CHAPTER XV
THE PROVINCES OF CUBA
The extensive railroad system of Cuba makes it possible to reach almost any part of the Island with little trouble. The Provinces of Habana and Matanzas, in particular, are completely covered by the ramifications of the United Railways of Habana. The majority of tourists confine their excursions from Habana to points which may be reached by this line. There are, however, on the Cuba railroad many cities and districts that will well repay a visit, whether the object be merely sightseeing, or a study of the resources and development of the country.
It is a short run from the capital to Hoyo Colorado, the route traversing a rich tobacco district and the centre of the pineapple culture. Ten miles out, the line reaches the Playa of Marianao, Habana’s fashionable bathing resort and the headquarters of the yacht club. Marianao is to Habana what Waikiki Beach is to Honolulu.
The trip to Guines is beginning to rival in popularity with tourists the excursion to the famous caves of Bellamar. The railroad is one of the oldest in the world, having been opened to traffic in 1837. The picturesque little town occupies a beautiful situation in an extensive valley, almost entirely surrounded by mountains. It is in the centre of a rich sugar district, but the lands in the immediate vicinity are devoted to truck farming, in which a number of Americans are engaged with marked success. Near by is the village of Madruga, famed long ago for the curative quality of its sulphur baths and mineral waters. Centuries ago, solitary invalids performed the tedious journey to the spot and sojourned in the peasants’ huts, whilst undergoing the cure. Nowadays Madruga is much frequented and has comfortable hotels, as well as several well-appointed bathing establishments.
The most recent railroad to be opened in Cuba is the Habana Central, running from the capital to the great Providencia Sugar Mill, situated thirty-five miles to the southwest. This line has the distinction of being operated entirely by electricity. Thousands of tourists last year visited the plantation and factory at the terminus of the road. As the crop season is from the beginning of December to the first or second week of May it coincides with the tourist season, and thus visitors have an exceptionally good opportunity to see one of the most up-to-date mills of Cuba in full operation, with little trouble and in a few hours’ time.
Batabano, situated on the coast almost directly to the south of Habana, is an unattractive place, but a port of considerable importance. An extensive sponge industry is carried on in the neighboring waters and great numbers of turtles are shipped from here to the United States.
Batabano is the port from which the traveller takes steamer to the Isle of Pines. The value and importance of the Isle of Pines have only been realized in recent years. It was at one time a rendezvous of pirates and Henry Morgan once planned to assemble his men there and make a raid upon Habana by way of Batabano. In the hands of Spain the Isle was turned to account only to the extent of working its marble quarries. After the last war of independence an American colony settled there and has since become numerous and prosperous. The Island is now practically owned by citizens of the United States, who represent a majority of the population. Several land companies have been in operation for the past ten years, and have established many thriving towns and settlements. The soil of the island is adapted to all kinds of farming and the climate has been famous for its salubrity during the past hundred years.
Pinar del Rio is best known for the possession of the finest tobacco lands in the world. Tobacco is, however, by no means the only industry of the Province. Along its north coast are extensive sugar lands and a number of large mills; also numerous plantations owned by Americans and Canadians. The Province is singularly deficient in harbors. The best of the few which it has is Bahia Honda. A coaling station in this bay was ceded to the United States by Cuba, but it has not been used as yet.
The most pronounced physical feature of the Province is the group, rather than range, of mountains called the Organo. Their verdant sides form the background of the view from almost every point. The soil in the valleys between the numerous spurs is exceedingly fertile. These lands were peaceably tilled through all the disturbances previous to the last war, but then Maceo carried the conflict into the far west, and Pinar del Rio will not recover from its effects for many a year to come. On the north and on the south the Organo Mountains slope down to undulating plains. That on the southern side is the more extensive and in it the celebrated Vuelta Abajo tobacco district lies.
For two centuries the Spaniards looked upon the Province of Matanzas as a hotbed of rebellion. The Cubans style it “_El Suelo natal de Independencia_,” meaning the birthplace of independence. Though, after Habana, the smallest of the provinces of Cuba, it is one of the richest sections of the country. In the beginning it was a great cattle grazing region, but long since its fertile plains were extensively planted with sugar-cane. Before the War there were five hundred stock farms in the Province, nearly as many sugar estates, and at least three thousand plantations of various other kinds. During the rebellion all this industrial wealth was practically destroyed. Its rich lands insured a revival, however, and the Province has again taken its place in the forefront of sugar-producing sections of Cuba.
The favorite excursion of visitors to Habana is to the Valley of the Yumuri, which Humboldt characterized as the “loveliest valley in the world.” It has been described by many pens, as have the caverns of Bellamar, with their numerous chambers filled with stalactite and stalagmite crystals.
The City of Matanzas is one of the most attractive in Cuba. It contains several beautiful parks and boulevards and, in the newest portion, some of the finest residences in the Island.
Not far from Matanzas is Cardenas, a centre of about twenty-five thousand inhabitants. It ranks third among the sugar shipping ports of Cuba, handling most of the output of the Province. Cardenas is beautifully situated and enjoys a delightful climate. It is sometimes spoken of as an “American city,” on account of the number of persons of that nationality resident there. Cardenas appears to be justified in its boast that it is the most progressive city in Cuba. No more than seventy years old, it is far in advance of every other city of its size in the matter of public utilities, whilst its
buildings are as handsome and substantial as any to be found outside of Habana. The harbor of Cardenas will be remembered as the scene of the tragedy in which the little torpedo boat “Winslow” and Ensign Bagley figured.
Although sugar-cane is by far the chief product of Santa Clara Province, its tobacco and cattle industries are of considerable importance. There is some ground for the belief that it possesses latent mineral resources of great value. Gold and silver have been found in the Province, and the output of asphalt has reached as much as ten thousand tons in a year.
The City of Santa Clara is situated at a considerable elevation above sea level. It is well laid out, with unusually wide streets, considering the age of the town, which was founded in the seventeenth century. Santa Clara has long been noted for its healthfulness and its exceptionally beautiful women. Although the capital of the Province, its population of somewhat less than seventeen thousand is only about half that of Cienfuegos.
Cienfuegos, on the south coast, has one of the peculiar pouch-like harbors found on several points of the Cuban shore. Centuries ago Las Casas pronounced this harbor to be the most magnificent in the world, an opinion which many naval experts of to-day support. The City, which is comparatively modern, occupies a beautiful site in the lap of a group of hills, backed by rugged mountains. It is one of the most progressive centres of Cuba, with an extensive and constantly growing business.
Trinidad is, after Baracoa, the oldest city of Cuba. It was founded by Velasquez in 1514. It is situated upon the side of a mountain, at an elevation of nearly one thousand feet. Trinidad was at one time a port of considerably more importance than it is at present. The locality seems to possess some peculiar health-giving properties, for the town has long held the reputation of being the most healthful in the Island and is resorted to by sufferers from nervous and pulmonary complaints.
The Province of Camaguey, or Puerto Principe, as it was called under Spanish dominion, is very rich in natural resources, but far less developed than the divisions to the west of it. This, because cattle raising was almost its sole industry until recent years, and because it has only lately enjoyed the advantage of railroad communication. Its area is broken by mountains, between which lie deep valleys and broad
mesas. Extensive forests occupy the former, whilst the latter are covered with nutritious grasses, upon which cattle thrive. Before the War at least half a million steers grazed upon these table-lands, and fifty thousand head a year were shipped to the Habana market. There is every promise of a great revival for this industry. Only a small proportion of the lands of this Province are cultivated, and those are devoted mainly to the production of tobacco and sugar.
The City of Camaguey is a picturesque old place, laid out on a very irregular plan, or rather on no plan at all. Its buildings are quaint and suggestive of their great age, many of them having stood for two or more centuries. The City is the outgrowth of one of the earliest settlements in the Island. Previous to the inception of the railroad era it ranked next to Habana in population, but gradually fell into fifth place, thereafter. In late years it has had a revival, due to the extension eastward of the railway system. The Hotel Camaguey, converted from a barrack into a delightful hostelry of a unique character, has become famous under the management of the railroad. There is probably no other place in Cuba affording such restful conditions and charming surroundings.
In the vicinity are a number of cattle ranches conducted by Americans. The lands adjacent to the railroad are, however, becoming too valuable to be used as grazing grounds. Their soil is extremely rich and they will soon be devoted to the cultivation of fruit, tobacco, and other high-priced crops. There are already several colonies in the Province, including “La Gloria,” one of the oldest and most prosperous American settlements.
