Part 33

Sandwich Islands, Fleas in, 306.

Sapor, army of, routed by Mosquitoes, 283.

Scaliger, his fondness for Crickets, 95.

Scandinavia, Dung-beetle in, 28-29; Lady-bird in, 17.

_Scarabæidæ_, 27-45.

_Scarabæus auratus_, 45. _cornutus_, 26. _nasicornis_, 45. _pilurarius_, 27-44, 293. _sacer_, 27-44. _unctuosus_, 63.

Scarlet, history of dyeing, 259.

Schurman, Anna Maria, Spiders eaten by, 355. cured of boils by Ants, 162.

_Scleranthus perennis_, 260.

Scolopendras as food, 365.

_Scorpions_, 65, 100, 295, 321-331.

Scotland, bloody-rain in, 221; Flies, 289; Humble-bees, 213; Lady-birds, 19-20; Lice, 319, 320.

Scrofula in horses, combs of Hornets’ nest for, 172.

Scurvy, Bedeguar for, 144.

Scutcheons, Scarab on Egyptian royal, 35.

Scythia, Lice in, 318.

Sea-crabs, Scorpions generated from, 322.

Sea-water for sting of Scorpions, 326.

Seals, Scarab-gems as, 39.

Sechell Islands, Dry-leaf Mantis in, 92.

Seed-lac, 263.

Seeds, Cochineal supposed to be, 261; sown in the hide of a tortoise, 75.

Selborne, the Bee-eater of, 205.

Selk, Scorpion emblem of, 328.

Selling of Bees, notions concerning, 185.

Septuagint, Bee eulogized in the, 212.

Serpents and Ants, 157; enmity between Spiders and, 341; Honey for bite of, 208; a Mantis the parent of the, 157; of Tiberias Cæsar eaten by Ants, 151; to kill Nits, 320; worship of, in Egypt, 43, n.

Seventeen-year Locust, 254.

Sheep, artificial migration of, 198; dung of, for bite of Spider, 356; killed by Ants, 157; maggots in brain of, 302.

_Shield-lice_, 259-264.

Shell-lac, 263.

Ships, monkeys kept on board, to kill Roaches, 78.

Showers of blood, 216-225; of Gossamer, 347; insects with snow, 364.

Siam, Ants in, 159; interpretation of signs and dreams of insects in, 370; beetle for fighting in, 368; Grasshoppers in, 98; Spiders, 354.

Sideritis, the herb, for sting of Scorpions, 326.

Singing to Bees, 188.

Signs: see prognostications and superstitions.

Silesia, poisonous Sirex in, 142.

Silk of Silk-worms, 234-241, 248. Spiders, 361.

_Silk-worm Moths_, 234-241.

Silver for sting of Scorpions, 325, 326.

Sins expiated by assisting Dung-beetles, 28.

_Sirex fusicornis_, 142. _gigas_, 142. _juvencus_, 142. _spectrum_, 142.

Skull, Bees make Honey in a, 195.

Sleep, Caterpillar to procure, 245; chirping of Crickets to induce, 95-96.

Sleight-of-hand, supposed performance of, 372.

Sloth, Fleas to prevent, 306.

Sluggard referred to the Ant, 148.

Smoke to drive away Locusts, 115.

Snails embalmed by Bees, 210; eaten in the West Indies, 98.

Snake, living, hung by a Spider, 345; danger from, in collecting Locusts, 124; fed by Dragon-flies, 139.

Snow, Fleas on the, 314; Gnats falling with, 280; insects in numbers on, 364; origin of red, 220, n.

Soap, beetle made into, 23; Cicadas, 254.

Socrates measures the jump of a Flea, 311.

Solomon and the Ant, 148; Ant in Paradise, 153.

Song, Locusts kept for sake of, 130; vessel saved by song of a Spanish Gryllo, 130.

Son, Scarab emblematical of an only, 33.

Soothsayers, 82-92.

Soul, Butterfly symbol of, 228; Moths supposed to be, 243; of industrious from Ants, 150.

Sound as a Roach, 79.

South America, Ants in, 160; Goliath-beetle, 46; Grou-grou worm, 69; Hercules-beetle, 45-46; Termites, 132-137.

