Conversation: Its Faults and Its Graces
PART IV.
MISTAKES AND IMPROPRIETIES
IN SPEAKING AND WRITING CORRECTED.
1. HAVE you _learned_ French yet? say _learnt_, as _learned_ is now used only as an adjective,--as, _a learned man_. Pronounce _learned_ in _two_ syllables.
2. The business would suit any one who _enjoys bad health_ [from an advertisement in a London newspaper]; say, any one _in a delicate state of health_, or, _whose health is but indifferent_.
3. "We have no _corporeal_ punishment here," said a schoolmaster once to the author of this little work. _Corporeal_ is opposed to _spiritual_; say, _corporal_ punishment. _Corporeal_ means _having a body_. The Almighty is not a _corporeal_ being, but a _spirit_, as St. John tells us.
4. That was a _notable_ circumstance. Pronounce the first syllable of _notable_ as _no_ in _notion_. Mrs. Johnson is a _notable_ housewife; that is to say, _careful_. Pronounce the first syllable of _notable_ as _not_ in _Nottingham_.
5. Put an _advertisement_ in the "Times." Pronounce _advertisement_ with the accent on _ver_, and not on _tise_.
6. He _rose up_ and left the room; leave out _up_.
7. You have _sown_ it very badly; say, _sewed_ it.
8. Mr. Dupont _learnt_ me French; say, _taught_. The _master teaches_, but the _pupil learns_.
9. John and Henry both read well, but John is the _best_ reader; say, the _better_ reader, as _best_ can only be said when _three or more persons_ or objects are compared.
10. The _two first_ pupils I had; say, the _first two_.
11. He has _mistook_ his true interest; say, _mistaken_.
12. Have you _lit_ the fire, Mary? say, _lighted_.
13. The doctor _has not yet came_; say, _has not yet come_.
14. I have always _gave_ him good advice; say, _given_.
15. To be is an _auxiliary_ verb. Pronounce _auxiliary_ in _five_ syllables, sounding the second _i_, and _not in four_, as we so frequently hear it.
16. _Celery_ is a pleasant edible; pronounce _celery_ as it is written, and _not salary_.
17. Are you at _leisure_? pronounce _lei_ in _leisure_ the same as _Lei_ in _Leith_, and _not_ so as to rhyme with _measure_.
18. Have you seen _the Miss Browns_ lately? say, _the Misses Brown_.
19. You have soon _forgot_ my kindness; say, _forgotten_.
20. He keeps _his coach_; say, _his carriage_.
21. John is my _oldest_ brother; say, _eldest_. _Elder_ and _eldest_ are applied to _persons_,--_older_ and _oldest_ to _things_.
22. Disputes have frequently _arose_ on that subject; say, _arisen_.
23. The cloth was _wove_ in a very short time; say, _woven_.
24. French is _spoke_ in every state in Europe; say, _spoken_.
25. He writes as the best authors would have _wrote_, had they _writ_ on the same subject; say, would have _written_,--had they _written_.
26. I prefer the _yolk_ of an egg to the white; say, _yelk_, and sound the _l_.
27. He is now very _decrepid_; say, _decrepit_.
28. I am very fond of _sparrowgrass_; say, _asparagus_, and pronounce it with the accent on _par_.
29. You are very _mischievous_. Pronounce _mischievous_ with the accent on _mis_, and _not on chie_, and do not say _mischievious_.
30. It was very _acceptable_. Pronounce _acceptable_ with the accent on _cept_, and _not on ac_, as we so often hear it.
31. "No conversation be permitted in the Reading Room to the interruption of the company present. _Neither Smoking or Refreshments allowed_" [from the prospectus of a "Literary and Scientific Institution"]; insert _can_ after _conversation_, and say, _neither smoking nor refreshments_.
32. _No extras or vacations_[from the prospectus of a schoolmistress near London]; say, _neither extras nor vacations_.
33. He is very covetous. Pronounce _covetous_ as if it were written _covet us_, and _not covetyus_, as is almost universally the case.
34. I intend to _summons_ him; say, _summon_. _Summons_ is a _noun_, and _not a verb_.
35. Dearly _beloved_ brethren. Pronounce _beloved_ in _three_ syllables, and _never in two_, as some clergymen do.
36. He is now _forsook_ by every one; say, _forsaken_.
37. Not _as I know_; say, _that I know_.
38. He came _for to do_ it; leave out _for_.
39. They have just _rose_ from the table; say, _risen_.
40. He is quite _as good as me_; say, _as good as I_.
41. _Many an one_ has done the same; say, _many a one_. _A_, and _not an_, is used before the _long sound of u_, that is to say, when _u_ forms _a distinct syllable of itself_, as, _a unit_, _union_, _a university_. It is also used before _eu_, as, _a euphony_; and likewise before the word _ewe_, as, _a ewe_. We should also say, _a youth_, not _an youth_.
42. _Many people_ think so; say, _many persons_, as _people_ means _a nation_.
43. "When our ships sail among the _people_ of the Eastern islands, _those people_ do not ask for gold,--'iron! iron!' is the call." [From a work by a peer of literary celebrity.] Say, among the _inhabitants_; and, instead of _those people_, which is ungrammatical, say, _those persons_.
44. _Was you_ reading just now? say, _were you_.
45. I have _not had no dinner yet_; say, _I have had no dinner yet_, or, I have _not yet had my dinner_, or, _any dinner_.
