Part 34

[121] _Phil. Trans. Abridg._, ix. 11. Concerning the worship of animals in general by the Egyptians, the following remarks in a note may not be inappropriate, as they embrace the worship of the Scarabæus.

1. A class of animals, to which may be referred the cow, dog, sheep, and ibis, were _at first_ naturally protected and respected out of gratitude for the benefits derived from them. But in time, it is supposed, this respect, by unthoughtful descendants believing too implicitly the teachings of their fathers, was gradually enlarged to so great extent that it became reverence, and at last, perhaps after centuries, worship. For example, at A time, the ibis is respected on account of its destroying noxious serpents; at B, reverenced; and at C, worshiped.

2. When at C time, the ibis is worshiped, suppose the masses have lost the reason (which in the case of the Egyptians is an allowable supposition, since it is an historical fact that but the initiated knew the reasons for their manner of worship), and serpents are its food, is it not plain then that if the food be taken away the sacred bird cannot live? Hence at C time are serpents preserved and protected as food for the ibis; and as this protecting care increases as above, till at D they are reverenced, and at E worshiped. To this second class may be referred the crocodile, which was preserved, etc. as food for the ichneumon, a sacred animal of the first class.

3. Analogies between animals, and even plants, and certain sources of goodness, or objects of wonder, as the sun, and motion of the stars, were at A time, noticed; at B, respected or reverenced; and at C, worshiped. Thus, among plants, became the onion sacred, from the resemblance of the laminæ which compose it, in a transverse section, to circles--to the orbits of the planets. And thus the Scarabæus from the analogies between its movements and shape and the motions of the sun, traced, as we have before remarked on the authority of several ancient writers, became also an object of adoration.

4. A fourth reason may also be given, which follows as a consequence of the latter. If such analogy, as, for example, that between the beetle and the sun, had been observed in the time of picture and hieroglyphic writing, to represent the sun, the beetle would have been taken. Now, it is a well-authenticated fact, that these hieroglyphics in time became sacred, and, if the beetle was found among them, it for this, if for no other reason, would have been looked upon with the same veneration.

5. Good men, too, to preserve the lives of animals oftentimes wantonly taken, introduce them into fables and poetry, and connect pleasing tales with them. The “Babes in the Wood” have so fixed the respect for the tameness of the robin, that it is even now deemed a sacrilege with our boys to stone this bird. And may there not have been such good men, and such tender stories, among the Egyptians, and the remembrance of whom and which long lost by the lapse of time?

[122] Kirb. and Sp. _Introd._, i. 33.

[123] _Ins. of China_, p. 6.

[124] _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 6 (38).

[125] _Nat. Hist._, xxx. 11 (30). Holland, _Trans._, ii. 390.

[126] James’ _Med. Dict._

[127] Donovan’s _Ins. of China_, p. 6.

[128] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 160. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 1012.

[129] Cuvier suggests that the _Scarabæus nasicornis_ of Linnæus, which haunts dead bark, or the _S. auratus_, may be the insect here referred to.

[130] _Nat. Hist._, xi. 28 (34).

[131] Shaw’s _Zool._, vi. 20. Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._

[132] St. Clair, _West Indies, etc._, i. 152.

[133] Simmond, _Curiosities of Food_, p. 295.

[134] _Ibid._

[135] Tennent, _Nat. Hist. of Ceylon_, p. 407.

[136] Tennent, _Nat. Hist. of Ceylon_, p. 407.

[137] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 152. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 1009.

[138] De Geer, iv. 275-6. Kirb. and Sp. _Introd._, i. 33.

[139] _Hist. of Ins._ (Murray, 1830) ii. 296.

[140] _Chronicles_, iv. 326.--The water overflowing the low grounds brought the beetles for air to the surface, whence they were swept away by the current.

[141] _Phil. Trans. Abridg._, ii. 781-3.

[142] _Phil. Trans. Abridg._, ii. 782.

[143] Shaw, _Zool._, vi. 25.

[144] Kirb. and Sp. _Introd._, i. 179.

[145] Anderson’s _Recr. in Agric._, iii. 420.

[146] _Anim. Biog._, iii. 233.

[147] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._

[148] _Ibid._

[149] Shaw’s _Zool._, vi. 88.

[150] Tennent, _Nat. Hist. of Ceylon_, p. 405.

