Part 2

Leaves: Compound, alternate; _leaflets_ 11 to 17, each 3″-5″ long, small-toothed; dark yellow-green above, paler, hairy below. End leaflet same size as side leaflets. Main _leaf-stem_ with conspicuous sticky hairs. One of the last trees to unfold its leaves in spring, and the first to shed them in autumn.

Twigs: Stout, greenish-gray to tan, rough, brittle. _Pith chocolate-brown, chambered._ _Buds_ light brown, hairy, not covered with scales; end bud ½″-¾″ long, side buds smaller. Fringe of short hairs between leaf-scar and bud.

Fruit: An oblong _nut_, 1½″-2½″ long, covered with a hairy, _sticky husk_. Nut pointed at one end, shell rough, oily kernel _sweet_.

General: _Bark_ on young trunks rather smooth, light-gray; later darker, deeply furrowed with wide, smooth, flat-topped ridges. A _small_ to _medium_-sized tree. _Wood_ used chiefly for furniture, instrument cases, and boxes. Also called _white walnut_.

Leaves: Compound, alternate; leaflets 15 to 23, each 3″-4″ long, small-toothed; dark yellow-green above, paler, hairy below. _End leaflet absent or very small._ Main _leaf-stem_ with very fine hairs.

Twigs: Stout, orange-brown to dark brown, roughened by large leaf scars, easily broken; pith pale brown, chambered. _Buds_ gray, downy; side buds ⅙″ long, end bud larger.

Fruit: A round _nut_, 1″-2″ in diameter, shell rough, covered with a thick, almost smooth, green _spongy husk_; oily kernel _sweet_. _Flowers_ in drooping green catkins, appearing with the unfolding leaves, which is also true of butternut.

General: _Bark_ dark brown to gray-black, with narrow ridges. A _large_-sized tree, found locally on rich soils mainly in the southern part of the State. _Wood_ valuable for quality furniture, veneer, gun stocks and musical instruments.

Leaves: Compound, alternate; _leaflets_ usually 5, each 4″ to 7″ long, the lower pair smallest, margins fine-toothed; fragrant when crushed. Larger than those of pignut hickory, with which it is sometimes confused.

Twigs: Stout, often hairy, gray-brown to reddish brown, with numerous light spots (lenticels). _Buds_ large, with 3-4 outer dark brown, loosely fitting, nearly smooth scales; inner scales velvety; _end buds_ ½″-¾″ long.

Fruit: Nearly round, 1″-2½″ in diameter; husk thick, splits into 4 pieces when ripe; _nut_ white, _4-ridged_, pointed at one end, usually _thin-shelled_; kernel _sweet_.

General: _Bark_ at first smooth and gray, soon breaking into long and loosely-attached plates that gives the trunk a shaggy appearance. A _medium_-sized tree found on a variety of sites but most common on good soils; grows slowly. _Wood_ used principally for tool handles. The wood of all hickories is valuable to the farmer for fuel and smoking meat.

Leaves: Compound, alternate; _leaflets_ usually 7, each 4″-7″ long, hairy beneath, margins fine-toothed. Dried _leaf-stems_ often cling all winter.

Twigs: Somewhat stouter than shagbark hickory, usually hairy, often angled, orange-brown, with numerous orange spots (lenticels). _Buds_ very large, with 6-8 outer dark brown, loosely fitting keeled scales; _end buds_ ¾″-1″ long. Prominent orange-colored _leaf scars_.

Fruit: Nearly round to almost egg-shaped, 1¾″-2¾″ long; _husk_ thick, splits into 4 pieces when ripe; _nut_ yellowish white to reddish brown, _4- to 6-ridged_, pointed at both ends, usually _thick-shelled_; kernel _sweet_. _Flowers_ appear in catkins, as do all the hickories, when leaves are mature.

General: _Bark_ like that of shagbark hickory but often with straighter plates (less shaggy). A _medium_-sized tree that prefers wet soils. _Wood_ has same uses as shagbark hickory.

Leaves: Compound, alternate; _leaf-stems with fine hairs_; _leaflets_ 7 to 9, each 4″-8″ long, margins finely to coarsely toothed; golden glandular dots beneath; _very fragrant_ when crushed.