The Province of Oriente, formerly called Santiago de Cuba, is the section of Cuba in which the greatest future development is to be looked for. This development will be fortunately along greatly diversified lines. Its mountain regions are extremely rich in minerals and virgin forests of hardwoods. Its elevated valleys contain the best soil and have the most suitable climate for the culture of coffee. On its lower levels fruits of various kinds grow in abundance and of good quality, whilst its coast lands are admirably adapted to the production of sugar-cane. The Valley of Guantanamo contains some of the largest and most prosperous sugar plantations in the
Island. A busy mining district lies to the west, from which a large output of iron ore is produced annually.
The City of Santiago de Cuba, situated among hills at the head of one of the most remarkable harbors in the world, has a population of about fifty thousand. Behind the City lies the great plateau of Oriente, composed of stretches of the richest agricultural land, with here and there a range of hills, or a belt of forest. This section must in time become the seat of an extensive agricultural development.
Manzanillo is situated on the coast and at the edge of a great level plain of extraordinary fertility. Years ago a railroad was started from this point to Bayamo, but after a few miles had been laid, construction was stopped, for some reason which is not easy to surmise. There is the greatest need for such means of communication, and few railroad projects in Cuba could be as promising. The region between Manzanillo and Bayamo contains soil as rich as any to be found in Cuba, and there is no doubt but that the construction of a railroad would be followed by a thorough development of the section through which it would pass.
The Nipe Bay district is the seat of the greatest progress being made to-day in Cuba, a progress typical of the development that has in different parts of the Island followed the introduction of American capital and the application of American business methods. The Bay itself is equalled by few in the world. It is completely sheltered, with a narrow entrance, a depth of fifteen miles, and a width of about ten. The mountains sweep southward at Nipe Bay, and thence far to the west extends a broad plain of fertile land. On the northwest side of the Bay is the model town of Antilla, a creation of the Cuba Railroad, with which it is connected by a branch line. Antilla has a rapidly growing trade and regular steamship connections with the United States and Jamaica. All the country round about is in cultivation. Along the banks of the Mayari River tobacco is grown, and has been for centuries. Its quality is indifferent, but efforts are being made, with every promise of success, to improve it.
The development of this section is due to five great corporations, operating with American money, except for the last named, which is mainly supported by British capital. These
corporations are the United Fruit Company, the Nipe Bay Company, the Spanish-American Iron Company, the Dumois-Nipe Company, and the Cuba Railroad Company.
The United Fruit Company’s property extends for more than twenty miles between Dumois and Banes, its shipping point. The plantation, which was formerly devoted to bananas, is now occupied by sugar-cane to the extent of 25,000 acres. The product is consumed by the Central Boston, one of the largest mills in Cuba. The extent of the Fruit Company’s property here is probably nearly 100,000 acres. Five thousand head of stock and the numerous buildings require a large proportion of it.
The Cuba Railroad’s interest is in the port of Antilla, where it has established a flourishing little town, and built extensive docks and warehouses. These are much in excess of present needs, but the railroad management is confident that this will become the principal shipping point of the eastern end of the Island, a conclusion that seems to be founded on logical grounds.
At Preston, the Nipe Bay Company, a corporation controlled by the United Fruit Company, operates a sugar plantation considerably more than one hundred thousand acres in area, and what is claimed to be the most complete and up-to-date mill in existence. This factory is in course of enlargement, so that it will consume five thousand tons of cane daily. The plantation, mill, and village of Preston are more fully described in the chapter on “Cuba’s Sugar Industry.”
The Dumois-Nipe Company owns about fifty thousand acres of land in the vicinity of Saetia. This is devoted to various products. The largest area, about one thousand acres, is planted in sugar-cane, somewhat more than half as much land in bananas, and a considerable acreage in pineapples. Oranges and grape-fruit occupy several hundred acres.
The Spanish-American Iron Company, which controls extensive mining properties at Daiquiri and elsewhere in the Province, has its latest and most extensive operation at Felton in the Nipe Bay district. The ore deposit here is more than twenty miles in length and from ten to sixteen in breadth. In depth the workings average about twenty feet. Steam shovels are employed in taking the material out. In its ultimate form the ore is shipped in small pellets upon the Company’s steamers, which dock in immediate contact with the plant.
Nothing could be surer than the future great development of Oriente, with a continuance of the present trend. American capital is constantly looking for new investments in the Province. Its mineral deposits and its fertile valleys will be exploited by Americans. The American influence is already prominent in every part of it. American methods prevail in all its industries and American money is the universal currency. Oriente will advance by leaps and bounds into the position of the most productive province in Cuba.
THE END.
APPENDICES
I
COMMERCIAL CONVENTION BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CUBA
_Signed at Havana, December 11, 1902._
_Ratification with amendments advised by the Senate March 19, 1903._
_Ratified by the President, March 30, 1903._
_Ratified by Cuba, March 30, 1903._
_Ratifications exchanged at Washington, March 31, 1903._
_Proclaimed, December 17, 1903._
BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
A PROCLAMATION
Whereas a Convention between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba to facilitate their commercial intercourse by improving the conditions of trade between the two countries, was concluded and signed by their respective plenipotentiaries at the City of Havana on the eleventh day of December, 1902, the original of which Convention, being in the English and Spanish languages, is, as amended by the Senate of the United States, word for word as follows:
The President of the United States of America and the President of the Republic of Cuba, animated by the desire to strengthen the bonds of friendship between the two countries, and to facilitate their commercial intercourse by improving the conditions of trade between them, have resolved to enter into a convention for that purpose, and have appointed their respective Plenipotentiaries, to wit:--
The President of the United States of America, the Honorable General Tasker H. Bliss;
The President of the Republic of Cuba, the Honorable Carlos de Zaldo y Beurmann, Secretary of State and Justice, and the Honorable José M. Garcia y Montes, Secretary of the Treasury;
who, after an exchange of their full powers found to be in good and due form, have, in consideration of and in compensation for the respective concessions and engagements made by each to the other as hereinafter recited, agreed and do hereby agree upon the following Articles for the regulation and government of their reciprocal trade, namely:--
ARTICLE I
During the term of this convention, all articles of merchandise being the product of the soil or industry of the United States which are now imported into the Republic of Cuba free of duty, and all articles of merchandise being the product of the soil or industry of the Republic of Cuba which are now imported into the United States free of duty, shall continue to be so admitted by the respective countries free of duty.
ARTICLE II
During the term of this convention, all articles of merchandise not included in the foregoing Article I and being the product of the soil or industry of the Republic of Cuba imported into the United States shall be admitted at a reduction of twenty per centum of the rates of duty thereon as provided by the Tariff Act of the United States approved July 24, 1897, or as may be provided by any tariff law of the United States subsequently enacted.
ARTICLE III
During the term of this convention, all articles of merchandise not included in the foregoing Article I and not hereinafter enumerated, being the product of the soil or industry of the United States, imported into the Republic of Cuba shall be admitted at a reduction of twenty per centum of the rates of duty thereon as now provided or as may hereafter be provided in the Customs Tariff of said Republic of Cuba.
ARTICLE IV
During the term of this convention, the following articles of merchandise as enumerated and described in the existing Customs Tariff of the Republic of Cuba, being the product of the soil or industry of the United States imported into Cuba shall be admitted at the following respective reductions of the rates of duty thereon as now provided or as may hereafter be provided in the Customs Tariff of the Republic of Cuba:--
_Schedule A_
To be admitted at a reduction of twenty five (25) per centum:
Machinery and apparatus of copper or its alloys or machines and apparatus in which copper or its alloys enter as the component of chief value; cast iron, wrought iron and steel, and manufactures thereof; articles of crystal and glass, except window glass; ships and water borne vessels of all kinds, of iron or steel; whiskies and brandies; fish, salted, pickled, smoked or marinated; fish or shell-fish, preserved in oil or otherwise in tins; articles of pottery or earthenware now classified under Paragraphs 21 and 22 of the Customs Tariff of the Republic of Cuba.
_Schedule B_
To be admitted at a reduction of thirty (30) per centum:
Butter; flour of wheat; corn; flour of corn or corn meal; chemical and pharmaceutical products and simple drugs; malt liquors in bottles; non-alcoholic beverages; cider; mineral waters; colors and dyes; window glass; complete or partly made up articles of hemp, flax, pita, jute, henequen, ramie, and other vegetable fibres now classified under the paragraphs of Group 2, Class V, of the Customs Tariff of the Republic of Cuba; musical instruments; writing and printing paper, except for newspapers; cotton and manufactures thereof, except knitted goods (see Schedule C); all articles of cutlery; boots, shoes and slippers, now classified under Paragraphs 197 and 198 of the Customs Tariff of the Republic of Cuba; gold and silver plated ware; drawings, photographs, engravings, lithographs, cromolithographs, oleographs, etc., printed from stone, zinc, aluminium, or other material, used as labels, flaps, bands and wrappers for tobacco or other purposes, and all the other papers (except paper for cigarettes, and excepting maps and charts), pasteboard and manufactures thereof, now classified under Paragraphs 157 to 164 inclusive of the Customs Tariff of the Republic of Cuba; common or ordinary soaps, now classified under Paragraph 105, letters “A” and “B,” of the Customs Tariff of the Republic of Cuba; vegetables, pickled or preserved in any manner; all wines, except those now classified under Paragraph 279 (a) of the Customs Tariff of the Republic of Cuba.
