Part 35

[521] _Land and Water Creatures Compared_, Holland, p. 787.

[522] B. 7, c. 16, p. 665; printed 1613.

[523] Strong’s _Nat. Hist._, iii. 163.

[524] Holland’s _Trans._, p. 787.

[525] Chamb. _Misc._, x. 17.

[526] Kalm in Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, xiii. 474.

[527] Chamb. _Misc._, x. 22.

[528] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, xvi. 174.

[529] _Guinea_, p. 276; Astley’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, ii. 727.

[530] Du Chaillu, p. 312 and 108.

[531] Allied to the Stinger (_ota_) of Yoruba, and _Idzalco_, “the fighter which makes one go.”--_T. J. Bowen._

[532] Livingstone’s _Travels_, p. 468.

[533] St. Clair’s _W. Indies_, i. 167-8.

[534] Stedm. _Surinam_, ii. 94.

[535] Of similar size and ferocity as the great Red-ant of Ceylon, the _Dimiya_, _Formica smaragdina_.--Tennent, _N. H. of Ceyl._, p. 424.

[536] The Cobra de Capello, _Naja tripudians_, Merr.

[537] Knox, _Hist. Rel. of Ceylon_, Pt. I. ch. vi. p. 24.

[538] Stedm. _Surinam_, ii. 142.

[539] K. and S. _Introd._, i. 123.

[540] Smith’s _Nature and Art_, xii. 195. Clavigero supposes that all the attachment which the snake shows to the Ant-hills proceeds from its living on the Ants themselves.

[541] _Du Chaillu_, p. 312.

[542] The Swiss farmers, in order to rid their trees of caterpillars, allure the Ants to climb the trees, where, being confined by a circle of pitch round the holes, hunger soon causes them to attack the noxious larvæ.

[543] _Penny Encycl._, _sub._ Ant.

[544] _Hakluyt Society_, ii. 13.

[545] _The Mirror_, xxxi. 342.

[546] Smith’s _Nature and Art_, xii. 197.

[547] _Hist. Nat._, i. 9, and v. 291. Cf. Sloane, _Hist. of Jam._, ii. 221.

[548] _Amer. Utriusq. Desc._, p. 333.

[549] _Ibid._, p. 379.

[550] Southey’s _Com. Place Book_, 3d S. p. 346-7.

[551] Herrera, vi. 5, 6.

[552] _Hist. of Jam._, ii. 221.

[553] Quoted, _Ibid._

[554] _Journ. of Geog. Soc._, 1841, x. 175.

[555] Quot. by K. and S. _Introd._, i. 309.

[556] _Trav. in Swed._, p. 118, Lond. 1789, 4to.

[557] _Ibid._

[558] Jenkin’s _Voy. of U. S. Explor. Exped. Com. by Wilkes_, 8vo. Auburn, 1852, p. 319.

[559] Cuv. _An. Kingd.--Insects_, ii. 489.

[560] _Ibid._

[561] _Pilgrims_, iii. 996.

[562] James’s _Med. Dict._

[563] _Hist. of Jam._, ii. 221.

[564] Brande’s _Encycl. of Sci. Lit., etc._

[565] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xxviii. 7 (23).

[566] Southey’s _Com. Place Book_, 3d S. p. 419.

[567] _Gent. Mag._, Pt. II. lxxiii. 704-5, and Kirby’s _Wond. Museum_, i. 353-5.

[568] _Land and Water Creatures Compared_, Holl. _Trans._, p. 793.

[569] B. 7, c. xv. p. 664. Printed 1613.

[570] Cuv. _An. Kingd.--Ins._, ii. 472.

[571] _Mem. Berlin Acad._ for 1749.

[572] _Penny Encycl._, _sub._ Ant.

[573] K. and S. _Introd._, ii. 54.

[574] _Pilgrimage_, p. 1090.

[575] K. and S. _Intro._, ii. 54.

[576] Joss. _Voy._, p. 118.

[577] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._

[578] Purchas’s _Pilgrims_, iii. 998.

[579] Schomburgk’s _Hist. of Barbados_, 640-3; and Coke’s _West Indies_, ii. 313.

[580] Cuv. _An. Kingd.--Ins._, ii. 471.