Twigs: Stout, hairy, reddish brown to brownish gray, with numerous pale spots (lenticels). _Buds_ large, egg-shaped, with 3-5 outer yellowish brown, densely hairy scales; _end buds_ ½″-¾″ long. _Leaf scars_ distinctly 3-lobed.

Fruit: Nearly round to egg-shaped, 1½″-2″ long; husk thick, splits into 4 pieces when ripe; _nut_ reddish brown, _slightly ridged_, _thick-shelled_; kernel _sweet_.

General: _Bark_ gray to dark gray, tight; irregularly shallow-fissured when older. A _medium_-sized tree found mostly in the southern part of the State. _Wood_ has same uses as shagbark hickory.

Leaves: Compound, alternate; _leaflets_ usually 5, each 3″-6″ long; margins fine-toothed. Entire leaf smooth. Averages smaller than shagbark hickory.

Twigs: Medium-stout, not hairy, reddish brown, with numerous pale spots (lenticels). _Buds_ egg-shaped and pointed, smallest of the native hickories, with more than 6 scales; outer scales often fall off during the winter, _end buds_ ¼″-½″ long.

Fruit: Usually pear-shaped, 1″-2½″ long; _husk_ thin, remains closed or splits partly when ripe; _nut_ brownish white, _not ridged_, usually _thick-shelled_; _kernel sweet but with bitter after-taste_.

General: _Bark_ gray to dark gray, usually tight; shallow fissured when older. A _medium_-sized tree of drier locations. _Wood_ has same uses as shagbark hickory.

Leaves: Compound, alternate; _leaf-stem_ slender, somewhat downy; _leaflets_ 7-11, each 3″-6″ long, narrow margins finely to coarsely toothed.

Twigs: Medium-stout, smooth, orange-green to gray-brown, with numerous pale spots (lenticels). _Buds_ covered with 4 _sulphur-yellow_, gland-dotted scales, _end buds_ ⅓″-¾″ long, _flattened_.

Fruit: Nearly round, ¾″-1½″ in diameter; _husk_ thin, yellowish gland-dotted, splits about to the middle into 4 sections when ripe; _nut_ light reddish brown or gray-brown, not ridged, _thin-shelled_; kernel with red-brown skin, _bitter_.

General: _Bark_ gray, tight; remains rather smooth for many years; with narrow ridges when older. A _medium_-sized tree, usually found near streams; grows more rapidly and its wood is lighter than any of the other native hickories. _Wood_ has same uses as shagbark hickory.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, about 3½″ long, unevenly saw-toothed; dull green above, yellow-green beneath, with some white hairs at the points where veins join; usually heart-shaped at the base.

Twigs: Green and somewhat downy when young, becoming red-brown, smooth and shiny. _Strong wintergreen flavor._ _Buds_ reddish brown, sharp-pointed, shiny.

Fruit: A very small winged _nut_. These nuts, together with small scales, form a cone-like structure about 1½″ long. Sketch shows twig in spring with male and female flowers. All birches have similar fruiting structures.

General: _Bark_ on young trees dark reddish brown, tight, marked with pale horizontal lines (lenticels), resembling bark of young black cherry; becoming black and breaking into large plates. _Medium_-sized tree. _Wood_ used chiefly for furniture, boxes, and other containers. Distillation of the bark and twigs produces “oil-of-wintergreen.” Also known as _black birch_.

Leaves: Simple, alternate; similar to sweet birch but base usually rounded.

Twigs: Like sweet birch but paler, and more downy when young. _Wintergreen flavor faint._ _Buds_ slightly downy, dull, yellowish brown. Sketch shows winter twig with lateral buds and partially grown female flowers.

Fruit: Similar to sweet birch.

General: _Bark_ on very young trees golden gray, shiny; later yellow, forming ragged ends which curl and can be readily peeled in thin, narrow strips, highly inflammable, and ideal to start a fire under wet conditions. On very old trunks bark becomes darker, coarse and platy. A _medium_ to _large_ tree. Found mostly in the northern part of the State. _Wood_ principally used for furniture, interior finish, boxes and other containers.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, 1½″-3″ long, dark green above, yellow-green below, wedge-shaped at the base, margins usually with large teeth.

Twigs: Slender, at first greenish and hairy, later turning reddish brown, smooth; with pale horizontal lines (lenticels). _Buds_ sharp-pointed and shiny, smooth or slightly fuzzy.

Fruit: Similar to sweet birch.

