Part 3

Leaves: Simple, alternate, 3-5 lobed, 4″-7″ across, generally wider than long; light green above, paler and wooly beneath. Base of _leaf-stem_ hollow, enclosing next year’s bud.

Twigs: At first green and hairy, later brownish, smooth; zigzag. _Buds_ cone-like with a single smooth, reddish brown scale.

Fruit: A round “button-ball,” single or occasionally in 2’s on a tough slender stalk. These fruit clusters are light brown, 1″-1¼″ in diameter, consist of many seeds, each surrounded at the base by silky hairs; usually hang throughout the winter.

General: _Bark_ of two layers, the outer peeling in brown flakes, the inner whitish, yellowish or greenish; on base of old trunks dark brown and fissured. A tree of _large_ size; mature trees often very _massive_. Prefers stream banks. _Wood_ used for furniture, crates, butcher blocks, and flooring. Also known as American _sycamore_. The London planetree (P. acerifolia), with 2, sometimes 3, “button-balls” on a stalk, is more commonly planted as a shade tree.

Leaves: Palmately compound, opposite; usually with 7 _leaflets_, each 4″-9″ long, wedge-shaped, long-pointed, smooth when full-grown; turning a rusty yellow in autumn.

Twigs: Stout, usually not hairy. _Buds_ blackish brown, sticky, large; _end bud_ ½″-1″ long.

Fruit: Roundish _capsule_, 1½″-2½″ in diameter, green husk with prickles; breaks into three parts when ripe releasing 1 or 2 large, shiny brown, non-edible seeds. _Flower_ ¾″ long; showy-white and spotted with yellow and red. _Flower clusters_ erect, 8″-12″ long.

General: _Bark_ grayish, broken into thin plates. A _medium_ to _large_-sized tree. _Introduced_ from Europe and is a common _shade tree_ in the State. Leaves are often browned by diseases. Also known as _European buckeye_. Two rather similar trees are native to southern Pennsylvania—Ohio buckeye (A. glabra) and yellow buckeye (A. octandra).

Leaves: Simple, alternate, somewhat heart-shaped, 4″-7″ long, shiny dark green on top, smooth beneath except for tufts of rusty hair; sharply toothed on margin.

Twigs: Green or reddish when young, turning brownish red; usually zigzag. _Buds_ deep red to greenish, usually lopsided, with 2-3 visible scales.

Fruit: Nutlike, thick-shelled, downy, about the size of a pea; borne in groups from a long stem attached to narrow leaflike blade or _bract_. The clustered fruit and bracts may remain on the tree until late winter. _Flowers_ yellowish white, fragrant.

General: _Bark_ on young trunks smooth, tough, dark gray; on older trees broken into narrow, scaly ridges. A _large_ tree; usually found in mixture with other hardwoods on moist, rich valley soils. _Wood_ is used for a variety of products including boxes, venetian blinds, sashes, doors, picture frames, and furniture. Also known as _basswood_.

Leaves: In whorls of 3 or more, occasionally opposite, heart-shaped, 8″-12″ long and 6″-8″ wide; margin entire or wavy; smooth above, hairy beneath.

Twigs: Stout, yellow-brown; no buds at the ends. Side _buds_ small, appear to be hidden in bark. Large, nearly round, depressed _leaf scars_ are characteristic.

Fruit: Bean-like, 8″-18″ long, narrow; pod separates into two halves when ripe, hang on tips of branches all winter; many _seeds_, each with long white hairs on both ends. _Flowers_ in July, arranged in terminal clusters about 8″ long; each showy flower white with yellow and purple spots, 2″-3″ in diameter.

General: _Bark_ light brown, scaly; slightly furrowed on older trees. A _medium_ to _large_-sized tree. Native to the Mississippi Valley. Usually planted for _shade purposes_ in this State but its _wood_ is durable and useful for posts. The less hardy Southern catalpa (C. bignonioides) with slender pods has also been planted in Pennsylvania.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, 4″-6″ long, dark green and glossy above, paler and often wooly below; margins smooth or wavy.

Twigs: Grayish brown, smooth, sometimes velvety. _No end bud_; each _side bud_ covered by 2 glossy dark brown scales.

Fruit: Fleshy _berry_, large (¾″-2″ in diameter), plum-like, orange to red, parts of the flower remain attached to the base (see sketch); seeds 1-8, flat, rather large. Edible but often _astringent_ when fully ripe in autumn.

