Conversations on Natural Philosophy, in which the Elements of that Science are Familiarly Explained
Part 25
Angle, 44. acute, 44. obtuse, 44. right, 44. of incidence, 45, 154, 160, 173. of reflection, 45, 154, 160, 173. visual, 168, 169, 170.
Angular velocity, 171.
Antarctic circle, 92.
Aphelion, 75.
Arctic circle, 92.
Atmosphere, 28, 104, 129, 136, 144, 150, 163. colour of, 193. reflection of, 193. refraction of, 182.
Attraction, 10, 14, 23, 25, 179. of cohesion, 15, 19, 118. capillary, 18. of gravitation, 18, 23, 29, 70, 80, 96, 116, 136.
Avenue, 170.
Auditory nerve, 151.
Axis, 78. of motion, 48. of the earth, 22, 99. of mirrors, 176. of a lens, 184.
B.
Balloon, 30.
Barometer, 140.
Bass, 155.
Bladder, 138.
Bodies, 10. elastic, 40. fall of, 23, 26, 30, 36. luminous, 157. opaque, 157. sonorous, 152, 155. transparent, 157.
Bulk, 16.
C.
Camera obscura, 184, 197, 201.
Capillary tubes, 18.
Centre, 48. of gravity, 48, 51, 52, 115. of magnitude, 48, 53. of motion, 48, 55, 115.
Centrifugal force, 49, 72, 95, 115.
Centripetal force, 49, 72.
Ceres, 84.
Circle, 44, 94.
Circumference, 94.
Clouds, 129.
Colours, 23, 185.
Comets, 86.
Compression, 42.
Concord, 155.
Constellation, 86.
Convergent rays, 175, 177.
Crystals, 12.
Curvilinear motion, 47, 72.
Cylinder, 52.
D.
Day, 78, 105, 106.
Degrees, 44, 94, 99, 169, 170. of latitude, 94, 112. of longitude, 94, 112.
Density, 16.
Diagonal, 47.
Diameter, 94.
Discords, 155.
Diurnal, 78.
Divergent rays, 175, 177.
Divisibility, 10, 12.
E.
Earth, 18, 70, 84, 88, 95.
Echo, 154.
Eclipse, 110, 159.
Ecliptic, 86, 92, 99.
Elasticity, 41.
Elastic bodies, 28, 40. fluids, 28, 41, 118, 136.
Ellipsis, 75.
Equinox, 100, 107. precession of, 107.
Equator, 92, 99.
Essential properties, 10.
Exhalations, 13.
Extension, 10, 11.
Eye, 166, 195.
F.
Fall of bodies, 24, 27, 31.
Figure, 10, 12.
Fluids, 118, 128. elastic, 28, 41, 118, 136. equilibrium of, 120, 122, 132. non-elastic, 119. pressure of, 121.
Flying, 40.
Focus, 176. of concave mirrors, 177. of convex mirrors, 175, 177. of a lens, 184. imaginary, 176. virtual, 176.
Force, 33. centrifugal, 49, 72, 95, 115. centripetal, 49, 72. projectile, 47, 49. of gravity, 47, 49.
Fountains, 135.
Friction, 68, 69, 135.
Frigid zone, 93.
Fulcrum, 54.
G.
General properties of bodies, 10.
Georgium Sidus, 85.
Glass, 183. burning, 188. refraction of, 183.
Gold, 119, 126.
Gravity, 18, 23, 78, 97.
H.
Harmony, 155.
Heat, 16, 29, 103.
Hemisphere, 92, 100.
Herschel, 85.
Hydraulics, 118.
Hydrometer, 128.
Hydrostatics, 118.
I.
Image on the retina, 165, 172. reversed, 167. in plain mirror, 172. in concave do. 175. in convex do. 175.
Impenetrability, 10.
Inclined plane, 54, 66.
Inertia, 10, 14, 32.
Inherent properties, 10.
Juno, 84.
Jupiter, 85.
L.
Lake, 133, 135.
Latitude, 94, 112.
Lens, 184. concave, 184. convex, 184. meniscus, 184. plano-concave, 184. plano-convex, 184.
Lever, 54, 55. first kind, 58. second kind, 60. third kind, 60.
Light, 157. pencil of, 158. of the moon, 162, 163. absorption of, 188. reflected, 160. refraction of, 179.
Liquids, 118.
Longitude, 94, 112.
Luminous bodies, 157.
Lunar month, 108. eclipse, 110.
M.
Machine, 54, 66.
Magic lanthorn, 203.
Mars, 84.
Matter, 10, 13.