_Schedule C_
To be admitted at a reduction of forty (40) per centum:
Manufactures of cotton, knitted, and all manufactures of cotton not included in the preceding schedules; cheese; fruits, preserved; paper pulp; perfumery and essences; articles of pottery and earthenware now classified under Paragraph 20 of the Customs Tariff of the Republic of Cuba; porcelain; soaps, other than common, now classified under Paragraph 105 of the Customs Tariff of the Republic of Cuba; umbrellas and parasols; dextrine and glucose; watches; wool and manufactures thereof; silk and manufactures thereof; rice, cattle.
ARTICLE V
It is understood and agreed that the laws and regulations adopted, or that may be adopted, by the United States and by the Republic of Cuba, to protect their revenues and prevent fraud in the declarations and proofs that the articles of merchandise to which this convention may apply are the product or manufacture of the United States and the Republic of Cuba, respectively, shall not impose any additional charge or fees therefor on the articles imported, excepting the consular fees established, or which may be established, by either of the two countries for issuing shipping documents, which fees shall not be higher than those charged on the shipments of similar merchandise from any other nation whatsoever.
ARTICLE VI
It is agreed that the tobacco, in any form, of the United States or of any of its insular possessions, shall not enjoy the benefit of any concession or rebate of duty when imported into the Republic of Cuba.
ARTICLE VII
It is agreed that similar articles of both countries shall receive equal treatment on their importation into the ports of the United States and of the Republic of Cuba, respectively.
ARTICLE VIII
The rates of duty herein granted by the United States to the Republic of Cuba are and shall continue during the term of this convention preferential in respect to all like imports from other countries, and, in return for said preferential rates of duty granted to the Republic of Cuba by the United States, it is agreed that the concession herein granted on the part of the said Republic of Cuba to the products of the United States shall likewise be, and shall continue, during the term of this convention, preferential in respect to all like imports from other countries. Provided, That while this convention is in force, no sugar imported from the Republic of Cuba, and being the product of the soil or industry of the Republic of Cuba, shall be admitted into the United States at a reduction of duty greater than twenty per centum of the rates of duty thereon as provided by the tariff act of the United States approved July 24, 1897, and no sugar, the product of any other foreign country, shall be admitted by treaty or convention into the United States, while this convention is in force, at a lower rate of duty than that provided by the tariff act of the United States approved July 24, 1897.
ARTICLE IX
In order to maintain the mutual advantages granted in the present convention by the United States to the Republic of Cuba and by the Republic of Cuba to the United States, it is understood and agreed that any tax or charge that may be imposed by the national or local authorities of either of the two countries upon the articles of merchandise embraced in the provisions of this convention, subsequent to importation and prior to their entering into consumption in the respective countries, shall be imposed and collected without discrimination upon like articles whencesoever imported.
ARTICLE X
It is hereby understood and agreed that in case of changes in the tariff of either country which deprive the other of the advantage which is represented by the percentages herein agreed upon, on the actual rates of the tariffs now in force, the country so deprived of this protection reserves the right to terminate its obligations under this convention after six months’ notice to the other of its intention to arrest the operations thereof.
* * * * *
And it is further understood and agreed that if, at any time during the term of this convention, after the expiration of the first year, the protection herein granted to the products and manufactures of the United States on the basis of the actual rates of the tariff of the Republic of Cuba now in force, should appear to the government of the said Republic to be excessive in view of a new tariff law that may be adopted by it after this convention becomes operative, then the said Republic of Cuba may reopen negotiations with a view to securing modifications as may appear proper to both contracting parties.
ARTICLE XI
The present convention shall be ratified by the appropriate authorities of the respective countries, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America, as soon as may be before the thirty-first day of January, 1903, and the convention shall go into effect on the tenth day after the exchange of ratifications, and shall continue in force for the term of five (5) years from date of going into effect, and from year to year thereafter until the expiration of one year from the day when either of the contracting parties shall give notice to the other of its intention to terminate the same.
* * * * *
This convention shall not take effect until the same shall have been approved by the Congress.
In witness whereof we, the respective Plenipotentiaries, have signed the same in duplicate, in English and Spanish, and have affixed our respective seals, at Havana, Cuba, this eleventh day of December, in the year one thousand nine hundred and two.
TASKER H. BLISS [SEAL.] CARLOS DE ZALDO [SEAL.] JOSÉ M. GARCIA MONTES [SEAL.]
And whereas by the terms of the said Convention it is provided that the ratifications thereof should be exchanged at the City of Washington as soon as may be before the thirty-first day of January, 1903, which period was by a Supplementary Convention signed by the respective plenipotentiaries of the two countries on January 26, 1903, extended to the thirty-first day of March, 1903;
And whereas the said Convention of December 11, 1902, as amended by the Senate of the United States, and the said Supplementary Convention of January 26, 1903, have been duly ratified on both parts and the ratifications of the two Governments were exchanged in the City of Washington on the thirty-first day of March, 1903;
And whereas by its resolution of March 19, 1903, the Senate of the United States added at the end of Article XI of the said Convention of December 11, 1902, the following amendment:
“This Convention shall not take effect until the same shall have been approved by the Congress”;
And whereas the Congress gave its approval to the said Convention by an Act approved December 17, 1903, entitled “An Act To carry into effect a convention between the United States and the Republic of Cuba, signed on the eleventh day of December, in the year nineteen hundred and two,” which Act is word for word as follows:
“Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That whenever the President of the United States shall receive satisfactory evidence that the Republic of Cuba has made provision to give full effect to the Articles of the convention between the United States and the Republic of Cuba, signed on the eleventh day of December, in the year nineteen hundred and two, he is hereby authorized to issue his proclamation declaring that he has received such evidence, and thereupon on the tenth day after exchange of ratifications of such convention between the United States and the Republic of Cuba, and so long as the said convention shall remain in force, all articles of merchandise being the product of the soil or industry of the Republic of Cuba, which are now imported into the United States free of duty, shall continue to be so admitted free of duty, and all other articles of merchandise being the product of the soil or industry of the Republic of Cuba imported into the United States shall be admitted at a reduction of twenty per centum of the rates of duty thereon, as provided by the tariff Act of the United States, approved July twenty-fourth, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, or as may be provided by any tariff law of the United States subsequently enacted. The rates of duty herein granted by the United States to the Republic of Cuba are and shall continue during the term of said convention preferential in respect to all like imports from other countries: _Provided_, That while said convention is in force no sugar imported from the Republic of Cuba, and being the product of the soil or industry of the Republic of Cuba, shall be admitted into the United States at a reduction of duty greater than twenty per centum of the rates of duty thereon, as provided by the tariff Act of the United States, approved July twenty-fourth, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, and no sugar the product of any other foreign country shall be admitted by treaty or convention into the United States while this convention is in force at a lower rate of duty than that provided by the tariff Act of the United States approved July twenty-fourth, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven: _And provided further_, That nothing herein contained shall be held or construed as an admission on the part of the House of Representatives that customs duties can be charged otherwise than by an Act of Congress, originating in said House.
“SEC. 2. That so long as said convention shall remain in force, the laws and regulations adopted, or that may be adopted by the United States to protect the revenues and prevent fraud in the declarations and proofs, that the articles of merchandise to which said convention may apply are the product or manufacture of the Republic of Cuba, shall not impose any additional charge or fees therefor on the articles imported, excepting the consular fees established, or which may be established, by the United States for issuing shipping documents, which fees shall not be higher than those charged on the shipments of similar merchandise from any other nation whatsoever; that articles of the Republic of Cuba shall receive, on their importation into the ports of the United States, treatment equal to that which similar articles of the United States shall receive on their importation into the ports of the Republic of Cuba; that any tax or charge that may be imposed by the national or local authorities of the United States upon the articles of merchandise of the Republic of Cuba, embraced in the provisions of said convention, subsequent to importation and prior to their entering into consumption into the United States, shall be imposed and collected without discrimination upon like articles whencesoever imported.”