[151] Donovan, _Ins. of India_, p. 5.

[152] Donovan, _Ins. of China_, p. 13.

[153] Travels, i. 384.

[154] _Ibid._, i. 331.

[155] Cuvier, _An. King.--Ins._, i. 356.

[156] _Introd._, i. 156.

[157] Pliny, xxx. 4; Holland, ii. 377. E.

[158] _Med. Dict._

[159] _Ibid._

[160] Peruvians travel by the light of the _Cucujus Peruvianus_.--See Kirby’s _Wond. Museum_, ii. 151.

[161] _Hist. of West Indies_, p. 274.

[162] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._

[163] Stedm. _Surinam_, i. 140.

[164] Cuvier, _An. King.--Ins._, i. 321.

[165] _Conq. of Mex._, i. 327.

[166] _Hist. of New Swed._, p. 162.

[167] _Theatr. Insect._, p. 112.

[168] _Hist. of Amer._, p. 378.

[169] Walton, _Pres. St. of Span. Col._, i. 128.

[170] Humboldt’s _Cuba_, p. 395.

[171] _Saturday Mag._, ix. 229.

[172] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 111. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 977.

[173] _Tour on the Continent_, 2d. Edit., iii. 85.

[174] Browne’s _Vulg. Err._, B. iii. c. 17. _Works_, ii. 531.

[175] Kirb. and Sp. _Introd._, i. 317.

[176] _Tour on Continent_, iii. 85. 2d Edit.

[177] _Med. Dict._

[178] Harris’ _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, ii. 688.

[179] Harris, _Farm Insects_, p. 372.

[180] This insect has received its English names, of _Mole-cricket_ and _Earth-crab_, from its burrowing like a mole, and some species of W. Indian crabs; and, from its supposed jarring song at night, it is also called _Eve-churr_, _Churr-worm_, and _Jarr-worm_.--_Ibid._

[181] Moufet, _Theatr. Ins._, p. 110. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 977.

[182] Cuvier, _An. King.--Ins._, i. 382.

[183] Cf. _Works_, ii. 375.

[184] Johnson’s _Eng. Dict._

[185] 4th Past., 1. 101.

[186] In Kirby’s _Wonderful Museum_, ii. 309, there is an article on the Death-watch, headed “A curious Description and Explanation of the Death-watch, so commonly listened to with such dread.”

[187] Harper’s _Mag._, xxiii. 775.

[188] Shaw, _Zool._, vi. 34. _Nat. Misc._, iii. 104.

[189] Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, iii. 226-7.

[190] Horne’s _Introd. to Bibliog._, i. 311.

[191] Wilhelm’s _Recr. from Nat. Hist._, quot. by Latrielle, _Hist. Nat._, ix. 194. Quot. by Kirb. and Sp. _Introd._, i. 213. Carpenter, _Zool._, ii. 133.

[192] Brookes informs us that Dr. Greenfield, a practitioner in London, was sent to Newgate, by the college, for having given Cantharides inwardly. This happened in the year 1698; but he was soon after released, by a superior authority, when he published a work upon the good effects of these insects taken inwardly for strangury, and other disorders of the kidneys and bladder. We are also told by Ambrose Parry, that a courtezan, having invited a young man to supper, had seasoned some of the dishes with the powder of Cantharides, which the very next day produced such an effect, that he died with an evacuation of blood, which the physicians were not able to stop. Many other instances might be brought, continues Brookes, of persons that have been either killed, or brought to death’s door, by a wanton use of these Flies, which had been given them privately, with a design to cause love. Some go so far as to affirm, that people have been thrown into a fever, only by sleeping under trees on which were a great number of Cantharides; and Mr. Boyle informs us, after authors worthy of credit, that some persons have felt considerable pains about the neck of the bladder, only by holding Cantharides in their hands.--_Nat. Hist. of Ins._, p. 50-1.

[193] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 30.

[194] _Asiatic Res._, v. 213.

[195] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._

[196] _Med. Dict._

[197] Cuvier, _An. King.--Ins._, i. 569.

[198] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 30.

[199] Sloane, _Hist. of Jamaica_, ii. 206.

[200] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 156.

[201] _Nat. Hist. of Ins._, p. 49.

[202] Cuvier, _An. Kingd.--Ins._, i. 569.

[203] Linn. _Faun. Suec._, p. 822.