[581] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, xiv. 716.

[582] Southey’s _Hist. of Brazil_, iii. 334, note.

[583] Wanley’s _Wonders_, ii. 507.

[584] Thom Browne’s _Works_, ii. 337, note.

[585] Martial, B. iv. 15.

[586] Southey, _Hist. of Brazil_, i. 645.

[587] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 148-9.

[588] _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 29.

[589] Wanley’s _Wonders_, i. 378.

[590] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 40-50. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 921-7. Vide Pierius’ _Hieroglyph._, p. 267-8; Pernicies summota; Pugnacitas; Imperfecti mores civiles; Perturbator.

[591] _Josh._ xxiv. 12; _Deut._ vii. 20.

[592] Kirby’s _Bridgewater Treatise.--Saturday Mag._, ix. 239.

[593] _Phil. Trans._, i. 201.

[594] _Med. Dict._

[595] _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 660.

[596] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 49. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 657, 927.

[597] _Notes and Queries_, ii. 165.

[598] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 211.

[599] Backhouse’s _Mauritius_, p. 32.

[600] Moufet, _Theatr. Insect._, p. 47. Topsel’s _Hist. of Four-footed Beasts and Serpents_, p. 925, 655.

[601] William’s _Middle Kingdom_; or _Chinese Empire_, i. 274.

[602] Thom. Bozius _de signis Eccles._, B. 14, c. iii. Quot. by Butler, _Fem. Monarchie_, c. i. 48.

[603] Quot. in _Notes and Queries_, ix. 167.

[604] _Parley of Beasts_, p. 144. London, 1660.

[605] Bozius, _ubi supra_. Butler, _ubi supra_.

[606] Vicentius in _Spec. Moral._, B. 2, D. 21, p. 3. _N. and Q._, x. 499.

[607] Pet. Cluniac, B. 1, c. i. _N. and Q._, x. 499.

[608] Quot. in _Notes and Queries_, x. 499.

[609] Harwood, _Grec. Antiq._, p. 200.

[610] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, ix. 18

[611] _Ibid._

[612] Paus. _Hist. of Greece_, B. ix. c. xxiii. 3.

[613] Stanley’s _Hist. of Philos._, Pt. V. c. ii. p. 157, Lond. 1701. Cf. Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xi. 18.

Vide Pierius, _Hieroglyph._, p. 261-5. Populus regi suo obseques; Rex; Regnum; Grata eloquentia; Poeticæ amœnitas; Futuri seculi beatitudo; Dulcium appetitus; Diuturnæ valetudinis prosperitas; Meretrix; Exoticæ disciplinæ; Prophetarum oracula, etc.

[614] _Lives of the Saints_, xii. 106.

[615] Quot. in _N. and Q._, x. 500. This story is not in the _Fem. Monarchie_ of 1609, printed for Jos. Barnes.

[616] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 21-2. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts and Serpents_, p. 645, 905.

[617] _N. and Q._, vi. 480.

[618] Gay’s _Pastorals_, v. 107-8.

[619] Chambers’ _Book of Days_, i. 752.

[620] Plutarch, _Nat. Quest._, 36. Holl. Trans., p. 831.

[621] _Nat. Hist._, xxviii. 7. Holl. Trans., p. 308.

[622] Plutarch, _Land and Water Creatures Compared_. Holl. Trans., p. 786.

[623] _Georg._ iv. 283-7. Dryden’s Trans.

[624] Swam. _Hist. of Ins._, Pt. I. p. 226.

[625] Martin’s _Georg. of Virgil_, iv. 295, note.

[626] Dryden’s _Virgil, Georg._ iv. 417-442. Democritus, said to have been contemporary with Socrates and Hippocrates, the learned Varro, Columella, and Plorentinus, have severally given this same receipt. Vide Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 199.

[627] Hollings. _Chron._, i. 384.

[628] Swam. _Hist. of Ins._, Pt. I. p. 228.

[629] _N. and Q._, ii. 356.

[630] _Nat. Hist._, xix. 7. Holl. _Trans._, p. 23. E.

[631] _N. and Q._, ii. 165. Chamb. _Bk. of Days_, i. 752.

[632] _N. & Q._, xii. 200.

[633] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, ii. 405.