Spain, Bees in, 212; Cantharides, 63; Locusts, 102-130; Silk-worms, 237.

_Spanish-flies_, 62.

Spanish Inquisition, detectives of, called Flies, 292.

_Span-worms_, 248.

Sparrman, Dr., anecdote of, 366.

Spawn, fish, Locusts hatched from, 118; sold for eggs of Silk-worms, 241.

Spectacles, Hornets’ nest to clean, 172.

Speke, Capt., beetle in the ear of, 79, n.

_Spiders_, 61, 99, 113, 193, 322, 324, 332-362, 370.

Spirits, Ants and lizards eaten by, 161.

Sphex, notion respecting, 174.

_Sphingidæ_, 232-234.

_Sphinx Atropos_, 232. _(Deilephila) hippophaes_, 367. _ligustris_, 233.

_Spring-beetles_, 51-55.

Spring, Scarab symbolical of, 33.

Squill for sting of Scorpions, 326.

_Stag-beetles_, 24-27.

Stag, feet of, to drive away Bugs, 266.

_Sternocera chrysis_, 50. _sternicornis_, 50.

Stick-lac, 263.

Stiffness in knees cured by Ants, 162.

Sting of Bees, Hornets, etc., remedies for, 174, 193.

Stockings, silk, 238.

Stolen Bees will not thrive, 184.

Stomach, insects introduced into the human, 67.

Stone, Bedeguar for, 144; Glow-worm, 57; Scorpions, 329.

Storm, prognostication of, from Gnats, 280.

Strangles in horses, combs of Hornets for, 172.

Strangury, Bed-bugs for, 267; Bees, 206.

Strength of Dung-beetle, 28; Flea, 311; Stag-beetle, 25.

Success foretold by Glow-worm, 57.

Sudorific, Cochineal as a, 262.

Sumatra, Cricket in, 96.

Sun, Ants sacrificed to, 153; Flies, 292; Scarab sacred to, 30; the first worship of the, 36.

Superstitions connected with Agaric-Gnat, 286; Ants, 151; _Acanthocinus ædilis_, 73; Army-worm, 247; Butterflies, 229; Caterpillars, 242; Cockroaches, 80-82; Crickets, 92-95; Death-watch, 58-61, 91; Death’s-head Moth, 232; Dragon-flies, 138, 140; Dung-beetle, 28; Ear-wig, 76; Flies, 290; Gall-flies, 143; Glow-worm, 57; Grasshoppers, 98, 100; Katy-did, 131; Lady-birds, 17-23; Locusts, 119; Mantis, 82-92; Silk-worms, 239; Stag-beetles, 25; Scorpions, 322-331; Spiders, 339; Wasps and Hornets, 173; Span-worms, 248.

Surinam, Cicadas in, 254; Fire-ants, 157; Gnats, 280; Lantern-flies, 255.

Surat, hospital at, for animals, 266.

Swallow, heart of, for lunacy, 330; odious and impious, 251.

Swammerdam, anecdote of, 363.

Swarms of Ants, 164; Aphides, 258; Butterflies, 225; Cantharides, 64; Day-flies, 138; Dragon-flies, 139-140; Flies, 287; Gnats, 278; Lady-birds, 21; May-bugs, 48.

Swarming of Bees, notions concerning, 185-190.

Sweat, Fleas generated from, 305.

Sweden, _Acanthocinus ædilis_ in, 73; Ants, 161; _Blaps mortisaga_, 65; Fleas, 308; Grasshoppers, 100; Lady-bird, 17; Lice, 316.

Switzerland, Caterpillars in, 158, n.

Swoonings, wax to prevent, 254.

Sword, in charm to destroy Fleas, 308.

Sybils resorted to, to drive away Locusts, 113.

Syria, Galls from, 145; Locusts in, 103-130.

Tamableness of the Fly, 289.

Tarantula, 351.

Taylor, Mrs., and her Crickets, 95; Mantis, 88-90.

_Telephorus fuscus_, 364.

Tempests raised by magicians, 45.

Tendons, Stag-beetle for contractions of, 26.

_Tenebrio molitor_, 65, 68.

_Tenebrionidæ_, 65.

Teneriffe, Locusts in Island of, 104.

