CHAPTER XII

THE DRAMA OF WAR--PEACE AT THE LAST

Our narrative of the warfare on the New England frontier has somewhat outrun that of events in Canada proper. The safe arrival of the canoes from the West, the consequent revival of trade, and the comparative immunity from attack enjoyed by the country towards the close of the year 1693 had, as we have seen, made the governor more popular in the country than ever before. Still there were not a few who acknowledged his merits but grudgingly, while they had much to say in regard to the defects of his administration. Charlevoix says that, could he only have added to his own high qualities the virtues of his predecessor, the pious Denonville, he would have been perfect, and the condition of the colony would have left nothing to desire. Frontenac, however, could not be a Denonville any more than Denonville could have been a Frontenac. He was a religious man in the practical, businesslike way in which men with strong political instincts and aptitudes are apt to be religious. There was nothing mystical about him, and little that was sentimental. Religion, in his opinion, was a good thing, but it had its own place; it was meant to co-operate to good ends with the state, but not to dominate the state. In France such views might have passed unchallenged, for these were the days when Gallicanism was at its height, but in Canada they met with keen opposition. There, as already remarked, the leaders of the church hoped to be able to mould a state in which the secular power should find its greatest glory in being the handmaiden of the spiritual.

Resuming the complaints made against the governor, Charlevoix tells us that he was censured for his indulgence to the officers, whose esteem and attachment he was very anxious to enjoy, and that he let all the burden of the war fall on the colonists. There may have been a slight measure of truth in the accusation; but it is certain that many officers of the regular army died bravely fighting the battles of the country. That the militia were, on the whole, better and more skilful fighters than the regular troops was early discovered. Denonville, it may be recalled, made some very disparaging remarks in regard to the latter on the occasion of his expedition against the Senecas. Another accusation, for which there was undoubted foundation, was that the officers were allowed to retain the pay of the soldiers who received permission to do civilian work. A soldier could always earn in one form or another of manual labour, much more than his military wages amounted to; and the custom sprang up of retaining and dividing amongst the officers the pay of those who engaged in such labour. The court finally took cognizance of the practice, and condemned it. Still more serious complaint was made, Charlevoix says, of Frontenac's toleration of the liquor trade. He quotes on this subject a letter written by an ecclesiastic, the Abbé de Brisacier, to Père Lachaise, the king's confessor, in which it is stated that "brutalities and murders are being committed in the streets of Quebec by intoxicated Indian men and women, who in that condition have neither shame nor fear." There is also a letter extant from the worthy Superior of the Sulpicians at Montreal, M. Dollier de Casson, dated 7th October 1691, to a friend in France, that is really pathetic in its terms. If, he says, "our incomparable monarch" only knew the truth of the matter, "the uprightness of his intentions would not be misled by those numerous emissaries of the Evil One who spread the belief that without liquor we should have no savages visiting us and no fur trade." He speaks of liquor as "_un damnable ecueil_"--a damnable rock on which the poor Indian makes shipwreck--and gives a pitiful account of some of the horrors to be seen almost daily in the Indian missions. It may be doubted whether the condition of things was any worse in this respect under Frontenac than under Denonville, when the whole country seemed to be more or less paralyzed through the excessive use of brandy. It may possibly, indeed, have been better; the comparative efficiency of military operations may not unreasonably be held to point in that direction.

Frontenac and Champigny were not openly at strife, but judging by a letter written by the latter, and dated 4th November 1693, the governor acted very tyrannically towards him. He quotes the bishop as saying that Frontenac treats him (Champigny) worse than he ever treated Duchesneau. He only puts up with it, he says, in order to carry out his instructions to live peaceably with the governor at all costs, and in the hope that the minister will appreciate the sacrifice he is making.

Frontenac, when in France, had lived much at court, and had doubtless witnessed and participated in many of the elaborate festivities which royalty was wont to grace with its presence. It is not surprising that he was ambitious to have some little echo of Versailles in his mimic court at Quebec. Never had the public of that capital been so disposed to relaxation and enjoyment as in the winter of 1693-4 when the country seemed to see some days of prosperity and tranquillity before it. Great, therefore, was the enthusiasm when in the holiday season two dramatic representations were given at the château. Officers and ladies took part in the performances, and the plays _Nicomède_ and _Mithridate_ were wholly unobjectionable. Everybody was happy except the clergy, who saw in such mundanities the most serious danger to the spiritual welfare of the community. The Abbé Glandelet of the Seminary was the first to raise a cry of alarm, preaching a sermon in the cathedral, in which he essayed to prove that no one could attend a play without incurring mortal sin. Then the bishop issued a mandate a little more moderate in its terms, in which he distinguished between comedies innocent in their nature, but which under certain circumstances may be dangerous, and those which are absolutely bad and criminal in themselves, such as the comedy of _Tartuffe_ and similar ones. _Tartuffe_, although his Majesty had listened to it on more than one occasion, and entertained a particular friendship for its author, was to the ecclesiastical world a terror. The bishop had heard a report that it was to be put upon the boards next, and fearing that his mandate alone might not have sufficient effect, he took occasion of a chance meeting with Frontenac to offer him a thousand francs if he would not produce it. Frontenac's friends say that he never had any intention of producing it; but he took the bishop's money all the same, and, it is stated, gave it next day to the hospitals. It is somewhat remarkable that Frontenac should have taken the money whether he did or did not intend to produce the play, and equally so that the bishop should have considered him accessible to a purely pecuniary argument in a matter of the kind.

It has been mentioned that in the summer of 1693 an Oneida chief had come to Quebec and talked of peace, and that, having gone back to his people, he returned in October with propositions which the governor contemptuously rejected. In the month of January following, two messengers came from the Iroquois country to say that, if they could have a safe-conduct, chiefs from each of the Five Nations would come down with authority to negotiate for peace. A safe-conduct was promised, but Frontenac expressly stipulated that one particular Onondaga chief, Teganissorens, with whom he had had negotiations many years before, should accompany the delegation. In April a number of delegates came, but without Teganissorens. Frontenac refused to deal with them, and said that if any of them dared to come to see him again without that chief, he would put them into the kettle. This had its effect, for towards the end of May two delegates from each nation came down, Teganissorens being of the number. Belts were presented, and the language of the delegates was all that could be desired. "Onontio," said Teganissorens, presenting the sixth belt, "I speak to you in the name of the Five Nations. You have devoured all our chief men, and scarce any more are left. I ought to feel resentment on account of our dead. By this belt I say to you that we forget them; and, as a token that we do not wish to avenge them, we throw away and bury our hatchet under the ground, that it may never more be seen. To preserve the living we shall think no more of the dead." The personal appearance of the orator, known to the English as Decanisora, has been described by Colden in his _History of the Five Nations_, published in 1727. According to that author he was a tall, well-formed man, with a face not unlike the busts of Cicero; and we know from the French official narrative that he spoke with remarkable fluency and grace. The count replied in a conciliatory manner; on both sides there seemed to be good dispositions towards peace, but yet no definite understanding was arrived at. The Iroquois wished to include the English in the peace, but Frontenac, of course, was not at liberty to make peace with a people with whom his master, the French king, was at war. The savages agreed, however, to give up their prisoners; and Orehaoué was sent with them to accept delivery of the captives and bring them back. The Onondagas for some reason refused to surrender theirs, but the other tribes made good the promise of their delegates. Among those who were released were some who had been detained since the massacre of Lachine, and in general they had not much complaint to make of their treatment. It was a proud day for Orehaoué when, completing the important duty entrusted to him, he was able to restore the long missing ones to country and home.

The majority of the tribes must have wished for peace, or they would not have given up their prisoners. It was, however, as much against the interest of the English to have peace established between the Iroquois and the French, as it was against the interest of the latter that there should be peace between the Abenaquis and the New Englanders. A long period of intrigue followed, with plotting and counter-plotting between the different parties concerned. The English on their side were striving to stir up the Iroquois against the French, and the French on theirs to incite the Abenaquis against the English; the Iroquois talked peace to the French, but were working all the time to draw the Lake tribes away from their alliance; while the French commanders in the West were doing their best to keep their Indians on the war-path against the Iroquois. Intrigue reigned too among the Lake tribes; for an influential chief called the Baron was trying hard to persuade them to join the Iroquois. Some horrible treacheries and cruelties were meantime being perpetrated in that region. The French at Michilimackinac, where La Motte Cadillac had replaced Louvigny, killed two Iroquois who had been brought into the camp in the guise of prisoners, but who were suspected of being emissaries from their nation acting in collusion with the Baron. The latter and his associates were very angry at first, but in the end yielded to the French, and handed over another Iroquois, whom they had with them. The French determined, La Potherie says, to make an example of him. The Ottawas were invited "to drink the broth of an Iroquois," which they did after the victim had been put to death with cruel tortures in which a Frenchman took the lead. Not long after four others were similarly treated. The object, of course, in getting the Ottawas and Hurons to participate in these cruelties was to render peace with the Iroquois impossible.