46. She will _never be no taller_; say, she will _never be taller_, or, she will _never be any taller_.
47. I _see him_ last Monday; say, _saw him_.
48. He was _averse from_ such a proceeding; say, _averse to_.
49. He has _wore_ his boots three months; say, _worn_.
50. He has _trod_ on my toes; say, _trodden_.
51. Have you _shook_ the cloth? say, _shaken_.
52. I have _rang_ several times; say, _rung_.
53. I _knowed_ him at once; say, _knew_.
54. He has _growed_ very much; say, _grown_.
55. George has _fell_ down stairs; say, _fallen_.
56. He has _chose_ a very poor pattern; say, _chosen_.
57. They have _broke_ a window; say, _broken_.
58. Give me _them books_; say, _those books_.
59. My brother gave me _them there pictures_; say, gave me _those pictures_.
60. Whose are _these here books_? say, _these books_.
61. The men _which_ we saw; say, _whom_.
62. The books _what_ you have; say, _which_, or _that_.
63. The boy _as is_ reading; say, _who is_ reading.
64. The pond is _froze_; say, _frozen_.
65. He has _took_ my slate; say, _taken_.
66. He has often _stole_ money from him; say, _stolen_.
67. They have _drove_ very fast; say, _driven_.
68. I have _rode_ many miles to-day; say, _ridden_.
69. You cannot _catch_ him; pronounce _catch_ so as to rhyme with _match_, and not _ketch_.
70. Who has _got_ my slate? leave out _got_.
71. What are you _doing of_? leave out _of_.
72. _If I was rich_ I would buy a carriage; say, _If I were_.
73. We have all within us an _impetus_ to sin; pronounce _impetus_ with the accent on _im_, and not on _pe_, as is very often the case.
74. He may go to the _antipodes_ for what I care; pronounce _antipodes_ with the accent on _tip_, and let _des_ rhyme with _ease_. It is a word of _four_ syllables, and _not of three_, as many persons make it.
75. _Vouchsafe_, a word seldom used, but, when used, the first syllable should rhyme with _pouch_. _Never say, vousafe._
76. Ginger is a good _stomachic_; pronounce _stomachic_ with the accent on _mach_, sounding this syllable _mak_, and _not mat_, as is often the case.
77. The land in those parts is very _fertile_; pronounce _fertile_ so as to rhyme with _pill_. The _ile_ in all words must be sounded _ill_, with the exception of _exile_, _senile_, _gentile_, _reconcile_, and _camomile_, in which _ile_ rhymes with _mile_.
78. _It is surprising the fatigue he undergoes_; say, _The fatigue he undergoes is surprising_.
79. _Benefited_; often spelt _benefitted_, but _incorrectly_.
80. _Gather_ up the fragments; pronounce _gather_ so as to rhyme with _lather_, and _not gether_.
81. I _propose_ going to town next week; say, _purpose_.
82. If I _am not mistaken_, you are in the wrong; say, If I _mistake not_.
83. _Direct_ your letters to me at Mr. Jones's; say, _Address_ your letters.
84. Wales is a very _mountainious_ country; say, _mountainous_, and place the accent on _moun_.
85. Of two evils choose _the least_; say, _the less_.
86. _Exag'gerate_; pronounce _exad'gerate_, and _do not sound agger_ as in the word _dagger_, which is a very common mistake.
87. He knows _little or nothing of Latin_; say, _little, if anything, of Latin_.
88. He keeps a _chaise_; pronounce it _shaise_, and not _shay_. It has a regular plural, _chaises_.
88. The _drought_ lasted a long time; pronounce _drought_ so as to rhyme with _snout_, and not _drowth_.
90. The man was _hung_ last week; say, _hanged_; but say, I am fond of _hung beef_. _Hang, to take away life by hanging_, is a regular verb.
91. We _conversed together_ on the subject; leave out _together_, as it is implied in _conversed_, _con_ being equivalent to _with_, that is to say, _We talked with each other_, &c.
92. The affair was _compromised_; pronounce _compromised_ in three syllables, and place the accent on _com_, sounding _mised_ like _prized_. The word has nothing to do with _promised_. The noun _compromise_ is accented like _compromised_, but _mise_ must be pronounced _mice_.
93. A _steam-engine_; pronounce _engine_ with _en_ as in _pen_, and _not like in_, and _gine_ like _gin_.
94. Numbers were _massacred_; pronounce _massacred_ with the accent on _mas_, and _red_ like _erd_, as if _mas'saker'd_, never _mas'sacreed_.
95. The king of Israel and the king of Judah sat _either of them_ on his throne; say, _each of them_. _Either_ signifies the _one_ or the _other_, but _not both_. _Each_ relates to _two or more objects_, and signifies _both of the two_, or _every one of any number taken singly_. _Never_ say "_either_ of the three," but "_each_ or _any one_ of the three."
96. A _respite_ was granted the convict; pronounce _respite_ with the accent on _res_, and sound _pite_ as _pit_.
97. He soon _returned back_; leave out _back_, which is implied by _re_ in _returned_.
98. The _horizon_ is the line that terminates the view; pronounce _horizon_ with the accent on _ri_, and not on _ho_.
99. She has _sang_ remarkably well; say, _sung_.
100. He had _sank_ before assistance arrived; say, _sunk_.
101. I have often _swam_ across the Tyne; say, _swum_.
102. I found my friend better than I expected _to have found him_; say, _to find him_.
103. I intended _to have written_ a letter yesterday; say, _to write_, as however long it now is since I thought of writing, "_to write_" was then present to me, and must still be considered as present when I bring back that time and the thoughts of it.
104. His death _shall be_ long regretted [from a notice of a death in a newspaper]; say, _will be_ long, &c. _Shall_ and _will_ are often confounded; the following rule, however, may be of use to the reader. Mere _futurity_ is expressed by _shall_ in the _first_ person, and by _will_ in the _second_ and _third_; the _determination_ of the speaker by _will_ in the _first_, and _shall_ in the _second_ and _third_; as, I WILL go to-morrow, I SHALL go to-morrow. N. B. The latter sentence simply expresses a future event; the former expresses my determination.
105. "_Without_ the grammatical form of a word can be recognized at a glance, little progress can be made in reading the language" [from a very popular work on the study of the Latin language]; say, _Unless_ the grammatical, &c. The use of _without_ for _unless_ is a very common mistake.
106. Have you begun _substraction_ yet? say, _subtraction_.
107. He claimed admission to the _chiefest_ offices; say, _chief_. _Chief_, _right_, _supreme_, _correct_, _true_, _universal_, _perfect_, _consummate_, _extreme_, &c., _imply_ the superlative degree without _est_ or _most_. In language sublime or impassioned, however, the word _perfect_ requires the superlative form to give it effect. A lover, enraptured with his mistress, would naturally call her the _most perfect_ of her sex.