Tennessee, bloody-rain in, 224.

Terambus transformed into the Cerambyx, 73.

_Terias lisa_, 227.

_Termes bellicosus_, 135.

_Termites_, 132-137.

_Termitidæ_, 132-137.

Tertian ague, Bed-bugs for, 268; Spiders, 359.

Tettix, 250.

Thebes, Spiders in, 338.

Thor, Dung-beetle sacred to, 28.

Thread, sewing, Spider’s web used for, 362.

Throat, Crickets for affections of, 96.

Tiberias Cæsar, death of, foretold by Ants, 151.

Tiffin and Son, Bug-destroyers in London, 268.

Timour and the Ant, 154.

Timpany, Spiders for, 360.

_Tinea padilla_, 248. _punctata_, 248. _tapetzella_, 249.

_Tineidæ_, 248, 249.

_Tipulidæ_, 286.

Toads, enmity between Spiders and, 341.

Tobacco, clay of Ant-hills as substitute for, 135.

Toothache, Curculios for, 71; Lady-bird, 21; tooth-picks of Spiders’ mandibles for, 354.

Tooth-picks, mandibles of Spiders for, 354.

Tortoise and the Scorpion, a fable, 330; Bugs administered in the blood of, 267; gall of, in medicine, 209; seeds sown in the hide of, 75.

Torture, Ants as an instrument of, 158; Flies, 296; Mosquitoes, 284; Termites, 135.

Tonga Group, Ants in, 161.

Trade in insects, 229, 255, 307, 366.

Transylvania, Locusts in, 105-126.

Tumuli, Leather-beetles buried in, 24.

Turenne’s aversion for Spiders, 344.

Turkey, beetle eaten by women in, 65; Mantis in, 84.

_Turnip-fly_, 74.

_Typographer-beetles_, 61.

Ulcers, _Blatta_ of Pliny for, 66; Cockroaches, 78; Honey-dew, 258.

Unchastity, insect to discover, 367; punished by Bees, 181.

Unclean thoughts, Flies emblem of, 292.

United States, Ant-lions in, 141; Cicadas, 254; Spiders, 340; see Indians, American; New England; New York; Maryland; Ohio; Mississippi; Pennsylvania; North Carolina; Virginia.

Urine, Fleas generated from, 305; forced with Cantharides, 63; Lice to suppress, 319; Stag-beetle, 26.

_Uroceridæ_, 142.

_Vanessa cardui_, 226, 230. _polychloros_, 220. _urticæ_, 220, 230.

Vegetable-flies, 90-92.

Venery, Ants to provoke to, 161.

Veneration for _Acanthocinus ædilis_, 73; chrysalids of Butterflies, 308; Mantis, 83-88; Scarab, 28-44.

Vermin, origin of, 305.

Vertigo, silk-worms for, 240.

Vesicatory, Cantharides as, 63; _Cerambyx moschatus_, 73.

_Vespa crabro_, 171.

_Vespidæ_, 170-174.

Vessel attacked by Termites, 133; saved from being wrecked by song of a Spanish Gryllo, 130.

Vienna, Lady-bird at, 17.

Vines, to prevent “Cantharides” from injuring, 64.

Vipers, generation of, 322.

Virginia, Ants in, 152; Caterpillars, 242; Crickets, 95.

Virgin Mary, Lady-bird dedicated to, 17, 18.

Virgins, hatred of Scorpions for, 324.

Virtues of Honey, 208.

Vives, Ludovicus, eloquence of, foretold by Bees, 178.

Voluptuary, Scarab emblematical of a, 33.

Vomiting, Bugs for, 267.

Vulture, gall of, in medicine, 219.

Wall-lice, 265.

War, omens of, from Agaric-Gnat, 286; Gall-fly, 143; Gnats, 280; Locusts, 119; Spiders, 338; waged against Locusts, 114; Bees idle during, 184.

Warbles, 303.

Wars of Ants, 151.

Warrior, Scarab emblematical of, 32.

Warts, Cobwebs to remove, 359; Grasshoppers, 100.

Washington City, Mantis in, 88.

Washington, General, Mosquitoes pierce boots of, 281.

_Wasps_, 170-174, 194, 202.

