Chapter 6

2. Another interesting comparison is between Mrs. Gerould's stories and the collection entitled _Bliss_ by the English writer, Katherine Mansfield (Mrs. J. Middleton Murry); cf. Manly and Rickert, _Contemporary British Literature_.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

*Vain Oblations. 1914. *The Great Tradition. 1915. Hawaii, Scenes and Impressions. 1916. A Change of Air. 1917. Modes and Morals. 1919. (Essays.) Lost Valley. 1921. (Novel.)

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 44 ('16): 31. Cur. Lit. 58 ('15):353. New Repub. 22 ('20): 97. No. Am. 211 ('20): 564. (Lawrence Gilman.) See also _Book Review Digest_, 1914-17, 1920.

+Fannie Stearns Davis Gifford (Mrs. Augustus McKinstry Gifford)+--poet.

Born at Cleveland, Ohio, 1884. A.B., Smith College, 1904. Taught English at Kemper Hall, Kenosha, Wisconsin, 1906-7.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Myself and I. 1913. Crack o' Dawn. 1915.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 47 ('18): 388. Poetry, 2 ('13): 225; 6 ('15): 45.

+Arturo Giovannitti+--poet.

Born in the Abruzzi, Italy, 1884, of a family of good social standing, his father and one of his brothers being doctors, and another brother a lawyer. Educated in a local Italian college. Came to America in 1900, full of enthusiasm for democracy. Worked in a coal mine. Later, studied at Union Theological Seminary. Conducted Presbyterian missions in several places.

In 1906, he became a socialist and one of the leaders of the I.W.W. During the Lawrence strikes he preached the doctrine of Syndicalism and was arrested on the charge of inciting to riot. He also organized relief work for the strikers.

On an Italian newspaper; editor of _Il Proletario_, a socialist paper. His first speech in English was made at the time of his trial and produced a powerful effect upon his audience. During his imprisonment, he studied English literature and wrote poems, of which the most famous is "The Walker." His chief concern is with the submerged, and he writes from actual experience of having been "one of those who sleep in the park."

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. What are the main features of the social creed at the root of Giovannitti's poetry?

2. Is he a poet or a propagandist? Test his sincerity; his passion; his truth to experience.

3. What are his limitations as thinker and as poet?

4. Compare and contrast his work with Whitman's in ideas and in form.

5. Do you find marks of greatness in him?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arrows in the Gale. 1914. (With introduction by Helen Keller.) Also in: Others. 1919.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Untermeyer.

Atlan, 111 ('13): 853. Cur. Op. 54 ('13): 24 (portrait). Forum, 52 ('14): 609. Lit. Digest, 45 ('12): 441. Outlook, 104 ('13): 504. Poetry, 6 ('15): 36. Survey, 29 ('12): 163 (portrait).

+Ellen (Anderson Gholson) Glasgow+--novelist.

Born at Richmond, Virginia, 1874. Privately educated. Her best work deals with life in Virginia.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Descendant. 1897. Phases of an Inferior Planet. 1898. The Voice of the People. 1900. The Battle-ground. 1902. The Deliverance. 1904. The Ancient Law. 1908. *The Romance of a Plain Man. 1909. *The Miller of Old Church. 1911. Virginia. 1913. Life and Gabriella. 1916. The Builders. 1919. Stranger Things Have Happened. 1922.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Cooper. Harkins. (Women). Overton.

Bookm. 19 ('04): 14 (portrait), 43; 29 ('09): 613 (portrait), 619. Critic, 44 ('04): 200 (portrait). Cur. Lit. 32 ('02): 623. Cur. Op. 55 ('13): 50 (portrait). Outlook, 71 ('02): 213 (portrait). World's Work, 5 ('02): 2793 (portrait); 39 ('20): 492 (portrait).

+Susan Glaspell (Mrs. George Cram Cook)+--dramatist, novelist.

Born at Davenport, Iowa, 1882. Ph.B., Drake University and post-graduate work at the University of Chicago. Statehouse and legislative reporter for the _News_ and the _Capitol_, Des Moines. Connected with the Little Theatre movement through the Provincetown Players.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Glory of the Conquered; the Story of a Great Love. 1909. The Visioning. 1911. (Novel.) Lifted Masks. 1912. (Short stories.) Fidelity. 1915. (Novel.) Suppressed Desires. 1915. (With George Cram Cook, q.v.) Trifles. 1916. People; and Close the Book. 1918. Plays. 1920. (Trifles, The People, Close the Book, The Outside, Woman's Honor, Suppressed Desires, with George Cram Cook, Tickless Time, with same; and Bernice, a three act play.) Inheritors. 1921.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 33 ('11): 350 (portrait), 419; 46 ('18): 700 (portrait). Cur. Op. 59 ('15): 48 (portrait). Freeman, 1 ('20): 518. Nation, 111 ('20): 509; 113 ('21): 708. R. of Rs. 39 ('09): 760 (portrait). See also _Book Review Digest_, 1915, 1920.