108. The ship had _sprang_ a leak; say, _sprung_.
109. I _had rather_ do it now; say, I _would rather_.
110. He was served with a _subpoena_; pronounce _subpoena_ with the accent on _poe_, which you will sound like _tea_, and sound the _b_ distinctly. _Never pronounce the word soopee'na._
111. I have not travelled _this twenty years_; say, _these twenty years_.
112. He is _very much the gentleman_; say, He is _a very gentlemanly man_, or _fellow_.
113. The _yellow_ part of an egg is very nourishing; _never_ pronounce _yellow_ like _tallow_, which we so often hear.
114. We are going to the _zoological_ gardens; pronounce _zoological_ in _five_ syllables, and place the accent on _log_ in _logical_. Sound _log_ like _lodge_, and _the first two o's in distinct syllables_. _Never_ make _zool_ _one_ syllable.
115. He always preaches _extempore_; pronounce _extempore_ in _four_ syllables, with the accent on _tem_, and _never in three_, making _pore_ to rhyme with _sore_.
116. _Naught_ and _aught_; _never_ spell these words _nought_ and _ought_. There is no such word as _nought_, and _ought_ is a verb.
117. Allow me to _suggest_; pronounce _sug_ so as to rhyme with _mug_, and _gest_ like _jest_. Never _sudjest_.
118. The Emperor of Russia is a _formidable_ personage; pronounce _formidable_ with the accent on _for_, and _not on mid_, as is often the case.
119. Before the words _heir_, _herb_, _honest_, _honor_, _hostler_, _hour_, _humble_, and _humor_, and their compounds, instead of the article _a_, we make use of _an_, as the _h_ is not sounded; likewise before words beginning with _h_ that are _not_ accented on the _first syllable_, such as _heroic_, _historical_, _hypothesis_, &c., as, _an heroic action_, _an historical work_, _an hypothesis_ that can scarcely be allowed. N. B. The letter _h_ is seldom mute at the beginning of a word; but from the negligence of tutors and the inattention of pupils many persons have become almost incapable of acquiring its just and full pronunciation. It is, therefore, incumbent on teachers to be particularly careful to inculcate a clear and distinct utterance of this sound.
120. He was _such an extravagant young man_ that he soon spent his whole patrimony; say, _so extravagant a young man_.
121. I saw the _slough_ of a snake; pronounce _slough_ so as to rhyme with _rough_.
122. She is _quite the lady_; say, She is _very lady-like in her demeanor_.
123. He is _seldom or ever_ out of town; say, _seldom, if ever_, out of town.
124. Death _unloosed_ his chains; say, _loosed_ his chains.
125. It is dangerous to walk _of a_ slippery morning; say, _on a_ slippery morning.
126. He who makes himself famous by his eloquence, illustrates his origin, let it be _never so mean_; say, _ever so mean_.
127. His fame is acknowledged _through_ Europe; say, _throughout_ Europe.
128. The bank of the river is frequently _overflown_; say, _overflowed_.
129. _Previous to_ my leaving England I called on his lordship; say, _previously to_ my leaving, &c.
130. I doubt _if this_ will ever reach you; say, _whether this_, &c.
131. He was _exceeding kind_ to me; say, _exceedingly kind_.
132. I lost _near_ twenty pounds; say, _nearly_.
133. _Bills are requested to be paid quarterly_; say, _It is requested that bills be paid quarterly_.
134. It was _no use asking_ him any more questions; say, _of no use to ask him_, &c.
135. The Americans said they _had no right_ to pay taxes; say, they _were under no obligation_ to pay, &c.
136. I _throwed_ my box away, and _never took no more snuff_; say, I _threw_, &c., and _took snuff no more_.
137. She was _endowed_ with an exquisite taste for music; say, _endued_ with, &c.
138. I intend to _stop_ at home; say, to _stay_.
139. At this time I _grew_ my own corn; say, I _raised_, &c.
140. He _was_ no sooner departed than they expelled his officers; say, he _had_ no sooner, &c.
141. He _was_ now retired from public business; say, _had_ now retired, &c.
142. They _were_ embarked in a common cause; say, _had_ embarked, &c.
143. Hostilities _were_ now become habitual; say, _had_ now become.
144. Brutus and Aruns killed _one another_; say, _each other_.
145. Pray, sir, who _may you be_? say, who _are you_?
146. Their character as a warlike people _is_ much degenerated; say, _has_ much, &c.
147. He is gone on an _errand_; pronounce _errand_ as it is written, and not _arrant_.
148. In a popular work on arithmetic we find the following sum,--"If for 7_s._ 8_d._, I can buy 9 lbs. of raisins, _how much_ can I purchase for L56 16_s._?" say, "_what quantity_ can I," &c. Who would think of saying "_how much raisins_?"
149. Be very careful in distinguishing between _indite_ and _indict_; _key_ and _quay_; _principle_ and _principal_; _check_ and _cheque_; _marshal_ and _martial_; _counsel_ and _council_; _counsellor_ and _councillor_; _fort_ and _forte_; _draft_ and _draught_; _place_ and _plaice_; _stake_ and _steak_; _satire_ and _satyr_; _stationery_ and _stationary_; _ton_ and _tun_; _levy_ and _levee_; _foment_ and _ferment_; _fomentation_ and _fermentation_; _petition_ and _partition_; _practice_ and _practise_; _Francis_ and _Frances_; _dose_ and _doze_; _diverse_ and _divers_; _device_ and _devise_; _wary_ and _weary_; _salary_ and _celery_; _radish_ and _reddish_; _treble_ and _triple_; _broach_ and _brooch_; _ingenious_ and _ingenuous_; _prophesy_ and _prophecy_; _fondling_ and _foundling_; _lightning_ and _lightening_; _genus_ and _genius_; _desert_ and _dessert_; _currier_ and _courier_; _pillow_ and _pillar_; _executer_ and _executor_; _suit_ and _suite_; _ridicule_ and _reticule_; _lineament_ and _liniment_; _track_ and _tract_; _lickerish_ and _licorice_; _statute_ and _statue_; _ordinance_ and _ordnance_; _lease_ and _leash_; _recourse_ and _resource_; _straight_ and _strait_; _immerge_ and _emerge_; _style_ and _stile_; _compliment_ and _complement_; _bass_ and _base_; _contagious_ and _contiguous_; _eminent_ and _imminent_; _eruption_ and _irruption_; _precedent_ and _president_; _relic_ and _relict_.