And whereas satisfactory evidence has been received by the President of the United States that the Republic of Cuba has made provision to give full effect to the articles of the said convention; Now, therefore, be it known that I, Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States of America, in conformity with the said Act of Congress, do hereby declare and proclaim the said Convention, as amended by the Senate of the United States, to be in effect on the tenth day from the date of this my proclamation.
Wherefore I have caused the said Convention, as amended by the Senate of the United States, to be made public to the end that the same and every clause thereof, as amended, may be observed and fulfilled with good faith by the United States and the citizens thereof.
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Seal of the United States of America to be affixed.
[Sidenote: [SEAL]]
Done at the City of Washington, this 17th day of December in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and three and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and twenty-eighth.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
By the President:
JOHN HAY
_Secretary of State_.
The Secretary of State is officially advised by a note from the Minister of Cuba at Washington, dated December 18, 1903, that by proclamation of the President of Cuba on December 17, 1903, the reciprocal commercial convention between the United States and Cuba, signed December 11, 1902, is to go into effect in Cuba on the same day as in the United States.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
_Washington, December 23, 1903_.
II
TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CUBA
Embodying the provisions defining the future relations of the United States with Cuba contained in the Act of Congress, approved March 2, 1901, making appropriations for the Army.
_Signed at Habana, May 22, 1903._
_Ratification advised by the Senate, March 22, 1904._
_Ratified by the President, June 25, 1904._
_Ratified by Cuba, June 20, 1904._
_Ratifications exchanged at Washington, July 1, 1904._
_Proclaimed, July 2, 1904._
BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
A PROCLAMATION
Whereas a Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba embodying the provisions defining the future relations of the United States with Cuba contained in the Act of Congress approved March 2, 1901, was concluded and signed by their respective Plenipotentiaries at Habana on the twenty-second day of May, one thousand nine hundred and four, the original of which Treaty, being in the English and Spanish languages is word for word as follows:
Whereas the Congress of the United States of America, by an Act approved March 2, 1901, provided as follows:
_Provided further_, That in fulfillment of the declaration contained in the joint resolution approved April twentieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, entitled, “For the recognition of the independence of the people of Cuba, demanding that the Government of Spain relinquish its authority and government in the island of Cuba, and to withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the President of the United States to use the land and naval forces of the United States to carry these resolutions into effect,” the President is hereby authorized to “leave the government and control of the island of Cuba to its people” so soon as a government shall have been established in said island under a constitution which, either as a part thereof or in an ordinance appended thereto, shall define the future relations of the United States with Cuba, substantially as follows:
“I. That the government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any foreign power or powers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any manner authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by colonization or for military or naval purposes or otherwise, lodgment in or control over any portion of said island.”
“II. That said government shall not assume or contract any public debt, to pay the interest upon which, and to make reasonable sinking fund provision for the ultimate discharge of which, the ordinary revenues of the island, after defraying the current expenses of government shall be inadequate.”
“III. That the government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by the government of Cuba.”
“IV. That all Acts of the United States in Cuba during its military occupancy thereof are ratified and validated, and all lawful rights acquired thereunder shall be maintained and protected.”
“V. That the government of Cuba will execute, and as far as necessary extend, the plans already devised or other plans to be mutually agreed upon, for the sanitation of the cities of the island, to the end that a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases may be prevented thereby assuring protection to the people and commerce of Cuba, as well as to the commerce of the southern ports of the United States and the people residing therein.”
“VI. That the Isle of Pines shall be omitted from the proposed constitutional boundaries of Cuba, the title thereto being left to future adjustment by treaty.”
“VII. That to enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own defense, the government of Cuba will sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations at certain specified points to be agreed upon with the President of the United States.”
“VIII. That by way of further assurance the government of Cuba will embody the foregoing provisions in a permanent treaty with the United States.”
Whereas the Constitutional Convention of Cuba, on June twelfth, 1901, adopted a Resolution adding to the Constitution of the Republic of Cuba which was adopted on the twenty-first of February, 1901, an appendix in the words and letters of the eight enumerated articles of the above cited act of the Congress of the United States;
And whereas, by the establishment of the independent and sovereign government of the Republic of Cuba, under the constitution promulgated on the 20th of May, 1902, which embraced the foregoing conditions, and by the withdrawal of the Government of the United States as an intervening power, on the same date, it becomes necessary to embody the above cited provisions in a permanent treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba;
The United States of America and the Republic of Cuba, being desirous to carry out the foregoing conditions, have for that purpose appointed as their plenipotentiaries to conclude a treaty to that end,
The President of the United States of America, Herbert G. Squiers, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Havana,
And the President of the Republic of Cuba, Carlos de Zaldo y Beurmann, Secretary of State and Justice,--who after communicating to each other their full powers found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following articles:
ARTICLE I
The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any foreign power or powers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any manner authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by colonization or for military or naval purposes, or otherwise, lodgment in or control over any portion of said island.
ARTICLE II
The Government of Cuba shall not assume or contract any public debt to pay the interest upon which, and to make reasonable sinking-fund provision for the ultimate discharge of which, the ordinary revenues of the Island of Cuba, after defraying the current expenses of the Government, shall be inadequate.
ARTICLE III
The Government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by the Government of Cuba.
ARTICLE IV
All acts of the United States in Cuba during its military occupancy thereof are ratified and validated, and all lawful rights acquired thereunder shall be maintained and protected.
ARTICLE V
The Government of Cuba will execute, and, as far as necessary, extend the plans already devised, or other plans to be mutually agreed upon, for the sanitation of the cities of the island, to the end that a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases may be prevented, thereby assuring protection to the people and commerce of Cuba, as well as to the commerce of the Southern ports of the United States and the people residing therein.
ARTICLE VI
The Island of Pines shall be omitted from the boundaries of Cuba specified in the Constitution, the title thereto being left to future adjustment by treaty.
ARTICLE VII
To enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own defense, the Government of Cuba will sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations, at certain specified points, to be agreed upon with the President of the United States.
ARTICLE VIII
The present Convention shall be ratified by each party in conformity with the respective Constitutions of the two countries, and the ratifications shall be exchanged in the City of Washington within eight months from this date.
In witness whereof, we the respective Plenipotentiaries, have signed the same in duplicate, in English and Spanish, and have affixed our respective seals at Havana, Cuba, this twenty-second day of May, in the year nineteen hundred and three.
H. G. SQUIERS. [SEAL.] CARLOS DE ZALDO. [SEAL.]
And whereas the said Treaty has been duly ratified on both parts, and the ratifications of the two governments were exchanged in the City of Washington, on the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred and four;
Now, therefore, be it known that I, Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States of America, have caused the said Treaty to be made public, to the end that the same and every article and clause thereof may be observed and fulfilled with good faith by the United States and the citizens thereof.
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States of America to be affixed.
[Sidenote: [SEAL.]]
Done at the City of Washington, this second day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and four, and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and twenty-eighth.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
By the President:
ALVEY A. ADEE,
_Acting Secretary of State_.
III
FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL STATISTICS OF CUBA
FINANCE
The total government revenues for the year 1910 amounted to $41,614,694.10, and the expenditures to $40,593,392.21. These figures show a surplus of $1,021,301.89.
The principal sources of revenue were:--
Custom-house receipts $24,838,030.27 Loan taxes 3,570,176.50 Internal revenues 1,020,196.15 Communications 990,440.69 Consular fees 424,152.45 National lottery 3,652,400.51
The principal expenditures were:--
Legislative Branch 840,170.32 Judicial Branch 156,629.76 Executive Branch 1,766,228.33 Department of State 714,515.26 Department of Justice 202,620.85 Department of Government 10,168,201.85 Department of Treasury 2,724,987.98 Department of Public Instruction 4,319,998.83 Department of Public Works 3,572,155.20 Department of Agriculture, Labor, and Commerce 659,188.88 Department of Health and Charities 4,137,469.89 On account of interior debt 737,172.50 Interest and expenses on account of loan 2,933,732.56
DEBT
According to the message of the President, Sr. Don José Miguel Gomez, presented to the National Congress on April 3, 1911, the public debt of Cuba amounted to $62,083,100, as follows:--
Bonds of the revolution, 1896, 6 per cent $2,196,585 Redeemed 1,464,585 ---------- $732,000 Interior debt, 5 per cent. $10,871,100 Interior debt, 1906, 4-1/2 per cent. 16,500,000 ----------- $27,371,100
Loan of 1904, 5 per cent $35,000,000 Amortization 1,020,000 ----------- 33,980,000 ----------- Total debt $62,083,100
FOREIGN COMMERCE
The total foreign commerce of Cuba for the year 1910, according to the Bulletin of the Chamber of Commerce, Industry, and Navigation of Habana, amounted to $254,584,601. The imports were $103,675,581, and the exports $150,909,020. In 1909 the imports were $91,447,581, and the exports $124,711,069. There was therefore an increase for the year 1910, as compared with the preceding year, of $12,228,000 in imports and $26,197,951 in exports, or a total increase of $38,425,951. The imports and exports of specie, which are not included in above totals, were for the year 1910: imports, $4,283,617; and exports, $361,538.