[634] Bucke _on Nature_, i. 419.

[635] Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, ii. 300.

[636] _Ibid._

[637] _Ibid._

[638] Thorpe’s _North. Mythol._, iii. 161.

[639] Vide _N. and Q._ in Devon, v. 148; Essex, v. 437; Lincolnshire, iv. 270; Surrey, iv. 291; a Cornish superstition, too, xii. 38; in Buckinghamshire, Sussex, Lithuania, and France, iv. 308.

[640] Brande’s _Pop. Antiq._, ii. 300.

[641] Bucke _on Nature_, i. 413, note.

[642] _N. and Q._, iv. 309.

[643] Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, ii. 300.

[644] Fosbr. _Encycl. of Antiq._, ii. 738.

[645] Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, ii. 300.

[646] Langstroth _on Honey-Bee_, p. 80.

[647] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, iii. 211, note.

[648] _Ibid._, i. 303. London, 1829.

[649] Peter Rotharmel had three specialties: Bees, Wheat, and Bonaparte. Concerning Bees, he had many strange notions, but the above recorded is the only one of which I have any positive information. Concerning wheat, at one time in his life he purchased an almanac, which indicated, among other things, the high and low tides, and, from studying this, he got it into his head that the fluctuations in the price of wheat were intimately connected with the rise and fall of the tides. So impressed was he with this idea, that he ever afterward yearly bought that particular almanac, and prophesied from it to his neighbors the probable value of their coming crops of wheat. On Sunday, he would walk fifteen and twenty miles through the country, to examine the different wheat-fields, and to afford him a topic of conversation for the ensuing week. But Napoleon was his principal study and his greatest mania. On him he would talk for hours, on the slightest provocation. The history of Bonaparte and his campaigns, which he only read, was an old German one.

[650] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, ii. 209.

[651] _Geog._, Dryden’s _Trans._, iv. 82-9.

[652] _On the Honey-Bee_, p. 113.

[653] _N. and Q._, 2d Ser., ix. 443.

[654] _Nat. Hist._, xxi. 20, Holl. _Trans._, p. 106. K.

[655] Quot. in Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, iii. 225.

[656] Langstroth _on the Honey-Bee_, p. 132.

[657] Quot. by Langstroth _on the Honey-Bee_, p. 231.

[658] Campbell’s _Travels in S. Africa_, p. 339.

[659] _Percy Soc. Public._, iv. 99.

[660] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 109-10.

[661] _Nat. Hist._, xx. 13. Holl., p. 56. M.

[662] _Ibid._, Holl., p. 95. A.

[663] _Ibid._, xxi. 20. Holl., p. 106. K.

[664] _Ibid._, xxiii. 18. Holl., p. 173. A.

[665] _Ibid._, xxix. 4. Holl., p. 361. D.

[666] _Ibid._, xxx. 16. Holl., p. 399. F.

[667] Langstroth _on the Honey-Bee_, p. 316, note.

[668] Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, iii. 225.

[669] _Georg._, iv. 280-4; Dryden’s _Trans._

[670] Fosb. _Encycl. of Antiq._, ii. 738.

[671] _Judg._ xiv. 8.

[672] Cf. Swammerdam, _Hist. of Ins._, Pt. I. p. 227, and Smith’s _Dict. of the Bible_.

[673] Herod., v. 114-5.

[674] _Excursions_, i. 127.

[675] _Fem. Monarchie_, c. vi. 49.

[676] Williams’ _Chinese Empire_, i. 275.

[677] Chiflet, 164-181; Montf. _Monarch. Franc._, i. 12; Gough’s _Sepul. Mon._, vol. i. p. lxii.

[678] Cf. _N. & Q._, vii. 478, 553; viii. 30.

[679] Harper’s _New Monthly Mag._, xxvi. 441.

[680] _Il._ β. 87; μ. 67; _Odyss._, ν. 106.

[681] Hesiod, Theog., 594, seq.

[682] Bucke _on Nature_, ii. 75.

[683] Cf. Kalm, ii. 427; Schneider, Observ. sur Ulloa, ii. 198.

[684] _Ibid._

[685] _Tour in the Prairies_, ch. ix.

[686] Langstroth _on the Honey-Bee_, p. 236.