+Montague (Marsden) Glass+ (England, 1877)--short-story writer. The creator of Potash and Perlmutter.

For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+Kenneth Sawyer Goodman+--dramatist.

Born in 1883. Lieutenant in the Navy, chief aide at Great Lakes Naval Station. Coöperated with B. Iden Payne at Fine Arts Theatre, 1913. Died in 1918.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dust of the Road, a Play in One Act. 1912. Holbein in Blackfriars; an Improbable Comedy. 1913. (With Thomas Wood Stevens.) Back of the Yards, a Play in One Act. 1914. Barbara, a Play in One Act. 1914. The Game of Chess; a Play in One Act. 1914. Ephraim and the Winged Bear; a Christmas-Eve Nightmare in One Act. 1914. Dancing Dolls, a Fantastic Comedy in One Act. 1915. A Man Can Only Do His Best; a Fantastic Comedy in One Act. 1915. *Quick Curtains. 1915. (Includes all the preceding plays.) The Green Scarf; an Artificial Comedy in One Act. 1920. The Hero of Santa Maria; a Ridiculous Tragedy in One Act, 1920. (With Ben Hecht, q.v.) The Wonder Hat; a Harlequinade in One Act. 1920. (With Ben Hecht, q.v.)

+Robert Grant+--novelist.

Born at Boston, 1852. A.B., Harvard, 1873; Ph.D., 1876; LL.B., 1879. Judge since 1893. Overseer of Harvard, 1895--.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Little Tin Gods on Wheels. 1879. An Average Man. 1883. The Reflections of a Married Man. 1892. The Opinions of a Philosopher. 1893. The Art of Living. 1895. Unleavened Bread. 1900. The Orchid. 1905. The Chippendales. 1909. The Convictions of a Grandfather. 1912. Their Spirit. 1916.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Harkins.

Bookm. 11 ('00): 463. Critic, 37 ('00): 3 (portrait); 46 ('05): 209 (portrait), 368. Cur. Lit. 29 ('00): 418. Ind. 58 ('05): 1006 (portrait), 1008; 60 ('06): 1047. Outlook, 78 ('04): 867 (portrait); 92 ('09): 42. R. of Rs. 31 ('05): 118 (portrait.)

+"Grayson, David."+ See _Ray Stannard Baker_.

+Zane Grey+ (Ohio, 1875)--novelist.

Writes of the West, from Idaho to Texas. For bibliography, see _Who's Who in America_.

+Arthur Guiterman+--poet.

Born of American parents in Vienna, Austria, 1871. B.A., College of the City of New York, 1891. Editorial work on the _Woman's Home Companion_, _Literary Digest_, and other magazines, 1891-1906. Lecturer on magazine and newspaper verse, New York School of Journalism, 1912-15.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Laughing Muse. 1915. The Mirthful Lyre. 1918. Ballads of Old New York. 1919. Chips of Jade, or What They Say in China. 1920. (Includes _Betel Nuts, or What They Say in Hindustan_.) The Ballad-Maker's Pack. 1921.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 42 ('15): 461. Ind. 88 ('16): 312 (portrait). Lit. Digest, 52 ('16): 241. See also _Book Review Digest_, 1920.

+Francis (O'Byrne) Hackett+--critic.

Born in Kilkenny, Ireland, 1883. Son of a physician. Educated at Clongowes Wood College, Kildare. Came to America in 1900. Began as office boy and gradually worked his way up as critic and editorial writer. Connected with the _Chicago Evening Post_, 1906-11. Associate editor of the _New Republic_, 1914-22.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ireland, A Study in Nationalism. 1918. Horizons. 1918. The Invisible Censor. 1921.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 47 ('18): 312. New Repub. 16 ('18): 308; 19 ('19): 88. See also _Book Review Digest_, 1918, 1921.

+Hermann Hagedorn, Jr.+--man of letters.