In the summer of 1695, Frontenac carried out his long-cherished design of restoring the fort at Cataraqui. The scheme was strongly opposed by the intendant, Champigny, who had managed in some way to win the court over to his views. The expedition organized by Frontenac consisted of seven hundred men, and was placed by him under the command of the Marquis of Crisafy, a Neapolitan noble, who, as Charlevoix informs us, had been guilty of treason in his own country, and so been obliged to take service under the French king. Scarcely had the expedition started before a letter from the Comte de Pontchartrain was placed in Frontenac's hand enjoining him not to take any steps in the matter of re-establishing the fort. Anything more _mal à propos_ could scarcely have happened. Had Frontenac been a timid man, he would have sent a messenger after Crisafy, and ordered him back; but his service of many years in many lands had accustomed the veteran to taking responsibility; and, persuaded as he was that he knew better what the interest of the country required than the king and the minister put together, he allowed the expedition to proceed. Within a month it had returned to Montreal after having put the fort once more in a condition of defence at a cost of sixteen thousand francs. Forty-eight men were left behind as a garrison. Frontenac had now a base for the operations which he felt sure would be required against the Iroquois, and which in point of fact were carried out in the following year. The king, on hearing of what had been done, did not censure the governor, but merely asked him to consider carefully, in consultation with M. de Champigny, whether it was really for the advantage of the colony that the fort should be maintained. In the interest of harmony the court had for some time followed the practice of writing to the governor and the intendant jointly, and requiring them to make joint despatches. Notwithstanding this prudent arrangement, each of the high officials managed to bring his own private views before the minister or the king, as the case might be. In joint consultations the will of Frontenac was pretty sure to carry the day. His fort henceforth was safe.

We may now, while a desultory and not very eventful warfare is being waged between the colony and its traditional enemy, the Iroquois, and while negotiations and intrigues are being carried on in triangular fashion between the French, their allies, and the common foe, turn for a few moments to another field, a far distant one, in which Canadian enterprise, bravery, and military aptitude won repeated successes, and, on one occasion at least, performed deeds of lasting renown. We have already related the expedition under M. de Troyes to Hudson's Bay in the summer of 1686 in which Iberville and his brother Ste. Hélène took part. Troyes returned to Quebec in the same year, and, as we have seen, joined Denonville's campaign against the Senecas. Iberville seems to have remained in the Hudson's Bay country till the following year, for we hear of his returning to Quebec in the fall of 1687 with a large amount of booty in the way of furs. The Hudson's Bay Company of England, in a petition which they addressed to the king asking for redress, put the amount of loss they had sustained by this expedition at £50,000, quite probably an over-valuation. After this adventure Iberville, in company with his brother Maricourt, seems to have gone to France; but two years later both are in the bay again defending Fort Albany against an English vessel. Later in the year, in the absence of Iberville, who had gone to Quebec with a cargo of furs, the English possessed themselves of the fort; but, returning in the summer of 1690, he wrested it from them again, and again sailed to Quebec with furs, this time to the value of 80,000 francs. The next year he went to France, and in July 1692 returned with two French vessels _L'Envieuse_ and _Le Poli_, destined for operations in Hudson's Bay. As he did not reach Quebec, however, till the 18th August, it was considered that the season was too far advanced for an attempt in that quarter; and the vessels were consequently diverted to Acadia in order that they might operate against the newly erected fort at Pemaquid. As stated in our last chapter, the expedition proved a failure. In the following year _Le Poli_, which Iberville had taken back to France, was sent out again to Canada with a companion vessel, _L'Indiscret_. It was intended that they should proceed to Hudson's Bay, but they only arrived at Quebec on the 22nd July, and, as the king had expressly stipulated that _Le Poli_ should return to France that year, every practical man in Canada saw at once that she at least could not take part in the expedition. Then could there be any expedition? It was at first proposed that Iberville should make the best he could of _L'Indiscret_ and an English ship he had captured on the way out, the _Mary Sarah_; and a number of French captains who were in port at the time were formed into a commission to report on the matter from a practical point of view. Their report, made on the 7th August, was unfavourable as regarded both vessels. _L'Indiscret_ does not seem to have had any armament, and though guns could have been provided for her at Quebec, the captains doubted whether either decks or hull were strong enough to admit of her conversion into an effective fighting ship, or indeed whether she was suitable at all for northern navigation. As to the _Mary Sarah_, she was a very poor sailer, and would only prove an embarrassment. Iberville, who of course expected, if he went, to winter in the bay, said he must have a full year's provisions for the party; and one of the points the captains inquired into was whether there was accommodation in the ships for all the stores required. As one of the necessities of the voyage they put down 154 barriques of wine, or, alternatively, 38 of brandy. As the barrique contains something over 50 gallons, the estimate was for about 2000 gallons of brandy, not an illiberal allowance. The upshot of the matter was that there was no expedition that year, and that the English had all their own way in the bay, capturing once more the fort at Albany, together with furs to the value, as stated, of 150,000 francs, the property of the Compagnie du Nord.

The news of this serious loss arrived at Quebec in August just after the idea of an expedition had been abandoned, and was carried to France by M. de Serigny, one of Iberville's brothers. The French government thereupon determined to organize a strong force for the purpose of securely establishing French supremacy in those northern waters. Serigny was accordingly sent back to Quebec in the summer of 1694, with instructions to Frontenac to lend as many soldiers as he could spare for the enterprise. No time was lost in executing the order. On the 10th August Iberville with Serigny and another brother M. de Châteauguay, and over a hundred picked Canadians set sail for Hudson's Bay in two frigates of twenty and thirty guns respectively. The first point of attack was to be Port Nelson on the west side of the bay, garrisoned by about fifty English, and mounting thirty-six cannon. Having arrived at the place on the 24th September, Iberville demanded its surrender, which was refused. The assailants had much the advantage in strength, and on the 13th October the fort surrendered. The Canadians took up their quarters there for the winter; and when summer came Iberville decided to wait in the neighbourhood in the hope of capturing one or two English trading vessels which were expected to arrive. None came, however, and he set sail in September, leaving La Forest in charge with sixty men. Contrary winds rendering his return to Canada difficult, he steered his course for France, and arrived safely at Rochelle, where he wrote out a full account of his adventures and achievements.

It was related in the last chapter how, in the following year (1696), Iberville, in conjunction with Saint-Castin and the neighbouring Indians, had captured and destroyed the English fort of Pemaquid, on the west side of what is now Penobscot Bay. His instructions were, as soon as this had been accomplished, to sail for Newfoundland, take St. John's, and harry the English settlements strewn along the eastern coast. This enterprise had been carefully prepared beforehand, and a number of fishing vessels from St. Malo had been armed for the purpose. There was a French governor stationed at Placentia, M. de Brouillan, to whom instructions had been sent to co-operate with M. d'Iberville. All accounts agree in saying that this officer was a man of an extremely surly and jealous temper. Anxious to win the glory and profit of capturing St. John's without assistance, he did not await the arrival of Iberville before setting out on the enterprise. With the help of the St. Malo men he captured one or two English vessels; but, owing to disagreements that arose between him and his men, nothing more was accomplished. Returning to Placentia he found that Iberville with his Canadians had arrived. Some dispute arose as to who should command the combined force; finally it was agreed that Iberville should have that honour. It is doubtful whether the Canadians would have consented to serve under any other leader. The capture of St. John's was effected on the 1st December; but no booty of any consequence was taken, as some English vessels had shortly before removed everything of value. Then followed a cruel winter raid on the poor fisher-folk of the coast who were not in a condition to make any resistance. All the hamlets were burned, and the French writers say that two hundred of the English inhabitants were killed, surely a most unnecessary slaughter.

Other work and other laurels somewhat worthier of a warrior's brow were, however, awaiting the redoubtable Canadian chief. In the month of May 1697, when the desolation in Newfoundland was complete, his brother Serigny arrived from France with five ships of war, the _Pelican_, the _Palmier_, the _Wasp_, the _Profond_, and the _Violent_. Port Nelson had again fallen into the hands of the English; and this expedition, which Iberville was to command, had been organized for the purpose of retaking it. For trading purposes it was much the most important port on the bay, being the outlet of a vast fur-bearing region stretching towards Lake Superior. It was July before the squadron sailed from Placentia, Iberville taking command of the _Pelican_, and his brother of the _Palmier_. One ship carrying stores was crushed and lost amid floating ice, though the crew were saved. The others were in great danger. When the _Pelican_ got free her companions were nowhere to be seen, and Iberville pursued his way towards Port Nelson alone, hoping that the other vessels would make their appearance after a time. He had nearly reached his destination when three sail did heave in sight, which he took to be the missing vessels. He was soon undeceived. They were armed English merchantmen--the _Hampshire_, of fifty-two guns; the _Daring_, of thirty-six; and the _Hudson's Bay_, of thirty-two. The chances looked bad for the _Pelican_, which had but forty-four; but Iberville was accustomed to taking chances, and he did not decline the unequal fight. The French commander had the advantage of the wind, and seems not to have engaged more than one vessel at a time. After some hours of cannonading he came to close quarters with the _Hampshire_, and, delivering some terrible broadsides, caused her to sink in that dreary sea with all on board. The _Hudson's Bay_, which he next attacked, soon struck her flag, while the _Daring_, doing little honour or justice to her name, seized a favouring wind and escaped. The _Pelican_ had by no means escaped Scot free. So badly shattered was she that, having stranded a few miles from the fort, and a gale having sprung up, she went to pieces. Some of the crew were lost, while, of those who reached land, a number died from cold and exhaustion. Snow was lying a foot deep on the ground; and had it not been for the timely arrival of the missing vessels, the whole party would doubtless have perished, unless they could have made their way to the fort and thrown themselves on the mercy of the enemy. As it was, the work of the expedition was now proceeded with. Cannon and mortar were landed. The fort was only protected by a palisade, and though it mounted a few light cannon, it was quite unable to withstand a bombardment. The commandant, therefore, though at first he refused to surrender, was soon compelled to lower his flag. He obtained honourable terms for his garrison, but was obliged to hand over a vast quantity of furs. Iberville after this signal triumph--a triumph, as Parkman describes it, "over the storms, the icebergs, and the English"--left his brother in charge of the captured fort, and, taking the two best vessels left, sailed for France, where he arrived early in November.

