smelting, =420-426= Sulphur harmful to, =273=

Iron Age, 420

Iron Filings (_see also_ Iron-Scales), 221 Use in assaying, =234=; =238=; =246=

Iron Ore. Assaying of, =247= Smelting of, =420-426=

Iron-rust, =116=; =474=; 1; 111

Iron-scales, 221 Flux, =234= Use in smelting gold, =398= Use in smelting silver, =400= Use in making nitric acid, =440= Use in parting gold from copper, =464=

Iron-slag, 221 As a flux, =234=; =235=

Ironstone, =390=; 111

Italians. Alluvial mining in Germany, =334=

Italy. Mining formerly forbidden, =8=

Jade, 114

Japan. Steel, 423

Jasper, 111; 2

_Jaspis_, 114

Jet, 34

Jigging Sieve, =310=; 267; 283

Joachimsthal, VI. First stamp-mill, 281 Mining shares and profits, =91=; =92=

_Jüdenstein_ (_see_ _Lapis Judaicus_).

Juices, 1; 47 Agricola's theory, 46; 52 From springs and streams, =33= Stone juice, 46; 49 Tastes of, =34=

Juices, Solidified. Agricola's view of, 1; 49 Extraction of metals from, =350= Preparation of, =545=

Julian Alps. Stamp-milling in, =319=

Junctions (_see_ Veins, Intersections of).

_Jurati_ (_see_ Jurors).

Jurors, =22=; =92=; =96=; 78 In English mining custom, 85 Relations to Bergmeister, =95=; 77

Justinian Code. Mines, 84

_Kalchstein_ (_see_ Limestone).

_Kammschale_, 127

Kaolinite (_see_ Porcelain Clay).

_Katzensilber_ (_see_ Mica).

King. Deputy, =94= Right to a meer, =81=

_Kinstock_ (_see_ Liquation Cakes, Exhausted).

_Kis_ (_see_ Pyrites).

Knockers (_see_ Gnomes).

_Kobelt_ (_see_ Cobalt).

Kölergang Vein, =42=

Königsberg. Fire-setting, 119

_Kupferglas ertz_ (_see_ Copper Glance).

_Kupferschiefer_ (_see_ Copper Schists).

Kuttenberg. Depths of shafts, 102

Labour Condition in Mining Title, =92=; 83-85

Lacedaemonians (_see_ Spartans).

_Lachter_ (_see_ Fathom).

Ladderways in Shafts, =124=; =212=

Ladle for Bullion, =382=

_Lapis aerarius_ (_see_ Copper Ore).

_Lapis alabandicus_, 380

_Lapis Judaicus_, =115=; 115

_Lapis specularis_ (_see_ Gypsum).

Laths (Lagging), 101

La Tolfa. Alum manufacture, 565 Discovery of, 570

Laurion (Laurium), Mt. (_see_ Mt. Laurion, Mines of).

Lautental, Liquation at, 491

Law (_see_ Mining Law).

Law-suits over Shares in Mines, =94=

Lead, 354; 390; 110 Censure of, =11= Cupellation, =464-483= Melting prior to liquation, =500= In liquation cakes, =505-506=; 505; 506 Refining silver, =483-490= Smelting of ores, =388-392=; =400= Use in assaying, =232=; =239=; =242=; =244=; =249=; =251= Washing in sluices, =347=

Lead-ash, =237=; 237; 221 As a flux, =234= Use in parting gold from copper, =463=

Lead Bath, =381=

Lead-glass, 236

Lead Granules, =239=; =463=; 221

Leading (in liquation), =304=; =507=; =513=; 491; 492; 504 Components of the charge, =505-509=

Lead Ochre, 232; 110; 221

Lead Ore. Assay methods, =245-246= Roasting, =275= Smelting in blast furnace, =390=; =408=

Lease, in Australian Title, 77

Leaves, Preparation of Bullion into, =444=

Leberthal, 24

Lees of _aqua_ which separates Gold from Silver, 234; 443; 221 As a flux, =234=; =238=

Lees of Vinegar (_see also_ Argol), 221 As a flux, =234=; =236=; =243=; 234

Lees of Wine (_see_ Argol).

Lemnos, Island of, =31=

Lemnian Earth, 31

Leprosy of House Walls (_see_ Saltpetre).

Level (_see also_ Drift), 101

Level, Plummet (_see_ Plummet Level).

Limestone, 114; 221 As a flux, =236=; =390=

Limonite, 111

Limp, 267

Linares. Hannibal's mines near, 42

Lipari Islands. Alum from, 566

Liquated Silver-lead (_see_ _Stannum_ _and_ Silver-lead).

Liquation, =519-521=; 491; 519 Ash-coloured copper from, =529= Buildings for, 491 Furnace, =515-518=; 492 Historical note on, 494 Losses, 491; 539 Nomenclature, 492

Liquation Cakes, =505-509=; 492; 505; 506 Enrichment of the lead, =512=; 512 Extraction of silver from, 512 From bye-products of liquation, =539-540= From copper bottoms, =512=; 512 Proportion of lead in rich silver copper, =509=

Liquation Cakes, Exhausted, =521-526=; =406=; 492; 520

Liquation Slags, 509; 492; 541 Furnaces for, =507= Treatment of, =541=

Liquation Thorns, =522=; =539=; 492; 539; 540 From cupellation, =543=; 543 From "drying" copper residues, =529=

Litharge (_see also_ Cupellation), =475=; =232-238=; 466; 476; 110; 222 Use in reducing silver nitrate, =447= Use in smelting, =379=; =398=; =400=

_Lithargyrum_ (_see_ Litharge).

Lodestone, =115=; 111; 115; 2 Compass, 57

_Los Pozos de Anibal_, 42

_Lotores_ (_see_ Washers).

Lusitania. Gold alluvial, =347= Sluices for gold washing, =325= Tin smelting, =419=

Lute, 1 Preparation of for furnace linings, =375-376=

Lydia. Mining law, 83 The King's mines, 27

Lye, =558=; 221; 233 Use in making fluxes, =236= Use in parting, =463=

_Magister Metallicorum_ (_see_ Bergmeister).

_Magister Monetariorum_ (_see_ Master of the Mint).

_Magnes_ (_see also_ Lodestone _and_ Manganese), =585=; 111; 115; 585

Magnet, =247= Garlic, =39=

_Magnetis_ (_see_ Mica).

Magnetite, 111

Malachite, 109; 221

Maladies of Miners, =214-217=

Maltha, 581

Manager (_see_ Mine Manager).

Manganese, 586; 354

Mannsfeld Copper Slates, =126-127=; =279=; 127; 273

Map-making, 129

Marble, =115=; 2; 114

Marcasite, 111; 112; 409

_Marga_ (_see_ Marl).

Marienberg, =XXXI=; VI.

Marl, 114

Marmelstein (_see_ Marble).

_Marmor_ (_see_ Marble).

_Marmor alabastrites_ (_see_ Alabaster).

_Marmor glarea_, 114

Massicot (_see also_ Lead Ochre), 110; 221; 232

Master of the Horse, =81=

Master of the Mint, =95=; 78

Matte (_see_ Cakes of Melted Pyrites).

Matte Smelting, =404-407=

Measure (unit of mining area), =78=; 78

Measures, 616-617; 78; 550

Medicine. Knowledge necessary for miners, =3=

_Medulla saxorum_ (_see_ Porcelain Clay).

Meer, =77-89= Boundary stones, =87= On _vena cumulata_, =87= On _vena dilatata_, =86=

Meissen. Dumps from mines, =312=

_Melanteria_, =117=; 112; 573 Indication of copper, =116=

Melanterite, 111

Melos, Island of, 566

_Menning_ (_see_ Red-lead).

_Mergel_ (_see_ Marl).

Metals, 2; 44; 51 Advantages and uses, =19=; =20= Necessity to man, =XXV=; =12-13= Not responsible for evil passions, =15=

_Metreta_, 153

Mexico. Patio process, 297

Mica, 114

Middle Ages, Mining Law of, 84

Mills for Grinding Ore, =294-299=; 280

Mimes (_see also_ Gnomes), 217

Mine Captain, =26=; 77

Mine Manager, =97=; =98=; 77; 78

Mineral Kingdom, Agricola's Divisions of, 1

Minerals, 594; 108; 48; 51 Compound, 2; 51 Mixed, 2; 51

Miners, =1-4=; =25=; 78 Duties and punishments, =100=; =22= Law (_see_ Mining Law). Litigation among, =21= Slaves as, =23=

Mines. Abandonment of, =217= Conditions desirable, =30-33= Investments in, =26-29= Management of, =25=; =26= Names of, =42=

Mines Royal, Company of, 283

Mining (_see also_ Sett, Lease, Claim, Meer, _etc._). Criticisms of, =4-12= Harmless and honourable, =14=; =20=; =23= Methods of breaking ore, =117-118= Stoping, =125=

Mining Clerk, =93=; =95=; =96=; 78

Mining Companies (_see_ Companies, Mining).

Mining Foreman, =98-99=; 78 Frauds by, =21-22=

Mining Law, 82-86 Boundary stones, =87= Drainage requirements, =92-93= England, 84-86 Europe, 84 Forfeiture of title, =92-93= France, 84 Greek and Roman, 83 Middle Ages, 84-85 Right of Overlord, Landowner, State and Miner, 82 Tunnels, =88-89=

Mining Prefect, =26=; =94=; 78

Mining Rights (_see_ Mining Law _and_ Meer).