Born in New York City, 1882. A.B., Harvard, 1907. Studied at University of Berlin, 1907-8, and at Columbia, 1908-9. Instructor in English at Harvard, 1909-11.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Poems and Ballads. 1912. Faces in the Dawn. 1914. (Novel.) Makers of Madness. 1914. (Play.) The Great Maze--The Heart of Youth. 1916. (Poem and play.) Barbara Picks a Husband. 1918. (Novel.) Hymn of Free Peoples Triumphant. 1918.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 47 ('18): 394. Ind. 74 ('13): 53. New Repub. 7 ('16): 234. Outlook, 102 ('12): 207 (portrait); 103 ('13): 262. Poetry, 9 ('16): 90. See also _Book Review Digest_, 1913-4, 1916-21.

+Clayton (Meeker) Hamilton+--critic, dramatist.

Born at Brooklyn, New York, 1881. A.B., Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, 1900; A.M., Columbia, 1901. Teacher of English and lecturer in various schools and colleges, 1901-17. Dramatic critic and associate editor of the _Forum_, 1907-09. Dramatic editor of _The Bookman_, 1910-18, and of other magazines. Has traveled widely.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Studies in Stage Craft. 1914. The Big Idea. 1917. (With A.E. Thomas, q.v.) Problems of the Playwright. 1917. Seen on the Stage. 1920.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 27 ('08): 340 (portrait); 42 ('16): 523 (portrait); 46 ('17): 257 (portrait). See also _Book Review Digest_, 1915, 1917.

+Arthur Sherburne Hardy+--novelist.

Born at Andover, Massachusetts, 1847. Graduate of U.S. Military Academy, 1869. Honorary higher degrees. Studied and taught civil engineering, 1874-78, and mathematics, 1878-93, at Dartmouth. Represented the United States in Persia and in various countries of Europe as minister, 1897-1905.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

But Yet a Woman. 1883. *Passe Rose. 1889. Aurélie. 1912. Diane and Her Friends. 1914. Helen. 1916. No. 13, Rue du Bon Diable. 1917. Peter. 1920.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bk. Buyer, 21 ('00): 96. Nation, 99 ('14): 582. R. of Rs. 27 ('03): 628 (portrait).

+Frank Harris+--man of letters.

Born in Galway, Ireland, 1854, but came to the United States in 1870. Naturalized. Educated at the universities of Kansas, Paris, Heidelberg, Strassburg, Göttingen, Berlin, Vienna, and Athens (no degrees). Admitted to the Kansas bar, 1875. Later, returned to Europe and became editor of the _Evening News_ and _Fortnightly Review_ and secured control of the _Saturday Review_.

Mr. Harris's work belongs in a class by itself. It is valuable partly for its content, as in the case of his intimate portraits of famous men whom he has known, and partly for the force and brilliancy of the style.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Elder Conklin. 1892. (Novel.) The Bomb--A Story of the Chicago Anarchists of 1886. 1909. The Man Shakespeare. 1909. Montes, the Matador. 1910. (Short stories.) Shakespeare and his Love. 1910. The Women of Shakespeare. 1911. Gravitation. 1912. Unpathed Waters. 1913. The Veils of Isis and Other Stories. 1914. *Contemporary Portraits. 1914. Great Days. 1914. (Novel.) Love in Youth. 1914. England or Germany? 1915. Oscar Wilde; His Life and Confessions. 1916. *Contemporary Portraits. Second Series. 1919. A Mad Love. 1920. *Contemporary Portraits. Third Series. 1921.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 36 ('13): 498; 37 ('13): 592. Bookm. (Lond.) 45 ('14): 226; 47 ('15): 160. Cur. Op. 59 ('15): 196. Eng. Rev. 9 ('11): 599. Forum, 55 ('16): 189. Lit. Digest, 46 ('13): 134 (portrait). Lond. Times, Oct. 7, 1915: 341. Nation, 101 ('10): 361. New Repub. 29 ('21): 21. (Hackett.) No. Am. 202 ('15): 915. Sat. Rev. 90 ('00): 551.

+Henry Sydnor Harrison+--novelist.

Born at Sewanee, Tennessee, 1880. A.B., Columbia, 1900; A.M., 1913.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

Read the article by Robert Herrick listed below, and compare Harrison's work with that of Dickens, Sterne, and Meredith. Deal with each novelist separately according to the influences noted by Mr. Herrick.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Captivating Mary Carstairs. 1911. (Under the pseudonym, "Henry Second.") Queed. 1911. V.V.'s Eyes. 1913. Angela's Business. 1915. When I Come Back. 1919. Saint Teresa. 1922.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 39 ('14): 420 (portrait). Columbia Univ. Quar. 15 ('13): 341 (portrait). Cur. Op. 58 ('15): 352 (portrait). Ind. 71 ('11): 533 (portrait). Lit. Digest, 48 ('14): 905 (portrait). New Repub. 2 ('15): 199. (Herrick.) World's Work, 26 ('13): 221.