Water as a charm to destroy Locusts, 116; found from swarms of Gnats, 280.

_Water-boatmen_, 275-277.

Wax, Bees-, 206-208. _Pela_, 254.

Way, lost, discovered by Mantis, 83.

Weasel, young of, for bite of Spider, 356.

Weather, prognostications as to, from Ants, 153; Bees, 182, 194; Butterflies, 229; Fleas, 310; Flies, 290; Hornets, 172; Spiders, 336; Lady-bird connected with fine, 17, 18.

_Weevils_, 68-72.

West Indies, Ants in, 162, 167; Cucujus, 51; Grasshoppers, 98; Grou-grou worm, 68-70; Musk-beetle, 73; Spiders, 354; saved from invasion by Cucuji, 53.

Whales, generation of, 322.

Wheat, prices of, connected with the ocean tides, 188, n.

Whistles to call cattle, made of beetle-shards, 369.

_White ants_, 132-137.

White-clover, Indian name for, 197.

Wildman, anecdotes of, 201.

Wind, Aphides produced by a, 258.

Winter, prognostication from May-bug as to, 47.

Wisdom of the Ant exaggerated, 148-151.

Witchcraft, beetle against, 44; Bot-fly in, 303; Humble-bees, 213; use of wax in, 206.

Witches in the forms of Flies, 294.

Wolf, tail of, to drive away Flies, 288; Wasps generated from carcass of, 171.

Women, hatred of Scorpions for, 324.

Wood-louse, Death-watch supposed to be, 61.

Woodpecker to keep Bees from stinging, 193.

Wood-carrying Moth, 245.

Wood-tic, 321.

Wool, rain of, 348; to drive away Ants, 170.

_Woolly-bear Moths_, 242-245.

World, Scarab symbolical of, 30.

Worm in the heart of a horse, 365; from stomach of a woman, 364.

Wormals, 303.

Worms extracted from children’s ears, 371; intestinal, Bedeguar for, 144; charm, 365; Cockroaches, 78; oil of Scorpions, 330; powder of a tombstone, 363.

Worm-wood to destroy Fleas, 308.

Worship of the Mantis, 83-88; pupæ of Butterflies, 230; Scarab, 28-44; Egyptian, of animals, 43, n.

Wounds, _Blatta_ of Pliny for, 66; Crickets, 97; Oil-beetles, 63; Spiders, 359.

Zephyr, Butterfly symbol of, 229.

Zisca, what he meant by “cobwebs,” 356.

FOOTNOTES.

[1] Thorpe’s Northern Mythol., ii. 104.

[2] Jamieson’s _Scot. Dict._ Another designation, in Sweden, is not so honorable, for it is that of _Laettfaerdig kona_, the Wanton Quean.--_Ibid._ The term Lady-bird, in England, has been also applied to a prostitute.--Wright’s _Provinc. Dict._

[3] Jaeger, _Life of Amer. Ins._, p. 22.

[4] It is curious to notice the association of this insect with the cow in the English and French names.

[5] Jamieson’s _Scot. Dict._

[6] Chambers’ _Pop. Rhymes_, 1841, p. 170-1.

[7] Thorpe’s _North. Mythol._, iii. 182.

[8] _Ibid._, ii. 104.

[9] _Ibid._, iii. 182.

[10] Thorpe’s _North. Mythol._, ii. 104.

[11] 4th Pastoral, 11. 83-8.

[12] It probably is induced to fly away by the warmth of the hand.

[13] _Notes and Queries_, i. 132.

[14] _Ibid._, i. 28, 55, 73.

[15] Jamieson supposes this word to be derived from the Teutonic _Land-heer_, a petty prince.--_Scot. Dict._

[16] Jamieson’s _Scot. Dict._ Cf. Chambers’ _Pop. Rhymes_, 1841, p. 170-1.

[17] Thorpe’s _North. Mythol._, iii. 328.

[18] Grose, _Antiq._ (_Prov. Gloss._) p. 121.

[19] Chambers’ _Pop. Rhymes_, 1841, p. 170.

[20] _Notes and Queries_, iv. 53.

[21] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._

[22] Kirby and Spence, _Introd._, ii. 9.