[687] _Letters._

[688] _Voyages dans les Alpes._ _Ins. Misc._, p. 262.

[689] Brookes mentions the Duchy of Juliers, a district of Westphalia, Germany.--_Nat. Hist. of Ins._, p. 160.

[690] Columella says the Greeks were accustomed, every year, to remove the hives from Achaia into Attica.--_Ibid._

[691] One person in particular, in the territory called Gatonois, has been at the pains of removing his hives, after the harvest of Sainfoin, into the plains of Beauce, where the melilot abounds, and thence into Sologne, where it is well known the Bees may enjoy the advantage of buckwheat, till toward the end of September, for so long that plant retains its flowers.--_Ibid._

[692] _Ins. Misc._, p. 262.

[693] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, iii. 652.

[694] Wood’s _Zoog._, ii. 429.

[695] _Ins. Misc._, p. 263.

[696] Quot. by Langstroth--_On Honey-Bee_, p. 305, note.

[697] _Nat. Hist._, x. 9.

[698] _Journ. of Geog. Soc._, 1843, xiii. 40.

[699] Murray’s _Africa_, i. 168.

[700] Scot’s _Mag._, Nov. 1766. Chamb. _Journ._, 1st S. xi. 184.

[701] _The Bees._

[702] _Treatise on Bees_, 1769. _Ins. Misc._, p. 320-1.

[703] _Fem. Monarchie_, ch. i. 39.

[704] _Travels_, p. 178, Harper’s ed.

[705] B. VII. c. xvi. p. 667. Printed, 1613.

[706] Montaigne’s _Works_, p. 243.

[707] Lesser, ii. 171. K. & S. _Introd._, ii. 247.

[708] Knox, Pt. I. c. vi. p. 48.

[709] Martyr, p. 274.

[710] Banc. _Guiana_, p. 230.

[711] _Nat. Hist. of Selborne_, p. 293.

[712] _Trav._, i. 9.

[713] _Med. Dict._

[714] Langstroth _on Honey-Bee_, p. 315, note.

[715] _Med. Dict._

[716] _Fem. Monarchie_, c. x. 1.

[717] B. 3, c. xv. xvi. p. 274-9. See also extract from Works of Sir J. More, London, 1707, given by Langstroth--_on the Honey-Bee_, p. 287, note.

[718] _The Koran_, p. 219, note, Sale’s.

[719] _Ibid._, p. 219.

[720] Athen. _Deipn._, B. 2, c. 26.

[721] Moufet, _Theatr. Ins._, p. 29. Topsel’s _Trans._, p. 911.

[722] Brooke’s _Nat. Hist. of Ins._, p. 168.

[723] Quot. by Langstroth _on the Honey-Bee_, p. 78-9.

[724] _Anab._, B. 4.

[725] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xxi. 13. Tournefort, _Letters_, 17.

[726] _Mission. Lab._, p. 121.

[727] Hollingsh. _Chron._, i. 384.

[728] Hawk’s _Peruvian Antiq._, p. 198.

[729] _Voyage to C. of G. Hope_, i. 255.

[730] Jamieson’s _Scot. Dict._

[731] Wright’s _Prov. Dict._

[732] _Epigrams_, B. iv. epigr. 32.

[733] Smith’s _Dict. of the Bible_.

[734] Osbeck’s _Travels_, i. 32-3.

[735] Josselyn’s _Voy._, p. 121.

[736] Chambers’ _Pop. Rhymes of Scot._, p. 292. Edit. of 1841, p. 172.

[737] Dalyell’s _Superst. of Scotland_, p. 563.

[738] Shaw’s _Zool._, vi. 346-7. Wood’s _Zoog._, ii. 436-7.

[739] Kirby’s _Wonderful Museum_, v. 390-1, given at length.

[740] Kirby’s _Wond. Museum_, vi. 260-2, at length.

[741] Livy, B. 34, c. 10.

[742] _Ibid._, B. 40, c. 19.

[743] _Ibid._, B. 43, c. 13.

[744] Brown’s _Book of Butterflies_, i. 126.

[745] _Annales_, p. 15.

[746] _Ibid._

[747] Holling., i. 449. Graft., i. 37. Fabyan, p. 17.