+Ben Hecht+--novelist, dramatist.

Born in New York City, 1893. Traveled much until he was eight years old, then lived in Racine, Wisconsin, and was educated in the Racine high school. Went to Chicago, intending to join the Thomas Orchestra as violinist, but instead, joined the staff of the Chicago _Journal_ and later that of the _Daily News_. War correspondent in Germany.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Hero of Santa Maria; a Ridiculous Tragedy in One Act. 1920. (With Kenneth Sawyer Goodman, q.v.) The Wonder Hat; a Harlequinade in One Act. 1920. (With Kenneth Sawyer Goodman, q.v.) Erik Dorn. 1921. (Novel.) Also in: The Little Review. (_Passim._)

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Cur. Op. 71 ('21): 644. Dial, 71 ('21): 597. Freeman, 4 ('21): 282. See also _Book Review Digest_, 1921.

+Joseph Hergesheimer+--novelist.

Born at Philadelphia, 1880. Educated for a short time at a Quaker school in Philadelphia and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. Note Mr. Hergesheimer's use of setting and atmosphere. What is the relative importance of these to plot and character? Is the author's main interest in developing a story, in creating characters that live, or in suggesting particular phases of life, each with its own physical and emotional atmosphere?

2. What evidences of originality do you find in his books?

3. Is the author a realist or a romanticist? Is it true, as has been said, that he stands midway between the "unrelieved realism" of the new school of writers and the "genteel moralism" of the old?

4. Consider these two criticisms of Mr. Hergesheimer's work: (1) He aims to set down "relative truth ... the colors and scents and emotions of existence"; and (2) he is at times as much concerned "with the stuffs as with the stuff of life."

5. Make a special study of his style: (1) of his use of suggestion; (2) of his choice of words; (3) of his feeling for rhythm. It is true that there is both art and artifice in his methods?

6. In what ways, if any, has he made actual contribution to American literature? Can you prophesy as to his future?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Lay Anthony. 1914. Mountain Blood. 1915. The Three Black Pennys. 1917. Gold and Iron. 1918. (Wild Oranges, Tubal Cain, The Dark Fleece.) *Java Head. 1919. The Happy End. 1919. (Play.) *Linda Condon. 1919. Hugh Walpole, an Appreciation. 1919. San Cristóbal de la Habana. 1920. Cytherea. 1922. The Bright Shawl. 1922.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Ath. 1919, 2: 1339. (Conrad Aiken.) Bookm. 50 ('19): 267. (James Branch Cabell.) Bookm. (Lond.) 56 ('19): 65; 58 ('20): 193. (Portraits.) Cur. Op. 66 ('19): 184; 68 ('20): 229; 71 ('21): 237. (Portraits.) Dial, 66 ('19): 449. Lond. Mercury, 1 ('20): 342. Nation, 109 ('19): 404; 112 ('21): 741. (Carl Van Doren.) Sat. Rev. 128 ('19): 343. Spec. 125 ('20): 371. See also _Book Review Digest_, 1919.

+Robert Herrick+--novelist.

Born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1868. A.B., Harvard, 1890. Taught English at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1890-3, and at the University of Chicago since then, becoming professor, 1905. More important for interpretation of his work is the fact that he has carefully studied modern English and Continental literatures and is deeply interested in philosophy and the social sciences.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. Much of Mr. Herrick's work must be regarded as primarily social criticism of American life. Does the interest tend to centre rather upon the problems of the characters, growing out of their circumstances, or upon the characters themselves?

2. Is Mr. Herrick's work more notable for scope and breadth or for intensity?

3. Note, especially in the novels previous to 1905, the conscientious artistry, the compactness of structure, and the unity of tone commonly associated with poetry. What other qualities characteristic of poetry appear in Mr. Herrick's work?

4. With the structure of his earlier work compare that of the _Memoirs of an American Citizen_ as showing an attempt at greater breadth of canvas and greater variety of tone. Trace this attempt further in his later work.

5. What evidences do you find in Mr. Herrick's novels of a carefully wrought theory of the art of the novelist?

6. Someone has called Mr. Herrick "a discouraged idealist." Is this just?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Man Who Wins. 1895. Literary Love Letters and Other Stories. 1896. The Gospel of Freedom. 1898. Love's Dilemmas. 1898. The Web of Life. 1900. The Real World. 1901. Their Child. 1903. *The Common Lot. 1904. The Memoirs of an American Citizen. 1905. *The Master of the Inn. 1908. *Together. 1908. A Life for a Life. 1910. The Healer. 1911. One Woman's Life. 1913. His Great Adventure. 1913. Clark's Field. 1914. The World Decision. 1916. The Conscript Mother. 1916.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bjorkman, E. Voices of Tomorrow. 1913. Cooper.