Mining Terms, Old English, 77; 101

Mining Tools, =149-153= Buckets for ore, =153-154= Buckets for water, =157= Trucks, =156= Wheelbarrows, =155=

_Minium_, 111 Quicksilver from, 433 Red-lead, 232

_Minium secundarium_ (_see_ Red-lead).

Mispickel (_Mistpuckel_), 111

_Misy_ (the mineral), 573; 111; 403 An indication of copper, =116= Use in parting gold and silver, 459

_Mitlere und obere offenbrüche_ (_see_ Furnace Accretions).

_Modius_, 617; 405

Moglitz. Tin working, =318=

Moil, 150

_Molybdaena_, 110; 221; 476; 400; 408 Term for lead carbonates, 400; 408

Molybdenite, 477

_Monetarius_ (_see_ Coiners).

Money, Assaying of, =251-252=

Morano Glass Factories, =592=

Moravia. Cupellation, =483= Stamp-milling, =321= Washing gold ore, =324=

Mordants, 569

Mortar-box, =279-280=; =312=; =319=; 267

Mountains. Formation of, =595=

Mt. Bermius. Gold Mines of, =26=; 27

Mt. Laurion, Mines of, =27=; 27-29; 391 Crushing and concentration of ores, 281 Cupellation, 465 Mining law, 83 Smelting appliances, 355 Xenophon on, =6=

Mt. Sinai. Ancient copper smelting, 355; 402

Muffle Furnaces, =224-228=; =239=

Muffles, =227=; =239=; 222 Refining silver, =489-490=

Mühlberg, Battle of, X.

_Murrhina_ (_see_ Chalcedony).

Muskets, =11=

Mycenae. Copper, 402 Silver-lead smelting, 391

Names of Mines, =42=

Naphtha, 581

Native Copper, 109

Native Iron, 111

Native Minerals, =107=

Native Silver, =269=; 109

Natron (_see_ _Nitrum_).

Neolithic Furnaces, 355

Neusohl, Method of Screening Ore, =290=

Newbottle Abbey, 35

Nitocris, Bridge of, 391

Nitric Acid (_see also_ _Aqua valens_), =439-443=; 460; 439; 354 Assay parting gold and silver, =248= Testing silver regulus with, =449= Use in cleaning gold dust, =396=

_Nitrum_ (_see also_ Soda), 558; 110

Nomenclature, I; 267 Mining law, 77; 78 Mining officials, 77; 78

_Norici_, 388 Conveyance of ore, =169=

Normans. Mining Law in England, 85

Notary, =94=; 78

Nubia. Early gold-mining, 399

Nuremberg, Scale of Weights, =263=

_Obolus_, 25

_Ochra nativa_, 111

Ochre Yellow, 111

_Offenbrüche_ (_see_ Furnace Accretions).

Olynthus. Betrayal to Philip of Macedon, =9=

Operculum, =441=; 222

Orbis, =141=; 137

Ore (_see various metals_, Assaying, Mining, _etc._).

Ore Channels (_see_ Canales).

Ore Deposits, Theory of, XIII; 43-53

Ore Dressing, =267-351= Burning, =273= Hand spalling, =271-272= Sorting, =268-271=

_Orguia_, =78=; 78; 617

_Orichalcum_ (_see_ _Aurichalcum_).

Orpiment, 111; 1; 222 Colour of fumes, =235= Harmful to metals, =273= Indication of gold, etc., =116= Roasted from ore, =273= Use in assaying, =237=

Outcrops, 68; 43

Ox-blood in Salt Making, =552=

Pactolus, Gold Sands of, 27

Park's Process, 465

Parting Gold from Copper, =462-464=

Parting Gold from Silver, =443-460=; 458-463 Antimony sulphide, =451-452=; 451-452; 461 Cementation, =453-457=; =453-454=; =458= Chlorine gas, 458; 462 Electrolysis, 458; 462 Nitric acid, =443-447=; 443; 447; 460 Nitric acid (in assaying), =247-249= Sulphur and copper, =448-451=; 448; 461 Sulphuric acid, 458; 462

Partitions, 493

Passau, Peace of, IX.

_Passus_, 616; 78

Patio Process, 297-298

Pattinson's Process, 465

Peak, The (_see_ High Peak).

_Pentremites_, 115

Pergamum. Brazen ox of, =11= Mines near, =26=; 27

Peripatetics, XII. Theory of ore deposits, =47=; 44 View of wealth, =18=

Persians. Ancient mining law, 83

_Pes_, 616; 78

Pestles, =231=; =483=

Petroleum, 581-582

Phalaris, Brazen Bull of, =11=

Philosophy. Knowledge necessary for miners, =3=

Phoenicians. Copper and bronze, 402 In Thasos, 24 Tin, 411-412

Picks, =152-153=

_Pickschiefer_ (_see_ Ash-coloured Copper).

Placer Mining, =321-348=

_Pleigeel_ (_see_ Lead Ochre).

_Pleiweis_ (_see_ White-lead).

Pleygang Vein, =42=

_Plumbago_, 110

_Plumbum candidum_, 110; 3; 473

_Plumbum cinereum_, 111; 3

_Plumbum nigrum lutei coloris_, 110; 3

Plummet Level. Standing, =143=; 137 Suspended, =145=; =146=; 137

Pockets in Alluvial Sluices, =322-330=

Poisonous Fumes (_see_ Fumes).

Poland. Cupellation, =483= Lead ore washing, =347= Lead smelting, =392=

_Poletae_, Tablets of the, 83

Poling Copper, =531-538=; 535-536

Pompeiopolis. Arsenic mine at, 111

_Pompholyx_, 394; 113-114; 403 From copper refinings, =538= From cupellation, =476= From dust-chambers, =394= From roasting ore, =278= Poisonous, =214=; 215 Used for brass making, 410

Porcelain Clay, 115

Potash, =558-559=; 558; 233; 220 In _Sal artificiosus_, =463=

Pottery, Egyptian, 391

Potosi, 298

Pozos de Anibal, Los, 42

_Pous_, 617; 78

_Praefectus cuniculi_, 78

_Praefectus fodinae_ (_see_ Mine Manager).

_Praefectus metallorum_ (_see_ Mining Prefect).

_Praeses cuniculi_, 78

_Praeses fodinae_ (_see_ Mining Foreman).

Precious and Base Metals, 439

Primgap, 80

_Procurator metallorum_, 83

Prospecting, =35=

Proustite, 108

Pumps, =171-200=; 149 Chain, =171-175= Rag and chain, =188-200= Suction, =175-188=

_Purgator argenti_ (_see_ Silver Refiner).

Purser, 77

Puteoli, =501=

Pyrargyrite, 108

_Pyriten argentum_, 408

Pyrites (_see also_ Cakes of Melted Pyrites), 51; 111; 112; 1 As a flux, =234= Assay for gold, =243= In tin concentrates, =348= Latin and German terms, 222 Roasting, =273-274= Roasting cakes of, =349-351= Smelting for gold and silver, =399=; =401= Used in making vitriol, 578

_Pyrites aerosus_ (_see_ Copper Pyrites).

_Pyrites aurei coloris_ (_see_ Copper Pyrites).

Quartz (_see also_ Stones which easily melt), 114 As a flux, 380 An indication of ore, =116= Material of glass, 380 Silver ore, =113= Smelting of, =401=

_Quarzum_ (_see_ Quartz).

Quertze, 380

Quicksilver, 432; 2; 354; 110 Amalgamation of gilt objects, =461= Amalgamation of gold dust, =396= Amalgamation of gold ores, =297=; 297 Assaying methods, =247= Ore, 426-432 Use in assaying gold ore, =243=

Rag and Chain Pumps, =188-200=

Rake Veins, 101

Rammelsberg. Collapse of mines, =216= Discovery, 37 Early vitriol making, 572

_Rauchstein_, 127

Realgar, 1; 111; 222 Colour of fumes, =235= Harmful to metals, =273= Indication of ore, =116= Roasted from ore, =273=

_Rederstein_ (_see_ _Trochitis_).

Red-lead, 232; 110; 222 Use in parting gold from copper, =463= Use in parting gold from silver, =459=

Refined Salt, =454=; =463=; 233

Refinery for Silver and Copper, =491-498=

Refining Gold from Copper, =462-464=

Refining Gold from Silver, =443-458=

Refining-hearth, 492

Refining Silver, =483-490=; 465; 484

Refining Silver from Lead, =464=

Reformation, The, V; VIII.

Re-opening of Old Mines, =217=

Revival of Learning. Agricola's position in, XIII.

Reward Lease, in Australian Law, 77

Rhaetia, 388

Rhaetian Alps. Stamp milling in, =319=

Ring-fire, =448=

Rio Tinto Mines. Roman methods of smelting, 405 Roman water-wheels, 149

Risks of Mining, =28-29=

Rither (a horse), 101

Roasted Copper, =233=; 233; 222

Roasting, =273-279=; 267 Heap roasting, =274-275= In furnaces, =276= Mattes, =349-351= Prior to assaying, =231=

Rocks, =119=; 2

Rock-salt, =548=; 222 Use in cementation, =454=

Roman Alum, 565

Romans. Amalgamation, 297 Antimony, 428 Brass making, 410 Companies, 90 Copper smelting, 404-405 Mining law, 83 Minium Company, 232 Quicksilver, 433 Roasting, 267 Silver-lead smelting, 392 Washing of ore, 281

Rosette Copper, =538=; 535

_Rosgeel_ (_see_ Realgar).

Ruby Copper, 109; 402

Ruby Silver, 51; 108 Assaying of, =244= Cupellation, =473=

_Rudis_ Ores, 108

Rust (_see_ Iron-rust).

Sabines, =9=

_Saigerdörner_ (_see_ Liquation Thorns).