[204] Lane’s _Mod. Egypt._, i. 237, ii. 275.

[205] Cuvier, _An. King.--Ins._, i. 568.

[206] Pinkerton’s _Voy. and Trav._, x. 190.

[207] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 6. Holl., p. 370.

[208] _Trans. of Assoc. Phys. in Ireland_, iv., vii., and v., p. 177, 8vo., Dublin, 1824-8.

[209] In Kirby’s _Wonderful Museum_, iv. 360, there are several instances of living insects being found in the human stomach, quite as extraordinary as the above.

[210] _The Mirror_, xxviii. 304.

[211] _Hist. of Brazil_, p. 346.

[212] Jamieson gives Grou-grou as a Scottish name for the Corn-grub.--_Scot. Dict._, iii. 516.

[213] Shaw, _Zool._, vi. 62. Cuvier, _An. Kingd.--Ins._, ii. 80.

[214] Stedm. _Surinam_, ii. 23.

[215] _Ibid._, ii. 115.

[216] _Acct. of the Sierra Leone Africans_, i. 314, note.

[217] Travels, i. 410.

[218] _Gummila_, i. 9. See also Southey’s _Hist. of Brazil_, i. 110.

[219] _Hist. of Barbados_, p. 646.

[220] _Entretenimiento_, vi. § 11.

[221] Canto iii.

[222] _Sketches of Java_, 310.

[223] Ælian, _Hist._ L. xiv. c. 13.

[224] Simmond’s _Curiosities of Food_, p. 313.

[225] _Travels and Researches in S. Africa_, p. 389.

[226] _Monthly Mag._ ii. (Pt. II.) 792, for 1796.

[227] _Book of Days_, i.

[228] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 151. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 1007.

[229] _The Mirror_, xxxiii. 202, note.

[230] Drury, Ins., i. 9 (Pref.). Shaw’s _Zool._, vi. 73.

[231] Shaw’s _Zool._, vi. 71-2. Merian, _Ins. Sur._, 24.

[232] _Hist. of Jamaica_, ii. 193-4.

[233] _St. Pierre_, _Voy._, 72.

[234] Smeatham, 32. Kirb. and Sp. _Introd._, i. 303.

[235] _Wonders_, i. 18.

[236] Curtis, _Farm Ins._, p. 22. Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._

[237] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 98.

[238] Probably the coriaceous tortoise, which is covered with a strong hide.

[239] Paladius, B. i. c. 35.

[240] _Med. Dict._

[241] _Gent. Mag._, xxv. 376.--Some authors assert that Ear-wigs are not in the least injurious to vegetation.

[242] _Hist. of Jam._, ii. 204.

[243] _Med. Dict._

[244] _Hist. of Jam._, ii. 204.

[245] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._

[246] Quot. by Samouffle, _Ent. Cab._, 1-3.

[247] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._

[248] Pinkerton’s _Voy. and Trav._, xiii. 108. A beetle, insinuating itself in the ear of Captain Speke when in Central Africa, caused him the greatest pain imaginable. It was six or seven months before all the pieces of it were extracted.--_Blackwood’s Mag._, Sept. 1859. Barth’s _Central Africa_, ii. 91, note.

[249] Hone’s _Every Day Book_, i. 1121.

[250] _London Labor and London Poor_, iii. 40-1.

[251] _Zool._, vi. 118.

[252] _Theat. Ins._, p. 983.

[253] Harwood, _Grec. Antiq._, p. 200.

[254] Chamb. _Journ._, xi. 362, 2d S.

[255] Carpenter’s _Zool._, ii. 142.

[256] _Penny Mag._, 1841, 2d S. p. 436.

[257] Cuvier, _An. Kingd.--Ins._, ii. 190.

[258] _Present St. of the C. of Good Hope_, i. 99-100. Astley’s _Collec. of Voy. and Trav._, iii. 366.

[259] Astley’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, iii. 381.

[260] _Pres. St. of the C. of Good Hope_, i. 101-2.

[261] _Ibid._

[262] _Trav._, i. 150.

[263] _Ibid._, ii. 65.

[264] Quot. by _Penny Mag._, 1841, 2d S. p. 436.

[265] _Ibid._

[266] _Ibid._

[267] Churchill’s _Coll. of Voy. and Trav._, ii. 23, and Pinkerton’s _Voy. and Trav._, xiv. 720.