Acad. 75 ('08): 331. Bookm. 20 ('04): 192 (portrait), 220; 28 ('08): 350 (portrait); 38 ('13): 274. Critic, 44 ('04): 112 (portrait). Cur. Op. 54 ('13): 317 (portrait). Dial, 56 ('14): 5. Lit. Digest, 44 ('12): 426 (portrait). Nation, 113 ('21): 230. No. Am. 189 ('09): 812. (Howells.) Outlook, 78 ('04): 862, 864 (portrait). Poet Lore, 19 ('08): 337. R. of Rs. 42 ('10): 123 (portrait); 43 ('11): 380 (portrait); 49 ('14): 621.

+Robert Cortes Holliday ("Murray Hill")+--essayist, critic.

Born at Indianapolis, 1880. Studied at the Art Students' League, New York, 1899-1902, and at the University of; Kansas, 1903-4. Illustrator for magazines, 1904-5. Bookseller with Scribner's, 1906-11. Librarian, 1912-3. Held various editorial positions with New York publishers, 1913-8. Associate editor of _The Bookman_, 1918, and editor, 1919--.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Booth Tarkington. 1918. The Walking Stick Papers. 1918. Joyce Kilmer, A Memoir. 1918. Peeps at People. 1919. Broome Street Straws. 1919. Men and Books and Cities. 1920. Turns about Town. 1921.

STUDIES AND REVIEWS

Bookm. 47 ('18): 149 (portrait); 48 ('18): 478. Dial, 64 ('18): 297; 65 ('18): 419. See also _Book Review Digest_, 1918-21.

+William Dean Howells+--novelist, dramatist, critic, poet.

Born at Martins Ferry, Ohio, 1837. Of Welsh, English, Pennsylvania Dutch, and Irish ancestry. His father was a country editor, and Mr. Howells, living as he did under pioneer conditions, had very little formal education, but educated himself in working on newspapers as printer, correspondent, and editor. He read continually in boyhood, and taught himself to read six languages. As the result of a campaign life of Lincoln, he was appointed U.S. consul at Venice and lived there, 1861-5. After a year on the staff of the _Nation_, he became assistant editor of the _Atlantic Monthly_, 1866-72, and editor, 1872-81. Later, he became an editorial writer for _Harper's Magazine_, 1886-91, and finally writer of the "Editor's Easy Chair," for the same magazine.

Although Mr. Howells did not go to college, he received many honorary higher degrees, and was offered professorships by three Universities (including that which had been held by Longfellow and Lowell at Harvard); but he refused these, not considering himself fitted for such work. In his editorial capacity he gave much advice and help to authors who afterward became famous. He died in 1920.

SUGGESTIONS FOR READING

1. For just appraisement of Mr. Howells, it is necessary to be familiar with the facts of his life, and with his theories of fiction. For his life the two autobiographical books _Years of My Youth_ and _My Literary Passions_ are most valuable. After reading these, it is possible to see the large use of autobiographical material in the novels.

2. It is interesting to group the books of Howells according to the sources of the material: (1) those growing out of his early life in Ohio; (2) those growing out of his life abroad; (3) those growing out of his life in Boston and New York. This last class might well be subdivided into those written before he came under the influence of Tolstoi and those written after. The turning-point is in _A Hazard of New Fortunes_. Does Mr. Howells's interest in sociological problems add to or lessen the final value of his work?

3. The realism of Howells set a standard for American literature, the effect of which has not yet passed. Study his theories of fiction (_Criticism and Fiction_, and _Literature and Life_) and consider the good and bad effects of his work upon the development of the novel.

4. Use the following quotation from Van Wyck Brooks, on Howells's "panoramic theory" of the novel as a test of his work:

To make a work of art, it is necessary to take a piece out of life and round it off; and, so long as the piece is perfectly rounded off and complete in itself, so long as the chosen group of characters are perfectly proportioned in relation to one another, there is no need to introduce an artificial chain of action.

5. Howells's style has often been admired. Try to analyze it into its elements. Consider Mark Twain's judgment:

For forty years his English has been to me a continual delight and astonishment. In the sustained exhibition of certain great qualities--clearness, compression, verbal exactness and unforced and seemingly unconscious felicity of phrasing--he is, in my belief, without his peer in the English-writing world.

6. Can you make any judgment now as to Howells's future place in American literature?

BIBLIOGRAPHY