_Saigerwerk_ (_see_ _Stannum_).

_Salamander har_ (_see_ Asbestos).

Salamis, Battle of, 27

Sal-ammoniac, =560=; 560; 222 In cements for parting gold and silver, =454-457= In making _aqua valens_, =441= Uses in cupellation, =474= Uses in making _aqua regia_, 460 Uses in parting gold from copper, =463=

_Sal artificiosus_, =236=; =463=; 236 In assaying, =242= As a flux, =234=

Salt, =545=; =556=; 546; 233; 222 As a flux, =234-238= Pans, =545=; =546= Solidified juice, 1 Use in cementation, =454=; 454 Use in parting gold from copper, =463=; =464= Use in smelting ores, =396=; =400= Wells, =546-547=

Salt made from Ashes of Musk Ivy, 560; 233

_Sal torrefactus_, =242=; 222; 233

_Sal tostus_, =233=; 233; 222

Saltpetre, =561-564=; 561; 562; 222 As a flux, =233=; =236-238=; =245=; =247= In smelting gold concentrates, =398= Uses in cementation, =454=; 454 Uses in making nitric acid, =439=; =440=; =447=; =454= Uses in melting silver nitrate, =447=

Sampling Copper Bullion, =249=

Sand, =117=

_Sandaraca_ (_see_ Realgar).

Sandiver (_see_ Glass-galls).

_Sarda_ (_see_ Carnelian).

Saxony. High Peak customs from, 77; 85 Political state in Agricola's time, VIII; IX. Reformation, IX.

_Saxum calcis_ (_see_ Limestone).

Scales of Fineness, 253; 617

Scapte-Hyle, Mines of, 23

Schemnitz. Age of mines, =5= Gunpowder for blasting, 119 Pumps, =194=

Schist, 222

_Schistos_ (_see_ Ironstone).

Schlackenwald. Ore washing, =304=

Schmalkalden League, IX.

Schmalkalden War, IX; X.

Schneeberg, =XXXI=; VI. Cobalt, =435= Depth of shafts, 102 Ore stamping, 281 Shares, =91= St. George mine, =91=; 74; 75

_Schwartz-atrament_ (_see_ _Melanteria_ _and_ _Sory_).

Scorification Assay, =239=

Scorifier, =228=; =230=; 222 Assays in, =238=; =239=

Screening Ore (_see_ Sifting Ore).

Screens (_see also_ Screening), 267 In stamp-mill, =315=

_Scriba fodinarum_ (_see_ Mining Clerk).

_Scriba magistri metallicorum_ (_see_ Bergmeister's Clerk).

_Scriba partium_ (_see_ Share Clerk).

Scum of Lead from Cupellation, =475=

Scythians. Wealth condemned, =9=; =15=

Seams in the Rocks, =72=; 43; 47 Indications of ore, =67=; =107=

Sea-Water, Salt from, =545-546=

_Sesterce_, 448

Sett, 77

Settling Pits, =316=; 267

Shaft-houses, =102=

Shafts, =102-107=; =122-124= Surveys of, =129-135= _Venae cumulatae_, =128=

Shakes, 101

Share Clerk, =97=; =93=; 78

Share in Mines (_see_ Companies, Mining).

Shears for Cutting Native Silver, =269=

Shift, =99=; 92

Shoes (stamp), =285-286=; 267

Shovellers, =153=; =169=; 78

_Sideritis_ (_see_ Lodestone).

_Siegelstein_ (_see_ Lodestone).

Sieves. For charcoal, =375= For crushed ore, =287-293=; =341=

Sifting Ore, =287-293=

_Signator publicus_ (_see_ Notary).

_Silberweis_ (_see_ Mica).

_Silex_, 114; 118

Silver (_see also_ Assaying, Liquation, Parting, Refining, _etc._), 390; 354; 108 Amalgamation, 297; 300 Assaying, =248-251= Cupellation, =464-483=; =241= "Drying" copper residues from liquation, 529 Enrichment in copper bottoms, =510=; 510 Exhausted liquation cakes, 524 Indicated by bismuth, etc., =116= Liquation, =505-507=; 506; 509; 512 Parting from gold (_see_ Parting Gold and Silver). Parting from iron, =544=; 544 Precipitation from solution in copper bowl, =444= Refining, =483-490=; 465; 484 Smelting of ores, =381-382=; =386=; =388=; =390=; =400=; =402= Use in clarification of nitric acid, =443=; 443

Silver, Ruby (_see_ Ruby Silver).

Silver Glance, 108 Assaying, =244= Cupellation, =473= Dressing, =269=

Silver-Lead Alloy (_see_ _Stannum_, _etc._).

Silver Ores, =108=; 108 Assaying, =242-244= Assaying cupriferous ores, =245= Fluxes required in assaying, =235= Smelting cupriferous ores, =404-407=

Silver-Plating, 460

Silver Refiner, =95=; 78

Silver Refining (_see_ Refining).

Silver Veins, =117=

Singing by Miners, =118=

Sintering Concentrates, =401=

Slags (_see also_ Liquation Slags), 222 From blast furnace, =379=; =381= From liquation, 491; 492; 523

Slaves as Miners, =23=; 83 In Greek mines, =25=; 25; 28

Slough (tunnel), 101

Sluices, =319=; =322-348=

Smallite, 113

Smalt, 112

_Smega_, 404

Smelters, 78

Smelting (_see also various metals_), =379-390=; 353-355 Assaying compared, =220= Building for, =355-361= Objects of, =353=

_Smirgel_ (_see_ Emery).

_Smiris_ (_see_ Emery).

Smyrna. Mines near, 27

Snake-Bites, 31

Soda (_see also_ _Nitrum_), =558=; =559=; 233; 222 As a flux, =233=; =234= Historical notes, 558; 354 Solidified juice, 1

Sole, 101

Solidified Juices (_see_ Juices, Solidified).

_Solifuga_, =216=; 216

Sorters, 78

Sorting Ore, =268-271=

_Sory_, 112; 403; 573

Sows, =376=; =386=; 376

Spain (_see also_ Lusitania). Ancient silver-lead mines, 149; 392 Ancient silver mines of Carthage, =27= Ancient tin mines, 411-412

Spalling Ore, =271-272=

_Spangen_ (_see_ _Trochitis_).

_Spanschgrün_ (_see_ Verdigris).

Spartans. Gold and silver forbidden, =9=; =15= Interference with Athenian mines, 27

Spat (_see_ Heavy Spar).

Spelter, 409

Sphalerite, 113

_Spiauter_, 409

_Spiesglas_ (_see_ _Stibium_).

Spines of Fishes for Cupels, =230=

_Spodos_, =538=; 394; 113; 114

_Spuma argenti_ (_see_ Litharge).

Staffordshire. First pumping engine, 149

Stalagmites, 114

Stall Roasting, =350-351=

Stamp, 267 For breaking copper cakes, =501-503= For crushing crucible lining, =373-375=

Stamping Refined Silver, =489=

Stamp-mill, =279-287=; 281-282; 267 Wet ore, =312-314=; =319-321=

Standing Plummet Level (_see_ Plummet Level).

Stannaries, 85

_Stannum_, 473; 2; 384; 492

Steel, =423-426=; 422-423; 354

_Steiger_, 77

_Steinmarck_ (_see_ Porcelain Clay).

Stemple (stull), 101

Stephanite, 109

Sternen Mine, =92=; 75

Steward (of High Peak mines), 77

St. George Mine (Schneeberg), =91=; 74; 75

_Stibium_ (_see also_ Antimony _and_ Antimony Sulphide), 110; 428; 2; 221 Flux to be added to, =235= In assaying, =237-239= In cementation, =458-460= Indication of silver, =116= In making nitric acid, =440= In parting gold and silver, =451-452=; =459= In parting gold from copper, =464= In treatment of gold concentrates, =396=; =397=

Stibnite, 428; 451

St. Lorentz Mine, =74=; =92=

Stockwerke (_see_ _Vena cumulata_).

Stoics. Views on wealth, =18=

_Stomoma_, =423=

Stone Juice, 46; 49

Stones. Agricola's view of, 2; 46; 49 Various orders of fusibility, =380=

"Stones which Easily Melt" (_see also_ Quartz), 380; 222 As a flux, =233=; =236=; 233 In making nitric acid, =440= In smelting, =379=; =380=; =390= Smelting of, =401=

Stool (of a drift), 101

Stope, =126=

Stoping, =125= _Venae cumulatae_, =128= _Venae dilatatae_, =126=; =127=

Strake, =303-310=; 267; 282 Canvas, =307-310=; =314=; =316=; 267 Egyptians, 280 Greeks, 281 Short, =306-307=; 267 Washing tin concentrates, =341-343=

Strata, =126=

Streaming, =316-318=

Stringers, =70=; 43; 47; 70 Indication of ore, =106= Mining method, =128=

Styria, =388=

Subterranean Heat, 46; 595

Suction Pumps, =175-188=

Sulphides, 267; 355

Sulphur, =578-581=; 579; 222 Colour of fumes, =235= Harmful to metals, =273= In assaying, =235-238= In parting gold from copper, =463=; 462 In parting gold from silver, =448-451=; 448; 461 In smelting gold dust, =396= Roasted from ores, =273=; =276= Solidified juice, 1

Sulphur "not exposed to the fire," =458=; =463=; 579

Surveyor's Field, =137=; =144=; 142

Surveying, =128-148=; 129 Necessary for miners, =4= Rod, =137-138=

Suspended Plummet Level (_see_ Plummet Level).