Mechanics, 32.
Mediums, 157, 180.
Melody, 156.
Mercury, (planet) 83, 85, 114.
Mercury, or quicksilver, 16, 140, 141.
Meridians, 93.
Microscope, 200. single, 200. double, 200. solar, 202, 203.
Minerals, 12.
Minutes, 94.
Momentum, 38, 56.
Monsoons, 149.
Month, lunar, 108.
Moon, 78, 79, 80, 82, 85.
Moonlight, 162, 163.
Motion, 14, 32, 36. accelerated, 36. axis of, 48. centre of, 48, 55. compound, 46. curvilinear, 47, 49. diurnal, 78. perpetual, 35. retarded, 35. reflected, 43. uniform, 34.
Mirrors, 172. axis of, 176. burning, 177. concave, 174, 176, 209. convex, 174, 175. plane or flat, 172. reflection of, 173.
N.
Neap tides, 116.
Nerves, 166. auditory, 151, 166. olfactory, 166. optic, 164, 166.
Night, 78.
Nodes, 110.
O.
Octave, 156.
Odour, 13.
Opaque bodies, 157, 158.
Optics, 157.
Orbit, 86.
P.
Pallas, 84.
Parabola, 51.
Parallel lines, 25.
Parallel of latitude, 94.
Pellucid bodies, 157.
Pencil of rays, 158.
Pendulum, 98.
Perihelion, 75.
Perpendicular lines, 25.
Phases, 109.
Piston, 143, 145.
Plane, 92, 93.
Planets, 76, 81, 83.
Poles, 92, 99, 100.
Polar star, 100, 112.
Porosity, 42, 126.
Powers, mechanical, 54.
Projection, 49, 50, 71.
Precession of equinoxes, 107.
Pulley, 54, 63.
Pump, 31. sucking and lifting, 143. forcing, 144, 145. air, 31, 145.
Pupil of the eye, 164.
R.
Rain, 17, 129.
Rainbow, 188.
Rarity, 16.
Ray of light, 158, 179. reflected, 160, 161. incident, 161.
Rays, intersecting, 165.
Reaction, 39.
Receiver, 31.
Reflection of light, 160, 163. angle of, 45, 161, 173. of mirrors, 173. of plane mirrors, 174. of concave do. 174. of convex do. 174.
Reflected motion, 43.
Refraction, 179, 186. of the atmosphere, 182. of glass, 183. of a lens, 184. of a prism, 185.
Resistance, 54.
Retina, 165. image on, 166.
Rivers, 134.
Rivulets, 131.
S.
Satellites, 80, 111, 113.
Saturn, 85.
Scales, or balance, 55.
Screw, 54, 67.
Shadow, 110, 111.
Siderial time, 106.
Sight, 165.
Signs of the zodiac, 86, 93.
Smoke, 14, 29.
Solar microscope, 202.
Solstice, 100, 102.
Sound, 151. acute, 155. musical, 155.
Space, 33.
Specific gravity, 123. of air, 140.
Spectrum, 190.
Speaking-trumpet, 154.
Sphere, 26.
Springs, 130.
Spring tides, 116.
Square, 81, 85.
Stars, 77, 86, 102.
Storms, 147.
Substance, 10.
Summer, 76, 100.
Sun, 71, 75, 78, 162, 182.
Swimming, 41.
Syphon, 132.
T.
Tangent, 49, 73.
Telescope, 203, 204. reflecting, 204. refracting, 204.
Temperate zone, 92, 101.
Thermometer, 142.
Tides, 114, 116. neap, 116. spring, 116. aerial, 150.
Time, 105, 107. siderial, 107. equal, 107. solar, 107.
Tone, 155.
Torrid zone, 93, 147, 182.
Transit, 114.
Transparent bodies, 157.
Treble and bass, 155.
Tropics, 92.
V.
Valve, 143.
Vapour, 17, 29, 104, 129.
Velocity, 33, 57.
Venus, 84.
Vesta, 84.
Vibration, 98, 152.
Vision, 164, 168.
Vision, angle of, 168, 170. double, 171.
U.
Undulation, 153.
Unison, 155.
W.
Water, 118, 130. spring, 130. rain, 130. level of, 120.
Wedge, 54, 66.
Weight, 23.
Wheel and axle, 54, 65.
Wind, 146. trade, 147. periodical, 148.
Winter, 76, 101.
Y.
Year, 107. siderial, 107. solar, 107.
Z.
Zodiac, 86.
Zone, 93. torrid, 93, 147, 182. temperate, 93, 101. frigid, 93, 100.