[23] Newell’s _Zool. of the Poets_, p. 48.

[24] _Life of Amer. Ins._, p. 21.

[25] A. 1, sc. iii.

[26] Quot. with preceding in Newell’s _Zool. of the Poets_, p. 50-2.

[27] Kirb. and Sp. _Introd._, i. 317.

[28] Jaeger, _Life of Amer. Ins._, p. 61.

[29] Kirb. and Sp. _Introd._, i. 316.

[30] Shaw’s _Zool._, vi. 42.

[31] Gough’s _Sepul. Mon._, vol. i. p. xii.--These sepulchral tumuli, or burrows, are of the remotest antiquity, and continued in use till the twelfth century.--_Ibid._

[32] Wilkin. _Anct. Egypt._ ii. (2d S.) 261; and Pettig. _Hist. of Mummies_, p. 53-5.

[33] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._

[34] Cuvier’s _Animal Kingd.--Ins._, i. 530.

[35] _The Mirror_, xix. 180; and _Saturday Mag._, xvi. 144.

[36] N. & Q., 2d S., ii. 83.

[37] Bradley, _Phil. Account_, p. 184.

[38] _N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat._, xxii. 81.

[39] _Nat. Hist. of Ins._, _Lond._, 1838, ii. 156.

[40] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 149. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 1006.

[41] Cuvier, _An. King.--Ins._, i. 533.

[42] _Nat. Hist._, xi. 34. Holl. _Trans._, p. 326. K.

[43] James’ _Med. Dict._ Cf. Brookes’ _Nat. Hist. of Ins._, p. 321.

[44] _Amoreux_, p. 154. Burmeister’s _Manl. of Entomol._, p. 561. Keferot. _Uber den unmittelbaren Nutzen der Insekten_, Erfurt, 1829, 4to, p. 8-10. Kirb. and Sp. _Introd._, i. 303, note. Shaw’s _Zool._, vi. 28, note.

[45] _Nat. Hist._, xvii. 37.

[46] Kirb. and Sp. _Introd._, i. 255, note.

[47] _Ins. Archit._, p. 252.

[48] Detharding _de Ins. Coleop. Danicis_, 9. Quot. by Kirb. and Sp. _Introd._, i. 33.

[49] _Northern Mythol._, ii. 53.

[50] Bjornstj. _Theog. of Hindoos_, p. 108.

[51] Oliv. Col. I. 3, viii. 59. Cuvier, _An. King.--Ins._, i. 452.

[52] Cuvier, _qua supra_.

[53] Donovan’s _Ins. of China_, p. 4.

[54] Cuvier, _qua supra_.

[55] De Pauw’s Sacred-beetle of the Egyptians was “the great golden Scarabee, called by some the Cantharides.”--ii. 104.

[56] Wilkinson, _Anct. Egypt._, ii. (2d S.) 259.

[57] Val. _Hieroglyphica_, p. 93-5.

[58] _Ibid._

[59] Plut. _Of Isis and Osiris_, p. 220. The translation of this passage as given by Philemon Holland is as follows: “The Fly called the Beetill they (the Egyptians) reverence, because they observe in them I wot not what little slender Images (like as in drops of water we see the resemblance of the Sun) of the Divine power.... As for the Beetills, they hold, that throughout all their kinds there is no female, but all the males do blow or cast their seed into a certain globus or round matter in the form of balls, which they drive from them and roll to and fro contrariwise, like as the Sun, when he moveth himself from the West to the East, seemeth to turn about the Heaven clean contrary.”--p. 1071, ed. of 1657.

[60] Quot. by Montfaucon, _Antiq._, vol. ii., Part 2, p. 322.

[61] De Pauw tells us that the description of the Scarabæus as given by Orus Apollo (Horapollo) is, that “it resembles the sparkling luster of the eye of a cat in the dark.”(!)--ii. 104.

[62] Horap., i. 10.

[63] _Anct. Egypt._, i. (1st S.) 296.

[64] Horap., _Hierogl._, i. 10.

[65] _Anct. Egypt._, ii. (2d S.) 258.

[66] _Treasvrie_, B. 7. c. 14, p. 662. Printed 1613.

[67] Horap. _Hierog._, i. 10.