Swiss Compass, =145=; 137

Swiss Surveyors, =145=

_Symposium_, =91=

Tap-hole, =378=; =386=

Tappets, =282=; =319=; 267

Tapping-bar, =381=

Tarshish, Tin Trade, 412

Tartar (Cream of), 220; 234

_Tectum_ (Hangingwall), 101

_Terra sigillata_ (_see_ Lemnian Earth).

"Tests", refining silver in, =483-490=; 465; 484

_Thaler_, 92

Thasos, Mines of, =23=; =95=; 23

_Theamedes_, 115

Theodosian Code. Mines, 84

Thorns (_see_ Liquation Thorns).

Thuringia. Roasting pyrites, =276= Sluices of gold washing, =327=

Tigna (Wall plate), 101

Timbering. Of ladderways and shafts, =122=; =123=; =124= Of stopes, =126= Of tunnels and drifts, =124-125=

Tin, 411-413; 354; 110 Alluvial mining, =336-340= Assaying ore, =246= Assaying for silver, =251= Colour of fumes, =235= Concentrates, =340-342=; =348-349= Cornish treatment, 282 Refining, =418-419= Smelting, =411-420= Stamp-milling, =312-317= Streaming, =316-318= Washing, =298=; =302=; =304=

_Tincar_ or _Tincal_ (_see_ Borax).

Tithe Gatherer, =81=; =95=; =98=; 78

Tithe on Metals, =81=; 82

_Toden Kopff_, 235

_Tofstein_ (_see_ _Tophus_).

Tolfa, La (_see_ La Tolfa).

Tools, =149-153=

_Topfstein_ (_see_ _Tophus_).

_Tophus_, 233; 114; 222 As a flux, =233=; =237=; =390=

Tortures. With metals, =11= Without metals, =17=

Touch-needles, =253-260=; 253

Touchstone, =252-253=; 252; 354; 458; 222 Mineral, 114 Uses, =243=; =248=; =447=

Trade-routes. Salt-deposits influence on, 546

Transport of Ore, =168-169=

Trent, Bishop of. Charter (1185), 84

Triangles in Surveying, =129-137=

Tripoli, 115

_Trochitis_, =115=; 115

Trolley, =480=; =500=; =514=

Troy. Lead found in, 391

Troy Weights, 616; 617; 242

Trucks, =156=

Tunnels, =102=; 101 Law, =88-93= Surveys of, =130-141= Timbering, =124=

Turin Papyrus, 129; 399

Turn (winze), 101

_Tuteneque_, 409

_Tuttanego_, 409

Tutty, 394

Twitches of the Vein, 101

Twyer, 376

Tye, 267

Type. _Stibium_ used for, 2; 429

Tyrants. Inimical to miners, =32=

Tyrolese. Smelting, =388=; =404=

Ulcers, =214=; 31

_Uncia_ (length), =78=; 616; 78

_Uncia_ (weight), 616; 242

Undercurrents (_see_ Sluices).

United States. Apex law, 82

_Vectiarii_ (_see_ Windlass Men).

Veins, =43=; =64-69=; =106-107=; 47 Barren, =72=; =107= Direction of, =54-58= Drusy, =72=; =73=; =107= Hardness variable, =117= Indications, =35-38= Intersections of, =65=; =66=; =67=; =106=; =107=

_Vena_. Use of term, 43; 47

_Vena cumulata_, =46=; =49=; =70=; 43; 47 Mining method, =128= Mining rights, =87=

_Vena dilatata_, =41=; =45=; =53=; =60-61=; 43; 47 Junctions with _vena profunda_, =67=; =68= Mining method, =126-127= Mining rights, =83-86= Washing lead ore from, =347=

_Vena profunda_, =44=; =51=; =60=; =62=; =63=; =68=; =69=; 43; 47 Cross veins, =65= Functions, =65=; =66=; =67=; =68= Mining rights, =79-83=

Venetian Glass, 222 Factories, =592= In assaying, =238=; =245=; =246= In cupellation, =474=

Venice. Glass-factories, =592= Parting with nitric acid, 461 Scale of weights, =263=

Ventilation, =200-212=; =121= With bellows, =207-210= With fans, =203-207= With linen cloths, =210= With windsails, =200-203=

Verdigris, 440; 1; 110; 222 In cementation, =454=; =457= Indication of ore, =116= In making nitric acid, =440= In parting gold from copper, =464=

Vermilion. Adulteration with red-lead, 232 Poisonous, =215=

Villacense Lead, =239=; 239

Vinegar. Use in breaking rocks, =119=; 118 Use in cleansing quicksilver, =426= Use in roasting matte, =349= Use in softening ore, =231=

_Virgula divina_ (_see_ Divining Rod).

Vitriol, =571=; 572; 403; 222; 1 In assaying, =237-238= In cementation, =454=; 454 Indication of copper, =116= In making nitric acid, =439-440= In roasted ores, =350= In _sal artificiosus_, =463= Native, 111 Native blue, 109 Native white, 113 Red, 274 White, 454

Volcanic Eruptions, 595

Washers, 78

Washing Ore (_see also_ Concentration, Screening Ore, _etc._), =300-310=

Water-Bags, =157-159=; =198=

Water-Buckets, =157-158=

Water-Wheels, =187=; =283=; =286=; =319=

Water-Tank, under Blast Furnaces, =356-357=

Wealth, =7-20=

Wedges, =150=

Weights, =260-264=; 616-617; 242; 253

_Weisser Kis_, 111

_Werckschuh_, 617; 78

Westphalia. Smelting lead ore, =391= Spalling ore, =272=

Wheelbarrows, =154=

Whims, =164-167=

White-Lead, 440; 354; 110; 232

White Schist, =234=; =390=; 234; 222

Winding Appliances (_see_ Hauling Appliances).

Windlasses, =160=; =171=; 149

Windlass Men, =160=; 78

Winds. Greek and Roman names, =58= Sailors' names, =59=; =60=

Winds (winze), 101

Windsails, =200-203=

Winzes, 102

Wittenberg, Capitulation of, IX.

Wizards. Divining rods, =40=

Workmen, =98=; =100=

Woughs, 101

_Zaffre_, 112

Zeitz, XI.

Zinc (_see also_ _Cadmia_ _and_ Cobalt). Historical notes, 408-410; 354 Minerals, 112-113

Zinck (_see_ Zinc).

Zinc Oxides, 113; 354

Zinc Sulphate (_see_ Vitriol).

_Zincum_ (_see_ Zinc).

_Zoll_, 617; 78

Zwickau, VI.

_Zwitter_, 110

INDEX TO PERSONS AND AUTHORITIES.

NOTE.--The numbers in heavy type refer to the Text; those in plain type to the Footnotes, Appendices, etc.

Acosta, Joseph De, 298

Aeschylus. Amber, 35

Aesculapius. Love of gold, =9=

Africanus (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXVIII

Agatharchides. Cupellation, 465 Egyptian gold mining, 279; 391; 399 Fire-setting, 118

Agathocles. Money, =21=

Agathodaemon (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXVIII

Agricola, Daniel, 606

Agricola, Georg (a preacher at Freiberg), 606

Agricola, Georgius. Assaying, 220 Biography, V-XVI Founder of Science, XIV Geologist, XII; 46; 53 Interest in _Gottsgaab_ mine, VII; 74 Mineralogist, XII; 108; 594 Paracelsus compared with, XIV Real name, V Works, Appendix A See also: _Bermannus._ _De Animantibus._ _De Natura eorum_, etc. _De Natura Fossilium._ _De Ortu et Causis._ _De Peste._ _De Precio Metallorum._ _De Re Metallica._ _De Veteribus Metallis._ Etc.

Agricola, Rudolph, 606

Albert the Brave, Duke of Meissen, VIII

Albertus Magnus (Albert von Bollstadt), XXX; 609 Alluvial gold, =76= Cementation, 460 Metallic arsenic, 111 Metals, 44 Saltpetre, 562 Zinc, 409

Albinus, Petrus, V; 599 Cuntz von Glück, 24

Alpinus, Prosper, 559

Alyattes, King of Lydia. Mines owned by, =26=; 27

American Institute of Mining Engineers, 38; 53

Anacharsis. Invention of bellows, 362

Anacreon of Teos. Money despised by, =9=; =15=

Anaxagoras. Money despised by, =15=

Anna, Daughter of Agricola, VII

Anna, Wife of Agricola, VII

Antiphanes. On wealth, =19=

Apollodorus, 26

Apulejus (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXIX

Archimedes. King Hiero's crown, =247= Machines, 149

Ardaillon, Edouard. Mt. Laurion, 28; 281; 391

Aristippus. Gold, =9=; =14=

Aristodemus. Money, =8=

Aristotle, XII; 607 Amber, 35 Athenian mines, 27; 83 Burning springs, 583 Coal, 34 Cupellation, 465 Distillation, 441 Lodestone, 115 Nitrum, 558 Ores of brass, 410 Quicksilver, 432 Silver from forest fires, 36 Theory of ore deposits, 44 Wealth of, =15=

Arnold de Villa Nova. (_see_ Villa Nova, Arnold de).

Athenaeus. Silver from forest fires, 36

Augurellus, Johannes Aurelius (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXX

Augustinus Pantheus (alchemist), =XXVII=

Augustus, Elector of Saxony, =IX= Dedication of _De Re Metallica_, =XXV= Letter to Agricola, =XV=

Avicenna, XXX; 608

Bacon, Roger, XXX; 609 Saltpetre, 460; 562

Badoarius, Franciscus, =XXVII=

Balboa, V. N. de, V

Ballon, Peter, 559

Barba, Alonso, 300; 1

Barbarus, Hermolaus, =XXVII=

Barrett, W. F., 38

Becher, J. J., 53

Bechius, Philip, XV

Beckmann, Johann. _Alumen_, 565 Amalgamation, 297 _Nitrum_, 559 Parting with nitric acid, 461 Stamp-mills, 281 _Stannum_, 473 Tin, 412

_Bergbüchlein_ (_see_ _Nützlich Bergbüchlin_).