[748] Howitt’s _North. Literat._, i. 187.

[749] Bucke _on Nature_, i. 277.

[750] Moufet, p. 107.

[751] Hone’s _Ev. Day Book_, p. 1127.

[752] Chambers’ _Domest. Annals of Scotland_, ii. 489.

[753] Gassendi’s _Life of Peireskius_, p. 123-5; and Reaumur, i. 638, 667.

[754] Shaw, _Zool._, vi. 206.

[755] The origin of red snow has likewise been a puzzle and query for ages, and many theories have been advanced by philosophers and naturalists to account for it. To those interested in the solution of this phenomenon, the following extract from the _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, vol. ii. p. 322, may be curious, if not satisfactory. Mr. Thomas Nicholson, accompanied with two other gentlemen, made an excursion the 24th July, 1821, to Sowallick Point, near Bushman’s Island, in Prince Regent’s Bay, in quest of meteoric iron. “The summit of the hill,” he says, “forming the point, is covered with huge masses of granite, whilst the side, which forms a gentle declivity to the bay, was covered with crimson snow. It was evident, at first view, that this colour was imparted to the snow by a substance lying on the surface. This substance lay scattered here and there in small masses, bearing some resemblance to powdered cochineal, surrounded by a lighter shade, which was produced by the colouring matter being partly dissolved and diffused by the deliquescent snow. During this examination our hats and upper garments were observed to be daubed with a substance of a similar red colour, and a moment’s reflection convinced us that this was the excrement of the little Auk (_Uria alle_, Temmink), myriads of which were continually flying over our heads, having their nests among the loose masses of granite. A ready explanation of the origin of the red snow was now presented to us, and not a doubt remained in the mind of any that this was the correct one. The snow on the mountains of higher elevation than the nests of these birds was perfectly white, and a ravine at a short distance, which was filled with snow from top to bottom, but which afforded no hiding-place for these birds to form their nests, presented an appearance uniformly white.”

This testimony seems to be as clear and indisputable as the explanation given by Peiresc of the ejecta of the Butterflies at Aix. But though it will account, perhaps, for the red snow of the polar regions, it will not explain that of the Alps, the Apennines, and the Pyrenees, which are not, so far as is known, visited by the little Auk.--Vide _Ins. Transf._, p. 352-5.

[756] Chamb. _Domes. Annals of Scotl._, ii. 199.

[757] Chamb. _Domes. Annals of Scotl._, ii. 447-8.

[758] _Gent. Mag._, xxxiv. 496.

[759] _Ibid._, xxxiv. 542.

[760] Bucke _on Nature_, i. 277.

[761] Brown’s _Bk. of Butterflies_, i. 129.

[762] Chamb. _Domes. Annals of Scotl._, ii. 448.

[763] Swam. _Hist. of Ins._, Pt. I. p. 40.

[764] Cf. the following verses from Ex. vii. 19: “And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and stretch out thine hand upon the waters of Egypt, upon their streams, upon their rivers, and upon their ponds, and upon all their pools of water, that they may become blood; and that there may be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood and in vessels of stone.

“20. And Moses and Aaron did so, as the LORD commanded; and he lifted up the rod, and smote the waters that were in the river in the sight of Pharaoh, and in the sight of his servants; and all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood.”

[765] Swam. _Hist. of Ins._, Pt. I. p. 40.

[766] Chamb. _Journ._, 2d S. xvii. 231.

[767] _Sil. Journ._, xli. 403-4, and xliv. 216.

[768] _Naturforsch_, xi. 94.

[769] _Travels_, i. 13.

[770] _Royal Milit. Chron._ for March, 1815, p. 452. K. and S. _Introd._, ii. 11.

[771] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, i. 387, and _Mem. de la Soc. de Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Genève_.

[772] _Penny Mag._, 1844, p. 3.

[773] _Gent. Mag._, liv. 744.

[774] _Researches_, ch. viii. p. 158.

[775] Brown’s _Bk. of Butterf._, p. 101.

[776] _Lake Ngami_, p. 267.

[777] _Naturalist in Bermuda_, p. 120.

[778] Tennent’s _Nat. Hist. of Ceylon_, ch. xii. p. 407.

[779] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 107. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 974.