[268] _Trav. in China_, p. 159. Cf. Williams’ _Middle Kingdom_, i. 273.

[269] Ins. Arch., 63.

[270] This superstition I have found in no other place.

[271] Harper’s _New Monthly Mag._, xxiv. 491, 2.

[272] Donovan seems to think that Ovid’s account of the Transformation of Phaeton’s Sisters into trees, had its origin in some such idea as this.--_Insects of China_, p. 18, note. See also Chamb. _Journal_, xi. 367, 2d Ser.

[273] Donovan’s _Ins. of China_, p. 19.

[274] Smith’s _Nature and Art_, x. 240.

[275] _Amer. Phil. Trans._, vol. iii. _Introd._

[276] Cuvier, _An. Kingd.--Ins._, ii. 173.

[277] _Nat. Hist. of Barbados_, p. 90.

[278] 4th Pastoral, line 102.

[279] _Mag-astromancers Posed and Puzzel’d_, p. 181.

[280] _Dæmonologia_, 1650, p. 59.

[281] _Elminth._, 8vo. Lond., 1668, p. 271.

[282] _Nat. Hist. of Selborne_, p. 255.

[283] _Tamar and Tavy_, i. 321.

[284] _The Mirror_, xix. 180.

[285] _Astrologaster_, p. 45.

[286] _Notes and Queries_, iii. 3.

[287] _Ibid._

[288] _The Mirror_, xix. 180.

[289] Grose, _Antiq. Prov. Gloss._, p. 121.

[290] _Il Penserosa._

[291] Mouffet, _Theat. Insect._, p. 136.

[292] Harper’s _Mag._, xxvi. 497.

[293] Mouff. _Theat. Ins._, p. 136.

[294] De Pauw, ii. 106.

[295] _Life of Amer. Ins._, p. 114.

[296] _Earth and Animat. Nat._, iv. 216.

[297] Sloane’s _Nat. Hist. of Jamaica_, ii. 204.

[298] _Nat. Hist._, xxx. 4. Holland, p. 378. H.

[299] _Ibid._, xxix. 6. Holland, p. 370. K.

[300] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 6. Holl., p. 371. A.

[301] _Med. Dict._

[302] The Grasshopper, however, according to Mr. Hughes’ description, is twice as large as the cricket; it being two inches, the cricket but one inch, in length.--P. 85 and 90.

[303] _Nat. Hist. of Barb._, p. 85.

[304] Athen. _Deipnos_, L. 4, c. 12. The Cercope, or Monkey-grasshopper, was so called from having a long tail like a monkey, _cercops_.

[305] Pinkert. _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, ix. 612.

[306] _Hist. of West Indies_, p. 121-2.

[307] Voy., ii. 239. Wanley’s _Wonders_, ii. 373.

[308] Quoted in Simmond’s _Curios. of Food_, p. 304.

[309] _Gent. Mag._, xii. 442.

[310] Good, _Study of Med._, iv. 515.

[311] Pinkerton’s _Voy. and Trav._, vii. 705.

[312] _Med. Dict._

[313] _Nat. Hist. of Ins._, p. 67.

[314] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 120. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 984.

[315] Exod., chap. x.

[316] Of the symbolical Locusts in the Apocalypse it is said--“And the sounds of their wings was as the sound of chariots, of many horses running to battle.”--ix. 9.

[317] Cf. Ex. x. 15; Jer. xlvi. 23; Judg. vi. 5, viii. 12; Nah. iii. 15.

[318] Joel, ii. 2-10, 20.

[319] Oros., _Contra Pag._, l. 5, c. 2.

[320] Kirb. and Sp. _Introd._, i. 217; Cuv. _An. Kingd.--Ins._, ii. 206.

[321] Mouff., _Theat. Ins._, p. 123.

[322] Shaw, _Zool._, vi. 137.

[323] _Wonders_, ii. 507.

[324] Shaw, _Zool._, vi. 137.

[325] _Ibid._

[326] _Theatr. Insect._, p. 123.

[327] Cuvier, _An. Kingd.--Ins._, ii. 212.

[328] Bingley, _Anim. Biog._, iii. 258.

[329] _Hist. of Ins._ (Murray, 1838), ii. 188.