General: _Bark_ reddish brown or cinnamon, peeling off in curled, shaggy strips; on older trunks becoming dark colored and rough. _Medium_-sized tree; found almost entirely along the lower reaches of our larger streams. _Wood_ lighter, softer, and less valuable than sweet birch and yellow birch.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, 2″-3″ long, oval, sharply toothed, dark green above, lighter below.

Twigs: At early age greenish and fuzzy, later turning dark gray; irregularly marked with raised orange colored dots (lenticels). _Buds_ dark brown, sticky. Immature male catkins at the ends of the twigs in autumn and winter, as is true of all the birches.

Fruit: Similar to sweet birch. Mature in July.

General: _Bark_ creamy, to chalky white, peeling easily. Once the bark is removed, it is not renewed. A _small_ to _medium_-sized tree. Often found with several stems growing together, occurring naturally only in the northern part of the State. Also called _canoe birch_ and _white birch_. _Wood_ has uses similar to those of yellow birch, but principally used for spools, clothes-pins, toothpicks and paper pulp.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, triangular in shape, with long tapering point, 2½″-3″ long, smooth above and below, tremulous. Leaf-stems very slender. Turn yellow in autumn, as is true of all birches.

Twigs: Slender, greenish brown, rough due to small warty glands. _Buds_ sharp-pointed, gummy.

Fruit: Similar to sweet birch but shorter (¾″ long).

General: _Bark_ dull white, not peeling into thin paper-like layers as is the case with paper birch; dark colored on the branches; orange inner bark. Usually with triangular-shaped black patches on the trunk. A _small_ short-lived tree, usually growing in clumps. Occurs chiefly in the northeastern counties. _Wood_ of little commercial value; chiefly used for fuel.

Leaves: Compound, alternate; _leaflets_ 1″-2″ long, margins smooth.

Twigs: Angled, somewhat zigzag, brittle, with short stout prickles; no end bud, side _buds_ small and hidden in winter.

Fruit: A thin, flat _pod_, 2″-4″ long; usually with 4-8 seeds; splits into halves when ripe. Flowers white, showy, very fragrant in drooping clusters, appearing in May and June.

General: _Bark_ rough, furrowed, thick. A _medium_-sized tree. Often seen along farm fences and roads. _Wood_ is durable in contact with the soil and in demand for posts, poles, railroad ties, and mine timbers. Unfortunately, several insects and wood rots often cause heavy damage, especially to trees on poor soils.

Leaves: Compound and doubly-compound, alternate; _leaf-stem_ grooved above, hairy; _leaflets_ 1″ long, usually fine-toothed on margins.

Twigs: Medium stout, shiny, greenish brown to reddish brown, zigzag, smooth, often with long branched thorns; no end bud, very small side _buds_.

Fruit: A leathery pod, 10″-18″ long, flat, usually twisted, with numerous seeds; often of high sugar content; eaten by some animals. Does not split into 2 halves, as does the pod of black locust.

General: _Bark_ on young trees greenish brown with many long, raised, horizontal lines (lenticels); later brown to nearly black, fissured and with thick plates. A _medium_-sized tree; usually found as a native near streams; also planted as a shade tree. Branched thorns on the trunk and limbs make it easy to identify in winter. There is a thornless variety. _Wood_ is mainly used for fence posts, general construction, and furniture.

Leaves: Compound, opposite; _leaflets_ 5-9, each 3″-5″ long, stalked, somewhat silvery beneath; margins entire or with few rounded teeth toward the tip.

Twigs: Stout, usually smooth, gray-brown, with few large pale spots (lenticels). _Buds_ blunt, dark brown. _Leaf scars_ half-circular but notched at top.

Fruit: A _winged seed_, 1″-2″ long, ¼″ wide, shaped like a canoe paddle, in hanging clusters which often remain attached for several months after ripening in autumn.

General: _Bark_ gray-brown, with _diamond-shaped_ fissures when older. A _large_ tree; trunk usually long and straight; commonly occurring on rich soils. _Wood_ important for such special uses as handles, vehicle parts and athletic equipment (practically all baseball bats); valuable for curved parts in furniture.

Leaves: Compound, opposite; _leaflets_ 7-11, each 3″-5″ long, _not stalked_ except end one, dark green above, lighter green beneath with some rusty hairs; margins saw-toothed.

