Chapter 4

IMITATORS 67

CICERO'S PUNS 69

PREFACES 71

EARLY PRINTING 73

ERRATA 78

PATRONS 82

POETS, PHILOSOPHERS, AND ARTISTS, MADE BY ACCIDENT 85

INEQUALITIES OF GENIUS 88

GEOGRAPHICAL STYLE 88

LEGENDS 89

THE PORT-ROYAL SOCIETY 94

THE PROGRESS OF OLD AGE IN NEW STUDIES 98

SPANISH POETRY 100

SAINT EVREMOND 102

MEN OF GENIUS DEFICIENT IN CONVERSATION 103

VIDA 105

THE SCUDERIES 105

DE LA ROCHEFOUCAULT 110

PRIOR'S HANS CARVEL 111

THE STUDENT IN THE METROPOLIS 112

THE TALMUD 113

RABBINICAL STORIES 120

ON THE CUSTOM OF SALUTING AFTER SNEEZING 126

BONAVENTURE DE PERIERS 128

GROTIUS 129

NOBLEMEN TURNED CRITICS 131

LITERARY IMPOSTURES 132

CARDINAL RICHELIEU 139

ARISTOTLE AND PLATO 142

ABELARD AND ELOISA 145

PHYSIOGNOMY 148

CHARACTERS DESCRIBED BY MUSICAL NOTES 150

MILTON 152

ORIGIN OF NEWSPAPERS 155

TRIALS AND PROOFS OF GUILT IN SUPERSTITIOUS AGES 161

INQUISITION 166

SINGULARITIES OBSERVED BY VARIOUS NATIONS IN THEIR REPASTS 170

MONARCHS 173

OF THE TITLES OF ILLUSTRIOUS, HIGHNESS, AND EXCELLENCE 175

TITLES OF SOVEREIGNS 178

ROYAL DIVINITIES 179

DETHRONED MONARCHS 181

FEUDAL CUSTOMS 183

GAMING 187

THE ARABIC CHRONICLE 191

METEMPSYCHOSIS 192

SPANISH ETIQUETTE 194

THE GOTHS AND HUNS 196

VICARS OF BRAY 196

DOUGLAS 197

CRITICAL HISTORY OF POVERTY 198

SOLOMON AND SHEBA 202

HELL 203

THE ABSENT MAN 206

WAX-WORK 206

PASQUIN AND MARFORIO 208

FEMALE BEAUTY AND ORNAMENTS 211

MODERN PLATONISM 213

ANECDOTES OF FASHION 216

A SENATE OF JESUITS 231

THE LOVER'S HEART 233

THE HISTORY OF GLOVES 235

RELICS OF SAINTS 239

PERPETUAL LAMPS OF THE ANCIENTS 243

NATURAL PRODUCTIONS RESEMBLING ARTIFICIAL COMPOSITIONS 244

THE POETICAL GARLAND OF JULIA 247

TRAGIC ACTORS 248

JOCULAR PREACHERS 251

MASTERLY IMITATORS 258

EDWARD THE FOURTH 261

ELIZABETH 264

THE CHINESE LANGUAGE 267

MEDICAL MUSIC 269

MINUTE WRITING 275

NUMERICAL FIGURES 276

ENGLISH ASTROLOGERS 278

ALCHYMY 283

TITLES OF BOOKS 288

LITERARY FOLLIES 293

LITERARY CONTROVERSY 308

LITERARY BLUNDERS 320

A LITERARY WIFE 327

DEDICATIONS 337

PHILOSOPHIC DESCRIPTIVE POEMS 341

PAMPHLETS 343

LITTLE BOOKS 347

A CATHOLIC'S REFUTATION 349

THE GOOD ADVICE OF AN OLD LITERARY SINNER 350

MYSTERIES, MORALITIES, FARCES, AND SOTTIES 352

LOVE AND FOLLY, AN ANCIENT MORALITY 362

RELIGIOUS NOUVELLETTES 363

"CRITICAL SAGACITY," AND "HAPPY CONJECTURE;" OR, BENTLEY'S MILTON 370

A JANSENIST DICTIONARY 373

MANUSCRIPTS AND BOOKS 375

THE TURKISH SPY 377

SPENSER, JONSON, AND SHAKSPEARE 379

BEN JONSON, FELTHAM, AND RANDOLPH 381

ARIOSTO AND TASSO 386

BAYLE 391

CERVANTES 394

MAGLIABECHI 394

ABRIDGERS 397

PROFESSORS OF PLAGIARISM AND OBSCURITY 400

LITERARY DUTCH 403

THE PRODUCTIONS OF THE MIND NOT SEIZABLE BY CREDITORS 405

CRITICS 406

ANECDOTES OF CENSURED AUTHORS 408

VIRGINITY 412

A GLANCE INTO THE FRENCH ACADEMY 413

POETICAL AND GRAMMATICAL DEATHS 417

SCARRON 421

PETER CORNEILLE 428

POETS 432

ROMANCES 442

THE ASTREA 451

POETS LAUREAT 454

ANGELO POLITIAN 456

ORIGINAL LETTER OF QUEEN ELIZABETH 460

ANNE BULLEN 461

JAMES THE FIRST 462

GENERAL MONK AND HIS WIFE 468

PHILIP AND MARY 469

CURIOSITIES OF LITERATURE.

LIBRARIES.

The passion for forming vast collections of books has necessarily existed in all periods of human curiosity; but long it required regal munificence to found a national library. It is only since the art of multiplying the productions of the mind has been discovered, that men of letters themselves have been enabled to rival this imperial and patriotic honour. The taste for books, so rare before the fifteenth century, has gradually become general only within these four hundred years: in that small space of time the public mind of Europe has been created.

Of LIBRARIES, the following anecdotes seem most interesting, as they mark either the affection, or the veneration, which civilised men have ever felt for these perennial repositories of their minds. The first national library founded in Egypt seemed to have been placed under the protection of the divinities, for their statues magnificently adorned this temple, dedicated at once to religion and to literature. It was still further embellished by a well-known inscription, for ever grateful to the votary of literature; on the front was engraven,--"The nourishment of the soul;" or, according to Diodorus, "The medicine of the mind."