[68] Fosbroke, _Encycl. of Antiq._, i. 208.

[69] _Of Isis, &c._ Holl. _Transl._, p. 1051.

[70] Ælian, x. 15.

[71] Wilkinson, _Anct. Egypt._, ii. (2d S.) 257.

[72] _Of Isis, &c._, _qua supra_.

[73] Wilkin. _Anct. Egypt._, ii. (2d S.) 256.

[74] Wilkin. _Anct. Egypt._, ii. (2d S.) 256.

[75] _Ibid._

[76] Pettigrew, _Hist. of Mum._, p. 220.

[77] _Ibid._

[78] _Ibid._

[79] Travels, ii. 306 (?).

[80] Fosbroke, _Encycl. of Antiq._, i. 208.

[81] _Ibid._ Vide Pierius’ _Hieroglyph._, p. 76-80. Solis operum similitudo; Mundus; Generatio; Vnigenitus; Deus in humano corpore; Vir, paterve; Bellator strenuus; Sol; Luna; Mercurius; Febris lethalis a sole; Virtus enervata deliciis.

[82] Fosbroke, _Encycl. of Antiq._, i. 208.

[83] Wilkin. _Anct. Egypt._, ii. (2d S.) 257.

[84] Wilkin. _Anct. Egypt._, ii. (2d S.) 257.

[85] De Pauw, ii. 104.

[86] Pettig. _Hist. of Mum._, p. 220.

[87] Wilkin. _Anct. Egypt._, ii. (2d S.) 256.

[88] Montf. _Antiq._, ii. (Pt. II.) 322.

[89] _Ibid._, ii. (Pt. II.) 339.

[90] Wilkin. _Anct. Egypt._, ii. (2d S.) 259, note.

[91] Wilkin. _Anct. Egypt._, ii. (2d S.) 259, note.

[92] _Ibid._

[93] Bunsen, _Egypt’s Place_, i. 504, fig. 116; i. 508, fig. 169.

[94] Wilkin. _Anct. Egypt._, i. (2d S.) 258, fig.

[95] Bunsen, _Ibid._, i. 572, fig. 12; i. 576, fig. 9; i. 582, fig. 3.

[96] Bunsen, _Ibid._, i. 617-632.

[97] Bunsen’s _Egypt’s Place_, iii. 142.

[98] _Ibid._

[99] Quot. by Montf. _Antiq._, ii. (Pt. II.) 323.

[100] Wilkin. _Anct. Egypt._, ii. (2d S.) 257.

[101] Pettig. _Hist. of Mum._, p. 220.

[102] Maury’s _Indig. Races_, p. 156.

[103] Phind’s _Thebes_, p. 130.

[104] Donovan, _Ins. of China_, p. 3.

[105] Fosbroke, _Encyclop. of Antiq._, i. 208.

[106] _Ibid._

[107] Montf. _Antiq._, ii. (Pt. II.) 339.

[108] _Ibid._

[109] Montf. _Antiq._, ii. (Pt. II.) 339.

[110] _Ibid._

[111] Fosbroke, _Encycl. of Antiq._, i. 208.

[112] There is now at Thebes an arch-forger of Scarabæi--a certain Ali Gamooni, whose endeavors, in the manufacture of these much-sought-after relics, have been crowned with the greatest success. For the coarser description of these, he has, as well as chance European purchasers, an outlet in a native market; for they are bought from him to be carried up the river into Nubia, where they are favorite amulets and ornaments, as mothers greatly delight to patch one or two to the girdles by short thongs, which constitute the only article of dress of their children. Through this very medium, too, it sometimes happens that these spurious Scarabæi come into the possession of unsophisticated travelers, who are not likely to suspect their origin in that remote country, and under such circumstances.

Scarabæi also of the more elegant and well-finished descriptions are not beyond the range of this curious counterfeiter. These he makes of the same material as the ancients themselves used,--a close-grained, easily-cut limestone, which, after it is graven into shape and lettered, receives a greenish glaze by being baked on a shovel with brass filings.