150. I prefer _radishes_ to _cucumbers_; pronounce _radishes_ exactly as it is spelt, and not _redishes_, and the _u_ in the first syllable of _cucumber_ as in _fuel_, and not as if the word were _cowcumber_.
151. Never pronounce _barbarous_ and _grievous_, _bartarious_ and _grievious_.
152. The _two last_ chapters are very interesting; say, The _last two_, &c.
153. The soil on these islands is so very thin, that little vegetation is produced upon them _beside_ cocoanut trees; say, _with the exception of_, &c.
154. He restored it _back_ to the owner; leave out _back_.
155. _Here_, _there_, _where_, are generally better than _hither_, _thither_, _whither_, with verbs of motion; as, _Come here_, _Go there_. N. B. _Hither_, _thither_, and _whither_, which were formerly used, are now considered stiff and inelegant.
156. _As far as I_ am able to judge, the book is well written; say, _So far as_, &c.
157. It is doubtful whether he will play _fairly or no_; say, _fairly or not_.
158. "The Pilgrim's _Progress_;" pronounce _progress_, _prog-ress_, not _pro-gress_.
159. He is a boy of a great _spirit_; pronounce _spirit_ exactly as it is written, and never _sperit_.
160. The _camelopard_ is the tallest of known animals; pronounce _camelopard_ with the accent on the _second_ syllable. Never call it _camel leopard_, as is so often heard.
161. He is very _awkward_; never say, _awkard_.
162. He ran _again_ me; I stood _again_ the wall; instead of _again_, say _against_. Do it _again_ the time I mentioned; say, _by_ the time, &c.
163. I always act _agreeable_ to my promise; say, _agreeably_.
164. The study of syntax should be _previously_ to that of punctuation; say, _previous_.
165. No one should incur censure for being tender of _their_ reputation; say, of _his_ reputation.
166. They were all _drownded_; say, _drowned_.
167. _Jalap_ is of great service; pronounce _jalap_ exactly as it is written, NEVER _jollop_.
168. He is gone on a _tour_; pronounce _tour_ so as to rhyme with _poor_, _never_ like _tower_.
169. The rain _is_ ceased; say, _has_ ceased.
170. _They laid their heads together_, and formed their plan; say, _They held a consultation_, &c. _Laid their heads together_ savors of SLANG.
171. The _chimley_ wants sweeping; say, _chimney_.
172. I was walking _towards_ home; pronounce _towards_ so as to rhyme with _boards_. _Never_ say _to wards_.
173. It is a _stupenduous_ work; say, _stupendous_.
174. A _courier_ is expected from Paris; pronounce _cou_ in _courier_ so as to rhyme with _too_. _Never_ pronounce _courier_ like _currier_.
175. Let each of us mind _their_ own business; say, _his_ own business.
176. Is this or that the _best_ road? say, the _better_ road.
177. _Rinse_ your mouth; pronounce _rinse_ as it is written, and NEVER _rense_. "_Wrench your mouth_," said a fashionable dentist one day to the author of this work.
178. The book is not _as_ well printed as it ought to be; say, _so_ well printed, &c.
179. Webster's _Dictionary_ is an admirable work; pronounce _dictionary_ as if written _dik-shun-a-ry_; _not_, as is too commonly the practice, _dixonary_.
180. Some disaster has certainly _befell_ him; say, _befallen_.
181. She is a pretty _creature_; never pronounce _creature_, _creeter_, as is often heard.
182. We went to see the _Monument_; pronounce _monument_ exactly as it is written, and _not_ as many pronounce it, _moniment_.
183. I am very wet, and must go and _change myself_; say, _change my clothes_.
184. He has had a good _education_; _never_ say, _edication_, which is often heard, nor _edicate_ for _educate_.
185. He is much better _than me_; say, _than I_.
186. You are stronger _than him_; say, _than he_.
187. I had _as lief_ stand; say, I _would as soon_ stand.
188. He is _not a whit_ better; say, _in no degree_ better.
189. They are _at loggerheads_; say, _at variance_.
190. His character is _undeniable_,--a very common expression; say, _unexceptionable_.
191. Bring me the _lantern_; never spell _lantern_, _lanthorn_.
192. The room is twelve _foot_ long, and nine _foot_ broad; say, twelve _feet_, nine _feet_.
193. He is _singular_, though _regular_ in his habits, and also very _particular_; beware of leaving out the _u_ in _singular_, _regular_, and _particular_, which is a very common practice.
194. They are detained _at_ France; say, _in_ France.
195. He lives _at_ London; say, _in_ London, and beware of pronouncing _London_, as many careless persons do, _Lunnun_. _At_ should be applied to small towns.
196. No _less_ than fifty persons were there; say, No _fewer_, &c.
197. _Such another_ mistake, and we shall be ruined; say, _Another such_ mistake, &c.
198. It is _some distance_ from our house; say, _at some distance_, &c.
199. I shall call _upon_ him; say, _on_ him.
200. He is a Doctor of _Medicine_; pronounce _medicine_ in _three_ syllables, NEVER in _two_.
201. They told me to enter _in_; leave out _in_, as it is implied in _enter_.
202. His _strength_ is amazing; never say, _strenth_.
203. "_Mistaken_ souls, who dream of heaven,"--this is the beginning of a popular hymn; it should be, "_Mistaking_ souls," &c. _Mistaken wretch_, for _mistaking wretch_, is an apostrophe that occurs everywhere among our poets, particularly those of the stage; the most incorrigible of all, and the most likely to fix and disseminate an error of this kind.
