Chapter 1

(THE MENTAL ACTIVITIES OF THE JUDGE) 7

TITLE A. CONDITIONS OF TAKING EVIDENCE 7

Topic 1. METHOD 7

§ 1 (_a_) General Considerations 7

§ 2 (_b_) The Method of Natural Science 9

Topic 2. PSYCHOLOGIC LESSONS 14

§ 3 (_a_) General Considerations 14

§ 4 (_b_) Integrity of Witnesses 16

§ 5 (_c_) Correctness of Testimony 18

§ 6 (_d_) Presuppositions of Evidence-Taking 20

§ 7 (_e_) Egoism 25

§ 8 (_f_) Secrets 28

§ 9 (_g_) Interest 37

Topic 3. PHENOMENOLOGY: The Outward Expression of Mental States 41

§ 10 41

§ 11 (_a_) General External Conditions 42

§ 12 (_b_) General Signs of Character 53

§ 13 (_c_) Particular Character-signs 61

(_d_) Somatic Character-Units 69

§ 14 (1) General Considerations 69

§ 15 (2) Causes of Irritation 71

§ 16 (3) Cruelty 76

§ 17 (4) Nostalgia 77

§ 18 (5) Reflex Movements 78

§ 19 (6) Dress 82

§ 20 (7) Physiognomy and Related Subjects 83

§ 21 (8) The Hand 100

TITLE B. THE CONDITIONS FOR DEFINING THEORIES 105

Topic 1. THE MAKING OF INFERENCES 105

§ 22. 105

§ 23 (_a_) Proof 106

§ 24 (_b_) Causation 117

§ 25 (_c_) Scepticism 129

§ 26 (_d_) The Empirical Method in the Study of Cases 136

§ 27 (_e_) Analogy 144

§ 28 (_f_) Probability 147

§ 29 (_g_) Chance 159

§ 30 (_h_) Persuasion and Explanation 161

§ 31 (_i_) Inference and Judgment 165

§ 32 (_j_) Mistaken Inferences 176

§ 33 (_k_) Statistics of the Moral Situation 179

Topic 2. KNOWLEDGE 183

§ 34 183