The news which greeted him there was that, just about the time he was sailing from the bay, peace had been signed[54] between England and France. By the terms of the peace Louis was to acknowledge William III as rightful King of England and Anne as his successor, and to withdraw all assistance from the exiled James. As regards the colonies, the most important provision was that the _status quo ante bellum_ should be re-established. Thus the gallant fight that Iberville had waged, one against three, and all the bitter hardships which he and his men had endured by sea and land, had been in vain. Port Nelson and the other ports in Hudson's Bay would have to revert to the English. All boundary questions in dispute between the two nations were to be settled by commissioners appointed for that purpose.

Returning now to Canada, and going back a year and a half in our narrative, that is to say, to the early summer of 1696, we find Count Frontenac making his plans for the campaign he had for some time felt to be necessary against the Iroquois, but particularly against the most obstinately hostile nation of the confederacy, the Onondagas. He had no great reason to think that the court desired him to engage in this enterprise, for all the counsels he had lately been receiving from that quarter had been in favour of contraction rather than expansion, of peaceful rather than warlike measures. He trusted, however, that if he signally succeeded, as he expected to do, all would be not only condoned but approved, including his disobedience of orders in re-establishing Fort Frontenac the year before, a matter in regard to which he had not heard from the court as yet. The expedition as organized was one which certainly should have been adequate for the punishment of the Iroquois, if they would only stay to be punished. It consisted of four battalions of regulars of two hundred men each, and four of militia, numerically somewhat stronger. With these were five hundred mission Indians, Iroquois from the Saut, near Montreal, and Abenaquis from Sillery, near Quebec. Two battalions of regulars, with most of the Indians, constituted the vanguard, which was under the command of M. de Callières. The militia, under M. de Ramesay, Governor of Three Rivers, were placed in the centre, while M. de Vaudreuil brought up the rear, consisting of the two remaining battalions of regulars and the rest of the Indians. Frontenac himself, with his staff and a number of volunteers, took a position between the van and the centre. In this order the expedition started from Lachine on the 6th July. In fifteen days it had reached Fort Frontenac, where it halted a week, awaiting the arrival of a contingent of Ottawas which La Motte Cadillac had promised to send from Michilimackinac. As this reinforcement did not arrive, the expedition pushed on, and in two days reached the mouth of the Oswego River. Here the rapids proved very difficult, and several portages were necessary. On these occasions the count, notwithstanding his seventy-five years, was prepared to foot it like the rest; but the Indians would have none of it: they raised him aloft in his canoe, "singing and yelling with joy."

On the 4th August the army reached the principal fort of the Onondagas only to find it abandoned and burnt. There was nothing to do but, as on former similar occasions, to destroy the corn. An old Onondaga Indian who had remained in the neighbourhood was captured and put to death with horrible tortures, which he endured with the greatest fortitude; reviling his enemies with his latest breath, and calling the French "dogs," and their Indian allies "the dogs of dogs," bidding them, at the same time, to learn from him how to suffer when their turn should come. While such havoc as was possible was being wrought in the Onondaga habitations, Vaudreuil was detached from the main force to do similar damage in the country of the Oneidas. As he approached their village, some deputies of the tribe came forward to offer submission, and beg that their crops might not be destroyed, but Vaudreuil told them he had to obey his orders, and that, if they chose, they might come and dwell with the French, where they would not want for anything. While the detachment was engaged in the work of destruction news came that a force of three hundred English was marching to attack them, whereupon the Abenaquis expressed great joy, saying that they would not need to waste powder on such enemies, their tomahawks and knives would be enough. The English did not come, however. Governor Fletcher, of New York, was on the move; but, by the time he had gathered a force, he learnt that the French had gone. It is difficult to see in what respect this campaign, which was precisely of the kind that Frontenac had said a few years before he did not approve, was more effectual than that of Denonville in 1687; Frontenac, nevertheless, represented it to the king as a notable victory. He could be pious in his phraseology when he liked; and he wrote that the Iroquois had been smitten at his approach with a panic which could only have come from Heaven. The Iroquois were surely in hard luck in having to fight, at the same moment, human foes in superior numbers, and armed with superior weapons, and celestial ones capable of paralyzing their faculties in the moment of their greatest need. But not more actively did the gods and goddesses of Olympus intervene on the plain of Troy on behalf of well-greaved Greeks or horse-taming Trojans than did the higher powers, if we can trust the narratives of the time, on behalf of the well-musketed Canadians.

On the 10th August the return journey was begun, and on the 20th the army reached Montreal. Some lives had been lost in the rapids; otherwise there had been no casualties. In concluding his letter to the king, Frontenac, after praising the officers under his command, particularly M. de Callières, put in a modest word for himself: "I do not know whether your Majesty will consider that I have tried to do my duty, and, if so, whether you will judge me worthy of some mark of honour such as may enable me to live the brief remainder of my life in some distinction. However your Majesty may decide, I must humbly beg you to believe that I am prepared to sacrifice the remainder of my days in your Majesty's service with the same ardour which I have always hitherto displayed." His Majesty was graciously pleased to say in reply, by the mouth of the minister, that he was entirely satisfied with the count's expedition against the Onondagas and Oneidas, and with his whole conduct. After dealing with other matters the minister added: "Until his Majesty has it in his power to bestow on you more marked proofs of his satisfaction, he has granted you his Military Order of St. Louis, and you will find herewith his permission to you to wear its cross." This was a distinction of which his subordinate Callières, as well as M. de Vaudreuil and the intendant, Champigny, were already in enjoyment; yet it was all that the very decided merit of M. de Frontenac was able to extract. It is said that the violent take the kingdom of heaven by force; but it is also said that the meek shall inherit the earth. Frontenac tried to make his way by dint of self-assertion, but in the end his success was only moderate. The enemies whom he thrust aside, or cowed into silence, could whisper at opportune moments, and their whispers did him no good; while sometimes they could secure gratifications for themselves decidedly worth having.

Various inconclusive negotiations for peace followed the Onondaga campaign; and things dragged on in this way till news came in January 1698, though not through an authorized channel, of the signing of the Peace of Ryswick. The officer in command at Albany, Peter Schuyler, had deputed Captain John Schuyler and one Dellius to carry the news to Callières at Montreal. Frontenac received it at Quebec a few days later. The messengers stated that a new governor was coming out to New York--the Earl of Bellomont--and mentioned that instructions had been given to their Indians to cease their warfare against the French. Frontenac sent a reply stating that he would have to await confirmation of the news from his own government; but he did not think it well to recognize that part of the message which assumed, on the part of the English, authority over the Iroquois. Early in the following June (1698) Schuyler and Dellius came, bringing some twenty French prisoners of all ages, and also a letter from the Earl of Bellomont to Frontenac, forwarding copies in French and Latin of the treaty of peace, and proposing that Frontenac should give up all his Iroquois prisoners to him, undertaking, on his part, to secure the restoration of all the French prisoners whom the Iroquois might be holding. This brought things to an issue. Frontenac replied in firm but courteous terms, saying that, although he was still without advices from his government, he was prepared to hand over all English prisoners in his custody, but that he could not understand how his Lordship could have instructed his delegates to ask for the return of the Iroquois prisoners. The Iroquois had been uninterruptedly subjects of the French king from a time prior to the taking of New York by the English from the Dutch. So far as they were concerned, therefore, the Earl of Bellomont need not give himself any trouble, as they were suing for peace, had engaged to restore all their French prisoners, and had given hostages for the fulfilment of their promise. He also referred, as a further proof of French authority, to the missions which they had maintained among the Iroquois for over forty years. This letter was dated 8th June. Bellomont replied on the 13th August, manifesting much irritation at Frontenac's refusal to recognize the Iroquois as English subjects, and consequently covered by the peace. He told Frontenac that he had sent word to those nations to be on their guard, that he had furnished them with arms and munitions of war, and promised them assistance in case they were attacked. As to the Jesuit missionaries, the Indians had repeatedly entreated him "to expel those gentlemen from amongst them," their wish being "to have some of our Protestant ministers among them, instead of your missionaries, in order for their instruction in the Christian religion." Here was a pretty quarrel right on the head of a peace! Frontenac replied with his customary firmness, saying that he would pursue his course unflinchingly and insist on the fulfilment by the Iroquois of the engagement they had entered into before the declaration of peace. He referred to the fact that commissioners were to be appointed to decide questions of boundary, and said that, such being the case, the earl had taken too absolute a position. Here the correspondence ended so far as Frontenac was concerned. He was fighting in a losing cause, for the claim of England to the territory in dispute was shortly afterwards recognized. He could, however, at least say that the cause was not lost through him; to the last he maintained with courage, resolution, and dignity, what he held to be the rights of his sovereign. As regards the formal establishment of peace with the Iroquois it was not to be in his time. His last despatch to the court bears date the 25th October. He tells the minister that the Iroquois, who had promised to come and conclude peace and bring back their prisoners, have not yet done so, and that he has no doubt they are held back by the Earl of Bellomont. The minister answers that, to prevent a continuation of disputes, he had consented that the tribes in question should remain undisturbed and enjoy the peace concluded at Ryswick. The boundary question would be settled in due time by the commissioners appointed for that purpose.