204. Give me both _of_ those books; leave out _of_.
205. Whenever I try to write well, I _always_ find I can do it; leave out _always_, which is unnecessary.
206. He plunged _down_ into the stream; leave out _down_.
207. She is the _matron_; say _may-tron_, and not _mat-ron_.
208. Give me _leave_ to tell you; NEVER say _leaf_ for _leave_.
209. The _height_ is considerable; pronounce _height_ so as to rhyme with _tight_. Never _hate_ nor _heighth_.
210. Who has my _scissors_? _never_ call _scissors_, _sithers_.
211. First _of all_ I shall give you a lesson in French, and last _of all_ in music; leave out _of all_ in both instances, as unnecessary.
212. I shall have finished by the _latter_ end of the week; leave out _latter_, which is unnecessary.
213. They sought him _throughout_ the _whole_ country; leave out _whole_, which is implied in _throughout_.
214. Iron sinks _down_ in water; leave out _down_.
215. I own that I did not come soon enough; but _because why_? I was detained; leave out _because_.
216. Have you seen the new _pantomime_? never say _pantomine_, as there is no such word.
217. I _cannot by no means_ allow it; say, I _can by no means_, &c., or, I _cannot by any means_, &c.
218. He _covered it over_; leave out _over_.
219. I bought _a new pair of shoes_; say, _a pair of new shoes_.
220. He _combined together_ these facts; leave out _together_.
221. My brother called on me, and we _both_ took a walk; leave out _both_, which is unnecessary.
222. The _duke_ discharged his _duty_; sound the _u_ in _duke_ and _duty_ like the word _you_, and carefully avoid saying, _dook_ and _dooty_, or _doo_ for _dew_.
223. _Genealogy_, _geography_, and _geometry_ are words of Greek derivation; beware of saying, _geneology_, _jography_, and _jometry_, a very common practice.
224. He made out the _inventory_; place the accent in _inventory_ on the syllable _in_, and NEVER on _ven_.
225. He deserves _chastisement_; say, _chas-tiz-ment_, with the accent on _chas_, and NEVER on _tise_.
226. He threw the _rind_ away; never call _rind_, _rine_.
227. They contributed to his _maintenance_; pronounce _maintenance_ with the accent on _main_, and _never_ say, _maintainance_.
228. She wears a silk _gown_; never say, _gownd_.
229. Sussex is a _maritime_ county; pronounce the _last_ syllable of _maritime_ so as to rhyme with _rim_.
230. He _hovered_ about the enemy; pronounce _hovered_ so as to rhyme with _covered_.
231. He is a powerful _ally_; _never_ place the accent on _al_ in _ally_, as many do.
232. She bought a _diamond_ necklace; pronounce _diamond_ in _three_ syllables, NEVER in _two_, which is a very common practice.
233. He reads the "Weekly _Despatch_;" NEVER spell the word _despatch_, _dispatch_.
234. He said _as how_ you _was_ to do it; say, he said _that you were to do it_.
235. Never say, "_I acquiesce with you_;" but, "_I acquiesce in your proposal, in your opinion_," &c.
236. He is a distinguished _antiquarian_; say, _antiquary_. _Antiquarian_ is an adjective; _antiquary_, a noun.
237. In Goldsmith's "History of England" we find the following extraordinary sentence in one of the chapters on the reign of Queen Elizabeth:--"This" [a communication to Mary, Queen of Scots] "they effected by conveying their letters to her by means of a brewer _that supplied the family with ale through a chink in the wall of her apartment_." A queer brewer that,--to supply his ale through a chink in the wall! How easy the alteration to make the passage clear! "This they effected by conveying their letters to her _through a chink in the wall of her apartment, by means of a brewer that supplied the family with ale_."
238. Lavater wrote on _Physiognomy_; in the last word sound the _g_ distinctly, as _g_ is always pronounced before _n_ when it is not in the same syllable; as, _indignity_, &c.
239. She is a very clever _girl_; pronounce _girl_ as if written _gerl_; never say _gal_, which is very vulgar.
240. He built a large _granary_; pronounce _granary_ so as to rhyme with _tannery_, never call the word _grainary_.
241. Beware of using _Oh!_ and _O_ indiscriminately; _Oh!_ is used to express the emotion of _pain_, _sorrow_, or _surprise_; as, "Oh! the exceeding grace of God, who loves his creatures so." _O_ is used to express _wishing_, _exclamation_, or a direct _address_ to a person; as,
"O mother, will the God above, Forgive my faults like thee?"
242. Some writers make a distinction between _farther_ and _further_; they are, in fact, the very same word. _Further_, however, is less used than _farther_, though it is the genuine form.
243. He did it _unbeknown_ to us; say, _unknown_, &c.
244. If I say "They retreated _back_," I use a word that is _superfluous_, as _back_ is implied in the syllable _re_ in _retreated_. Never place the accent on _flu_ in _superfluous_, but always on _per_.
245. In reading Paley's "Evidences of Christianity," I unexpectedly _lit on_ the passage I wanted; say, _met with_ the passage, &c.
246. He has ordered a _phaeton_ from his coach-maker; beware of saying, _pheton_ or _phaton_. The word should always be pronounced in _three_ syllables, with the accent on _pha_. N. B. In pha-e-ton the _a_ and _e_ do _not_ form a diphthong, as many suppose; the word is of Greek origin.
247. Be careful to use the hyphen (-) correctly; it joins compound words, and words broken by the ending of the line. The use of the hyphen will appear more clearly from the following example: "_many colored_ wings" means _many_ wings, which are _colored_; but "_many-colored_ wings" means "wings of _many colors_."
248. He had to wait in an _antechamber_; carefully avoid spelling the last word _antichamber_. N. B. An _antechamber_ is the chamber that leads to the chief apartment. _Ante_ is a LATIN PREPOSITION, and means _before_, as, to ante_date_, that is, "to date beforehand." _Anti_ is a GREEK PREPOSITION, and means _against_, as, anti_monarchical_, that is, "against government by a single person."