_Bergwerks lexicon_, 37; 80; 81

Berman, Lorenz, VI; 597

_Bermannus_, 596; 599; VI Arsenical minerals, 111 Bismuth, 3; 433 _Cadmia_, 113 Cobalt, 112 Fluorspar, 381 _Molybdaena_, 477 Schist, 234 Shafts, 102 Zinc, 409

Berthelot, M. P. E., 429; 609

Berthier, 492

Bias of Priene. Wealth, =8=; =14=

Biringuccio, Vannuccio, 614 Agricola indebted to, =XXVII= Amalgamation of silver ores, 297 Assaying, 220 Assay ton, 242 Brass making, 410 Clarifying nitric acid, 443 Copper refining, 536 Copper smelting, 405 Cupellation, 466 Liquation, 494 Manganese, 586 Parting precious metals, 451; 461; 462 Roasting, 267 Steel making, 420 _Zaffre_, 112

Boeckh, August, 28

Boerhaave, Hermann, XXIX

Borlase, W. C. Bronze celts, 411

Borlase, William. Cornish miners in Germany, 283

Born, Ignaz Edler von, 300

Boussingault, J. B., 454

Boyle, Robert. Divining rod, 38

Brough, Bennett, 129

Bruce, J. C., 392

Brunswick, Duke Henry of (_see_ Henry, Duke of Brunswick).

Budaeus, William (Guillaume Bude), 461; 606

Cadmus, 27

Calbus (_see also_ _Nützlich Bergbüchlin_), 610; =XXVI=; XXVII Alluvial gold, =75=

Caligula. Gold from _auripigmentum_, 111

Callides (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXVIII

Callimachus. On wealth, =19=

Camerarius, =VIII=

Canides (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXVIII

Carew, Richard. Cornish mining law, 85 Cornish ore-dressing, 282

Carlyle, W. A. Ancient Rio Tinto smelting, 405

Carne, Joseph. Cornish cardinal points, 57

Casibrotius, Leonardus, VI

_Castigationes in Hippocratem et Galenum_, 605

Castro, John de, 570

Chabas, F. J., 129

Chaloner, Thomas, 570

Chanes (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXVIII

Charles V. of Spain, =IX= Agricola sent on mission to, =X=

Chevreul, M. E., 38

_Chronik der Stadt Freiberg_, 606

Cicero. Divining rod, 38 Wealth of, =15=

Cincinnatus L. Quintius, =23=

Circe. Magic rod, =40=

Cleopatra. As an alchemist, =XXVII=; XXIX

Collins, A. L. 119

Columbus, Christopher, V

Columella, Moderatus, =XXV=; =XXVI=

Comerius, =XXVII=; XXIX

_Commentariorum ... Libri VI._, 604

Conrad (Graf Cuntz von Glück), =23=; 24

Corduba, Don Juan De, 300

Cortes, Hernando, =V=

Cramer, John, 236

Crassus, Marcus. Love of gold, =9=

Crates, the Theban. Money despised by, =15=

Croesus, King of Lydia. Mines owned by, =26=; 27

Ctesias. Divining rod, 38

Ctesibius. Machines, 149

Curio, Claudius. Love of gold, =9=

Curius, Marcus. Gold of Samnites, =9=; =15=

Dana, J. D., 108 Alum, 566 Copiapite, 574 Emery, 115 Lemnian earth, 31 Minerals of Agricola, 594 Zinc vitriol, 572

Danae. Jove and, =10=

D'Arcet, J. Parting with sulphuric acid, 462

Day, St. John V. Ancient steel making, 423

_De Animantibus Subterraneis_, 597; =VII= Editions, 600 Gnomes, =217=; 217

_De Bello adversus Turcam_, 605

_De Inventione Dialectica_, 606

_De Jure et Legibus Metallicis_, =100=; 604

_De Medicatis Fontibus_, 605

_De Mensuris et Ponderibus_, 597 Editions, 599 Weights and measures, =263=; 78

_De Metallis et Machinis_, 604

Democritus (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXVIII

Demosthenes. Mt. Laurion mines, 27; 83

_De Natura eorum quae Effluunt ex Terra_, 598; =32= Dedication, VII Editions, 600

_De Natura Fossilium_, 594; 600; III; XII Alum, 565 Amber, 35 Antimony, 429 Argol, 234 Arsenical minerals, 111 Asbestos, 440 Bismuth, 110 Bitumen, 581 Borax, 560 Brass making, 410 _Cadmia_, 113 _Caldarium_ copper, 511 Camphor, 238 _Chrysocolla_, 584 Coal, 35 Cobalt, 112 Copper flowers, 539; 233 Copper scales, 233 Crinoid stems, 115 Emery, 115 Fluorspar, 380 Goslar ores, 273 Goslar smelting, 408 Iron ores, 111 Iron smelting, 420 Jet, 34 _Lapis judaicus_, 115 Lead minerals, 110 Mannsfeld ores, 273 _Melanteria_, 573 Mineral Kingdom, 1 _Misy_, 573 _Molybdaena_, 476 Native metals, 108 Petroleum, 581 _Pompholyx_, 114; 278 Pyrites, 112 Quicksilver, 110 _Rudis_ minerals, 108 Sal-ammoniac, 560 Silver glance, 109 _Sory_, 573 _Spodos_, 114 _Stannum_, 473 Stones which easily melt, 380 Sulphur, 578 _Tophus_, 233 Touchstone, 253 White schist, 234 Zinc, 409

_De Ortu et Causis Subterraneorum_, 594; 600; III; VII; XII; XIII Earths, 48 Gangue minerals, 48 Gold in alluvial, =76= Ground waters, 48 Juices, 52 Metals, 51 Solidified juices, 49 Stones, 49 Touchstone, 253 Veins, 47

_De Ortu Metallorum Defensio ad J. Scheckium_, 604

_De Peste_, 605; VIII

_De Precio Metallorum et Monetis_, 597; 600 Mention by Agricola, =252=; =263=

_De Putredine solidas partes_, etc., 605

_De Re Metallica_, I; XIII; XIV-XVI Editions, 600; XIV Title page, =XIX=

De Soto, Fernandes, V

_De Terrae Motu_, 604

_De Varia temperie sive Constitutione Aeris_, 604

_De Veteribus et Novis Metallis_, 597; 600; VII; =XXVI=; 5 Agricola's training, VI Conrad, 24 Discovery of mines, =36=; 5; 37 _Gottsgaab_ mine, 74

Devoz (de Voz), Cornelius, 570; 283

Diodorus Siculus, 607 Alum, 566 Bitumen, 582 Cupellation, 465 Drainage of Spanish mines, 149 Egyptian gold mining, 279 Fire-setting, 118 Lead, 391 Silver from forest fires, =36= Tin, 412

Diogenes Laertius, 7; 9; 10

Dioscorides, 607; 608 Alum, 566 Antimony, 428 Argol, 234 Arsenic minerals, 111 Asbestos, 440 Bitumen, 584 Brass making, 410 Burned lead, 237 _Cadmia_, 112 _Chalcitis_, 573 Copper flowers, 233; 538 Copper smelting, 403 Cupellation, 465 Distillation apparatus, 355 Dust-chambers, 355; 394 Emery, 115 Lead, 392 Lead minerals, 477 Lemnian earth, 31 Litharge, 465 Lodestone, 115 _Melanteria_, 573 _Misy_, 573 Naphtha, 584 _Pompholyx_, 394; 410 Quicksilver, 297; 432 Red-lead, 232 Sal-ammoniac, 560 _Sory_, 573 _Spodos_, 394 Verdigris, 440 Vitriol, 572 White-lead, 440

Diphilos, 27; 83

Diphilus (poet). Gold, =10=

_Dominatores Saxonici_, 606

Draud, G., 599

Dudae. Alum trade, 569

Elizabeth, Queen of England. Charters to alum makers, 283; 570 Dedication of Italian _De Re Metallica_ to, XV Importation of German miners, 283; 570

Eloy, N. F. J., 599

Entzelt (Enzelius, Encelio), 615

Erasmus, VI; VIII; XIV

Ercker, Lazarus. Amalgamation, 300 Liquation, 491; 505 Nitric acid preparation, 443 Parting gold and silver, 444; 451

Eriphyle. Love of gold, =9=

Ernest, Elector of Saxony, VIII

Euripides. Amber mentioned by, 35 Plutus, =8=; =7=

Ezekiel, Prophet. Antimony, 428 Cupellation, 465 Tin, 412

Fabricius, George. Agricola's death, X Friendship with Agricola, VIII Laudatory poem on Agricola, =XXI= Letters, IX; X; XIV; XV Posthumous editor of Agricola, 603; 606

Fairclough, H. R., III

Farinator, Mathias, XXVI

Ferdinand, King of Austria. Agricola sent on mission to, X Badoarius sent on mission to, =XXVII=

Ferguson, John. Editions of _De Re Metallica_, XVI; 599

Feyrabendt, Sigmundi, XV

Figuier, L., 38

Flach, Jacques. Aljustrel tablet, 83

Florio, Michelangelo, XV

Förster, Johannes, VI

Francis, Col. Grant, 267; 283

Francis I., King of France, IX

Frederick, Elector of Saxony, VIII; IX

Froben, Publisher of _De Re Metallica_, XIV; XV

Frontinus, Sextus Julius, 87

Galen. Agricola's revision of, 605; VI Lemnian earth, 31 Mention by Agricola, 2

_Galerazeya sive Revelator Secretorum_, etc., 606

Gama, Vasco da, V

Ganse (Gaunse), Joachim, 267; 283

Gatterer, C. W., 599

Geber, =XXVII=; XXX; 609 Alum, =569= Assaying, 219 Cementation, 459 Cupels, 466 Nitric acid, 460 Origin of metals, 44 Precipitation of silver nitrate, 443

_Genesis, Book of_, XII; 43

George, Duke of Saxony, IX; =310=; 310

Gesner, Conrad, 52

Gibbon, Edward, 119

Glauber, J. R., 410

Glück, Cuntz von (_see_ Conrad).