THE END.
TO ALL TEACHERS.
SCHOOL BOOKS.
SMILEY'S GEOGRAPHY AND ATLAS, and SACRED AND ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY FOR SCHOOLS.
The above works will be found useful and very valuable as works of reference, as well as for schools. The Maps, composing the Atlases, will be found equal in execution and correctness to those on the most extensive scale. The author has received numerous recommendations, among which are the following:
Dear Sir--I have looked over your "_Easy Introduction to the Study of Geography_," together with your "_Improved Atlas_." I have no hesitation in declaring, that I consider them works of peculiar merit. They do honour to your industry, research, and talent, and I am satisfied, will facilitate the improvement of the student in geographical science.
With sentiments of sincere consideration, I am yours truly,
WM. STAUGHTON, D. D. _President of Columbia College, District of Columbia._
MR. THOMAS SMILEY. _Philadelphia, Sept. 1, 1823._
* * * * *
_Extract from the Minutes of the Philadelphia Academy of Teachers._
_November 1, 1823._
Resolved unanimously, That the Academy of Teachers highly approve the superior merits of Mr. Smiley's "_Easy Introduction to the Study of Geography_," and the accompanying Atlas, and cordially recommend them to the patronage of the public.
B. MAYO, _President._
I. I. HITCHCOCK, _Secretary._
THE NEW FEDERAL CALCULATOR, or SCHOLAR'S ASSISTANT. Containing the most concise and accurate Rules for performing the operations in common Arithmetic; together with numerous Examples under each of the Rules, varied so as to make them conformable to almost every kind of business. For the Use of Schools and Counting Houses.
By Thomas T. Smiley, Teacher: author of An Easy Introduction to the Study of Geography. Also, of Sacred Geography for the Use of Schools.
Among the numerous recommendations received to the work, are the following:
MR. JOHN GRIGG. _Phila. March 8, 1825._
SIR--I have examined with as much care as my time would admit, "The New Federal Calculator," by Thomas T. Smiley. It appears to me to be a treatise on Arithmetic of considerable merit. There are parts in Mr. Smiley's work which are very valuable; the rules given by him in Barter, Loss and Gain, and Exchange, are a great desideratum in a new system or treatise on Arithmetic, and renders his book superior to any on the subject now in use; and when it is considered that the calculations in the work are made in Federal Money, the only currency now known in the United States, and that appropriate questions follow the different rules, by which the learner can be exercised as to his understanding of each part as he progresses; I hesitate not to say, that, in my opinion, it is eminently calculated to promote instruction in the science on which it treats. Mr. Smiley deserves the thanks of the public and the encouragement of teachers, for his attempt to simplify and improve the method of teaching Arithmetic. I am yours respectfully,
WM. P. SMITH, _Preceptor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, No. 152, South Tenth Street._
* * * * *
SIR--I have carefully examined "The New Federal Calculator, or Scholar's Assistant," by Thomas T. Smiley, on which you politely requested my opinion; and freely acknowledge that I think it better calculated for the use of the United States schools and counting-houses than any book on the subject that I have seen. The author's arrangement of the four primary rules is, in my opinion, a judicious and laudable innovation, claiming the merit of improvement; as it brings together the rules nearest related in their nature and uses. His questions upon the rules throughout, appear to me to be admirably calculated to elicit the exertions of the learner. But above all, the preference he has given to the currency of his own country, in its numerous examples, has stamped a value upon this little work, which I believe has not fallen to the lot of any other book of the kind, as yet offered to the American public.
I am, sir, yours respectfully, JOHN MACKAY.
_Charleston, (S. C.) March 29, 1825._
* * * * *
_From the United States Gazette._
Among the numerous publications of the present day, devoted to the improvement of youth, we have noticed a new edition of Smiley's Arithmetic, just published by J. Grigg.
The general arrangement of this book is an improvement upon the Arithmetics in present use, being more systematic, and according to the affinities of different rules. The chief advantage of the present over the first edition, is a correction of several typographical errors, a circumstance which will render it peculiarly acceptable to teachers. In referring to the merits of this little work, it is proper to mention that a greater portion of its pages are devoted to Federal calculation, than is generally allowed in primary works in this branch of study. The heavy tax of time and patience which our youth are now compelled to pay to the errors of their ancestors, by performing the various operations of pounds, shillings, and pence, should be remitted, and we are glad to notice that the Federal computation is becoming the prominent practice of school arithmetic.
In recommending Mr. Smiley's book to the notice of parents and teachers, we believe that we invite their attention to a work that will really prove an "assistant" to them, and a "_guide_" to their interesting charge.