249. The _axe_ was very sharp; never spell _axe_ without the _e_.
250. The force of voice, which is placed on any particular word or words to distinguish the sense, is called _emphasis_ and those words are called _emphatical words_: as, "Grammar is a _useful_ science." In this sentence the word _useful_ is emphatical. The great importance of _emphasis_ may be seen by the following example:
1. Will you _call_ on me to-morrow? Yes, I shall [_call_].
2. Will you call on _me_ to-morrow? No, but I shall call on your _brother_.
3. Will you call on me _to-morrow_? No, but I shall on the _following day_.
4. Will _you_ call on me to-morrow? No, but my _brother_ will.
251. Never say _o-fences_ for _offences_; _pison_ for _poison_; _co-lection_ for _collection_; _voiolent_ for _violent_; _kiver_ for _cover_; _afeard_ for _afraid_; _debbuty_ for _deputy_.
252. He is a mere _cipher_; never spell _cipher_ with a _y_.
253. I was _necessitated_ to do it; a vile expression, and often made worse by _necessiated_ being used. Say, I was _obliged_, or _compelled_, to do it.
254. Gibbon wrote the "_Rise_ and Fall of the Roman Empire;" pronounce _rise_, the noun, so as to rhyme with _price_; _rise_, the verb, rhymes with _prize_.
255. Have you been to the _National_ Gallery? Never pronounce _national_ as if it were written _nay-shun-al_, a very common error, and by no means confined to uneducated persons.
256. I bought a new _umbrella_; beware of pronouncing _umbrella_, _umberella_, or _umbereller_, both very common errors.
257. He is a supporter of the _government_; beware of omitting the _n_ in the second syllable of _government_. A very common practice.
258. He strenuously maintained the _contrary_; never place the accent on the _second_ syllable in _contrary_. In the ancient and time-honored ditty, however, of
"Mistress Mary, Quite _contrary_, How does your garden grow?"
a ballad with which we are all more or less familiar, the word "_contrary_" _is_ accented on the _second_ syllable, so as to rhyme with the name of the venerable dame to whom these memorable lines were addressed.
259. "Received this day _of_ Mr. Brown, ten pounds;" say, "Received this day _from_", &c.
260. "In what case is the word _dominus_?" "In the _nominative_, sir." In the hurry of school pronunciation "_nominative_" is nearly always heard in _three_ syllables, as if written _nomnative_ or _nomative_, an error that should be very carefully avoided; it is a word of _four_ syllables.
261. Of whatever you _get_, endeavor to save something; and, with all your _getting_, _get_ wisdom. Carefully avoid saying _git_ for _get_, and _gitting_ for _getting_.
262. So intent was he on the song he was _singing_, as he stood by the fire, that he did not perceive that his clothes were _singeing_. N. B. Verbs ending with a _single e_ omit the _e_ when the termination _ing_ is added; as, _give_, _giving_. In _singeing_, however, the _e_ must be retained, to prevent its being confounded with _singing_.
263. The boy had a _swingeing_ for _swinging_ without permission. _Read the preceding note._
264. The man who was _dyeing_ said that his father was then _dying_. Read the note in No. 262, in reference to _dyeing_; and observe that _die_ changes the _i_ into _y_ before the addition of the termination _ing_.
265. His _surname_ is Clifford; never spell the _sur_ in _surname_, _sir_, which shows an ignorance of is true derivation, which is from the Latin.
266. In "Bell's Life in London," of Saturday, Jan. 13th, of the current year [1855], there is a letter from a Scotchman to the editor on the subject of the declining salmon fisheries in Scotland. In one passage the writer thus expresses himself: "The Duke of Sutherland has got _almost no rent_ for these [salmon] rivers for the last four years," &c. The writer should have said, _scarcely any rent_. "_Almost no rent_" is a downright Scotticism.
267. His _mamma_ sent him to a preparatory school; _mamma_ is often written with one _m_ only, which is not, as may at first be supposed, in imitation of the French [_maman_], but in sheer ignorance. The word is pure Greek.
268. Active verbs often take a neuter sense; as, _The house is building_. Here _is building_ is used in a neuter signification, because it has no object after it. By this rule are explained such sentences as, _Application is wanting_, _The grammar is printing_, &c.
269. He _attackted_ me without the slightest provocation; say, _attacked_.
270. I saw him _somewheres_ in the city; say, _somewhere_. N. B. _Nowheres_, _everywheres_, and _anywheres_ are also very frequently heard.
271. He is still a _bacheldor_; say, _bachelor_.
272. His language was quite _blasphemous_; beware of placing the accent on _phe_ in _blasphemous_. A very common mistake. Place the accent on the syllable _blas_.
273. I fear I shall _discommode_ you; say, _incommode_.
274. I can do it _equally as well as_ he; leave out _equally_, which is altogether superfluous.
275. We could not forbear _from_ doing it; leave out _from_, which is unnecessary.
276. They accused him _for_ neglecting his duty; say, _of_ neglecting, &c.
277. He was made much _on_ at Bath; say, made much _of_, &c.
278. He is a man _on_ whom you can confide; say, _in_ whom, &c.
279. _I'm thinking_ he will soon arrive; say, _I think_, &c.
280. He was obliged to _fly_ the country; say, _flee_ the country. A very common mistake.
281. The snuffers _wants_ mending; say, _want_ mending.
282. His conduct admits _of_ no apology; leave out _of_, which is quite unnecessary.
283. A _gent_ has been here, inquiring for you,--a detestable, but very common, expression; say, a _gentleman_, &c.
284. That was _all along of_ you; say, That was _all your fault_.
285. You have no _call_ to be vexed with me; say, no _occasion_, &c.
286. I _don't_ know nothing about it,--a very common cockneyism; leave out _don't_.
287. I _had_ rather not, should be, I _would_ rather not.
288. I _had better_ go, should be, _It were better_ that I should go.
289. A _new pair_ of gloves, should be, A _pair of new_ gloves.
290. He is a _very rising_ man, should be, He is _rising rapidly_.
291. Apartments _to let_, should be, Apartments _to be let_.
292. No _less_ than ten persons, should be, No _fewer_ than ten persons. _Less_ must be applied to quantity, as, No _less_ than ten pounds. _Fewer_ must be applied to things.
