CHAPTER IX.

RUSSIAN NIHILISM.

Haxthausen's Opinion of Russia's Safety from Socialism, 259--Successive Phases of Nihilism, 260--Origin of Nihilism, 261--Influence of the Rural Commune on Revolutionary Thought, 262--Decabrist Conspiracy of 1825, 263--Extreme Opinions at Russian Universities in Reign of Nicholas, 264--Ascension of Alexander II., 264--Alexander Herzen, 265--Turgenieff and the word Nihilist, 266--Koscheleff and Fircks's Accounts of Nihilism, 267--Causes of it, 268--Nihilist Sunday Schools, Tchernycheffsky, 269--Effect of Emancipation of Serfs, 270--Ruined Landlords, 270--Jews, 271--Heretics, 272--Bakunin, 273--Herzen's Recantation of Revolutionism, 273--Bakunin in London, 274--His "Amorphism," 274--His Picture of the Good Revolutionist, 275--Netchaïeff founds Branches of the International in Russia, 276--The first Attempt on the Czar, 276--Reversion to Arbitrary and Despotic Government, 276--Bakunin and Lavroff at Zurich, 278--"Going into the People," 279--Secret Societies, 280--Nihilist Arrests and Trials, 281--Terrorism, 282--Assassination of Czar, 283--Present Socialist Parties, 283--The Black Division Party, 283--Alarming Growth of a Proletariat in Russia, 284--Impoverishment of Peasantry, 286--Break up of Communistic System, 288--Dissolution of House Communities, 289--The Black Division, 292--The Labour Emancipation League, 295.