Gmelin, J. F., 84

Göcher, C. G., 599

Godolphin, Sir Francis, 282

Gowland, William. Ancient bronze, 410; 411; 421 Early smelting, 402

Graecus, Marcus. Saltpetre, 562

Grommestetter, Paul, 281

Grymaldo, Leodigaris, XVI

Gyges, King of Lydia. Mines owned by, =26=; 27

Hannibal. Alps broken by vinegar, 119 Spanish mines, =42=; 42

Hardy, William, 85

Heath, Thomas. On Hero, 129

Heliodorus (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXIX

Henckel, J. F., 53; 112; 410

Hendrie, R., 609

Hennebert, E., 119

Henry, Duke of Brunswick, VII

Henry, Duke of Meissen, IX

Hermes (alchemist), =XXVI=; XXVIII

Hermes (Mercury). Magic rod, 40

Hero. Underground surveying, 129

Herodotus. Alum, 566 Bitumen, 582 Lead, 391 Mines of Thrace, 23 _Nitrum_, 558

Hertel, Valentine, XIV

Hiero, King of Syracuse. Crown, 247

Hill, John, 607 _Auripigmentum_, 111

Himilce, wife of Hannibal, 42

Hippocrates. Cupellation, 391; 465 Lodestone, 115

Hiram, King of Tyre. Mines, 214

Hofmann, Dr. R. Biography of Agricola, V; XI; 599; 603

Homer. Amber, 35 Divining rod, =40=; 40 Lead, 391 Smelting, 402 Steel, 421 Sulphur, 579 Tin, 412

Hommel, W. Early zinc smelting, 409

Horace. Metals, =11= Wealth, =15=; =17=

Hordeborch, Johannes, VII

Houghstetter, Daniel, 283

Houghton, Thomas, 85

Humphrey, William. Jigging sieve, 283

Hunt, Robert. Roman lead smelting, 392

Inama-Sternegg, K. T. von, 84

_Interpretatio Rerum Metallicarum_ (_see_ _Rerum Metall. Interpretatio_).

Irene, Daughter of Agricola, VII

Jacobi, G. H. Biography of Agricola, V; 599 Calbus, XXVII; 610

Jagnaux, Raoul. Ancient zinc, 409

Jason. Golden fleece, 330

Jeremiah. Bellows, 362 Cupellation, 465 Lead smelting, 391 _Nitrum_, 558

Jezebel. Use of antimony, 428

Job. Refining silver, 465

Johannes (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXVIII

John, Elector of Saxony, IX

John, King of England. Mining claims, 85

John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, IX

Josephus. Dead Sea bitumen, 33

Jove. Danae legend, =10=

Justin, =36=

Juvenal. Money, =10=

Karsten, K. J. B. Liquation, 491; 492; 505; 509; 523; 535

Kerl, Bruno. Liquation, 505

König, Emanuel, XV

König, Ludwig, XV

Kopp, Dr. Hermann, 609; 441

Lampadius, G. A., 462

Lasthenes. Love of gold, =9=

_Latin Grammar_ (Agricola), 605

Leonardi, Camilli, 615

Leupold, Jacob, XV; 599

_Leviticus_. Leprosy of walls, 562

Lewis, G. R, 84

Lewis, 454

Libavis, Andrew, 410

Lieblein, J. D. C., 129

Linnaeus, Charles, 559

Livy. Hannibal's march over the Alps, 119

Lohneys, G. E. Liquation, 491; 505 Parting with antimony, 451 Zinc, 409; 410

Lucretia, daughter of Agricola, VII

Lucretius. Forest fires melting veins, =36=

Lully, Raymond, =XXVII=; XXX

Luscinus, Fabricius. Gold, =9=; =15=

Luther, Martin, V; VI; VIII; IX

Lycurgus (Athenian orator). Prosecution of Diphilos, 27; 83

Lycurgus (Spartan legislator). Wealth prohibited by, =9=; =15=

Magellan, F. de, V

Maltitz, Sigismund, 312

Manlove, Edward, 70; 85

Marbodaeus, 615

Marcellinus, Ammianus. On Thucydides, 23

Marcellus, Nonius, XXXI

Maria the Jewess, =XXVII=; XXVIII

Mathesius, Johann. Cobalt, 214 Conrad mentioned by, 24 _De Re Metallica_, XIV King Hiram's mines, 214

Matthew Paris. Cornish miners in Germany, 283

Maurice, Elector of Saxony, =XXV=; VIII; IX; X

Mawe, J., 70

Maximilian, Emperor, =23=; 24

Meissen, Dukes of (_see under personal names_: Albert, Henry, _etc._).

Melanchthon. Relations with Agricola, VIII; X

Menander. Riches, =8=

Mercklinus, G. A., 599

Mercury (_see_ Hermes).

Merlin (magician), =XXVII=; XXX

Meurer, Wolfgang. Letters, IX; X

Meyer, Ernst von, 248; 569

Meyner, Matthias, VII

Midas, King of Lydia. Mines owned by, =26=; 27

Miller, F. B., 462

Minerva. Magic rod, =40=

Morris, W. O'C., 119

Mosellanus, Petrus, VI

Moses. Bitumen, 582 Lead, 391 Refining gold, 399 Rod of Horeb, 38; =40=

Müller, Max. Ancient iron, 421

Naevius. Money, =20=

Nash, W. G. Rio Tinto mine, 149

Naumachius. Gold and silver, =8=

Neckam, Alexander. Compass, 57

Newcomen, Thomas, 149

Nicander. On coal, 34

Nicias. Sosias and slaves of, =25=; 25

_Nützlich Bergbüchlin_, 610; =XXVI=; XXVII Alluvial gold, 75 Bismuth, 110; 433 Compass, 57; 129 Ore-deposits, 44 Ore-shoots, 43 Veins, 43; 46; 73

Olympiodorus (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXX

Oppel, van (_see_ Van Oppel).

Orus Chrysorichites (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXVIII

Osthanes (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXIX

Otho the Great, 6

Otho, Prince, 6

Ovid. Mining censured by, =7=

Pandulfus Anglus, =XXVI=

Pantaenetus. Demosthenes' oration against, 27; 83

Pantheus, Augustinus (alchemist), =XXVII=

Paracelsus, XIV; XXX Divining rod, 38 Zinc, 112; 409

Paris, Matthew (_see_ Matthew Paris).

Pebichius (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXVIII

Pelagius (alchemist), =XXVII=

Pennent, Thomas, 570

Percy, John. Cementation, 454; 459 Cupellation, 465 Liquation, 491 Parting with antimony, 451; 452

Peregrinus, Petrus. Compass, 57

Petasius (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXVIII

Petrie, W. M. F. Egyptian iron, 421 Mt. Sinai copper, 402

Pettus, Sir John, XVI; 283

Phaenippus. Demosthenes' oration against, 27; 83

Phaeton's sisters, 35

Pherecrates, =XXVI=

Philemon. Riches, 7

Philip of Macedonia, 27

Philip, Peter, 282

Phillips, J. A., 410

Philo. Lost work on mining, =XXVI=

Phocion. Bribe of Alexander, =9=; =15=

Phocylides. Gold, =7=

Photius, 279 Fire-setting, 118

Pindar. Wealth, =19=; 252

Pius II, Pope. Alum maker, 570

Pizarro, F., =V=

Plateanus, Petrus, XIV

Plautus. Gold, =10=

Pliny (Caius Plinius Secundus), =XXVI=; 608 Alluvial mining, 331; 333 Alum, 566 Amalgamation, 297 Amber, 35 Antimony, 428 Argol, 234 _Arrhenicum_, 111 Asbestos, 440 Bitumen, =33=; 583 Brass, 410 British miners, 83 Cadmia, 112 Cementation, 459 Chrysocolla, 560 Copper flowers and scales, 233; 538 Copper smelting, 404 Cupellation, 466 Drainage of Spanish mines, 149 _Electrum_, 458 Fire-setting, 118 Galena, 476 Glass, 585; 586 Hannibal's silver mine, =42=; 42 Hoisting ore, =157=; 157 Iron, 11 Jew-stone, 115 Lead, 392 Lemnian earth, 31 Litharge, =475=; 466; 501 Lodestone, 115 Manganese (?), 586 Metallurgical appliances, 355 _Misy_, 573 _Molybdaena_, 466; 476 Naphtha, 583 _Nitrum_, 560 Ore-dressing, 281 Outcrops, 65 _Pompholyx_, 396 Protection from poison, 215 Quicksilver, 433 Red-lead, 232 Roasting, 267 Sal-ammoniac, 560 Salt from wood, 558 Silver-lead smelting, 392 _Sory_, 573 _Spodos_, 396 _Stannum_, 473 Tin, Spanish, 412 _Tophus_, 233 Touchstone, =256=; 253 Turfs in sluices, =331=; 332 _Vena_, 43 Ventilation with wet cloths, =210=; 210 Verdigris, 440 Vitriol, 572 White-lead, 440