This reply Count Frontenac was not destined to see. Three months, indeed, before it was penned the curtain had fallen upon his eager, strenuous, and, broadly speaking, honourable life. About the middle of November he fell ill. He was in his seventy-ninth year. In a few days, if not from the first, he knew that he had passed into the shadow of death, that he was at last meeting One whom he could not conquer. The old man made all his arrangements with admirable calmness. On the 22nd November he sent for the notary to make his will. He expressed a desire to be buried, not in the cathedral church, but in that of the Récollets, whose milder theology had best suited his practical and somewhat Erastian turn of mind. He makes pecuniary provision for a daily mass on his behalf for one year, and a yearly one thereafter on the anniversary of his death, Mme. de Frontenac to share in it after her death. His heart was to be placed in a chapel of the Church of St. Nicolas des Champs at Paris, where the remains of his sister, Mme. de Monmort, were already reposing. A merchant of Quebec, François Hazeur, and his private secretary, are named as his executors. He requests Champigny to support his friends in having his wishes carried out. He bequeaths to him a crucifix of aloes wood, and to Mme. de Champigny a reliquary. The bishop, M. de Saint Vallier, came to see him several times during his illness, as also did the intendant; death, not for the first time, was acting the part of reconciler. It was rather expected by the clerical party that, in his last moments, the old warrior would express deep contrition for his deficiencies on the religious side and his frequent opposition to the policy of the church; but in this they were disappointed. "God gave him full time," says an anonymous critic of the period, who has annotated very harshly the funeral sermon preached over his remains, "to recognize his errors, and yet to the last he showed a great indifference in all these matters. In a word, he behaved during the few days before his death like one who had led an irreproachable life and had nothing to fear." The last rites of religion were administered by the Récollet father, Olivier Goyer, and on the 28th November 1698, retaining his faculties to the last, the veteran passed peacefully away.

What manner of man he was, this narrative, it may be trusted, has in some measure shown. Compounded of faults and virtues, his was a character that appealed strongly to average human nature. Common people understood, admired and trusted him. His faults were those common, everyday ones,[55] which it is not impossible to forgive; and he had the more than compensating virtues of courage, decision, simplicity, underlying kindliness, and humour. His nature, vehement, turbulent, and self-asserting throughout his early and middle manhood, was gaining towards the end that ripeness in which, according to Shakespeare, lies the whole significance of life. The Abbé Gosselin has defined with great exactness his attitude towards religion. "Frontenac," he says, "was a Christian and a religious man after the fashion of his time, and as people generally are in the great world; attached to the church, but with all the Gallican ideas of the period, according to which the church was only a dependency of the state; making it a point of honour to discharge the duties incumbent on a gentleman and a Christian, but drawing a clear distinction between the demands of duty and those of perfection."[56] The late Abbé Verreau, quoted by Gosselin in his _Life of Laval_, has a few words of mingled praise and blame, which, perhaps, in their general effect are not far from the truth. "The harsh doctrines of Jansenism," he says, "and domestic troubles had infused into his nature something unrefined which the outward manners of the aristocrat did not entirely conceal. . . . When, however, he yielded to the natural bent of his mind, he attracted every one by the intellectual grace and charm of his conversation. . . . His ambition was to be in New France the reflection of the great monarch who ruled in Old France." The Abbé probably exaggerates the effect of Jansenist doctrines upon the mind of Frontenac, and also that of his conjugal difficulties; but he rightly discerns an element in his character which clashed with his finer and more distinguished qualities.

* * * * *

There is no known extant portrait of Frontenac. For many years a certain photograph was sold at Quebec as representing him on his death-bed, and was reproduced in different works relating to Canadian history. Parkman, the historian, sent it to the late M. Pierre Margry of Paris, the well-known authority on early Canadian history, who at once pronounced that it was not a portrait of Frontenac at all, but had been taken from one of the illustrations published in Lavater's celebrated work on physiognomy, the original being a German professor of the name of Heidegger. How it ever came to pass for a portrait of Frontenac remains a mystery. The matter is fully discussed in Mr. Ernest Myrand's work, _Sir William Phipps devant Quebec_. So far as appears, it was through a correspondence between Mr. Myrand and M. Pierre Margry, that the fact of the unauthenticity of the alleged portrait of Frontenac first became known in Canada.

The funeral sermon over the deceased governor was preached by the Récollet father who had attended his death-bed, and the manuscript of it is still preserved in the library of Laval University. The eulogium of the sympathetic father may here and there be a little forced; but surely a generous meed of praise was due to the man who, when past the meridian of life, had undertaken and borne unflinchingly for many years the burden of so difficult and dangerous an administration as that of Canada. The manuscript has been annotated by an anonymous and unfriendly ecclesiastical hand, one of whose criticisms is quoted above. The critic's point of view is further indicated by the comment on the preacher's statement that Frontenac diligently practised the reading of spiritual books. "As for his reading, it was often Jansenist books, of which he had a great many, and which he greatly praised and lent freely to others." The _odium theologicum_ here is not difficult to discern. The people, however, who cared little for theological subtleties and animosities, but who judged their fallen chief as a man and an administrator, mourned him sincerely. His death was announced by the intendant to the king in words that are almost touching; and Callières, a good soldier, and a man after his own heart, ruled in his stead.

[Footnote 54: The Peace of Ryswick, 20th September 1697.]

[Footnote 55: [Greek: Ta koina tôn anthrôpôn pathê.]--Aristotle, _Rhet._ vii.]

[Footnote 56: _Monseigneur de Saint Vallier et son Temps_, p. 32.]

INDEX

INDEX

A

Abenaquis Indians, hostile to New England, 240; incited by Governor Denonville, 249; ravages committed by, 316; attack settlement of York, 326; repulsed at Wells, 327; disposed to make peace with New England, 328; French influence in opposite direction prevails, 330; attack settlement of Oyster River, 330; fired on from Fort Pemaquid, under flag of truce, 331

Acadia, attempt to form settlement in, 6; seized by English under Kirke, 22; subsequent vicissitudes, 268-72; seized under orders from Cromwell, 268; settlers disposed to trade with New England, 270; Port Royal (Annapolis) made capital, 270; visited by Meulles and Saint Vallier, and census taken, 271; Port Royal and other posts captured by Phipps, who establishes government, 274; passes again under French control, 316

Agriculture in Canada, difficulties in the way of, 87

Aguesseau, Chancellor d', on French parliaments, 153

Ailleboust, M. d', succeeds Montmagny as governor, 35; interim governor, 42

Albany, Fort, captured by Troyes, 206; captured alternately by French and English, 343, 345

Andros, Sir Edmund, governor of New England, 263; seized and imprisoned, 266

Argenson, Vicomte d', arrives as governor, 43; on Laval, 45

Auteuil, Denis Joseph Ruette d', attorney-general, 106; death of, 138

Auteuil, François d', son of Denis, succeeds him, 138; makes trouble for Intendant Meulles, 174; waits on Frontenac, 255

Avaugour, Baron Dubois d', governor, 45; disagrees with clergy on liquor question, 46; describes earthquake, 46

B

Ball, first given in Canada, 59

Beaucour, M. de, brave conduct of, in command of party against Iroquois, 319; superintends improvements in fortifications of Quebec, 326

Bellomont, Earl of, governor of New York, corresponds with Frontenac, 355

Belmont, Abbé, on number of captives taken at Lachine, 226; on excessive use of brandy, 312 and note

Bernières, Henri de, grand-vicar of bishop of Quebec, 111

Berthier, M. de, commands militia in campaign against Iroquois, 209

Bienville, Le Moyne de, joins war party against Schenectady, 235

Big Mouth (Grande Gueule), Onondaga orator, 184, 221

Bizard, officer of Frontenac, arrested by Perrot, 91

Boulduc, prosecutor of Prévôté, dismissed, 138

Bourdon, Sister Anne, on divine protection of Quebec, 301

Bourgeoys, Sister Margaret, establishes Congrégation de Notre Dame, 29, 39; impressed on arrival by poverty of country, 39

Bradstreet, Simon, made governor of Massachusetts, 266; on failure of expedition against Quebec, 301

Brouillan, M. de, French governor at Placentia, Newfoundland, 346

Bruey, agent of governor Perrot at Montreal, 97

Buade, Antoine de, grandfather of Frontenac, 61

Buade, Henri de, father of Frontenac, 61

Buade, Louis de, Count Frontenac, see _Frontenac_

Bullion, Mme. de, benefactress of Hôtel Dieu at Montreal, 29

C

Caen, William de, head of trading company, 23

Caen, Emery de, takes over Quebec from the English, 23

Callières, M. de, memorandum by, on French claims in Hudson's Bay, 204; commands regular troops in attack on Iroquois, 209; sent to France to represent situation of colony, 230; leads 800 men from Montreal to defence of Quebec, 292; commands vanguard in attack on Onondagas, 351; commended in despatches, 353; succeeds Frontenac as governor, 362

Canada, population of, 36, 55, 58, 131, 147, 148; poverty of, impresses Sister Margaret Bourgeoys, 39; morals of the people, 58, 59; over-governed, 131; trade, 148; affected by all the vicissitudes of Mother Country, 150, 151; "farmers" of revenue appointed for, 154; Bishop Saint Vallier's first description of country and inhabitants, 192; Governor Denonville's description, 192; Saint Vallier's revised opinion, 193; real character of the people, 193-5; state of depression throughout the country, 219, 240; drinking habits of people, 223; described by Laval as the country of miracles, 301; exhaustion of, after departure of New England fleet, 305, 317

Carignan-Salières Regiment sent out, 51; some of the officers settle in Canada and become seigneurs, 57

Carion, officer at Montreal, refuses to recognize Frontenac's order for arrest of _coureurs de bois_, 91

Cartier, Jacques, voyages of, 1

Cataraqui, expedition of Courcelles to, 59; of Frontenac, 76-84; fort, known afterwards as Fort Frontenac, erected at, 83