The Egyptian Ptolemies founded the vast library of Alexandria, which was afterwards the emulative labour of rival monarchs; the founder infused a soul into the vast body he was creating, by his choice of the librarian, Demetrius Phalereus, whose skilful industry amassed from all nations their choicest productions. Without such a librarian, a national library would be little more than a literary chaos; his well exercised memory and critical judgment are its best catalogue. One of the Ptolemies refused supplying the famished Athenians with wheat, until they presented him with the original manuscripts of Æschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides; and in returning copies of these autographs, he allowed them to retain the fifteen talents which he had pledged with them as a princely security.

When tyrants, or usurpers, have possessed sense as well as courage, they have proved the most ardent patrons of literature; they know it is their interest to turn aside the public mind from political speculations, and to afford their subjects the inexhaustible occupations of curiosity, and the consoling pleasures of the imagination. Thus Pisistratus is said to have been among the earliest of the Greeks, who projected an immense collection of the works of the learned, and is supposed to have been the collector of the scattered works, which passed under the name of Homer.

The Romans, after six centuries of gradual dominion, must have possessed the vast and diversified collections of the writings of the nations they conquered: among the most valued spoils of their victories, we know that manuscripts were considered as more precious than vases of gold. Paulus Emilius, after the defeat of Perseus, king of Macedon, brought to Rome a great number which he had amassed in Greece, and which he now distributed among his sons, or presented to the Roman people. Sylla followed his example. Alter the siege of Athens, he discovered an entire library in the temple of Apollo, which having carried to Rome, he appears to have been the founder of the first Roman public library. After the taking of Carthage, the Roman senate rewarded the family of Regulus with the books found in that city. A library was a national gift, and the most honourable they could bestow. From the intercourse of the Romans with the Greeks, the passion for forming libraries rapidly increased, and individuals began to pride themselves on their private collections.

Of many illustrious Romans, their magnificent taste in their _libraries_ has been recorded. Asinius Pollio, Crassus, Cæsar, and Cicero, have, among others, been celebrated for their literary splendor. Lucullus, whose incredible opulence exhausted itself on more than imperial luxuries, more honourably distinguished himself by his vast collections of books, and the happy use he made of them by the liberal access he allowed the learned. "It was a library," says Plutarch, "whose walks, galleries, and cabinets, were open to all visitors; and the ingenious Greeks, when at leisure, resorted to this abode of the Muses to hold literary conversations, in which Lucullus himself loved to join." This library enlarged by others, Julius Cæsar once proposed to open for the public, having chosen the erudite Varro for its librarian; but the daggers of Brutus and his party prevented the meditated projects of Cæsar. In this museum, Cicero frequently pursued his studies, during the time his friend Faustus had the charge of it; which he describes to Atticus in his 4th Book, Epist. 9. Amidst his public occupations and his private studies, either of them sufficient to have immortalised one man, we are astonished at the minute attention Cicero paid to the formation of his libraries and his cabinets of antiquities.