Imports by countries of origin for the past three years were:--
------------------------+-----------+-----------+------------ Countries | 1908 | 1909 | 1910 ------------------------+-----------+-----------+------------ United States |$41,576,980|$46,339,198| $54,569,393 United Kingdom | 11,724,029| 12,260,414| 12,292,219 Spain | 7,454,933| 8,019,893| 8,680,256 Germany | 7,172,358| 6,587,538| 6,542,760 France | 5,029,492| 5,303,478| 5,514,939 Other American countries| 7,287,368| 7,127,168| 8,319,929 Other European countries| 3,486,142| 3,892,876| 5,532,357 All other countries | 1,487,293| 1,917,016| 2,223,728 ------------------------+-----------+-----------+------------ Total |$85,218,593|$91,447,581|$103,675,581 ------------------------+-----------+-----------+------------
IMPORTS
The following table gives the imports, by articles or classes of articles, for the years 1908, 1909, 1910:--
----------------------------+----------+----------+---------- | 1908 | 1909 | 1910 ----------------------------+----------+----------+---------- Earths, stones, and | | | manufactures of: | | | Stones and earth |$1,001,981| $737,563| $989,249 Shale, bitumen, etc. | 1,010,110| 1,069,502| 1,088,759 Glass and crystal ware | 1,426,799| 1,115,089| 1,138,711 Earthen ware and porcelain| 665,355| 768,106| 695,051 Metals and manufactures of: | | | Gold, silver, and platinum| 902,197| 450,533| 338,053 Iron and steel | 4,767,384| 5,284,761| 6,163,754 Copper | 566,473| 626,279| 809,127 All other metals | 252,003| 245,077| 289,294 Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and | | | perfumeries: | | | Natural products | 434,885| 395,830| 468,350 Colors, paints, etc. | 474,234| 593,676| 672,781 Chemical products | 1,635,905| 2,146,797| 2,780,939 Essences, oils, etc. | 1,770,468| 1,886,200| 1,896,900 Fibres and manufactures of: | | | Cotton | 8,993,815| 9,815,695| 8,527,821 Other vegetable fibre | 2,930,809| 3,579,710| 3,562,301 Wool, hair, etc. | 1,022,319| 1,041,286| 1,088,225 Silk | 780,947| 771,376| 619,704 Paper and manufacture of: | | | Paper and pasteboard | 1,329,790| 1,467,069| 1,498,369 Books and prints | 300,902| 304,360| 314,904 Wood and other vegetable | | | substances: | | | Wood | 2,060,134| 2,287,655| 2,506,090 All other | 141,681| 141,683| 190,026 Animals and animal products:| | | Animals | 690,508| 360,314| 341,112 Hides and skins | 371,890| 483,934| 573,059 Manufactures | 3,429,361| 4,249,507| 4,453,299 | | | Instruments, machinery, | | | and apparatus: | | | Instruments | $217,150| $218,013| $263,271 Machinery | 3,959,624| 5,601,387| 8,381,763 Apparatus | 1,612,699| 1,677,992| 2,821,968 Foods and drinks: | | | Meats | 8,318,094| 9,892,104| 11,476,815 Fish | 1,194,282| 1,137,024| 1,310,144 Breadstuff | 11,566,465| 12,063,000| 13,358,362 Fruits | 580,958| 549,866| 672,674 Vegetables | 3,500,787| 3,664,230| 4,522,049 Beverages and oils | 2,766,074| 3,048,265| 3,296,467 Dairy products | 1,976,544| 1,840,170| 2,524,057 All other | 3,681,584| 3,762,569| 3,699,134 Miscellaneous | 2,927,282| 2,663,737| 2,567,032 Articles free of duty (coal,| | | paper, pulp) | 5,956,916| 5,507,222| 7,775,967 | | | +---------------------------+-----------+------------+------------+ | | | Total |$85,218,593| $91,447,581|$103,675,581 | | | +---------------------------+-----------+------------+------------+ */
EXPORTS
The exports by countries the last three years were:--
+----------------------------+-----------+------------+------------+ | | | | 1908 | 1909 | 1910 | | | +----------------------------+-----------+------------+------------+ | | | United States |$78,868,490|$109,407,613|$129,328,517 United Kingdom | 4,775,966| 5,013,676| 10,696,289 Germany | 4,711,164| 4,053,960| 3,646,398 Spain | 958,207| 865,519| 727,297 France | 1,401,997| 1,216,275| 1,549,080 Other American countries | 2,257,077| 2,660,971| 3,391,216 Other European countries | 978,084| 1,081,241| 915,175 All other countries | 652,339| 411,814| 655,058 | | | +----------------------------+-----------+------------+------------+ | | | Total |$94,603,324|$124,745,304|$150,909,020 | | | +----------------------------+-----------+------------+------------+
The following table shows the value of the principal articles exported from Cuba during the last three years:--
--------------------------------+-------------+--------------+-------------- | 1908 | 1909 | 1910 --------------------------------+-------------+--------------+-------------- Animals and animal products: | | | Live animals | $21,149 | $38,580 | $14,623 Hides and skins | 906,980 | 1,482,108 | 1,894,738 Products | 94,873 | 72,757 | 108,280 | | | Sugar and molasses: | | | Sugar | 52,166,812 | 79,130,181 | 108,762,632 Molasses | 870,836 | 1,556,695 | 1,477,756 Confectionery | 42,721 | 47,194 | 44,007 | | | Fruits, grains, and vegetables: | | | Fruits | 2,085,771 | 2,359,397 | 2,098,089 Grains and vegetables | 493,125 | 674,850 | 453,083 | | | Fishery products: | | | Tortoise shells | 51,009 | 64,843 | 36,828 Sponges | 280,537 | 271,596 | 354,855 | | | Mineral products: | | | Asphaltum | 31,144 | 47,586 | 13,499 Iron and copper ores | 2,098,460 | 3,362,289 | 4,330,476 Old metals | 121,324 | 82,751 | 2,299 | | | Forest products: | | | Vegetable fibres | 79,773 | 74,891 | 37,431 Wood | 1,356,282 | 1,516,356 | 1,663,398 Dyes and tanning | | | material | | 5 | 40 | | | Tobacco: | | | Unmanufactured | 19,557,107 | 19,084,704 | 15,450,943 Manufactures of | 12,771,915 | 12,900,490 | 12,423,007 | | | Miscellaneous: | | | Bee products | 743,386 | 985,952 | 703,680 Distilled products | 339,205 | 359,655 | 356,037 Other articles | 429,011 | 326,718 | 216,668 | | | Re-exportation | 61,904 | 271,471 | 436,651 --------------------------------+-------------+--------------+--------------- | | | Total | $94,603,324 | $124,711,069 | $150,909,020 | | | --------------------------------+-------------+--------------+-------------
IV
RAILWAYS
At the end of 1910 the extent of railways in the Republic was 3,416 kilometers (2,123 miles). This makes Cuba, in proportion to its size, one of the best served countries in America in respect to railroad transportation.
Cuba was one of the very first countries to build a railway, for there was a line put into operation in 1837, twelve years in advance of Spain, the mother country. There are four great systems, which have stretched their lines almost from one extremity of the Island to the other. Through trains run daily between Habana and Santiago, but over tracks belonging to three different systems, and many branch lines from this main trunk connect the principal ports on both the north and south coasts with the interior.
The four systems in Cuba are: The United Railways of Habana, the Cuba Railway, the Cuban Central Railway, and the Western Railway of Habana. The first and last named have terminal stations in Habana.
The United Railways of Habana offer the first section of this through route, which extends as far as Santa Clara. It has also branch lines north and south, one of which runs to Batabano, where it connects with regular steamship service to the Isle of Pines. Other ports reached by this system are Matanzas and Cardenas on the north, and the road is extended to within a few miles of Encarnacion, on the Bay of Cienfuegos.
The Cuba Railroad is the eastern system of the Habana-Santiago route running between the last named point and Santa Clara. It serves an immense and relatively new territory in the Island, among the principal ports being Antilla, on Nipe Bay, which is becoming the centre for American activity of all kinds.