Ali, not content with closely imitating, has even aspired to the creative; so antiquarians must be on their guard lest they waste their time and learning on antiquities of a very modern date.--_Vide_ Rhind’s Thebes, p. 253-5. Mr. Gliddon, in an incidental note, _Indig. Races_, p. 192, takes credit for having furnished this same Ali, some twenty-four years ago (as it would appear), with broken penknives and other appliances to aid his already-manifested talent, in the somewhat fantastic hope of flooding the local market with such curiosities, and so saving the monuments from being laid under contribution!

[113] Winkleman, _Art._ 2, c. 1.

[114] Paraph. from Fosbroke’s _Encycl. of Antiq._, i. 208.

[115] Of those deposited in the British Museum, Mr. Birch has made the following report:

1. A Scarabæus having on the base _Ra-men-Chepr_, a prenomen of Thothmes III. Beneath is a Scarab between two feathers, placed on the basket _sub._

2. A Scarabæus in dark steaschist, with the figure of the sphinx (the sun), and an emblem between the fore paws of the monster. The sphinx constantly appears on the Scarabæi of Thothmes III., and it is probably to this monarch that the one here described belongs. (On many Scarabæi in the British Museum, and on those figured by Klaproth from the Palin Collection, in Leeman’s Monuments, and in the “Description de l’Egypt,” Thothmes is represented as a sphinx treading foreign prisoners under him.--_Layard._) After the Sphinx on this Scarab are the titles of the king, “The sun-placer of creation,” of Thothmes III.

3. Small Scarabæus of white steaschist, with a brownish hue; reads _Neter nefer nebta Ra-neb-ma_, “The good God, the Lord of the Earth, the Sun, the Lord of truth, rising in all lands.” This is Amenophis III., one of the last kings of the XVIII. dynasty, who flourished about the fifteenth century B.C.

4. Scarabæus in white steaschist, with an abridged form of the prenomen of Thothmes III., _Ra-men-cheper at en Amen_, “The sun-placer of creation, the type of Ammon.” This monarch was the greatest monarch of the XVIII. dynasty, and conquered Naharaina and the Saenkar, besides receiving tribute from Babel or Babylon and Assyria.

5. Scarabæus in pale white steaschist, with three emblems that cannot well be explained. They are the sun’s disk, the ostrich feather, the uræus, and the guitar nablium. They may mean “Truth the good goddess,” or “lady,” or _ma-nefer_, “good and true.”

6. Scarabæus in the same substance, with a motto of doubtful meaning.

7. Scarabæus, with a hawk, and God holding the emblem of life, and the words _ma nefer_, “good and true.” The meaning very doubtful.

8. A Scarabæus with a hawk-headed gryphon, emblem of _Menta-Ra_, or Mars. Behind the monster is the goddess Sati, or Nuben. The hawk-headed lion is one of the shapes into which the sun turns himself in the hours of the day. It is a common emblem of the Aramæan religion.

9. Scarabæus with hawk-headed gryphon, having before in the uræus and the _nabla_ or guitar, hieroglyphic of good. Above it are the hieroglyphics “Lord of the earth.”

10. Small Scarabæus in dark steaschist, with a man in adoration to a king or deity, wearing a crown of the upper country, and holding in the left hand a lotus flower. Between this is the emblem of life.

11. Scarabæus, with the hawk-headed Scarabæus, emblem of _Ra-cheper_, “the creator Sun,” flying with expanded wings, four in number, which do not appear in Egyptian mythology till after the time of the Persians, when the gods assume a more Pantheistic form. Such a representation of the sun, for instance, is found in the Torso Borghese.

It will be observed, adds Layard, that most of the Egyptian relics discovered in the Assyrian ruins are of the time of the XVIII. Egyptian dynasty, or of the fifteenth century before Christ; a period when, as we learn from Egyptian monuments, there was a close connection between Assyria and Egypt.--Layard’s _Babylon and Nineveh_, p. 239-240.

[116] Layard’s _Babylon and Nineveh_, p. 157, 166.

[117] _Hist. of Mum._, 53-5; Wilkin. _Anct. Egypt._, ii. (2d S.) 261, note.

[118] Wilkin. _Anct. Egypt._, ii. (2d S.) 156.

[119] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xxx. 11; Holland, ii. 395. K.

[120] _Phil. Trans. Abridg._, ii. 785; _Gent. Mag._, xix. 264-5.