[330] _Nat. Hist. of Jam._, quot. in _Gent. Mag._, xviii. 362.

[331] Churchill’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, v. 33.

[332] _Ins._ (Murray, 1838), ii. 188.

[333] _Ibid._, ii. 197.

[334] _Gent. Mag._, lxx. 989.

[335] _Phil. Trans._, vol. xlvi., and _Gent. Mag._, xvii. 435.

[336] _Ibid._

[337] _Ins._ (Murray, 1838), ii. 190.

[338] _Ibid._, 191. Dr. Shaw says, Governors of particular provinces of the East oftentimes command a certain number of the military to take the field against armies of Locusts, with a train of artillery.--_Zool._, vi. 131, note.

[339] _Phil. Trans._, vol. xlvi.

[340] Cuv. _An. King.--Ins._, ii. 211.

[341] Dillon’s _Trav. in Spain_, quot. in _Ins._ (Murray, 1838), ii. 205.

[342] _Gent. Mag._, xx. 382; xxiii. 387.

[343] _Ibid._, xlii. 293.

[344] Jackson’s _Trav. in Morocco_, p. 105. Cf. Lempriere, Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, xv. 709.

[345] Cuv. _An. King.--Ins._, ii. 212.

[346] _Gent. Mag._, lxii. 543.

[347] _Ibid._, liii. 526, Pt. I.

[348] _Trav., etc._, 257.

[349] K. and S. _Introd._, i. 219.

[350] _Orient. Mem._, ii. 273.

[351] _Ibid._, iii. 338.

[352] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, viii. 595.

[353] _Ibid._, viii. 613.

[354] _Penny Mag._, 1843, p. 231.

[355] _Narrative_, p. 234, and p. 238.

[356] _Trav. in Morocco_, p. 105.

[357] Jaeg. _on Ins._, p. 103.

[358] Pringle’s _S. Africa_, p. 54. The Missionary Moffat has written the history of the scourge of 1826.--_Miss. Lab._, p. 447-9.

[359] _Ibid._

[360] _Chinese Repository._

[361] Churchill’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, ii. 317.

[362] _Penny Mag._ 1843.

[363] Backhouse, p. 264.

[364] _Kaffraria_, p. 79.

[365] Remy & Brenchley’s _Voy. to G. Salt Lake City_, iv. 440, note; Burton’s _City of the Saints_, p. 345.

[366] Quot. by Burton, _City of the Saints_, p. 86. Cf. Long’s _Exped._, ii. 31.

[367] Remy and Brenchley’s _Voy. to G. S. Lake City_, i. 440, note; Burton’s _City of the Saints_, p. 345.

[368] Lepsius, _Disc. in Egypt_, p. 50.

[369] _Nat. Hist._, xi. 29; Holland, Pt. I. p. 327, F-H.

[370] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 137-8.

[371] _Ibid._, 138.

[372] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, vii. 257.

[373] Volney’s _Trav._, i. 387.

[374] Riley’s _Narrative_, p. 236-7.

[375] Richardson’s _Sahara_, i. 338.

[376] _The Mirror_, xv. 429.

[377] _Pilgr._, ii. 1047.

[378] _Ibid._, ii. 1186.

[379] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._

[380] _Gent. Mag._, lxxxi. (Pt. II.) 273.

[381] Vide Bochart, _Hierozoic_, L. IV. c. 5, 474-5.

[382] Volney, _Trav._, i. 304.

[383] Robbins’ _Journal_, p. 228.

[384] Southey’s _Thalaba_, i. 171.

[385] Clarke’s _Travels_, i. 348.

[386] _Harleian Miscel._, ii. 523.

[387] _Nature and Art_, vi. 109.

[388] Bochart, _Hierozoic_, Pt. II. L. iv. c. 5, 475.--Much of this description is quite oriental, but such is the general resemblance to some of the animals mentioned, that in Italy it still bears the name of “Cavalletta.” A German name for this Locust, as well as the Grasshopper (before mentioned), is the “Hay-horse.” About the Locust’s neck, too, the integuments have some resemblance to the trappings of a horse; some species, however, have the appearance of being hooded. In the Bible, Locusts are compared to horses.--Joel, ii. 4; Rev. ix. 7. Ray says, “_Caput oblongum, equi instar prona spectans_.”

[389] Riley’s _Narrative_, p. 234.