Plutarch, 25

Pluto, =216=

Polybius. Ore washing, 281 Silver-lead smelting, 392; 465

Polymnestor, King of Thrace. Love of gold, =9=; =16=

Pörtner, Hans, 281

Posepny, Franz, 53

Posidonius. Asphalt and naphtha, 584 Drainage of Spanish mines, 149 Silver from forest fires, 36

Priam, King of Troy. Gold mines of, =26=; 27

_Probierbüchlein_, 612; =XXVI= Amalgamation, 297 Antimony, 420 Assaying, 220 Assay ton, 242 Bismuth, 433 Cementation, 454 Nitric acid, 439 Parting, 461; 462; 463 Precipitation of silver nitrate, 443 Residues from distillation of nitric acid, 235; 443 Roasting, 267 Stock fluxes, 235; 236 Touchstone, 253

Propertius. Gold, =10=

Pryce, William. Adam's fall, 353 Divining rod, 38 Juices, 1 Ore-deposits, 53 Stamp-mill, 282 Stringers, 70

Psalms. Silver refining, 465

Pulsifer, Wm. H., 391

Pygmalion. Love of gold, =9=; =16=

Rachaidibus (alchemist), =XXVII=

Rameses I. Map of mines, 129

Rameses III. Leaden objects dating from, 391

Raspe, R. E., 300

Rawlinson, George, 583

Ray, P. Chandra. Indian zinc, 409

Raymond, Rossiter W., 38

_Rechter Gebrauch der Alchimey_, 606

_Rerum Metallicarum Interpretatio_, 597; VII; 600

Reuss, F. A., 599

Richter, A. D., V; 599

Rodianus (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXVIII

Rössler, B., 53

Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, 84

Rühlein von Kalbe (_see_ Calbus).

Salmoneus. Lightning, =11=

Sandwich, Earl of, trans. Barba's book, 300

Sappho. Wealth, =19=

Savery, Thomas, 149

Saxony, Dukes and Electors of. (_See under personal names_: Albert, Ernest, _etc._).

Schliemann, H., 391

Schlüter, C. A. Artificial zinc vitriol, 572 Copper refining, 535 Cupellation, 464 Liquation, 491; 505 Parting with sulphur, 462

Schmid, F. A., V; XV; 599

Schnabel and Lewis, 465

Scott, Sir Walter. "Antiquary," 300

Seneca. Wealth of, =15=

Seneferu. Copper mines, 402

Seti I. Map of mine, 129

Shaw, Peter, XXVIII

Shoo King. Copper and lead, 391; 402 Iron, 421

Shutz, Christopher, 283

Sigfrido, Joanne. Ed. Agricola's works, XV

Socrates. Riches, =7=; =9=; =14=; =18=

Solinus, C. Julius. _Solifuga_, =216=; 216

Solomon, King. Cobalt in mines, 214

Solon. Scarcity of silver under, 27

Sosias, the Thracian. Slaves employed by, =25=

Stahl, G. E., 53

Staunton, Sir George, 409

Stephanus (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXX

Stephenson, George, 149

Strabo, 607 Arsenical minerals, 111 Asbestos, 440 Asphalt, 584; 33 Bellows, 362 Cementation, 458 Cupellation, 465 Drainage of Spanish mines, 149 Forest fires melting veins, 36 High stacks, 355 Lydian mines, 26; 27 Mt. Laurion, 27 Silver-lead smelting, 391 Spanish ore-washing, 281 Zinc (?), 409

Strato. Lost work on mines, =XXVI=; =XXVII=; XII

Struve, B. G., 599

Synesius (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXIX

Tantalus, 27

Taphnutia (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXVIII

Tapping, Thomas, 85

Thales of Miletus. Amber, 35

Themistocles. Athenian mine royalties, 27

Theodor, son of Agricola, VII

Theognis. Cupellation, 465 On greed, =18= Plutus, =8= Refining gold, 399

_Theological Tracts_ (Agricola), 605

Theophilus (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXVIII

Theophilus the Monk, 609 Brass making, 410 Calamine, 112 Cementation, 459 Copper refining, 536 Copper smelting, 405 Cupels, 466 Divining rod, 38 Liquation, 494 Metallurgical appliances, 355 Parting with sulphur, 461 Roasting, 267

Theophrastus, XII; 607 Amber, 35 Arsenical minerals, 111 Asbestos, 440 Assaying, 219 Coal, 34 Copper minerals, 110 Copper ore, 403 Emery, 115 Lodestone, 115 Lost works, =XXVI=; 403 Origin of minerals, 44 Parting precious metals, 458 Quicksilver, 297; 432 Touchstone, 252 Verdigris, 440 Vermilion, 232 White-lead, 391; 440

Thompson, Lewis, 462

Thoth. Hermes Trismegistos, XXIX

Thotmes III. Lead, 391; 582

Thucydides. Mining prefect, =23=; 23; 95

Tibullus. Wealth condemned by, =16=

Timocles. Riches, =8=

Timocreon of Rhodes. Plutus, =7=

Tournefort, Joseph P. De, 566

Tubal Cain. Instructor in metallurgy, 353

Tursius, =24=

Twain, Mark. Merlin, XXX

_Typographia Mysnae et Toringiae_, 605

Ulloa, Don Antonio De, 298

Ulysses. Magic rod, =40=

Valentine, Basil, XXX; 609 Antimony, 429 Divining rod, 38 Parting with antimony, 461 Zinc, 409

Valerius, son of Agricola, VII

Van der Linden, J. A., 599

Van Oppel, XIII; 52

Varro, Marcus, =XXVI=

Vasco da Gama (_see_ Gama, Vasco da).

Veiga, Estacia de, 83

Velasco, Dom Pedro De, 298

Veradianus (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXVIII

Villa Nova, Arnold De (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXX

Virgil. Avarice condemned by, =16=

Vitruvius, 608 Amalgamation, 297 Hiero's Crown, 248 Pumps, 174; 149 Red-lead, 232 Surveying, 129 Verdigris, 440 White-lead, 440

Vladislaus III., King of Poland, =24=

Von Oppel (_see_ Van Oppel).

Voz, Cornelius de (_see_ Devoz, Cornelius).

Wallerius, J. G., 234; 273

Watt, James, 149

Watt, Robert, XXVII

Wefring, Basilius, XIV

Weindle, Caspar, 119

Weinart, B. G., 599

Weller, J. G., V

Werner, A. G., XIII; 53

Wilkinson, J. Gardner. Bitumen, 582 Egyptian bellows, 362 Egyptian gold-washing, 279

Williams, John, 53

Winkler, K. A., 464

Wrotham, William de, 85; 413; 473

Xenophon. Athenian mines, =28=; =83=; 27; 29 Fruitfulness of mines, =6= Mining companies, 90 Mine slaves, 25; 28 Quoted by Agricola, =26=; =28=

Zimmerman, C. F., 53

Zosimus (alchemist), =XXVII=; XXIX

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

Alum Making, =571=

Amalgamation Mill, =299=

Ampulla, =442=; =446=

Argonauts, =330=

Assay Balances (_see_ Balances).

Assay Crucible, =229=

Assay Furnaces. Crucible, =227= Muffle, =223=; =224=

Balances, =265=

Baling Water, =199=

Bars, for Furnace Work, =377=; =389=

Batea, =157=

Bellows. For blast furnaces, =359=; =365=; =368=; =370=; =372= For mine ventilation, =208=; =209=; =211= For tin furnace, =419=

Bismuth Smelting, =434=; =435=; =436=; =437=

Bitumen Making, =582=

Bitumen Spring, =583=

Bowls for Alluvial Washing (_see also_ Batea), =336=

Buckets. For hoisting ore, =154= For hoisting water, =158=

Buddle, =301=; =302=; =314=; =315=

Building Plan for Refinery, =493=

Building Plan for Smelter, =361=

Chain Pumps, =173=; =174=; =175=

_Chrysocolla_ Making, =585=

Circular Fire (_see_ Ring-Fire).

Clay Washing, =374=; =375=

Compass, =57=; =59=; =142=; =147=

Copper Mould for Assaying, =250=

Copper Refining, =534=; =537=

Copper Refining Furnace, =532=

Crane. For cupellation furnace, =479= For liquation cakes, =514=

Crowbars, =152=

Cupel, =229= Mould, =231=

Cupellation Furnace, =468=; =470=; =474= At Freiberg, =481= In Poland, =482=

Cutting Metal, =269=

Descent into Mines, =213=

Dipping-pots, =385=; =387=; =389=; =393=; =415=; =417=

Distillation (_see_ Nitric Acid _and_ Quicksilver).