Census of 1666, 55

Chambly, fort erected at, 51

Chambly, M. de, appointed governor of Acadia, 90, 269; taken prisoner to Boston and there set at liberty, 269; again governor, 270; governor of Grenada (W.I.), 270

Champigny, Jean Bochart de, intendant, 207; captures peaceful Indians for king's galleys, 215; on sufferings of expeditionary force sent against Mohawks, 322; complains of Frontenac's treatment of him, 336; opposes restoration of Fort Frontenac, 341

Champlain, Samuel de, early career of, 3; sails for St. Lawrence and explores river to Lachine rapids, 4; explores Baie des Chaleurs, returns to France, 5; accompanies de Monts to Acadia, 7; founder of Quebec, 8; plot against his life, 8; expedition against Iroquois, 9; returns to France and sails again for Canada, 10; returns to France, marries, and sails again for Canada, 11; prospects Island of Montreal, 12; returns to France (1611), sails for Canada (1613), again to France, again to Canada (1615), 13; brings out Récollet missionaries, 13; heads another expedition against Iroquois, 14; begins construction of Château St. Louis, 15; surrenders Quebec to English under Kirke, 20; landed in England, 21; urges restitution of Canada, 22; sails for Quebec (1633), 24; death of, 26

Chapais, M. Thos., his work on Talon referred to, 57 (note)

Charlevoix, Père, on bravery of Canadians and indifferent conduct of French troops, 212; on Lachine massacre, 224, 227; on old age of François Hertel, 235 (note); his account of "flag" incident in siege of Quebec, 295; on character and conduct of Frontenac, 333-6

Charny-Lauson, temporary governor, 42

Chastes, M. de, trading patent granted to, 3; death of, 5

Châteaufort, M. de, interim governor after death of Champlain, 27

Château St. Louis, Quebec, construction begun, 15

Chauvin, obtains patent for exclusive trade in Canada, 2; sails to St. Lawrence, 3

Chedabucto (Guysborough, N.S.), Frontenac arrives at, 232

Chubb, commandant of Fort Pemaquid, fires on Indians while under flag of truce, 331; killed, 332

Clarke, Captain, killed at Fort Loyal, two daughters taken to Quebec, 303

Clément, Pierre (author of _Vie de Colbert_), on causes of failure of West India Company, 149; on galley service, 215

Clermont, Chevalier de, killed in skirmish on Beaufort flats, 294

Colbert, creates West India Company, 49; disapproves Frontenac's action in summoning "three estates," 67; anti-clerical tendencies, 73; Madame Maintenon's opinion of, 74; advice to Courcelles in relation to ecclesiastical power, 115; asks for particulars as regards effects of liquor traffic, 118; speaks of bishop as aiming at too much power, 119; overthrow of his commercial policy, 151

Company of New France, or of Hundred Associates, created by Cardinal Richelieu, 19; colonists sent out by, 28; cedes some of its rights to colonists, 36; new arrangement works badly, 37; surrenders all its powers to the king (1663), 49; its failure to fulfil its engagements, 55

Condé, Duke of, lieutenant-general for New France, 12

Congrégation de Notre Dame, Montreal, established, 29

Connecticut, takes part in expedition against Montreal, 279

Corlaer, Indian name of Schenectady, which see. Also Indian name for governors of New York, 253 (note)

Council, created (1647) at Quebec, 37. See also _Sovereign Council_.

Courcelles, M. de, governor of Canada, 50; arrives at Quebec, 51; moves against Iroquois (Mohawks), 52; character, 54; expedition to Cataraqui, 59; recalled, 60

_Coureurs de bois_, 37; two classes of, 88; Frontenac instructed to repress, 89; twelve captured, 99; one hanged, 100; king's decisions respecting, 125; difficulty in enforcing the law, 127; amnesty granted on certain conditions, 127; punishments prescribed for offenders, 128

Courtemanche, M. de, sent to Michilimackinac, 310

Crèvecoeur, fort, built by La Salle, 160

Crisafy, Marquis of, conducts expedition for restoration of Fort Frontenac, 341

Curacies, permanent (_cures fixes_), question of, 165, 190

D

D'Ailleboust, see _Ailleboust_

Damours, Mathieu, member of Sovereign Council, 106; arrested by Frontenac, 139

Dauversière, M. Royer de la, one of founders of Montreal colony, 32

Davis, Captain Sylvanus, captured at Fort Loyal, 252; a prisoner in Quebec during siege by Phipps, 294

De Monts, see _Monts_

Denonville, Marquis de, succeeds M. de la Barre as governor, 189; comes out in same ship as M. de Saint Vallier, 191; gives unfavourable account of Canadian people, 192; his piety, 197; asks for more troops, 198; corresponds with Dongan, governor of New York, 198; desirous of constructing a fort at Niagara, 199; proposes to French king to buy colony of New York, 202; instructed to cultivate peaceful relations with English neighbours, 203; sends expedition to Hudson's Bay, 205; receives reinforcements, 206; determines to march against Iroquois, 207; crafty policy, 208; complains of French troops, 212; erects fort at Niagara, 213; asks for more troops, 217; receives visit from Big Mouth, 221; in attack by Iroquois on Lachine orders troops to remain on defensive, 225; recalled, 228; orders Fort Frontenac to be blown up, 228; stimulated Abenaquis to attack New England settlements, 249

Désquérat, Captain, killed at Lapraire, 313

Dollier de Casson, Sulpician, his history of Montreal, 34; depicts evils of liquor traffic, 335

Domergue, Lieutenant, killed at Laprairie, 313

Dongan, Colonel, governor of New York, correspondence with La Barre, 182; policy with Iroquois, 183; correspondence with Denonville, 199, 200; claims right to trade with Lake tribes, 203; demands destruction of Fort Niagara, 218; advice to Iroquois, 219

Duchesneau, Jacques, intendant, 108; his instructions, 109; claims to rank above bishop, 115; causes king's prohibition of trading licences to be registered in Frontenac's absence, 117; asked to furnish particulars as to ill effects of liquor traffic, 118; censured for interfering in matters beyond his sphere, 120; his recommendations on the _coureurs de bois_ question, 127; dispute with Frontenac as to presidency of Sovereign Council, 133-40; severely censured in despatch from minister, 134; accuses Frontenac of manufacturing the news he sends to the minister, 142; his son imprisoned for disrespect to Frontenac, 143; recall of, 143; makes report on Acadia, 271

Dudley, Joseph, provisional governor of Massachusetts, 264

Dudouyt, Jean, grand-vicar of bishop of Quebec, 111; sent to France by bishop in connection with liquor question, 118; advice to bishop, 171

Dugas, Du Gua, or Du Guast, sieur de Monts, see _Monts_

Du Lhut, Daniel Greseylon, explorer, discoveries of, 162; imprisoned on return to Quebec, 163; appointed post commander among north-western tribes, 164; diverts trade from English posts on Hudson's Bay to Montreal, 164; under orders from La Barre confiscates goods in La Salle's fort of St. Louis, 179; instructed to rendezvous at Niagara, 181, 186, 187; fortifies post at outlet of Lake Huron, 202

Dupont, Nicolas, member of Sovereign Council, 106

Duval, Jean, executed for conspiracy against Champlain, 8

E

Earthquake of 1662, 46, 47

Eau, Chevalier d', goes on embassy to Iroquois and is badly used, 262

English colonies, goods cheap in, 154; paid better price for furs, 154, 175, 201; political confusion prevailing in, after downfall of James II, 263

F

Faillon, abbé, quoted, 4, 9; his description of conduct of Perrot, governor of Montreal, 96, 97

Fénelon, abbé de, intermediary between Frontenac and Perrot, 92; indignant at Perrot's arrest, 93; preaches sermon against Frontenac, 93; carries round memorial in Perrot's favour, 96; summoned to Quebec, 98; his conduct before the council, 101; sent to France, censured, and not allowed to return to Canada, 102, 103