* * * * *
The Editors of the New York Telegraph, speaking of Smiley's Arithmetic, observe that they have within a few days attentively examined the above Arithmetic, and say, "We do not hesitate to pronounce it an improvement upon every work of the kind previously before the public; and as such, recommend its adoption in all our Schools and Academies."
A KEY to the above Arithmetic, in which all the Examples necessary for a Learner are wrought at large, and also Solutions given of all the various Rules. Designed principally to facilitate the labour of Teachers, and assist such as have not the opportunity of a tutor's aid. By T. T. Smiley, author of the New Federal Calculator, &c. &c.
TORREY'S SPELLING BOOK, or First Book for Children.
I have examined Mr. Jesse Torrey's "Familiar Spelling Book." I think it a great improvement in the primitive, and not least important branches of education, and shall introduce it into the seminaries under my care, as one superior to any which has yet appeared.
IRA HILL, A. M.
_Boonsborough, Feb. 2, 1825._
The increasing demand for this work is the best evidence of its merits.
A PLEASING COMPANION FOR LITTLE GIRLS AND BOYS, blending Instruction with Amusement; being a Selection of Interesting Stories, Dialogues, Fables, and Poetry. Designed for the use of Primary Schools and Domestic Nurseries. By Jesse Torrey, Jr.
To secure the perpetuation of our republican form of government to future generations, let Divines and Philosophers, Statesmen and Patriots, unite their endeavours to renovate the age, by impressing the minds of the people with the importance of educating their _little boys and girls_.
S. ADAMS.
_Report of the Committee of the Philadelphia Academy of Teachers: adopted Nov. 6, 1824._
The Committee, to whom was referred Mr. Jesse Torrey's "Pleasing Companion for Little Girls and Boys," beg leave to report,
That they have perused the "Pleasing Companion," and have much pleasure in pronouncing as their opinion, that it is a compilation much better calculated for the exercise and improvement of small children in the art of reading, and especially in the more rare art of understanding what they read, than the books in general use.
All which is respectfully submitted.
I. IRVINE HITCHCOCK, PARDON DAVIS, CHARLES MEAD, _Committee_.
A true copy from the minutes of the Academy.
C. B. TREGO, _Secretary_.
_Nov. 22, 1824._
THE MORAL INSTRUCTOR AND GUIDE TO VIRTUE, by Jesse Torrey, Jr.
Among the numerous recommendations to this valuable School Book, are the following:--
_Extract of a note from the Hon. Thomas Jefferson, late President of the United States._
"I thank you, sir, for the copy of your '_Moral Instructor_.' I have read the first edition with great satisfaction, and encouraged its reading in my family."
* * * * *
_Extracts of a Letter from the Hon. James Madison, late President of the United States._
"Sir--I have received your letter of the 15th, with a copy of the _Moral Instructor_.
"I have looked enough into your little volume to be satisfied, that both the original and selected parts contain information and instruction which may be useful, not only to juvenile but most other readers.
"With friendly respects, JAMES MADISON."
DR. TORREY.
* * * * *
_From Roberts Vaux, President of the Controllers of the Public Schools in Philadelphia._
"The Moral Instructor" is a valuable compilation. It appears to be well adapted for elementary schools, and it will give me pleasure to learn that the lessons which it contains are furnished for the improvement of our youth generally.
Respectfully, ROBERTS VAUX.
_Philadelphia, 5th month, 8 1823._
HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the First Invasion by Julius Caesar, to the Accession of George the Fourth, in eighteen hundred and twenty: comprising every Political Event worthy of remembrance; a Progressive View of Religion, Language, and Manners; of Men eminent for their Virtue or their Learning; their Patriotism, Eloquence, or Philosophical Research; of the Introduction of Manufactures, and of Colonial Establishments. With an interrogative Index, for the use of Schools. By William Grimshaw, author of a History of the United States, &c.
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, from their first settlement as Colonies, to the cession of Florida, in 1821: comprising every Important Political Event; with a Progressive View of the Aborigines; Population, Religion, Agriculture, and Commerce; of the Arts, Sciences, and Literature; occasional Biographies of the most remarkable Colonists, Writers, and Philosophers, Warriors, and Statesmen; and a Copious Alphabetical Index. By William Grimshaw, author of a History of England, &c.
Also, QUESTIONS adapted to the above History, and a KEY, adapted to the Questions, for the use of Teachers.