The emperors were ambitious, at length, to give _their names_ to the _libraries_ they founded; they did not consider the purple as their chief ornament. Augustus was himself an author; and to one of those sumptuous buildings, called _Thermæ_, ornamented with porticos, galleries, and statues, with shady walks, and refreshing baths, testified his love of literature by adding a magnificent library. One of these libraries he fondly called by the name of his sister Octavia; and the other, the temple of Apollo, became the haunt of the poets, as Horace, Juvenal, and Persius have commemorated. The successors of Augustus imitated his example, and even Tiberius had an imperial library, chiefly consisting of works concerning the empire and the acts of its sovereigns. These Trajan augmented by the Ulpian library, denominated from his family name. In a word, we have accounts of the rich ornaments the ancients bestowed on their libraries; of their floors paved with marble, their walls covered with glass and ivory, and their shelves and desks of ebony and cedar.

The first _public library_ in Italy was founded by a person of no considerable fortune: his credit, his frugality, and fortitude, were indeed equal to a treasury. Nicholas Niccoli, the son of a merchant, after the death of his father relinquished the beaten roads of gain, and devoted his soul to study, and his fortune to assist students. At his death, he left his library to the public, but his debts exceeding his effects, the princely generosity of Cosmo de' Medici realised the intention of its former possessor, and afterwards enriched it by the addition of an apartment, in which he placed the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, Chaldaic, and Indian MSS. The intrepid spirit of Nicholas V. laid the foundations of the Vatican; the affection of Cardinal Bessarion for his country first gave Venice the rudiments of a public library; and to Sir T. Bodley we owe the invaluable one of Oxford. Sir Robert Cotton, Sir Hans Sloane, Dr. Birch, Mr. Cracherode, Mr. Douce, and others of this race of lovers of books, have all contributed to form these literary treasures, which our nation owe to the enthusiasm of individuals, who have consecrated their fortunes and their days to this great public object; or, which in the result produces the same public good, the collections of such men have been frequently purchased on their deaths, by government, and thus have been preserved entire in our national collections.[5]

LITERATURE, like virtue, is often its own reward, and the enthusiasm some experience in the permanent enjoyments of a vast library has far outweighed the neglect or the calumny of the world, which some of its votaries have received. From the time that Cicero poured forth his feelings in his oration for the poet Archias, innumerable are the testimonies of men of letters of the pleasurable delirium of their researches. Richard de Bury, Bishop of Durham, and Chancellor of England so early as 1341, perhaps raised the first private library in our country. He purchased thirty or forty volumes of the Abbot of St. Albans for fifty pounds' weight of silver. He was so enamoured of his large collection, that he expressly composed a treatise on his love of books, under the title of _Philobiblion_; and which has been recently translated.[6]

He who passes much of his time amid such vast resources, and does not aspire to make some small addition to his library, were it only by a critical catalogue, must indeed be not more animated than a leaden Mercury. He must be as indolent as that animal called the Sloth, who perishes on the tree he climbs, after he has eaten all its leaves.

Rantzau, the founder of the great library at Copenhagen, whose days were dissolved in the pleasures of reading, discovers his taste and ardour in the following elegant effusion:--

Salvete aureoli mei libelli, Meæ deliciæ, mei lepores! Quam vos sæpe oculis juvat videre, Et tritos manibus tenere nostris! Tot vos eximii, tot eruditi, Prisci lumina sæculi et recentis, Confecere viri, suasque vobis Ausi credere lucubrationes: Et sperare decus perenne scriptis; Neque hæc irrita spes fefellit illos.

IMITATED.

Golden volumes! richest treasures! Objects of delicious pleasures! You my eyes rejoicing please, You my hands in rapture seize! Brilliant wits, and musing sages, Lights who beamed through many ages, Left to your conscious leaves their story, And dared to trust you with their glory; And now their hope of fame achieved, Dear volumes! you have not deceived!