"Flag" incident in siege of Quebec, 295-8

France, condition of, in 1675-6, 150, 151

Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de Palluau et, particulars respecting his early life scanty, 61; born in 1620, 61; enters army under Prince of Orange at age of fifteen, 62; promoted to rank of _maréchal de camp_, 62; peace of Westphalia (1648) releases him from military life, 63; marriage and birth of son, 63; his wife separates from him, 63; extravagant habits, 64; commands Venetian troops in defence of Crete against Turks, 64; leaves France for Canada midsummer of 1672, 65; endeavours to constitute "three estates," and summons an assembly, 67; action disapproved by king, 67; his instructions regarding the ecclesiastical power, 69; friendly to Sulpicians and Récollets, 74; plans a visit to Cataraqui, 74; conducts an expedition to Cataraqui, 76-84; invites Iroquois to conference at that place, 79; harangues them and distributes presents, 81, 82; erects fort, 83; expedition not approved by minister, 84; Frontenac defends it, 85; difficulties with Perrot, governor of Montreal, and the Abbé Fénelon, 90-104; captures twelve _coureurs de bois_, 99; sends Perrot and Fénelon to France with report on case, 102; the king's reply, 103; enemies at court, 110; honour paid to him in church curtailed by Laval, 112; attitude towards ecclesiastical powers, 113; difficulty with bishop over issue of trading permits, involving carrying of liquor to Indians, 116; king prohibits permits, 116; visits Cataraqui (Fort Frontenac), 117; appeals against king's decision, 117; instructed not to meddle with questions of finance, etc., 120; authorized to grant hunting permits, 125; number to be issued restricted, 128; dispute with intendant Duchesneau as to presidency of Sovereign Council, 133-40; censured by minister for his contentious spirit, 135; again cautioned by king and minister, 136; recalled, 143, 144; asks home government for soldiers, 145; summons conference on Indian question, 146; arranges peace between Senecas and Ottawas, 146; orders strengthening of fortifications of Montreal, 147; relations with Du Lhut, 162; has Récollet confessor, Father Maupassant, 165; alleged disorders in his household, 165; commends Sulpicians, 168; his recall a triumph for clerical opponents, 171; on return to France makes light of La Barre's demand for troops, 173; reappointed governor of Canada, 229; arrives at Chedabucto, 232; arrives at Quebec, 232; goes to Montreal, 233; exaggerates number of killed in Lachine massacre, 227 (note); tries to arrest destruction of Fort Frontenac, 233; organizes raiding parties against English colonies, 234-6; brings out with him from France survivors of Indians captured for the galleys, 237; sends deputation to Iroquois, 237; sends reinforcements to La Durantaye, 241; his address to the Lake tribes, 242; result of his raids on English settlements, 253; improves fortifications of Quebec, 254; his relations with the Sovereign Council, 254-7; goes to Montreal where anxiety prevails, 257; his expedition to Lake Indians successful, 258; dances a war-dance, 260; protests to Massachusetts authorities against attack on Pentagouet, 270; gets news at Montreal of approach of expedition against Quebec, 282; replies to Phipps's demand for surrender, 288, 289; recommends attack on Boston by sea, 316; describes ravages of Abenaquis, 317; estimate of military losses in Canada, 318; expresses himself as opposed to large expeditions, 320; orders M. de Louvigny at Michilimackinac to send down Indians with their furs, 323; firm in negotiations with Iroquois, 325, 338; complaints made against, 333-6; gives theatrical representations at Quebec, 336; question of _Tartuffe_, 337; restores Fort Frontenac against instructions of minister, 341; directs campaign against Iroquois, 350-3; reports his victory to the king, and asks for recognition, 353; receives cross of St. Louis, 354; receives news of Peace of Ryswick, 354; corresponds on question of sovereignty over Iroquois with Earl of Bellomont, governor of New York, 355; his last despatch to home government, 357; illness and death, 357-9; his will, 358; no known portrait, 360; funeral sermon and critical annotations thereon, 361

Frontenac, Mme., aversion of, for her husband, 63; joins Mlle. de Montpensier, 63; assisted Frontenac by her influence at court, 65

Frontenac, Fort, erected at Cataraqui, 83; conceded to La Salle, 156; seized by La Barre, 178; restored to La Salle, 179; Dongan demands its destruction, 218; Denonville gives orders for blowing it up, 288; order partially carried out, 234; repaired, 234; rebuilt, 341

Fur trade, burdensome restrictions on, 38, 154

G

Gaillardin, French historian, referred to, 152

Gerrish, Sarah, captured at Fort Loyal, exchanged for one of Phipps's prisoners, 303

Girouard, Judge, on loss of life in massacre of Lachine, 224; at La Chesnaye and other places, 226

Glandelet, abbé, preaches against theatre, 336

Glen, John Sanders, magistrate of Schenectady, life spared, 247

Gosselin, abbé, his opinion of Talon, 54; on administration of La Barre, 172; on Laval's choice of M. de Saint Vallier, 191; on Frontenac's attitude towards religion, 359

Goyer, Olivier, Récollet father, preaches funeral sermon on Frontenac, 361

Grande Gueule, see _Big Mouth_

Great Mohawk (Grand Agnié), Christian Mohawk leader, 246

_Griffon_, name of vessel built by La Salle and lost in Lake Michigan, 159

Grignan, M. de, son-in-law of Mme. de Sevigné, a candidate for governorship of Canada, 65

Guyard, Marie, see _Incarnation, Mère de l'_

H

Hébert, Louis, first regular settler at Quebec, 16

Henry IV of France, assassination of, 11

Hertel, François, commands Three Rivers war party, 235; leader in massacre of Salmon Falls, 251; joins M. de Portneuf in attack upon Fort Loyal, 251; his old age, 235 (note)

_History of Brandy in Canada_, quoted, 124

Hosta, M. d', killed at Laprairie, 312

Hôtel Dieu, Montreal, established by Mlle. Mance, 29

Hôtel Dieu, Quebec, origin of, 28

Hudson's Bay, English claim to, disputed by France, 204; La Barre instructed to check English encroachments in, 205; expedition under M. de Troyes captures English forts, 205; Iberville's exploits in, 342-50; English possessions in, restored by Peace of Ryswick, 349

Hudson's Bay Company, 203; trading done and posts established by, 204; redress claimed by, for losses inflicted by the French, 343

Hundred Associates, Company of, see _New France, Company of_

Hurons, destruction of, by Iroquois, 26 and note, 35; join Frontenac's expedition to Cataraqui, 79; dread being abandoned to Iroquois, 222

Hunting permits, issue of sanctioned, 125; number to be issued annually limited, 128; issue of, becomes a form of patronage, 129

I

Iberville, Le Moyne d', accompanies expedition to Hudson's Bay, 206; joins war party against Schenectady, 235; arrives from Hudson's Bay with two captured vessels, 325; takes Fort Pemaquid, 331; exploits in Hudson's Bay, 342-50; sails for France and returns with two French ships, 343; captures Port Nelson, 345; sails for France, 346; attacks English settlements in Newfoundland, 346; takes St. John's, 347; in his ship the _Pelican_ successfully engages three English vessels, 348; sails for France, 349

Illinois Indians, allies of French, attacked by Iroquois, 144

Incarnation, Mère de l' (Marie Guyard), arrival of, at Quebec, 28; on _Jesuit Relations_, 30 (note); on influence of convent teaching, 89 (note); on rapid decline in Indian population, 168 (note)

Indians (see also names of tribes or nations), menacing attitude of, 17; defrauded by traders, 18, 154; not readily receptive of Christian doctrine, 167

Intendant, Jean Talon appointed as, 51; office revived, 105; Jacques Duchesneau appointed, 108; Jacques de Meulles, 171; Jean Bochart de Champigny, 207

Iroquois, Champlain joins Hurons and Algonquins in attacking, 9, 10, 14; nearly exterminate Hurons, 26 and note, 35; demand establishment of French colony in their country, 40; their confederacy, of what tribes composed, 41; attack remnant of Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41; checked at the Long Sault on the Ottawa by heroism of Dollard and his companions, 44; governor Courcelles marches against, 52; similar expedition led by Tracy, 53; invited by Frontenac to conference, 79; consent to make a peace including Indian allies of French, 82; under La Barre's administration seize canoes of French traders, 181; La Barre's expedition against, 183; Denonville's, 207-14; capture of a number of peaceful Iroquois for king's galleys, 215; reprisals, 218, 219; massacre of Lachine, 224; send envoys to meet Frontenac, 238; native eloquence, 239; worsted in skirmish on Ottawa River, 243; Mohawk opinion of Schenectady massacre, 248; ill treat embassy from Frontenac, 262; renew their attacks, 307; party of, destroyed at Repentigny, 308; three prisoners burnt alive, 309; another party surprised and destroyed, 319; expedition against (Mohawks), 321; peace negotiations, 337; Onondaga orator, Teganissorens (Decanisora), 338; Frontenac's campaign against, 350

J

Jemseg, for a short time headquarters of Acadia, 270

Jesuit fathers, arrival of, 17; return after restoration of Canada to France, 25; Frontenac's attitude towards, 113; their missions, 166

_John and Thomas_, vice-admiral's ship in Phipps's squadron, 281

Jolliet, Louis, discoverer of Mississippi, 155

Jolliet, Zachary, his December journey from Michilimackinac to Quebec, 240

Juchereau, Mère, reports repulse of some of Phipps's men at Rivière Ouelle, 291; on flag incident, 296; on divine protection of Quebec, 301

K

Kirke brothers (David, Louis, and Thomas) capture Quebec, 21

Kirke, Louis, left in charge of Quebec, surrenders it to French on conclusion of peace, 23

Kishon (the Fish), Indian name for governors of Massachusetts, 253

Kondiaronk, or the Rat, see _Rat_

L

La Barre, M. Lefebvre de, governor, arrival of, 171; summons conference on Indian question, 172; applies for troops, 172; criticized in despatches by intendant, 173, 174; takes to illegitimate trading, 175; disparages discoveries of La Salle, 176; seizes Fort Frontenac and Fort St. Louis, 177, 179; instructed to restore to La Salle all his property, 180; his unwise instructions to Iroquois, 180; decides to make war on Senecas, 181; corresponds with Colonel Dongan, governor of New York, 182; leads expedition, 183; arranges ignominious terms of peace, 186; recalled, 188; unfitness for his position, 189; results of his weak policy, 198, 209

La Caffinière, M. de, commander of squadron sent against New York, 234

La Canardière, former name of Beauport flats, 293 (note)

La Chesnaye, trader, La Barre's dealings with, 175

La Chesnaye settlement, Iroquois raid on, 226

Lachine, massacre of, 10, 224, 225

La Durantaye, post commander, ordered to rendezvous at Niagara, 181; captures English canoes on the way, 210; reports critical situation among Lake tribes, 240; reinforced, 241

La Famine, La Barre's army encamps at, 184

La Forest, left in charge of Port Nelson, 346

La Grange-Trianon, Mlle. de, becomes wife of Frontenac, 63

Laguide, Madeleine, niece of Talon, wife of François Perrot, 97

La Hontan, Baron de, on treatment of captured Iroquois at Fort Frontenac, 216; on interview between Frontenac and Denonville, 233; declines to go on embassy to Iroquois, 261; his account of attack on Quebec by Phipps, 285