293. I _never_ speak, _whenever_ I can help it, should be, I never speak _when_ I can help it.
294. _Before_ I do that, I must _first_ be paid, should be, Before I do that, I must be paid.
295. To _get over_ an illness, should be, To _survive_, or, To _recover from_ an illness.
296. To _get over_ a person, should be, To _persuade_ a person.
297. To _get over_ a fact, should be, To _deny_ or _refute_ it.
298. The _then_ Duke of Bedford, should be, The Duke of Bedford _of that day_, or, The _sixth_ Duke of Bedford.
299. The _then_ Mrs. Howard, should be, The Mrs. Howard _then living_.
300. A _couple_ of pounds, should be, _Two_ pounds. Couple implies union, as, A married couple.
301. He speaks _slow_, should be, He speaks _slowly_.
302. He is _noways_ in fault, should be, He is _nowise_ in fault.
303. He is _like_ to be, should be, He is _likely_ to be.
304. _All over_ the land, should be, _Over all_ the land.
305. I am stout in comparison _to_ you, should be, I am stout in comparison _with_ you.
306. At _best_, should be, At _the best_.
307. At _worst_, should be, At _the worst_.
308. The dinner was _all eat up_, should be, The dinner was _all eaten_.
309. I _eat_ heartily, should be, I _ate_ heartily.
310. As I _take_ it, should be, As I _see_ it, or _understand_ it.
311. I shall _fall down_, should be, I shall _fall_.
312. It fell _on_ the floor, should be, It fell _to_ the floor.
313. He _again repeated_ it, should be, He _repeated_ it.
314. His conduct was _approved of_ by all, should be, His conduct was _approved_ by all.
315. He was killed _by_ a cannon ball, should be, He was killed _with_ a cannon ball. The gun was fired _by_ a man.
316. Six weeks _back_, should be, Six weeks _ago_, or _since_.
317. _Every now and then_, should be, _Often_, or _Frequently_.
318. Who finds him _in_ money? should be, Who finds him money?
319. The _first of all_, should be, The _first_.
320. The _last of all_, should be, The _last_.
321. Be that as it _will_, should be, Be that as it _may_.
322. My _every_ hope, should be, _All_ my hopes.
323. Since _when_, should be, Since _which time_.
324. He put it _in_ his pocket, should be, He put it _into_ his pocket.
325. Since _then_, should be, Since _that time_.
326. The _latter_ end, should be, The _end_.
327. I saw it _in here_, should be, I saw it _here_.
328. That _ay'nt_ just, should be, That _is not_ just.
329. The hen is _setting_, should be, The hen is _sitting_.
330. The wind _sets_, should be, The wind _sits_.
331. To _lift up_, should be, To _lift_.
332. I said so _over again_, should be, I _repeated_ it.
333. From _here to there_, should be, From _this place to that_.
334. _Nobody else_ but him, should be, _Nobody_ but him.
335. The balloon _ascended up_, should be, The balloon _ascended_.
336. _This_ two days, should be, _These_ two days.
337. Do you _mean_ to come? should be, Do you _intend_ to come?
338. Each of them _are_, should be, Each of them _is_. _Each_ means one _and_ the other of two.
339. _Either_ of the _three_, should be, _Any one_ of the three. _Either_ means one _or_ the other of two.
340. _Neither_ one _or_ the other, should be, Neither one _nor_ the other. _Neither_ (not either) means not the one _nor_ the other of two.
341. Better _nor_ that, should be, Better _than_ that.
342. _Bad grammar_, should be, Bad or ungrammatical _English_.
343. As soon as _ever_, should be, As soon as.
344. You will _some_ day be sorry, should be, You will _one_ day be sorry.
345. From _now_, should be, From _this time_.
346. Therefore, I _thought_ it proper to write you, should be, Therefore, I _think_ it proper to write _to_ you.
347. _There's_ thirty, should be, There _are_ thirty.
348. _Subject matter_, should be, The subject.
349. A _summer's_ morning, should be, A _summer_ morning.
350. My clothes _have got_ too small, or too short, for me, should be, I have become too stout or too tall for my clothes.
351. A _most perfect_ poem, should be, A _perfect_ poem. Perfect, supreme, complete, brief, full, empty, true, false, do not admit of comparison.
352. Avoid using unmeaning or vulgar phrases in speaking, as, You don't say so? Don't you know? Don't you see? You know; You see; So, you see, &c.
353. Is Mr. Smith _in_? should be, Is Mr. Smith _within_?
354. The _other one_, should be, The other.
355. _Another one_, should be, Another.
356. I _left_ this morning. Name the place left.
357. Over head _and ears_, should be, Over _head_.
358. I may _perhaps_, or _probably_, should be, I may.
359. Whether he will or _no_, should be, Whether he will or _not_.
360. _Says_ I, should be, _Said_ I, or, I _said_.
361. He spoke _contemptibly_ of him, should be, He spoke _contemptuously_ of him.
362. _Was_ you? should be, _Were_ you?
363. I am _oftener_ well than ill, should be, I am _more frequently_ well than ill.
364. For _good and all_, should be, For _ever_.
365. It is _above_ a month since, should be, It is _more_ then a month since.
366. He is a _superior_ man, should be, He is _superior to most_ men.
367. He _need_ not do it, should be, He _needs_ not do it.
368. Go _over_ the bridge, should be, Go _across_ the bridge.
369. I was some distance from home, should be, I was _at_ some distance from home.
370. He _belongs_ to the _Mechanics'_ Institution, should be, He is a _member_ of the _Mechanics'_ Institution.
371. For _such another_ book, should be, For _another such_ book.
372. They _mutually_ loved _each other_, should be, They loved _each other_.
373. I _ay'nt_, should be, I _am not_.
374. I am _up to you_, should be, I _understand_ you.
375. Bread has _rose_, should be, Bread has _risen_.
376. He was in _eminent_ danger, should be, He was in _imminent_ danger.
377. Take hold _on_, should be, Take hold _of_.
378. Vegetables were _plenty_, should be, Vegetables were _plentiful_.
379. Avoid all slang and vulgar words and phrases, as, _Any how_, _Bating_, _Bran new_, _To blow up_, _Bother_, _Cut_, _Currying favor_, _Fork out_, _Half an eye_, _I am up to you_, _Kick up_, _Leastwise_, _Nowheres_, _Pell-mell_, _Scrape_, _The Scratch_, _Rum_, _Topsy-turvey_, _Walk into_, _Whatsomever_.
"Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar."--SHAKESPEARE.
CATALOGUE
OF
Books for Schools and Colleges,
PUBLISHED BY
JAMES MUNROE & CO.
No. 134 Washington Street, Boston,
AND
Lyceum Building, Harvard Square, Cambridge.
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FIRST LESSONS IN GRAMMAR.
LITTLE EDWARD'S FIRST LESSONS IN GRAMMAR. By Mrs. Lowell. 18mo. 17 cents.
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ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR, on the basis of Lindley Murray. By John Goldsbury. 12mo. 20 cents.
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SEQUEL TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
SEQUEL TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR, being the second part. By John Goldsbury. 12mo. 20 cents.
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DEVOTIONAL EXERCISES.
DEVOTIONAL EXERCISES FOR SCHOOLS AND FAMILIES, with a Selection of Hymns. 16mo. 37 cents.
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MORAL PHILOSOPHY.
A SYSTEM OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY. Adapted to Children and Families, and especially to Common Schools. By Rev. D. Steele and a Friend. 18mo. pp. 80. 15 cts.
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UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT.
MASON ON THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. This work is highly recommended by the late Judge Story. 12mo. 84 cents.
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RUSSELL'S ELOCUTIONARY READER.
THE ELOCUTIONARY READER; containing a Selection of Reading Lessons. By Anna U. Russell. With Introductory Rules and Exercises in Elocution. By W. Russell, Author of the University Speaker. 12mo. pp. 480. 83 cents.
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RUSSELL'S INTRODUCTION TO THE READER.
INTRODUCTION TO THE ELOCUTIONARY READER: containing a Selection of Reading Lessons; together with the Rudiments of Elocution. By William and Anna U. Russell. New Edition. 12mo. pp. 252. 63 cents.
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RUSSELL'S UNIVERSITY SPEAKER.
THE UNIVERSITY SPEAKER: a Collection of Pieces designed for College Exercises in Declamation and Recitation, with Suggestions on the Appropriate Elocution of Particular Passages. By William Russell, Author of the Elocutionary Reader, &c. 12mo. New Edition. pp. 528. $1.25.
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PICTORIAL NATURAL HISTORY.
A PICTORIAL HISTORY: embracing a View of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms. For the Use of Schools. By S. G. Goodrich. Author of Peter Parley's Tales. New Edition. 12mo. Four Hundred Cuts. $1.00.
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JOUFFROY'S INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS.
INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS, including a Critical Survey of Moral Systems. Translated from the French of Jouffroy. By William H. Channing. Two vols. 12mo. pp. 362 each. Sixth Edition. $2.00.
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STEWART'S PHILOSOPHY.
STEWART'S PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN MIND. Revised and abridged, with Critical and Explanatory Notes, for the Use of Colleges and Schools. By Francis Bowen, Alford Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy in Harvard College. Second Edition. 12mo. pp. 502. $1.25.
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MATHEMATICAL ARITHMETIC.
MATHEMATICAL ARITHMETIC, By Rev. Thomas Hill. 12mo. 37 cents.
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GEOMETRY AND SCIENCE OF FORM.
AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOMETRY AND THE SCIENCE OF FORM. Prepared from the most approved Prussian Text-Books. 12mo. pp. 180. 160 Figures, 83 cents.
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GEOMETRICAL BLOCKS.
GEOMETRICAL BLOCKS, designed to accompany The Introduction to Geometry. In case. $2.00.
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PEIRCE'S ALGEBRA.
An ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON ALGEBRA, To which are added Exponential Equations and Logarithms. By Benjamin Peirce, A. M., Perkins Professor of Astronomy and Mathematics in Harvard University. 12mo. Seventh Edition. 83 cents.
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AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON PLANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY. New Edition. 12mo. 184 Figures. 83 cents.
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AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON CURVES, FUNCTIONS, AND FORCES. Volume First, containing Analytic Geometry and the Differential Calculus. Volume Second, containing Calculus of Imaginary Quantities, Residual Calculus, and Integral Calculus. Second Edition. 2 vols. 12mo. Plates. $2.50.
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WHATELY'S ELEMENTS OF LOGIC.
ELEMENTS OF LOGIC, comprising the Substance of the Article in the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, with Additions, &c. By Richard Whately, D. D., Archbishop of Dublin. New revised Edition, with the Author's last Additions. Large 12mo. pp. 484. Cloth stamped. $1.00.
"This work (Elements of Logic) has long been our text-book here. The style in which you have published this new edition of so valuable a work leaves nothing to be desired in regard of elegance and convenience."--PROFESSOR DUNN, _Brown University._
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WHATELY'S ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC.
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QUESTIONS TO WHATELY'S LOGIC.
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BOWEN'S VIRGIL.
P. VIRGILII MARONIS BUCOLICA, GEORGICA, ET AENEIS. Virgil; with English Notes, prepared for the Use of Classical Schools and Colleges. By Francis Bowen, Alford Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy in Harvard College. Stereotype Edition. 8vo. pp. 600. $2.25.
* * * * *
Transcriber's Notes:
Obvious punctuation errors repaired.
Page 6 "havn't" changed to "haven't" (and _haven't_, are)
Page 38, "recal" changed to "recall" (long to recall)
Page 109, "_I threw_" changed to "I _threw_ to match rest of usage
Advertising, Page 2, "RUSSELLS'" changed to "RUSSELL'S" (RUSSELL'S INTRODUCTION TO THE READER)