The Cuban Central Railroad runs from the ports of Concha and Caibarien on the north coast, and connects these two ports with Cienfuegos on the south coast. A portion of this system is used to form part of the through line from Habana to Santiago.
The main line of the Western Railway of Habana serves the famous tobacco district of Vuelta Abajo and extends through the Province of Pinar del Rio.
The Habana Central is an electric suburban line extending from Habana to Guines and Guanajay, each about thirty miles from the capital.
All the railroads of the Republic are owned and operated by private companies, but the first railway above mentioned was originally projected by the Government. Although all the lines try to establish direct connections with Habana, the capital, yet that is not the centre of railway activity, because the tendency is becoming more pronounced to connect the main trunk line and distributing areas of the interior of the Island with the nearest seaport. In this way the increasing production of Cuba can reach the consuming markets in the quickest possible manner, and passengers as well as importations can be brought with the least inconvenience from foreign shores.
There was much active construction work on the railroads during the past year, and a number of new concessions were granted. The branch lines of the Cuba Railroad from Marti to Bayamo and Manzanillo, and from San Luis to Bayamo, a total of one hundred and thirty-six miles, were opened to traffic, thus putting the port of Manzanillo into railroad communication with the rest of the Island and opening up a large section of the country in the extreme southwestern part. By the decree signed by the President in August, 1910, Casilda, on the south coast, and Trinidad, further inland, will also be placed in touch with the other cities in Cuba, as a new corporation is to take over the old Trinidad Railway and improve it, making a connection at Placetas del Sur with the main line of the Cuba Railroad. Decrees were also signed for the construction of lines from Sagua la Grande to Coralillo, by way of Rancho Veloz, and from Cifuentes to La Esperanza via San Diego del Valle.
Preliminary steps were taken during the year, and the plans have since been approved, for the construction of a great railway station in the City of Habana to cost about $3,000,000. This is to be built at the upper end of the bay, and three new wharves, to cost $1,000,000, will be constructed. The building, which is to be constructed of American terra cotta, will be two hundred and forty feet long. The main waiting-room will be seventy-two by one hundred and twenty-eight feet and will be finished in Italian marble with mosaic floor. When completed, it will be one of the finest structures in the Republic.
Electricity is used as the motive power for the street railways in Habana, Santiago, and Camaguey, and an electric line is under construction in the City of Cienfuegos. The Habana Central lines and a section of the United Railways are also operated by the same power. The Cienfuegos, Palmira and Cruces Railway and Power Co. has commenced work on an electric railroad and power enterprise which is to connect a number of the cities in the Province of Santa Clara and furnish power for electric light and other purposes, using the water power of a number of mountain streams. It is building the street railway in Cienfuegos, and will construct about three hundred and fifty miles of railroad altogether.
V
BIBLIOGRAPHY
NOTE. The following references are confined to publications printed since 1905. The student of Cuban history will find several books of earlier date valuable and interesting.
BOOKS
BAEDEKER, KARL, _firm, publishers, Leipzig_. The United States, with excursions to Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico, and Alaska.
4th rev. ed.
New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1909. 724 pp.
BERCHON, CHARLES: A travers Cuba, récit de voyage descriptive et économique.
Sceaux: Imprimerie Charaire, 1910. 203 pp.
COLLAZO, ENRIQUE: Los americanos en Cuba.
Habana: Impr. C. Martinez y comp., 1905. 2 v.
PHILBRICK, FRANCIS S.: Cuba. (In Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed., v. 7. New York, 1910. pp. 594-606.)
WEYLER, _General_: Mi mando en Cuba (10 Febrero de 1896 a 31 de Octubre de 1897). Tomo 1.
Madrid: Felipe Gonzalez Rojas, 1910.
WEYLER, JAMES H.: Free Trade with Cuba.
WOOD, LEONARD: Cuba. (In Browne, G. Waldo, ed. The New America and the Far East, v. 6. Boston, 1907. pp. 1217-1253.)
WRIGHT, IRENE A.: Cuba.
New York: The Macmillan Co., 1910. 512 pp.
LAWS, STATUTES, ETC.
Guide to the Material for American History in Cuban Archives (Publication No. 83, Papers of the Dept. of Historical Research [The Administration of Cuba, pp. 32-33]).
Washington: Carnegie Institute, 1907. 142 pp.
The Organic Municipal Law of Cuba May 29, 1908.
Havana: Rambla and Bouza, printers. 1908. 130 pp.
Customs Tariff of the Republic of Cuba. (From the monthly summary of commerce and finance for May, 1905.)
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905. 3995-4020 pp.
_Oficina del censo._ Censo de la Republica de Cuba bajo la administracion provisional de los Estados Unidos, 1907.
Washington: Oficina del censo de los Estados Unidos, 1908. 707 pp.
Cuba: Population, History and Resources, 1907.
Washington: United States Bureau of Census, 1909. 275 pp.
_Provisional Governor_, 1906-1909 (_C. E. Magoon_): Report of Provisional Administration from Oct. 13, 1906, to Dec. 1, 1908.
Havana: Rambla and Bouza, 1908-09. 2 v.
Government of Cuba. Supplemental report, with accompanying papers, for the period from Dec. 1, 1908, to Jan. 28, 1909.
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1909. 32 pp. (U. S. 61st Cong. 1st sess. Senate. Doc. 80.)
Cuba: _Secretaria de agricultura, industria y comercio_. Boletin oficial.
Habana, 1906-date. Monthly.
_Secretaria de hacienda._ Estadistica general. Comercio exterior. Habana, 1902-1907. 6 v.
International Bureau of American Republics, Washington, D.C. Cuba. General descriptive data.
Washington Government Printing Office, 1909. 16 pp.
International Bureau of the American Republics, Washington, D.C. Municipal organizations in Latin America. Havana, Cuba. (Reprint from the Monthly Bulletin of the International Bureau of American Republics, April, 1909.)
ORTIZ, FERNANDO: Hampa afro-cubana. Los negros brujos (apuntes para un estudio de etnologia criminal).
Madrid: Libraria de F. Fe, 1906. 432 pp.
QUESADO, GONZALO DE: Cuba.
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905. 541 pp. “Books Relating to Cuba.” 315-512 pp.
Los derechos de Cuba, a la Isla de Pinos.
Habana: Impr. de Rambla y Bouza, 1909. 31 pp.
ROGALLA VON BIEBERSTEIN: Die Intervention der Vereinigten Staaten auf Kuba. (In _Historische politische Blaetter_, v. 139, 1907, pp. 614-627.) This vol. not in L. C.
_United States Army. Army of Cuban Pacification._ Annual Report.
Havana, 1907-1909.
_Bureau of Insular Affairs._ Acts of Congress, treaties, proclamations, decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, and opinions of the attorney-general relating to noncontiguous territory, Cuba and Santa Domingo and to military affairs. 59th Congress--March 4, 1905, to March 3, 1907. Supreme Court cases--Jan. 1, 1907, to June 1, 1909. Opinions of attorney-general--Jan. 1, 1898, to June 17, 1908.
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1909. 442 pp.
_Bureau of Statistics_ (_Department of Commerce and Labor_). Commercial Cuba in 1905. (From the monthly summary of commerce and finance for May, 1905.)
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905. 3899-4095 pp.
_Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations._ Adjustment of title to Isle of Pines. Report (to accompany Executive J, 58th Cong. 2d sess.).
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906. 277 pp. (59th Cong. 1st sess. Senate. Doc. 205.)
_Department of Commerce and Labor._ Report on Trade Conditions in Cuba.
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1909. 45 pp. (Issued in 1906 as Senate Doc. 439, 59th Cong. 1st sess., and also in a “Bureau Edition.”)
_United States. General Staff. Second section._ Road Notes, Cuba. 1909.
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1909. 610 pp. (Its publication No. 16.)
WILSON, JAMES H.: Free Trade with Cuba.
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1909. 19 pp. (U. S. 61st Cong. 1st sess. Senate. Doc. 17.)
ARTICLES AND PERIODICALS
1906. ROBINSON, ALBERT G.: The Causes of Unrest in Cuba and Porto Rico. _Independent_, March 15, 1906, v. 60: 612-615.
ALDAMA, M. CARILLO: The Cuban Government’s Side. _Independent_, Sept. 20, 1906, v. 61: 663.