Lamberville, Jesuit father, missionary to the Iroquois, 144, 188, 208

La Motte Cadillac, post commander at Michilimackinac, 340

La Peltrie, Mme. de, arrival of, at Quebec, 28; accompanies Maisonneuve to Montreal, 33

Laprairie, attack on, by war party under John Schuyler, 281; serious encounter at, between Canadian forces and party under Peter Schuyler, 312

La Salle, René Robert Cavelier de, sent to invite Iroquois to conference, 79; first commandant of Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 88; reports Perrot's defiant proceedings to Frontenac, 92; his views on sale of liquor to Indians, 123; obtains grant of Fort Frontenac from king, 156; obtains exclusive right of trading in Mississippi region, 158; difficulties encountered by, 159, 161; relations with Frontenac, 162; discoveries disparaged by La Barre and also by the king, 176; financial affairs, 178; his forts and other property seized by La Barre restored to him, 179; king takes him under his special protection, 180

Lauson, M. Jean de, governor, 38; returns to France, 42

Laval-Montmorency, François Xavier de, arrival of as vicar-apostolic and bishop of Petraea _in partibus_, 43; sends M. de Queylus back to France, 43; disagrees with governor Argenson, 45; also with Avaugour, 46; sails for France (1662), 46; procures recall of Avaugour, and appointment of M. de Mézy, 48; returns to Quebec September 1663, 48; establishes Quebec Seminary, 48; and Lesser Seminary, 49; quarrels with Mézy, 50; sails for France to settle question of bishopric, May 1672, 70; made bishop of Quebec and returns to Canada, 1675, 71; establishes ecclesiastical court, 111; curtails honours paid to governor in church, 112; king's instructions on the subject, 113; Frontenac's estimate of bishop's revenue, 114; objects to trading permits issued by governor, as involving selling of liquor to Indians, 116; gains the king over to his views, 118; sends grand-vicar to France to uphold his policy, 118; goes to France to press his views (1678), 125; effect of his elevation to rank of bishop, 164; not favourable to permanent curacies, 165, 190; rejects offer of Récollets to serve the parishes without any fixed provision for their support, 165; determines to resign, 190; goes to France, 1684, 191; chooses M. de Saint Vallier as his successor, 191; describes Canada as "the country of miracles," 301

Lavaltrie, M. de, seigneur, commands militia in attack on Iroquois, 209; killed by Iroquois, 323

Lebert, merchant, of Montreal, imprisoned by Perrot, 92; La Barre's dealings with, 175

Le Chasseur, secretary to Frontenac, 139

Leclercq, Père, Récollet, on great need for Récollet order in Canada, 72 (note); on Schenectady massacre, 247 (note); on "flag" incident in siege of Quebec, 296 and note

Leisler, Jacob, seizes government of New York, 266

Le Jeune, Jesuit father, preaches funeral sermon of Champlain, 27

Le Moyne, Charles, sent to invite Onondagas to conference, 183, 184

Liquor traffic, condemned by Champlain, 25; subject of dispute between civil and religious authorities, 46, 115; king's instructions regarding, 116, 118, 120; question referred to a meeting of the principal inhabitants, 121; opinions expressed, 122, 123; king's decision thereon, 125; evils depicted, 335

Longueuil, Le Moyne de, commands militia in attack on Iroquois, 209

Lorin, M. Henri, author of _Le Comte de Frontenac_, referred to, 109, 126, 128, 142, 165, 174, 216 (note), 231, 250

Lotbinière, Réné Charlier de, member of the Sovereign Council, 106

Louis XIII of France, close relations of Frontenac family with, 62

Louis XIV, his war with Holland, 148; absolutism of his rule, 151-3; desires to have permanent curacies (_cures fixes_) established in Canada, 164; private life, 166; pronounces La Salle's discoveries useless, 176; later takes him under his special protection, 180

Louvigny, M. de, sent with reinforcements to Michilimackinac, 241

Loyal, Fort (Casco Bay), captured by Canadians, 252

M

Madocawando, Abenaquis chief, 329

Maisonneuve, Paul Chomedy, sieur de, conducts mission colony to Montreal, 29, 33; bravery of, 34; goes back to France for reinforcements, 38; returns to Canada with 100 soldiers, 39; removed from governorship by the Marquis de Tracy, 54

Mance, Mlle., establishes Hôtel Dieu at Montreal, 29; death of, 73

Mantel, Daillebout de, one of leaders of war party against Schenectady, 235

Maricourt, Le Moyne de, accompanies expedition to Hudson's Bay, 206; arrives at Quebec during siege by Phipps, 292; with his brother, Iberville, in Hudson's Bay, 343

Marquette, Jesuit father, accompanies Jolliet in his explorations, 155

Marriage, stimulated by civil authorities, 57

Massachusetts, charter of, declared null and void, 264; takes lead in expedition against Quebec, 277

Mather, Cotton, on failure of Phipps's expedition, 302; on rescue of some men cast ashore on Anticosti, 304

Maupassant, Récollet father, Frontenac's confessor, 165

Menneval, M. de, governor of Acadia, 272; surrenders to Phipps, 274; carried prisoner to Boston, 276; released, 277

Meulles, Jacques de, intendant, opposed to popular representation, 69; arrival of, 171; criticizes La Barre in despatches, 173, 174; on La Barre's expedition against Senecas, 188; recalled, 207; visits Acadia and makes census, 271

Mézy, M. de, appointed governor on Laval's recommendation, 48; quarrels with Laval, 50; death of, 50

Millet, Jesuit father, tortured by Oneida Indians, 216

Missions to Indians, 166; pure lives of missionaries produced good effect, 168

Mohawks (Iroquois tribe) attack Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41; Courcelles leads expedition against, 52; Tracy leads a second, 53; expedition against, 321

Monseignat, Frontenac's secretary, 260, 297

Montmagny, M. de, second governor of Canada, 27; retirement of, 35

Montmorency, Duke of, becomes lieutenant-general for Canada, 17; executed for revolt, 22

Montpensier, Mlle. de, Mme. Frontenac's relations with, 63

Montreal, beginnings of, 33; settlement in danger of extinction, 38; population in 1666, 56; Frontenac's arrival at, on his way to Cataraqui, 76; description of, 77; expedition from Albany against, 268; great rejoicings at, on arrival of trading canoes from the Lakes, 324

Monts, Pierre Dugas, sieur de, ten years' trading patent, with position of lieutenant-general, granted to, 5; conducts expedition to Acadia, 6; patent cancelled, but renewed for one year, 7; sails for Quebec, 8; resigns lieutenancy, 12

Myrand, Ernest, author of _Frontenac et ses Amis_, 229; his work _Sir William Phipps devant Quebec_ quoted, 293 (note); on losses incurred in siege of Quebec by Phipps, 302 (note); discusses question of Frontenac's portrait, 361

N

Nayouat, governor Villebon of Acadia establishes himself at, 327

"New Company," name given to trading company formed by inhabitants of Canada in 1645, 36

Newfoundland, English settlements in, attacked, 346

New France, Company of, see _Company_

New York, British colony, plan for conquest of, 231

Nicholson, Francis, lieut.-governor of New York, 263; uprising against, 266

O

"Old Company," name applied to Company of New France after 1645, 36

Olier, M. Jean, founder of Sulpician order, obtains grant of Island of Montreal, 32

Oneida Indians, torture Father Millet, 216; party of, destroyed, 308; three burnt alive, 309; negotiate for peace, 324

Onondagas (Iroquois tribe), demand a French colony, 40; escape of colony, 41; a number treacherously captured for king's galleys, 215; their orator Teganissorens, 338; campaign against, 350-3

Onontio (Big Mountain), name applied by Indians to French governors, 35

Orehaoué, Cayuga chief, brought back from France by Frontenac, 237; services rendered by, 315, 339

Ottawa Indians, keen for trade and cheap goods, 259; entertained at Quebec, 310

Ourouehati, Onondaga orator, otherwise known as Grande Gueule, Garangula, and Big Mouth, see _Big Mouth_.

P

Parkman, Francis, referred to, 30, 31, 57, 320

Parliaments in France, subjection of, to royal power, 152

Pemaquid, Fort, destroyed 1689, rebuilt 1692, 328; taken by Iberville, 331

Pentagouet, fortress on western boundary of Acadia, captured by freebooters, 269; by New Englanders, 275

Permits, see _Trading Permits_, _Hunting Permits_

Perrot, François Marie, succeeds Maisonneuve as governor of Montreal, 54; engages in illicit trading and shields _coureurs de bois_, 90; his wife a niece of Talon, 90; arrests Bizard, an officer of Frontenac's, 91; summoned before Sovereign Council, 92; arrested at Quebec, 93; character and conduct, 96-7; protests competency of Sovereign Council to try him, 99; specially commended to Frontenac in a dispatch from minister, 101; sent to France, 102; allowed to return to Canada after brief imprisonment, 103; removed to government of Acadia, 270; continues to trade, 271; dismissal and death, 272

Perrot, Rev. M., _curé_ of Montreal, disapproves of Abbé Fénelon's sermon, 95

Perrot, Nicolas, ordered to rendezvous at Sault with Indian allies, 181, 186, 187; arrives with contingent, 210; accompanies Louvigny to Michilimackinac, 242; exhibits Iroquois scalps, 243