[390] _Ins._ (Murray, 1838), ii. 186.

[391] _Ibid._, 187.

[392] _Ibid._

[393] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 125. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 988.

[394] St. John’s _Man. and Cust. of Anct. Greeks_, iii. 95.

[395] Diod. Sic. _Hist._, L. III. c. 2. Booth’s Trans., 170-1.

[396] Strabo. _Geog._, L. XVI. c. 4, § 13.

[397] _Nat. Hist._, xi. 26. Holl. Pt. I. p. 325. E. Cf. Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xi. 29.

[398] Rob. _Journal_, p. 172.

[399] _Ibid._, p. 228.

[400] Jackson’s _Morocco_, p. 104.

[401] _Ibid._, p. 106.

[402] _Wand. and Adv. in S. Afr._, i. 137.

[403] Riley’s _Narrat._, p. 237.

[404] _Exped. to Africa_, p. 107.

[405] _Cent. Africa_, ii. 30.

[406] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, xvi. 634.

[407] _Travels to C. of Good Hope_, i. 263.

[408] _Ibid._

[409] _Revel._ ix. 2, 3.

[410] Fleming’s _Kaffraria_, p. 80.

[411] Holman’s _Travels_, p. 487.

[412] _Miss. Lab._, p. 448-9.

[413] Quot. in Anderson’s _L. Ngami_, p. 284.

[414] _Ibid._, p. 283.

[415] _Trav. and Res. in S. Africa_, p. 48.

[416] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, x. 189.

[417] Hasselq. _Trav._, p. 419.

[418] _Orient. Mem._, i. 46.

[419] Layard’s _Nin. and Bab._, p. 289.

[420] _Chinese Repository._

[421] _Lord Elgin’s Miss. to China and Japan_, p. 273.

[422] _Middle Kingdom_, ii. 50.

[423] _Voy._, i. 430. Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, xi. 49.

[424] _Ibid._, xiv. 128.

[425] Vol. ii. p. 525.

[426] Cuvier, _An. King.--Ins._, ii. 205.

[427] Jackson’s _Morocco_, p. 103.

[428] _Ibid._, p. 106.

[429] _Narrative_, p. 235.

[430] _Chinese Repository._

[431] _Phil. Trans._ for 1698.

[432] _Prov._ xxx. 27.

[433] _Genes._ xvi. 12.

[434] Jackson’s _Travels in Morocco_, p. 105-6.

[435] _Hist. of Greece_, b. i. c. 24.

[436] _Hist. Acct. of China_, b. ii. c. 15, and Church _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, i. 95.

[437] _Naturalist in Bermuda_, p. 112.

[438] _S. African Sport._, p. 220.

[439] Darwin’s _Res._, p. 159.

[440] _Hist. of Jam._, ii. 261.

[441] Smith’s _Bib. Dict._

[442] _Ibid._

[443] _Travels_, i. 71.

[444] _Egypt and China_, ii. 106.

[445] _Hist. of Brazil_, i. 105.

[446] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._ The species here referred to was the _Termes lucifuga_.

[447] _Orient. Mem._, i. 363-4.

[448] Kempf. _Japan_, ii. 127; also Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, vii. 701.

[449] _Orient. Mem._, i. 362.

[450] _Introd._, i. 247.

[451] _Autobiog._, Lond., 1858, p. 222-3.

[452] _Latr. S. Africa_, p. 315.

[453] _Hist. of Brazil_, i. 319.

[454] Kid. and Fletch., _Brazil_, p. 443.

[455] _S. Africa_, p. 315.

[456] _Hist. of Brazil_, i. 319.

[457] Kidder and Fletcher, _Brazil_, p. 442.

[458] Barter’s _Dorp and Veld_, p. 81.

[459] Burton’s _Central Africa_, i. 202.

[460] Tennent, _Nat. Hist. of Ceylon_, p. 412.

[461] Knox, _Ceylon_, Pt. I. ch. vi. p. 24.

[462] _Phil. Trans._, lxxi. 167-8, note.

[463] _Ibid._

[464] _Voy. to Cape of Good Hope_, i. 261; Cf. Alexander’s _Exped. into Africa_, i. 52.

[465] _Trav. in S. Africa_, p. 501.

[466] Burton’s _Cent. Africa_, i. 202.

[467] Buchanan, i. 7; Forbes, _Orient. Mem._, i. 305.