1906. HALE, HENRY: The Cuban Sugar Situation. _Moody’s Magazine_, Sept., 1906, v. 2: 380-386.
1906. PUENTE, FAUSTINO G.: Causes of the Cuban Insurrection. _North American Review_, Sept. 21, 1906, v. 183: 538-540.
1906. HERRICK, E. P.: Cuban Marriage Customs. _Southern Workman_, Sept., 1906, v. 147: 292-297.
1906. FOSTER, JOHN W.: The Annexation of Cuba. _Independent_, Oct. 25, 1906, v. 61: 965-968.
HOWLAND, HAROLD J.: Saving a People from Themselves: Impressions of Cuba under American Intervention. _Outlook_, Oct. 27, 1906, v. 84: 455-464.
1906. DENNISON, EDGAR W.: Transportation in Cuba. _World To-day_, Oct., 1906, v. 11: 1071-1076.
1906. INGLIS, WILLIAM: The Future in Cuba. _North American Review_, Nov. 16, 1906, v. 183: 1037-1040.
1906. WILLEY, DAY ALLEN: Sugar Making in Cuba. _Scientific American_, Nov. 3, 1906, v. 95: 321-322.
1906. EARLE, F. S.: Agricultural Cuba. _World To-day_, Nov., 1906, v. 11: 1175-1184.
1906. SHEPARDSON, FRANCIS W.: American Guardianship of Cuba. 2. ROCKWOOD, JOHN G.: Rescuing Cuba from the Cubans. _World To-day_, Nov., 1906, v. 11: 1197-1203.
1906. ADAMS, FREDERICK U.: Cuba, its Condition and Outlook. _World’s Work_, Nov., 1906, v. 13: 8237-8242.
1906. ADAMS, FREDERICK U.: Cuba, its Condition and Outlook. _World’s Work and Play_, Nov., 1906, v. 8: 531-543.
1906. FERNOW, B. E., _and_ NORMAN TAYLOR: The High Sierra Maestra (of Cuba). _Forestry Quarterly_, Dec., 1906, v. 4: 239-273.
1907. CESPEDES, JOSÉ M.: Problemas de la politica cubana. _Nuestro Tiempo_, Jan., 1907, v. 7: 139-144.
1907. BELLET, DANIEL: Les Richesses forestières de Cuba. _Société de géographie commerciale de Paris_, April, 1907, v. 29: 229-238.
1907. CONANT, CHARLES A.: Our Duty in Cuba. _North American Review_, May 17, 1907, v. 185: 141-146.
1907. BUCHANAN, LLOYD: The Sure Eventual Fate of Cuba. _Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine_, June, 1907, v. 79: 813-815.
1907. LEDEGANCK, H. F.: Bilder aus Cuba. _Deutsche Monatsschrift_, Sept., 1907, v. 12: 762-771.
1907. BULLARD, R. L.: How Cubans Differ from Us. _North American Review_, Nov., 1907, v. 186: 416-421.
1908. FORBES-LINDSAY, C. H.: Our Colonial Empire: Cuba: The Land of Promise. _World To-day_, Feb., 1908, v. 14: 141-150.
1908. Iron Mining in Cuba. _Iron Age_, April 9, 1908, v. 81: 1149-1157.
1908. FIGUERAS, FRANCISCO: Patriot’s Appeal for his Country. _Journal of American History_, July-Sept., 1908, v. 2: 409-440.
1908. ATKINS, EDWIN F.: Tariff Relations with Cuba. _American Academy of Political and Social Science._ _Annals_, Sept., 1908, v. 32: 57-65.
1909. GANNETT, H.: Conditions in Cuba as Revealed by the Census. _National Geographic Magazine_, Feb., 1909, v. 20: 200-202.
DU PAY, WILLIAM A.: Road Building by the United States in Cuba. _Scientific American_, Feb. 13, 1909, v. 100: 136-138.
1909. JOHNSTON, H.: Scenery of Cuba. _Geographical Journal_, June, 1909, v. 33: 629-668.
1909. AUSTIN, H. A.: Cuba’s Future. _North American Review_, June, 1909, v. 189: 857-863.
1909. BARRETT, JOHN: Cuba, Hayti, and the Dominican Republic. _Independent_, Aug. 26, 1909, v. 67: 464-470.
1909. DENNISON, EDGAR W.: Cuban Development. _International Bureau of American Republics._ _Bulletin_, Aug., 1909, v. 29: 365-371.
1909. JOHNSTON, _Sir_ HARRY: The Scenery of Cuba, Hayti, and Dominican Republic. _International Bureau of American Republics._ _Bulletin_, Sept., 1909, v. 29: 582-599.
1909. JOHNSTON, _Sir_ HARRY: An Englishman’s Impression of American Rule in Cuba. _McClure’s Magazine_, Sept., 1909, v. 33: 496-504.
1909. QUESADA, G. DE: Cuba’s Claim to the Isle of Pines. _North American Review_, Nov., 1909, v. 190: 594-604.
1910. WELLIVER, JUDSON C.: The Annexation of Cuba by the Sugar Trust. _Hampton’s Magazine_, March, 1910, v. 24: 375-388.
1910. BULLARD, R. L.: Education in Cuba. _Educational Review_, April, 1910, v. 39: 378-384.
1910. WRIGHT, I. A.: Citrus Fruit Culture in Cuba. _International Bureau of American Republics._ _Bulletin_, June, 1910, v. 30: 961-975.
1910. Cuba. _International Bureau of American Republics._ _Bulletin_, July, 1910, v. 31: 135-151.
1910. BROOKS, SYDNEY: Cuba. _Fortnightly Review_, Nov., 1910, v. 94: 798-806. Reprinted in _Living Age_, Dec. 10, 1910, v. 267: 653-661.
INDEX
Aborigines, 24-27.
Adams, President John Quincy, 58.
Agricultural industries, 216-248; native method of cultivation, 218-219; neglected opportunities, 220 _et seq._; fruit culture, 224-229; coffee, 229, 230; future farming, 231 _et seq._; stock, 236-238; corn, 238-240; American farmers, 241-242; hints to settlers, 241, 248.
Americans in Cuba, 118, 119, 241, 242.
Annexation, 156-165.
Antilla, 274, 275, 315.
Arrieta, D. Martin Calvo de, 255-256.
Atkins, E. F., 181-183.
Bacon, Assistant Secretary, 79.
Bagley, Ensign, 269.
Bahia de Cochinos, 4.
Bahia Honda, 3, 10, 54, 266.
Banes, 275.
Baracoa, 6, 10, 11, 27, 28, 270.
Batabano, 3, 10, 29, 249, 265, 315.
Bayamo, 28, 66, 273, 316.
Bellamar, Caves of, 83, 264, 268.
Bituminous deposits, 213-215.
Blaine, James G., 57.
Blanco, General, 74.
Bliss, General Tasker H., 282.
Bock, Gustavo, 193-194, 198.
Bucarely, Don Antonio, 34.
Caibarien, 315.
Camaguey, 7, 271-272, 318; Hotel, 240, 271-272.
Camaguey, Province of, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 55, 82-83, 189, 200, 211, 270-272.
Camaroncids Mine, 201.
Camp Columbia, 19.
Campos, Martinez, 65-71, 73, 74.
Canovas, 71.
Cape Cruz, 3, 5.
Cape Maisi, 2, 5.
Cape San Antonio, 2, 3.
Cardenas, 3, 10, 11, 54, 268-269, 315.
Casilda, 317.
Cauto River, 4, 6, 8.
Central Boston, 275.
Central Preston, 172-174, 177, 276.
Cerro, The, 43.
Cervera, Admiral, 75.
Chinamen, 114-118.
Cienfuegos, 3, 7, 10, 99, 269-270, 318.
Cienfuegos, Bay of, 315.
Cifuentes, 317.
Clark, Dr. V. S., 126.
Cleveland, President, 60.
Climate, 13-15.
Colorado River, 7.
Columbus, Christopher, 23, 24, 168, 200, 259.
Concha, 315.
Commerce, 34, 46-50, 310-313.
Commercial Code, 18, 19.
Commercial Convention between United States and Cuba, 281-298.
Conditions of to-day, 120 _et seq._
Copper, 210-212.
Coralillo, 317.
Cordillera de los Organos. _See_ Organ Mountains.
Crittenden, Colonel, 54-55, 260.
Cuban laborer, various opinions of the, 126-146.
Cubans, 80-101; whites of the cities, 83-90; Cuban women, 91-96; peasantry, 96-101; negroes, 102-109.
Cuchillas Mountains, 6.
Cuevitas, 7.
Daiquiri, 204-206, 276.
Day, William R., 60.
Dewey, Admiral, 75.
Dumois, 275.
El Cobre, 28, 210-211.
El Morilla, 55.
Encarnacion, 315.
Espeletas, The, 36.
Estavan, 105.
Exports and imports, 310-313.
Fauna, 12, 13.
Felton, 202, 276.
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 23.