Divining Rod, =40=

Dogs Packing Ore, =168=

Drifts, =105=

Drying Furnace for Liquation, =525=; =527=; =528=

Dust Chambers, =395=; =417=

Fans, Ventilation, =204=; =205=; =206=; =207=

Fire-Buckets, =377=

Fire Pump, =377=

Fire-Setting, =120=

Forehearth, =357=; =358=; =383=; =385=; =387=; =389=; =417=

Frames (or Sluices) for Washing Ore or Alluvial, =322-324=; =326-329=; =331-333=

Furnaces. Assaying (_see_ Assay Furnaces). Blast, =357=; =358=; =373=; =377=; =383=; =385=; =387=; =389=; =395=; =419=; =424=; =508= Copper refining, =537= Cupellation, =468=; =470=; =474=; =481=; =482= Distilling sulphur, =277= Enriching copper bottoms, =510= Glass-making, =587=; =588=; =589=; =591= Iron smelting, =422=; =424= Lead smelting (_see also_ Furnaces, blast), =393= Liquation, =517=; =519=; =525=; =527=; =528= Nitric acid making, =442= Nitric acid parting, =446= Parting precious metals with antimony, =453= Ditto cementation, =455= Quicksilver distillation, =427-432= Refining silver, =485=; =486=; =489= Roasting, =276= Steel making, =425= Tin burning, =349= Tin smelting, =415=

Gad, =150=

Glass Making, =591= Furnaces, =587=; =588=; =589=

Ground Sluicing, =337=; =340=; =343=; =346=; =347=

Hammers, =151= With water-power, =422=; =425=

Heap Roasting, =275=; =278=

Hearths. For bismuth smelting, =436=; =437= For heating copper cakes, =504= For melting lead, =393= For melting lead cakes, =499= For refining tin, =418= For roasting, =277=

Hemicycle, =138=

Hoe, =152=

_Intervenium_, =50=

Iron Fork for Metal, =387=

Iron Hook for Assaying, =240=

Iron Smelting, =422=; =424=

Iron Tools, =150=

Jigging Sieve, =311=

Ladders, =213=

Ladle for Metal, =383=

Lead Mould for Assaying, =240=

Liquation Cakes. Dried, =530=

Liquation Cakes, Exhausted, =522=

Liquation Furnaces, =517=; =519=; =525=; =527=; =528=

Lye Making, =557=

Matte Roasting, =350=; =351=

Meers, Shape of, =79=; =80=; =86=; =87=; =89=

Mills for Grinding Ore, =294=; =296=

Muffle Furnaces, =223=; =489=

Muffles, =228=

Nitric Acid Making, =442=

_Nitrum_ Pits, =559=

_Operculum_, =446=

_Orbis_, =142A=

Parting Precious Metals. With antimony, =453= By cementation, =455= With nitric acid, =446= With sulphur, =449=

Picks, =152=

Plummet level. Standing, =143= Suspended, =146=

Pumps. Chain, =173=; =174=; =175= Duplex suction, =180=; =185=; =189= Rag and chain, =191=; =193=; =194=; =195= Suction, =177=; =178=; =179=; =182=; =183=; =187=

Quicksilver Distillation, =427=; =429=; =430=; =431=; =432=

Rag and Chain Pumps, =191=; =193=; =194=; =195=; =197=

Rammers for Fire-Clay, =377=; =383=

Ring-Fire, for Parting with Sulphur, =449=

Roasting (_see also_ Heap _and_ Stall Roasting), =278=; =350=; =351=; =274=; =275=; =276=

Rosette Copper Making, =537=

Salt. Boiling, =549=; =554=; =555= Caldron, =551=; =553= Evaporated on faggots, =556= Pans, =547= Wells, =549=

Saltpetre Making, =563=

Saxon Lead Furnace, =393=

Scorifier, =229=

Seams in the Rocks, =54=; =55=; =56=; =60=; =72=

Shafts. Inclined, =104= Timbering, =123= Vertical, =103=; =105=

Shears for Cutting Metal, =269=

Shield for Muffle Furnace, =241=

Sifting Ore, =287=; =288=; =289=; =291=; =292=; =293=; =311=; =342=

Silver. Cakes, Cleansing of, =476=; =488= Refining, =484=; =485=; =486=; =489=

Sleigh for Ore, =168=

Sluicing Tin, =337=; =338=; =340=; =343=

Smelter, Plan of Building, =361=

Soda Making, =561=

Sorting Ore, =268=; =270=

Spalling Ore, =270=; =271=; =272=

Stall Roasting. Matte, =350=; =351= Ore, =274=; =276=

Stamp-mill, =284=; =286=; =287=; =299=; =313=; =320=; =321=; =373= For breaking copper cakes, =501=

Stamps, =285=

Steel Furnace, =425=

Strake, =302=; =303=; =305=; =306=; =307=; =341=; =342=; =345= Canvas, =308=; =309=; =317=; =321=; =329=

Streaming for Tin, =318=

Stringers. Associated, =71= _Fibra dilatata_, =71= _Fibra incumbens_, =71= Oblique, =71= Transverse, =71=

Surveying. Rods, =138A= Shafts and Tunnels, =131= Triangles, =133=; =134=; =135=; =136=; =137=; =139=; =140=

Suction Pumps (_see_ Pumps).

Sulphur Making, =579=; =581=

Tap-holes in Furnaces, =389=

Tapping-bar, =383=; =385=

"Tests" for Refining Silver, =484=; =485=

Timbering. Shafts, =123= Tunnels, =125=

Tin. Bars, =415= Burning, =349= Refining, =418= Smelting, =415=; =419=

Touch-needles, =255=

Trays for Washing Alluvial, =334=

Tread Whim, =163=

Trough, =159= For washing alluvial, =335=; =348=

Trucks, =156=

Tunnels, =103=; =104=; =105=; =120= Timbering, =125=

Veins. Barren, =73= Beginning of, =69= Cavernous, =73= Curved, =61= End of, =69= Head of, =69= Horizontal, =61= Intersections of, =64=; =65=; =66=; =67=; =68= Solid, =73= Strike of, =62=; =63=

_Vena cumulata_, =49=; =70=

_Vena dilatata_, =45=; =50=; =54=; =60=; =61=; =68=; =69=

_Vena profunda_, =45=; =50=; =53=; =61=; =62=; =63=; =64=; =68=

Ventilating with Damp Cloth (_see also_ Bellows, Fans, and Windsails), =212=

Vitriol Making, =567=; =574=; =575=; =576=; =577=

Wagons, for Hauling Ore, =170=

Washing Ore (_see_ Sifting Ore).

Water Tanks, under Furnaces, =358=

Wedges, =150=

Weights, for Assay Balances, =262=

Westphalian Lead Smelting, =393=

Wheelbarrows, =155=

Whims. Horse, =165=; =167= Tread, =163=

Windlasses, =161=; =162=; =171=

Winds, Direction of, =59=

Windsails for Ventilation, =201=; =202=; =203=

Transcriber's Notes.

This document includes quotes from very early authors. As such, it's no surprise that there are many spelling and punctuation irregularities. Also the authors were American, but writing for a British journal. In addition, whether "ae" and "oe" appear as ligatures or separate characters seems to be fairly random. Unless there was a clearly preferred spelling choice, variants were kept as is. All changes are explicitly documented below. Noted spelling variants that were preserved include: "aluminum" and "aluminium;" "ampullas" and "ampullae;" "beechwood" and "beech-wood;" "Blütstein" and "Blüt stein;" "brick dust" and "brickdust;" "calcspar," "calc spar" and "calc-spar;" derivatives of "crossbar" and "cross-bar," and similarly for "crosscut," "crosspiece," etc.; (Hans von) "Dechen" and "Decken;" "desulphurizing" and "de-sulphurizing;" "dissension" and "dissention" (and their plurals); "distill" and "distil" (and derivatives); "encrusted" and "incrusted;" "enquire" and "inquire" (and derivatives); "ensure" and "insure;" (Lazarus) "Ercker" and "Erckern;" "flavor" and "flavour;" "fluor-spar" and "fluorspar;" "Flusse" and "Flüsse;" (Rotenburg an der) "Fulda" and "Fulde;" "Gatter" and "Gatterer" may be the same person; "gold workers," "goldworkers" and "gold-workers;" "gray" and "grey" (and derivatives); "grove" and "groove" (English mining term for a shaft); "halitum" and "halitus;" "Henckel" and "Henkel;" "holm oak" and "holmoak;" "homogenous" and "homogeneous;" Daniel "Houghsetter," "Houghstetter" and "Hochstetter;" "Joannes" and "Johannes" (the alchemist); "Johanes" and "Johannes" (Aurelius Augurellus), a.k.a. "John Aurelio Augurello;" "Jüdenstein" and "Jüden stein;" "Kinstock" and "Kinstocke;" "Lautental" and "Lautenthal;" "lawsuit" and "law-suit;" "Leipsic" and "Leipzig;" "Krat" and "Kratt;" "Mosaic" and "Mosaick;" "mineralogic" and "mineralogical;" "Nützlich Bergbüchlin," "Nützliche Bergbüchlin," "Nützlich Bergbüchlein," and "Nützliche Bergbüchlein;" "organisation" and "organization;" (Thomas) "Pennant" and "Pennent;" "Probier Büchlein," "Probierbüchlin," "Probierbüchlein," "Probirbüchlein," and "Probirbüchleyn" (which may be different books in some cases); derivatives of "pulverise" and "pulverize;" "reagent" and "re-agent" (and their plurals); derivatives of "recognise" and "recognize;" "republished" and "re-published;" "salamander har" and "salamanderhar;" "seashore" and "sea-shore;" "semicircle" and "semi-circle" (and derivatives); "shovelful" and "shovel-ful;" "spiesglas," "spiesglass," and "spiesglasz;" "Turkey oak" and "turkey-oak;" "Vannucci," "Vannuccio" and "Vanuccio" (Biringuccio); "Vectarii" and "Vectiarii;" derivatives of "volatilise" and "volatilize."

There appears to be no rule whether punctuation following a quote should be inside or outside the quotation marks. The text was simply left as is.

There appears to be no rule whether Roman numerals have periods after them or not; even references to the same document may differ. The text was simply left as is.

For the text version of the document, replaced the oe-ligature with the separate characters "oe." Also removed the macron from the "e" in "pectos."

Some footnote numbers are skipped. To avoid confusion with references to the footnotes, none of the footnotes were re-numbered. In particular,