[780] Bryant’s _Anct. Mythol._, ii. 386.

[781] Fosbroke, _Encycl. of Antiq._, ii. 738.

[782] _Travels._ He doubtless refers to an Indian _totem_.

[783] _N. and Q._, iii. 4.

[784] Du Halde, _China_, p. 21-2; Grosier’s _China_, i. 570; Williams’ _Mid. Kingd._, i. 273; Astley’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, iv. 512.

[785] Harris’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, ii. 987.

[786] Osbeck, _Travels_, i. 331.

[787] _Ibid._, i. 324.

[788] Stedman, _Surinam_, i. 279. Cf. Bancroft, _Guiana_, p. 229.

[789] _Anat. of Melanch._, 1651, p. 268.

[790] _Life of Lord Herbert of Cherbury_, p. 134.

[791] _The Mirror_, xxv. 160.

[792] Harris’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, i. 790.

[793] _Egypt. and Chinese_, ii. 106.

[794] Simmond’s _Curios. of Food_, p. 312.

[795] _Gatherings of a Nat. in Austral._, p. 288.

[796] _Hist. of Ins._, p. 3.

[797] Reaumur considers this cry to be produced by the friction of the palpi against the proboscis (_Memoires_, ii. 293). Huber, but without mentioning the particulars, says he has ascertained that Reaumur was quite mistaken (_On Bees_, p. 313, note). Schroeter ascribes the sound to the rubbing of the tongue against the head; and Rösel to the friction of the chest upon the abdomen. M. de Johet thinks it is produced by the air being suddenly propelled against these scales by the action of the wings. M. Lorry states that the sound arises from the air escaping rapidly through peculiar cavities communicating with the spiracles, and furnished with a fine tuft of hairs on the sides of the abdomen (Cuv. _An. Kingd.--Ins._, ii. 678). Mr. E. L. Layard seems to be of the same opinion (Tennent’s _Nat. Hist. of Ceylon_, p. 427). But M. Passerini, curator of the Museum of Nat. Hist. at Florence, has lately investigated the subject more minutely. He traced the origin of the sound to the interior of the head, in which he discovered a cavity at the passage where muscles are placed for impelling and expelling the air. M. Dumeril has since discovered a sort of membrane stretched over this cavity, like, as he says, to the head of a drum. M. Duponchel has also confirmed by experiment the opinions of Passerini and Dumeril, and confutes Lorry, whose notion was generally adopted, by stating that the noise is produced from the head when the body of the insect is removed (_Annales des Sci. Nat._, Mars., 1828).

[798] Cf. _Penny Encycl._, _sub._ Sphinx, and _The Mirror_, xix. 212.

[799] _Hist. of Ins._, p. 191.

[800] Reaumur, ii. 289. Shaw, _Zool._, vi. 217.

[801] _Saturday Mag._, xix. 102.

[802] _Notes and Queries_, xii. 200.

[803] Bonnet, _Œvres_, ii. 124.

[804] _China_, p. 253. Astley’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, iv. 138.

[805] Williams’ _Middle Kingdom_, ii. 121-2.

[806] Colebrook, _Asiat. Research._, v. 61.

[807] Aristotle, v. 17-9. Pliny, ix. 20.

[808] Paus. _Hist. of Greece_, B. 6, c. 26.

[809] Aristot. _Hist. An._, v. 19.

[810] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xi. 23.

[811] _Ibid._, xi. 22.

[812] Tacitus, _Ann._, B. 2, c. 33.

[813] _Nat. Hist._, xi. 22.

[814] Cf. Gibbon’s _Decl. and Fall of Rom. Em._, c. 40.

[815] Some authors, however, assert that the name was suggested by the resemblance of the Morea to the shape of the mulberry-leaf, a less plausible opinion by far than the former.

[816] Thuanus, in contradiction to most other writers, makes the manufacture of silk to be introduced into Sicily two hundred years later, by Robert the Wise, King of Sicily and Count of Provence.

[817] Burgon’s _Life of Sir Thomas Gresham_, 1839, i. 110, 302.

[818] Stow’s _Chronicle_, edit. 1631, p. 887.

[819] Keysler, _Trav._, i. 289.

[820] Olin, _Travels_.