General: _Bark_ dark gray to dark brown, separated into small blocks by cinnamon-red bottomed furrows. A _small_ to _medium_-sized tree native to the southern part of the State. _Wood_ hard, tough, used chiefly for special products such as shuttles for weaving, spools, and golf-club heads.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, 5″-12″ long, drooping; somewhat like the leaf of cucumbertree magnolia; dark green above, light green below; margins smooth or wavy.

Twigs: Olive-brown, enlarged at points where leaves are attached, somewhat hairy toward tips. _Buds_ brown, hairy, not covered with scales.

Fruit: Looks like a short stubby banana, greenish yellow at first, brown when ripe in autumn, 3″-5″ long, edible; contains numerous brown, shiny _seeds_ imbedded in the fragrant outer pulp. _Flowers_ greenish-brown to purple, 1″ across, solitary, appear before the leaves.

General: _Bark_ dark brown, thin, slightly fissured on older trees, often marked with white blotches. A _small_ tree. Generally found in the understory of the forest in the southern half of the State on rich moist soil. The fruit is of more value than its _wood_ which is sometimes used for fuel.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, 4″-6″ long, characteristically _aromatic_ when crushed. Usually three types can be found on a tree: entire, 2-lobed and 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed). Smooth, dark green above, much lighter beneath.

Twigs: Bright green, sometimes reddish, smooth and shiny; large white pith. _End bud_ much larger than side ones, with many loose scales.

Fruit: Cherry-like, dark blue, shiny, about ½″ in diameter, on a red stem enlarged at the point of attachment. Borne in clusters. Yellow _flowers_ appear before the leaves unfold.

General: _Bark_ on young trees soon becomes furrowed, the greenish bark changing to brown; inner bark salmon colored; older trees show deep fissures extending long distances up the trunk. A _small_ to _medium_-sized tree, with crooked branches; often spreading by root suckers. Its roots, leaves, twigs and fruit have a spicy odor; the oil contained in these parts is used for a “tea,” in medicines, perfumes, etc. _Wood_ used chiefly for fuel and fence posts.

Leaves: Simple, opposite, 3″-5″ long; clustered toward tips of twigs; margins smooth or wavy; veins prominent and curved like a bow. Foliage bright red in autumn.

Twigs: Red tinged with green, often with a bluish white powdery coating; marked with rings; tips curve upward. _End leaf bud_ covered by 2 reddish scales; _side leaf buds_ very small; _flower buds_ conspicuous, silvery, button-shaped, at ends of twigs.

Fruit: An egg-shaped _drupe_, ½″-⅗″ long; coat red; flesh yellowish; stone grooved, 2-celled; usually in clusters of 2-5; persist after the leaves fall. _Flowers_ greenish white or yellowish, small, in flat-topped clusters; _four showy white bracts_ underneath; open before the leaves.

General: _Bark_ red-brown to reddish gray, broken by fissures into small blocks, like _alligator_ hide. A _small_ native tree with low spreading crown, especially valued for ornamental planting. _Wood_ used primarily for textile weaving shuttles. There is a variety with red or pink bracts.

INDEX

A Ash, black 36 white 35 Aspen, bigtooth 43 trembling 42

B Basswood 49 Beech, American 16 Birch, black 28 canoe 31 gray 32 paper 31 river 30 sweet 28 white 31 yellow 29 Buckeye, Ohio 48 yellow 48 Butternut 21

C Catalpa, northern 50 southern 50 Cherry, black 45

D Dogwood, flowering 54

E Elm, American 39 slippery 40

G Gum, black 46

H Hackberry, common 41 Hemlock, eastern 1 Hickory, bitternut 27 mockernut 25 pignut 26 shagbark 23 shellbark 24 Honeylocust, common 34 Horsechestnut, common 48

L Larch, eastern 8 European 8 Japanese 8 Linden, American 49 Locust, black 33

M Magnolia, cucumbertree 38 Maple, hard 17 Norway 20 red 18 silver 19 soft 18, 19, 20 sugar 17

O Oak, black 14 chestnut 11 eastern red 12 pin 15 rock 11 scarlet 13 white 10

P Pawpaw, common 52 Persimmon, common 51 Pine, eastern white 2 pitch 3 red 5 scrub 4 Virginia 4 Planetree, American 47

R Redcedar, eastern 9

S Sassafras, common 53 Spruce, black 7 Norway 6 red 7 Sycamore, American 47

T Tamarack 8 Tuliptree 37 Tulip poplar 37

W Walnut, eastern black 22 white 21 Willow, black 44 brittle 44 weeping 44

NOTES

Transcriber’s Notes

--Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.

--Corrected a few palpable typos.

--In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.

--Included a transcription of the text within some images.

--The “Notes” section (blank pages in the printed edition) illustrates leaves collected and pressed by a prior owner of the book.