Ferdinand VII, 38.
Finances, 57 and Appendix.
Flora, 12.
Fruit Culture, 224-229.
Garcia, 58, 73.
Garcia y Montes, José M., 282.
Gibara, 10.
Gold, 212, 213.
Golfo de Buena Esperanza, 2.
Golfo de la Broa, 2, 4.
Gomez, Jose Miguel, 82, 147, 309.
Gomez, Maximo, 58, 65, 67-70, 73.
Government, 17, 18.
Grant, President, 59.
Guajiro, 97-101.
Guanabacoa, 29.
Guanajay, 316.
Guantanamo, 5.
Guantanamo Bay, 5, 6, 10.
Guantanamo, Valley of, 272-273.
Guines, 264, 316.
Habana, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 20, 28, 36, 37, 40, 43, 46, 47, 55, 68-69, 70, 73, 74 79, 83, 87, 88, 108-109, 113, 116, 119, 135, 143, 147, 155, 159, 188, 189-190, 248, 249-262, 263, 264, 265, 268, 269, 271, 281, 282, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318; Arsenal, 254; Atares Castle, 55, 260; Cathedral, 259; Central Park, 253, 254, 261; Convent of San Francisco, 259; Dominican Convent, 260; El Templete, 254-255; La Fuerza, 249, 250, 257-259; La Punta, 249, 250, 260; Malecon, 260; Miramar Hotel, 260; Morro Castle, 249, 250, 260; New Railway Station, 317; Plaza de Armas, 254-255, 257-261; Puerta de la Punta, 254; Streets and Avenues, 254-257, 261-262.
Habana, Province of, 5, 7, 11, 69, 187, 188, 200, 263, 267.
Hay, John, 287.
Hayes, Dr. C. W., 8-10.
History, 22-62; discovery of the Island, 22-26; extermination of aborigines, 24-27; Conquistadores, 27, 28; early settlements, 27, 28; introduction of slavery, 30; colonial laws, 32, 33; beginnings of prosperity, 34-37; education, 35-36; good government, 34-36, 40-42; revolutionary beginnings, 37-39; Spanish immigration, 41-42; land tenure, 43-45; commercial conditions, 34, 46-50; taxation, 50-52; growth of revolutionary spirit, 52-56; Lopez conspiracy, 54, 55; Treaty of Zanjon, 55, 56; War of Independence, 57-76; interest of United States in Cuban affairs, 58-62, 64, 65, 75, 76; occupation of the Island by the United States, 76-82; Palma administration, 78-80.
Holguin, 27, 212.
Hoyo Colorado, 263.
Humboldt, 268.
Iron ore, 201-204, 215.
Isle of Pines, 2, 3, 265-266, 302, 315.
Judiciary, 18.
Karutz, Dr. Paul, 240.
Labor in Cuba, 125-146.
La Esperanza, 317.
La Gloria, 272.
Las Casas, 26, 34-36, 269.
Las Doce Leguas Islands, 3.
Las Minas, 211.
Las Pozas, 55.
La Torre, Marques de, 34.
Liebeg, 219.
Lopez, Narcisco, 54-55.
Lujan, Gabriel de, 28.
Maceo, Antonio, 58, 64, 65, 67, 69-70, 73, 105, 267.
Madruga, 264.
Magoon, Charles E., 82, 156.
_Maine_, The, 61, 70.
Manganese, 207-210.
Manila Bay, Battle of, 75.
Manzanillo, 10, 207, 273, 316.
Marianao, 263-264.
Marti, 316.
Marti, Jose, 65.
Matanzas, 10, 29, 268, 315.
Matanzas, Province of, 5, 11, 69, 170, 189, 200, 211, 262, 267-269.
Mayari, 201.
Mayari River, 274.
McKinley, President, 61-62, 75.
Mechanical industries, 123, 124.
Military, 19, 20.
Minerals, 11, 12, 200-215.
Morgan, Henry, 265.
Napoleon I, 37.
Negroes, 30-32, 102-109.
Nipe Bay, 10, 172, 201, 202, 274-277, 315.
Nuevitas, 3, 10.
O’Reilly, Count, 34.
Organ Mountains, 7, 188, 266-267.
Oriente, Province of, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 124, 170, 186, 187, 188-189, 201, 204, 209, 212, 230, 246, 272-278.
Oviado, 26.
Palma, Dr. Estrada, 78-80, 147, 148, 282.
Pepper, Charles M., 102.
Peter Martyr, 26.
Philip II, 32.
Physical features, 1-10; geographical and strategical position, 1-2; dimensions and formation, 2, 3; political divisions, 4-6; mountain system, 4-7; harbors, 8-10.
Pinar del Rio, 7.
Pinar del Rio, Province of, 5, 7, 69, 73, 186, 187, 188, 192, 194-196, 266-267, 315.
Placentas del Sur, 317.
Platt Amendment, 77, 78 and Appendix.
Polk, President, 58.
Population, 16, 17; negroes, 30-32, 102-109; Cubans, 80-101; Spaniards, 109-114; Chinamen, 114-118; Americans, 118, 119.
Porter, Robert P., 208-209.
Postal Service, 20.
Potrerillo, Mount, 7.
Preston, 177, 275-276.
Providencia Sugar Mill, 264.
Provinces, 4-6, 263-277; Habana, 263-265; Pinar del Rio, 266, 267; Matanzas, 267-269; Santa Clara, 269, 270; Camaguey, 270-272; Oriente, 272-277.
Puerto Principe, 28, 211.
Puerto Principe, Province of. _See_ Camaguey, Province of.
Punta Tabaco, 172.
Railways, 314-318.
Rancho Veloz, 317.
Remedios, 28.
Reptilia, 13.
Roja, Captain-General, 52.
Romano, Isle of, 3.
Roosevelt, President, 78-79, 156, 297.
Rousseau, 38, 94.
Saetia, 276.
Sagua la Grande, 317.
Sampson, Captain, 75.
Sancti Spiritus, 7, 28.
San Diego del Valle, 317.
Sanitation, 15, 16, 204-207.
San Juan, Battle of, 75.
San Juan River, 9.
San Luis, 316.
Santa Clara, 7, 29, 269, 315.
Santa Clara, Conde de, 36.
Santa Clara, Province of, 4, 6, 11, 170, 187, 188, 189, 200, 211, 269-270, 318.
Santa Cruz, 255.
Santiago de Cuba, 5, 9, 10, 28, 46, 75, 201, 202, 203, 207, 208, 210, 215, 250, 273, 314, 315, 318.
Santiago de Cuba, Province of. _See_ Oriente, Province of.
Shafter, General, 75.
Settlers, Hints to intending, 241-248.
Sierra Cristal, 6.
Sierra de Cubitas, 7.
Sierra Madre, 5.
Sierra Maestra, 5, 201, 202, 203.
Sierra Nipe, 6.
Someruelos, Marques de, 36, 48.
Sores, De, 259.
“Sotes de Boliver,” 38.
Soto, Hernando de, 28, 258.
Spanish Residents, 109-114.
Squiers, Herbert G., 304.
Sugar, 57, 166-184; growth of the industry, 169-171; description of a sugar estate, 171-177; costs and returns in sugar operation, 178-180; prospects of the industry, 181-184.
Tacon, General, 40, 254.
Taft, William H., 79-82.
Taxation, 50-52, 150, 151.
Telegraph, 20, 21.
Tobacco industry, 185-199; tobacco districts, 187-189; manufacture, 189-190; methods of culture, 190-192; costs and returns of cultivation, 192-195; prospects of the industry, 195-197, 199.
Trinidad, 7, 28, 270, 317.
Treaty between United States and Cuba, 299-308.
Turquino, Mount, 5.
Vaca, Cabeza de, 105.
Vedado, 262.
Velasquez, Diego, 23, 27, 28, 249, 270.
Villanueva, Count, 33, 40.
Vives, General, 40.
Voltaire, 38, 94.
Vuelta Abajo, 185, 187-188, 267, 315.
Weyler, General, 60, 65, 69, 70-74.
Yara, 55.
Yumuri Gorge, 10, 268.
Zaldo y Beurmann, Carlos de, 282, 304.
Zanjon, Treaty of, 55-56, 65.
Zapata Swamp, 4.
Zayas, Alfredo, 82.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] It was not until the administration of Villanueva (’18) as _intendant_, an office which at that time eclipsed that of captain-general and dominated all public bodies, that taxes were for the first time imposed without the consent of those to be affected by them.
[2] America’s Insular Possessions, Philadelphia, 1906, vol. 1, pp. 98-101.
[3] Cuba, by I. A. Wright, New York, 1910.