Peuvret, clerk of the council, imprisoned by Frontenac, 135

Peyras, Jean Baptiste, member of Sovereign Council, 106; visits Acadia, 271

Phipps, Sir William, birth and early life, 272; conducts expedition against Acadia, 273; captures Port Royal, but violates terms of surrender, 274; ravages committed by his men, 274; captures other Acadian posts, and establishes government, 275; returns to Boston with prisoners and booty, 276; sails from Nantasket, 279; arrives at Quebec, 282; demands surrender, 285-7; his attack repulsed, 295; decides on retreat, 299; his estimate of his losses, 302; disastrous return voyage, 303; goes to England, 315; returns as governor of Massachusetts, 328; recall and death of, 331

Plet, cousin of La Salle, comes from France in connection with financial matters, 177

Pontchartrain, Marquis de, minister of marine, 72 (note)

Pontgravé, François de, voyages of, to St. Lawrence, 3, 8

Port Hayes (Hudson's Bay), captured by Troyes, 206

Port Nelson, captured by Iberville, 345; retaken by English, 347; again taken by Iberville, 349

Portneuf, M. de, commands war party from Quebec, 236; captures Fort Loyal, 252; removed for peculation, 330

Port Royal (Annapolis), capital of Acadia, 270; captured by Phipps, 274

Prevost, town-major of Quebec, 257; strengthens defences, 284

Prévôté (provost's court) abolished 1674, re-established 1677, 107

Q

Quebec, foundation of, 7; capture of, by Kirke, 20; restored to France, 23; population of city in 1666, 56; first ball given at, 59; sea expedition planned against by New Englanders, 268-77; defences strengthened, 284; attack by squadron under Phipps, 285-300; defences further strengthened, 326

Queylus, Rev. M. de, Sulpician, appointed vicar-general for Canada, 42; sent back to France by bishop Laval, 43

R

Radisson, Pierre Esprit, proceedings of, in Hudson's Bay, 204-5

Rageot, Gilles, clerk to attorney-general, 106

Rainsford, John, rescues comrades cast away on Anticosti, 304

Ramesay, M. de, commands militia in attack on Iroquois, 351

Rat, the, Kondiaronk, Huron Indian, wrecks peace negotiations with Iroquois, 222

Récollet missionaries, brought out by Champlain, 13; difficulties encountered by, 16; not allowed to return to Canada after restoration to France, 25; permitted to return, 1668, 72 (note); favoured by Frontenac and La Salle, 162; offer to serve the parishes without any fixed provision for their support, 165; not greatly esteemed by the bishop, 165; missions, 166

_Relations des Jésuites_, 29, 30, and note

Repentigny, band of Iroquois surprised and destroyed at, 308

Repentigny, M. de, goes to France on behalf of early colonists, 36

Representative institutions, complete absence of, 131-2

Richelieu, Cardinal, creates Company of New France, 19

Richelieu River, highway to Iroquois country, 9; fort erected at mouth of, 51

Rivière Ouelle, alleged repulse of party of New Englanders at, 291

Rochemonteix, Rev. P. Camille, S.J., on _Jesuit Relations_, 30

Rohault, M. de, establishes college for boys at Quebec, 28

Rooseboom, Johannes, of Albany, carries goods to Lake Indians, 201

Rupert, fort (Hudson's Bay), captured by Troyes, 206

Ryswick, Peace of, restores to England her Hudson's Bay ports, 349

S

Saco River, fort built at falls of, 329

Sagard, Théodat, Récollet, on bad examples shown by colonists to Indians, 14

Saint-Castin, Baron de, 329 and note; leads Indians against fort Pemaquid, 331

Saint Simon, his statements regarding Frontenac, 65

Saint Vallier, M. de, chosen by Bishop Laval as his successor, 191; comes out to Canada first as vicar-general, 191; his first impression of country and inhabitants, 192; his revised opinion, 193, 220; pays pastoral visit to Acadia (1686), 271; issues mandate regarding the theatre, 337; pays Frontenac 1000 francs on condition _Tartuffe_ shall not be produced, 337

Salmon Falls, massacre of, 251

Salmon River, La Barre's expedition encamps at, 184

Savage, Major Thomas, third in command in Phipps's expedition, 281

Schenectady, massacre of, 245-8

Schuyler, Captain John, his raid on Laprairie, 281; comes to Quebec with news of peace, 354

Schuyler, Peter, commands expedition from Albany, 311

Sedgwick, Major Robert, seizes Acadia by Cromwell's orders, 268

Seignelay, Marquis de, succeeds his father, Colbert, in ministry of marine, 72 (note); marries Mlle. d'Allegre, 111

Seigniories, establishment of, 56

Seminary (Quebec), establishment of, 48

Seneca Indians, show quarrelsome temper, 143; attack Illinois, 144; enraged by murder of a chieftain on territory of Ottawas, 145; accept terms of peace, 146; attack canoes of French traders, 181; Denonville's expedition against, 207-14

Serigny, Le Moyne de, goes to France on Hudson's Bay affairs, 345

Sévigné, Mme. de, her son-in-law candidate for governorship of Canada, 65; describes severities exercised on peasants in revolt in France, 150

_Six Friends_, flagship of Phipps, 281

_Soleil d'Afrique_, French frigate, brings supplies, 319

Sovereign Council, created, 49; reorganized, 105-6; resembled a parliament in French sense, 131; Frontenac claims to be styled President of, 133-40; fixed prices of goods, 153

St. Cirque, M. de, killed at Laprairie, 312

St. Denis, Juchereau de, wounded in skirmish on Beauport flats, 294

Ste. Hélène, Le Moyne de, accompanies expedition to Hudson's Bay, 208; commands in war party against Schenectady, 235; mortally wounded in skirmish on Beauport flats, 299

St. John's, Newfoundland, taken by Iberville, 347

St. Louis, fort, built by La Salle, 160; seized by La Barre, 179

Subercase, Lieutenant, in command at Lachine on occasion of massacre, 225; sent to Island of Orleans to watch Phipps, 303

Sulpicians, religious order, come to Montreal with Maisonneuve, 42; work of colonization done by, 56; Frontenac friendly to, 74; seigneurs of the Island of Montreal, 97; their missions, 166, 168

Syndics, local representatives without votes provided for in first council, 37

T

Teganissorens (Decanisora), Onondaga orator, 338

Talon, Jean, intendant, 51; character, 54; attitude to the clerical power, 55; labours for the prosperity of the country, 55; recalled at his own request, 60; instructed to guard against ecclesiastical encroachments, 69; secures permission for Récollets to return to Canada, 72

Temple, Sir Thomas, English governor of Acadia (1656), 268

Theatrical representations at Quebec, 336

Three Rivers, fort erected at, 24; population in 1666, 268

Thury, abbé, missionary to Abenaquis, 250

Tilly, Le Gardeur de, member of Sovereign Council, 106

Tonty, Henri, La Salle's lieutenant at Fort Crèvecoeur, 144, 160; joins expedition against Iroquois, 209; arrives from Illinois country with _coureurs de bois_, 325

Tracy, Marquis de, appointed king's lieutenant-general for all his possessions in America, 50; arrives at Quebec, 51; marches against Iroquois (Mohawks), 53; concludes peace, 53; removes Maisonneuve from governorship of Montreal, 54; is recalled, 54

Trading permits, issued by governor, 115; objected to by bishop as involving carrying of liquor to the Indians, 116; prohibited by king, 116; permitted under limitations, 128

Troyes, Chevalier de, leads expedition to Hudson's Bay, 205; joins expedition against Iroquois, 209; in charge of fort at Niagara, 214

U

Urfé, abbé d', haughtily treated by Frontenac, 110

Ursuline Convent, Quebec, foundation of, 28, 30; sister Margaret Bourgeoys urged to join, 39

V

Vaillant, Jesuit father, sent as negotiator to Albany, 218

Valrennes, M. de, commandant of Fort Frontenac, 233; tries to cut off retreat of Peter Schuyler at Chambly, 313

Vauban, M. de, French engineer, prepares plans for defence of Quebec, 326

Vaudreuil, M. de, acts as chief-of-staff to Governor Denonville, 209; acting governor of Montreal, 225; surprises and destroys band of Indians at Repentigny, 308

Ventadour, Henri de Lévis, Duke of, lieutenant-general of New France, 17

Verchères, Mlle. Madeleine, defends fort against Iroquois, 319

Verreau, abbé, on attempt to civilize Indians, 168; on character of Frontenac, 360

Villebon, governor of Acadia, mentions burning of a prisoner, 328

Villeray, Louis Rouer de, first councillor, 106; Frontenac's opinion of, 110; his right to title of "esquire" challenged by Frontenac, 139; waits on Frontenac, 255, 256

Villieu, M. de, leads Abenaquis in attack on English settlements, 330

Vincent, Jesuit father, celebrates first mass at Montreal, 34

Vitre, Charles Denis de, member of Sovereign Council, 106

W

Walley, Major, second in command to Phipps, 281; lands with troops on Beauport flats, 292; his forces suffer severely, 298; draws off his men, leaving artillery behind, 300; his explanation of defeat of expedition, 300

West India Company, creation of, 49; failure of, 149

Winthrop, Fitz-John, of Connecticut, commands expedition against Montreal, 279; arrives at Albany, and pushes on to Wood Creek, 280; returns to Albany and to Hartford (Connecticut), 281

Wood Creek, expedition against Montreal encamps at, 280

=Transcriber's Notes:= hyphenation, spelling and grammar have been preserved as in the original Page 203, extirpating Protestanism ==> extirpating Protestantism Page 249, that of Pemquid ==> that of Pemaquid Page 250, fort at Pemquid ==> fort at Pemaquid Page 287, much as may be, ==> much as may be. Page 291, she tell us ==> she tells us Page 307, the neigbourhood. ==> the neighbourhood.

End of Project Gutenberg's Count Frontenac, by William Dawson LeSueur