[821] _Polit. Essay on N. Spain_, iii. 59.

[822] Skinner’s _Pres. State of Peru_, p. 346, note. Southey’s _Hist. of Brazil_, iii. 644. Calancha’s _Augustine Hist. of Peru_, i. 66.

[823] Cuvier, _An. King.--Ins._, ii. 634.

[824] _Pilgrims_, iii. 442.

[825] Darwin, _Phytolog._, p. 364. Donovan’s _Ins. of China_, p. 6.

[826] Hollman, _Travels_, p. 473.

[827] Donovan’s _Ins. of China_, p. 6.

[828] _Med. Dict._

[829] Geoffroy, _Treat. on Subst. used in Physic_, p. 383.

[830] _Twelve Years in China_, p. 14.

[831] _Twelve Years in China_, p. 14.

[832] _Ibid._

[833] _Ibid._, p. 194.

[834] _Memoires of Robt. Houdin_, p. 161.

[835] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, vi. 9.

[836] Baird’s _Encycl. of Nat. Sci._ Shaw’s _Zool._, vi. 229.

[837] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, vii. 705.

[838] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 88. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 958.

[839] Moufet, p. 108. Topsel, p. 975.

[840] _Monthly Mag._, 7 (Pt. I.) xxxix. 1799.

[841] _Pilgrims_, ii. 1034.

[842] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 99.

[843] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xxviii. 7 (23).

[844] Col. B. x.

[845] Ælian, B. xi. c. 3.

[846] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xxviii. 7 (23).

[847] Vide Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 99.

[848] Col. _In Hort._, v. 357.

[849] Pallad. B. i. c. 35.

[850] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 193. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 1041 and 670.

[851] _Hist. of Indians of U. S._, v. p. 70.

[852] _Hist, of Beasts_, p. 30.

[853] Moufet, _Theatr. Ins._, p. 194. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, pp. 670, 1041.

[854] _Med. Dict._

[855] Tennent, _Nat. Hist. of Ceylon_, p. 431.

[856] Köllar’s _Treat. on Ins._, Lond. Trans., p. 105-36. Curtis’s _Farm Insects_, p. 507.

[857] Lilly’s _Prophetical Merlin_, pub. in 1644.

[858] Josselyn’s _Voy._, p. 116.

[859] Jamieson’s _Scot. Dict._, ii. 144.

[860] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, i. 66.

[861] Harper’s _New Monthly Mag._, xxii. 41.

[862] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 274. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 1100.

[863] _On the Honey-Bee_, p. 248.

[864] _Ibid._, p. 238, note.

[865] It is a philosophical fact that the female Cicadas are not capable of making any noise--the above distich evinces its early discovery.

[866] _Symposiaques._ B. 8. Holl. _Trans._, p. 630.

[867] Thuc. B. 1, vi. (Bohn’s ed.).

[868] On Aristoph., _Vesp._ 230.

[869] Cited by Athen., 525.

[870] Cicada-combs are alluded to in Aristoph., Eq. 1331. Cf. also Philostr. _Imag._, p. 837. Heracl. Pont., cited by Athen., p. 512. Bloomfield’s _Thucid._, i. 14.

[871] Cited by Athen., p. 842 (Bohn’s ed.).

[872] Strabo, _Geog._ B. 6.

[873] _Iliad_, iii. 152. Buckley’s translation, p. 53.

[874] _Georg._ iii. 328. Cf. Bucol. ii. Sir J. E. Smith, Tour., iii. 95, says also that the common Italian species makes a most disagreeable and dull chirping. The Cicadas of Africa, it is said, may be heard half a mile off; and the sound of one in a room will put a whole company to silence. Thunberg asserts that those of Java utter a sound as shrill and piercing as that of a trumpet. Captain Hancock informed Messrs. Kirby and Spence that the Brazilian Cicadas sing as loud as to be heard at the distance of a mile. _Introd._, ii. 400. The sound of our American species, _C. septemdecim_, has been compared to the ringing of horse-bells. The tettix of the Greeks, says Dr. Shaw, _Travels_, 2d edit., p. 186, must have had quite a different voice, more soft surely and more melodious; otherwise the fine orators of Homer, who are compared to it, can be looked upon as no better than loud, loquacious scolds.