This passion for the enjoyment of _books_ has occasioned their lovers embellishing their outsides with costly ornaments;[7] a fancy which ostentation may have abused; but when these volumes belong to the real man of letters, the most fanciful bindings are often the emblems of his taste and feelings. The great Thuanus procured the finest copies for his library, and his volumes are still eagerly purchased, bearing his autograph on the last page. A celebrated amateur was Grollier; the Muses themselves could not more ingeniously have ornamented their favourite works. I have seen several in the libraries of curious collectors. They are gilded and stamped with peculiar neatness; the compartments on the binding are drawn, and painted, with subjects analogous to the works themselves; and they are further adorned by that amiable inscription, _Jo. Grollierii et amicorum!_--purporting that these literary treasures were collected for himself and for his friends.

The family of the Fuggers had long felt an hereditary passion for the accumulation of literary treasures: and their portraits, with others in their picture gallery, form a curious quarto volume of 127 portraits, rare even in Germany, entitled "Fuggerorum Pinacotheca."[8] Wolfius, who daily haunted their celebrated library, pours out his gratitude in some Greek verses, and describes this bibliothèque as a literary heaven, furnished with as many books as there were stars in the firmament; or as a literary garden, in which he passed entire days in gathering fruit and flowers, delighting and instructing himself by perpetual occupation.

In 1364, the royal library of France did not exceed twenty volumes. Shortly after, Charles V. increased it to 900, which, by the fate of war, as much at least as by that of money, the Duke of Bedford afterwards purchased and transported to London, where libraries were smaller than on the continent, about 1440. It is a circumstance worthy observation, that the French sovereign, Charles V. surnamed the Wise, ordered that thirty portable lights, with a silver lamp suspended from the centre, should be illuminated at night, that students might not find their pursuits interrupted at any hour. Many among us, at this moment, whose professional avocations admit not of morning studies, find that the resources of a public library are not accessible to them, from the omission of the regulation of the zealous Charles V. of France. An objection to night-studies in public libraries is the danger of fire, and in our own British Museum not a light is permitted to be carried about on any pretence whatever. The history of the "Bibliothèque du Roi" is a curious incident in literature; and the progress of the human mind and public opinion might be traced by its gradual accessions, noting the changeable qualities of its literary stores chiefly from theology, law, and medicine, to philosophy and elegant literature. It was first under Louis XIV. that the productions of the art of engraving were there collected and arranged; the great minister Colbert purchased the extensive collections of the Abbé de Marolles, who may be ranked among the fathers of our print-collectors. Two hundred and sixty-four ample portfolios laid the foundations, and the very catalogues of his collections, printed by Marolles himself, are rare and high-priced. Our own national print gallery is growing from its infant establishment.

Mr. Hallam has observed, that in 1440, England had made comparatively but little progress in learning--and Germany was probably still less advanced. However, in Germany, Trithemius, the celebrated abbot of Spanheim, who died in 1516, had amassed about two thousand manuscripts; a literary treasure which excited such general attention, that princes and eminent men travelled to visit Trithemius and his library. About this time, six or eight hundred volumes formed a royal collection, and their cost could only be furnished by a prince. This was indeed a great advancement in libraries, for at the beginning of the fourteenth century the library of Louis IX. contained only four classical authors; and that of Oxford, in 1300, consisted of "a few tracts kept in chests."

The pleasures of study are classed by Burton among those exercises or recreations of the mind which pass _within doors_. Looking about this "world of books," he exclaims, "I could even live and die with such meditations, and take more delight and true content of mind in them than in all thy wealth and sport! There is a sweetness, which, as Circe's cup, bewitcheth a student: he cannot leave off, as well may witness those many laborious hours, days, and nights, spent in their voluminous treatises. So sweet is the delight of study. The last day is _prioris discipulus_. Heinsius was mewed up in the library of Leyden all the year long, and that which, to my thinking, should have bred a loathing, caused in him a greater liking. 'I no sooner,' saith he, 'come into the library, but I bolt the door to me, excluding Lust, Ambition, Avarice, and all such vices, whose nurse is Idleness, the mother of Ignorance and Melancholy. In the very lap of eternity, amongst so many divine souls, I take my seat with so lofty a spirit, and sweet content, that I pity all our great ones and rich men, that know not this happiness.'" Such is the incense of a votary who scatters it on the altar less for the ceremony than from the devotion.[9]