[468] Kirb. and Sp. _Introd._, i. 308, note.

[469] _Letters written in a Mahratta Camp in 1809._

[470] Backhouse, p. 584.

[471] _Phil. Trans._, lxxi. 167-8, note.

[472] _Memoirs_, vi. 485. Quot. by K. and S. _Introd._, i. 284. Cuv. _An. Kingd.--Ins._, ii. 315. _Ins. Trans._, p. 373.

[473] Quot. by Shaw, _Zool._, vi. 250.

[474] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, iii. 516-8.

[475] Gosse’s _Jamaica_, p. 251.

[476] _Gram. and Dict. of the Yoruba Language._ Smithson. Public., p. xiii.

[477] Cuv. _An. King.--Ins._, ii. 404.

[478] They were produced by that species of Gall-fly, _Cynips_, delineated by Reaumur in his _Hist. of Ins._, vol. iii. tabl. 40. _The Mirror_, xxx. 234.

[479] K. and S. _Introd._, i. 33.

[480] Browne’s _Works_, ii. 376.

[481] _Theatr. Ins._, 252. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 1085.

[482] Hasselquist’s _Travels_, p. 253.

[483] Cuv. _An. King.--Ins._, ii. 424.

[484] _Ibid._, p. 427.

[485] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._ Cf. Cuv.--_Ins._, ii. 428; K. and S. _Introd._, i. 318. Medict. Virt. Cf. Geoffroy’s _Treatise on Subs. used in Physic_, p. 369.

[486] Cuv. _An. Kingd.--Ins._, ii. 428. Cf. Geoffroy’s _Subs. used in Phys._, p. 369.

[487] Reaum. iii. 416. Cf. Cuv. _Ibid._ ii. 429. K. and S. _Introd._, i. 310.

[488] Smith’s _Introd. to Bot._, p. 346. Olivier’s _Trav._, i. 139. Cf. _Ibid._

[489] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._

[490] Herod., B. 3, 102-5. Cary’s _Trans._, p. 214.

[491] Strabo, _Geog._, B. xv. c. 1, § 44. Hamilton’s _Trans._, iii. 101. Cf. Arrian’s _Ind. Hist._, c. 15. Rooke’s _Trans._, ii. 211.

[492] _Ibid._

[493] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, B. xi. c. 31. Bost. and Riley’s _Trans._, iii. 39.

[494] _Ubi supra_, and Strabo, B. xv. c. 1, § 37.

[495] Pomp., _Vita Apollon. Tyan._, B. vi. c. 1.

[496] Bostick and Riley’s _Trans. of Pliny_, iii. 39, note.

[497] Prov. vi. 6. Cf. Prov. xxx. 23.

[498] Smith’s _Bib. Dict._

[499] Holland’s _Trans._, p. 787.

[500] _Guardian_, No. 156-7.

[501] _Nat. Displ._, i. 128.

[502] _Namahl a Namal Circumcidit._--Browne’s _Pseud. Epid.--Works_, ii. 531.

[503] _Poems: Solomon._

[504] _Hymns: The Emmet._

[505] _On the Omnis. of God._

[506] _Par. Lost_, B. vii. l. 484.

[507] _Saturday Mag._, xix. 190.

[508] Lawson’s _Bible Cyclop._, ii. 505.

[509] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 245-6. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 1078. Vide Pierius’ _Hieroglyph._, p. 73-6.

[510] Mouf. _Theatr. Ins._, p. 242.

[511] Quot. in Brande’s _Pop. Antiq._, iii. 224.

[512] Harwood’s Grec. _Antiq._, p. 200.

[513] Stosch. Cl., ii. 227-8. Fosbr. _Encycl. of Antiq._, ii. 738.

[514] Quot. in Brande’s _Pop. Antiq._, iii. 134.

[515] _The Mirror_, xxx. 216.

[516] _Pilgrims_, v. 542.

[517] _Theatr. Ins._, 246. Topsel’s _Hist of Beasts_, p. 1079.

[518] The valley seems to be so called from the great number of Ants which are found there. Some place it in Syria, and others in Tayeb.--_Al Beidawi, Jallalo’ddin._

[519] _The Koran_, p. 310. Translated by Geo. Sale.

[520] _Trav. in the Levant_, Pt. I. p. 41.