"_University of Georgia, Athens, June 4, 1825._
"DEAR SIR,
"With grateful pleasure, I have read the two small volumes of Mr. Grimshaw, (a History of England, and a History of the United States) which you some time since placed in my hands. On a careful perusal of them, I feel no difficulty in giving my opinion, that they are both, as to style and sentiment, works of uncommon merit in their kind; and admirably adapted to excite, in youthful minds, the love of historical research.
"With sincere wishes for the success of his literary labours,
"I am very respectfully, your friend, "M. WADDEL, _President_.
"E. JACKSON, ESQ."
* * * * *
"D. JAUDON presents his respectful compliments to Mr. Grimshaw, and is much obliged by his polite attention, and the handsome compliment of his History of the United States with the Questions and Key.
"Mr. J. has been in the use of this book for some time; but anticipates still more pleasure to himself, and profit to his pupils, in future, from the help and facility which the questions and key will afford in the study of these interesting pages.
"_October 10th, 1822._"
* * * * *
_Golgotha, P. Edwd. Va. Sep. 26, 1820._
"DEAR SIR,
"MR. GRIMSHAW'S 'History of the United States,' &c. was some time ago put into my hands by Mr. B----, who requested me to give you my opinion as to the merits of the work. The history of the late war is well managed by your author: it has more of detail and interest than the former part; and I consider it much superior to any of the many compilations on that subject, with which the public has been favoured. It may be said of the entire performance, that it is decidedly the best chronological series, and the chastest historical narrative, suited to the capacity of the juvenile mind, that has yet appeared. Its arrangement is judicious; its style neat, always perspicuous, and often elegant; and its principles sound.
"American writings on men and things connected with America, have been long needed for the young; and I am happy to find, that Mr. Grimshaw has not only undertaken to supply this want, but also to _Americanise_ foreign history for the use of our schools. In a word, sir, I am so fond of American fabrics, and so anxious to show myself humbly instrumental in giving our youth American feeling and character whilst at school; that I shall without hesitation recommend Mr. Grimshaw's works to my young pupils, as introductory to more extensive historical reading. In fine, the work is so unobjectionable, and puts so great a mass of necessary information within the reach of school-boys, at so cheap a rate, that I feel the highest pleasure in recommending it to the public, and wish you extensive sales.
"Yours respectfully, "WILLIAM BRANCH, JR.
"MR. BENJAMIN WARNER, "_Philadelphia._"
* * * * *
"_History of the United States, from their first settlement as Colonies, to the Peace of Ghent, &c._ By William Grimshaw, pp. 312, 12mo.
"This is the third time, within the space of two years, that we have had occasion to review a volume from the hand of Mr. Grimshaw. He writes with great rapidity; and improves as he advances. This is the most correctly written of all his productions. We could wish that a person so well formed for close, and persevering study, as he must be, might find encouragement to devote himself to the interests of literature."
"Mr. G. has our thanks for the best concise and comprehensive history of the United States which we have seen."
_Theological Review, October, 1819._
* * * * *
"_History of England, from the first Invasion by Julius Caesar, to the Peace of Ghent, &c._ _For the use of Schools._ By William Grimshaw. Philadelphia, 1819. Benjamin Warner. 12mo. pp. 300.
"We have copied so much of the title of this work, barely to express our decided approbation of the book, and to recommend its general introduction into schools. It is one of the best books of the kind to be found, and is instructive even to an adult reader. We should be pleased that teachers would rank it among their class-books; for it is well calculated to give correct impressions, to its readers, of the gradual progress of science, religion, government, and many other institutions, a knowledge of which is beneficial in the present age. Among the many striking merits of this book, are, the perspicuity of the narrative, and chasteness of the style. It is with no little pleasure we have learned, that the author has prepared a similar history _of the United States_; a work long wanted, to fill up a deplorable chasm in the education of American youth."
_Analectic Magazine, October, 1819._
* * * * *
"_Philadelphia, 28 June, 1819._
"SIR--I have read with pleasure and profit your History of England. I think it is written with perspicuity, chasteness, and impartiality. Well written history is the best political instructor, and under a government in which it is the blessing of the country that the people govern, its pages should be constantly in the hands of our youth, and lie open to the humblest citizen in our wide-spread territories. Your book is eminently calculated thus to diffuse this important knowledge, and therefore entitled to extensive circulation; which I most cordially wish. With much respect,
"Your obedient servant, "LANGDON CHEVES.
"WILLIAM GRIMSHAW, ESQ."
GRIMSHAW'S IMPROVED EDITION OF GOLDSMITH'S GREECE.--Among the numerous recommendations to this valuable School Book, are the following:--