Twigs: Stout, at first somewhat hairy, becoming smooth, gray or red-brown, with many large pale spots (lenticels). _Buds_ dark brown to black, end bud pointed. _Leaf scars_ nearly circular, with raised margins; not notched at the top.

Fruit: Resembles that of white ash but is usually smaller (1″-1¾″ long and ⅜″ wide).

General: _Bark_ grayish, when older becoming corky-ridged or scaly; knobs frequent on the trunk. A _medium_-sized tree that prefers cool, _swampy sites_. _Wood_ is generally lighter in weight and weaker than white ash but used for the same purposes.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, 4″-6″ in diameter, generally 4-lobed, bright green, turning yellow in autumn.

Twigs: In spring and summer, green, sometimes with purplish tinge; during winter reddish brown, smooth, shiny. _Buds_ large, smooth, flattened, “duck-billed.”

Fruit: At first green, turning light brown when ripe in autumn; _cone-like_, 2½″-3″ long, made up of winged seeds. Greenish yellow _tulip-like_ flowers in May or June.

General: _Bark_ at first dark green and smooth; whitish vertical streaks soon appearing; later dark gray and furrowed. A _large_ tree, the _tallest_ of the eastern hardwoods. It grows rapidly and is an important timber and shade tree. The _wood_ is valuable for veneer and many other uses. Also known as _tulip poplar_.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, 4″-12″ long, smooth above, downy beneath; margins smooth or sometimes wavy.

Twigs: Reddish brown, shiny, with peppery smell and taste. _Buds_ covered with greenish white silky hairs; _end buds_ ½″-¾″ long. _Leaf scars_ horseshoe shaped.

Fruit: When young, like a small green cucumber. When mature in autumn, 3″-4″ long, a cluster of small red pods, each containing two scarlet seeds; often remains attached all winter. _Flowers_ large (3″ long), greenish yellow, single, upright; appear from April to June.

General: _Bark_ gray-brown to brown, developing long narrow furrows and loose scaly ridges. A _medium_-sized tree, found mainly in the western half of the State. _Wood_ used mainly for interior finish, furniture and containers.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, 4″-6″ long, unequal at the base, rather rough on the upper surface; usually _soft-hairy below_; veins prominent; margin coarsely toothed. _Leaf-stem_ short.

Twigs: Slender, zigzag, brown, smooth or slightly hairy. _Leaf buds_ ⅛″-¼″ long, flattened. _Flower buds_ larger, below leaf buds. _Bud scales_ red-brown, smooth or downy; margins dark.

Fruit: A seed surrounded by an oval, thin papery wing, ½″ long, deeply notched at the tip; ripening in spring and borne in clusters; wing with scattered hairs along margin. _Flowers_ and fruit appear before the leaves, as is true of slippery elm.

General: _Bark_ dark gray to gray-brown, with long corky ridges; on older trees separated by diamond-shaped fissures. A _large_ and highly prized shade tree. The drooping crown often gives it a _vase-shaped_ appearance. Found locally throughout Pennsylvania, mainly on moist areas. The hard, tough _wood_ has many uses, including the manufacture of boxes, barrels and furniture.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, 5″-7″ long; _usually larger than those of American elm, rough on both sides_ or soft-hairy below; margin coarsely toothed. _Leaf-stem_ short.

Twigs: Stouter than on American elm, _grayish and rather rough_. _Buds_ slightly larger than those of American elm, and more round—seldom flattened. _Bud scales_ brown to almost black, rusty-haired.

Fruit: Like that of American elm but somewhat larger (¾″ long); wing margin not hairy and slightly notched at the tip.

General: _Bark_ similar to American elm but of lighter color, softer, and fissures not diamond-shaped in outline. _Inner bark sticky and fragrant._ A _medium_-sized tree usually found near streams. Crown does not droop like that of American elm. The _wood_ is commonly marketed with the preceding species.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, 2″-4″ long, slender pointed; margin sharp toothed; base unequal; often rough above, slightly hairy and veins prominent on undersides; _3-veined at base_. _Leaf-stem_ somewhat downy and grooved; fairly long (compared to elm).

Twigs: Slender, reddish brown, _with chambered white pith_. _Buds_ small, sharp-pointed, closely pressed to the twig.

Fruit: Resembles a cherry, dark purple in color, ¼″-½″ diameter, sweet but with very little flesh covering the pitted stone; borne singly on a long slender stem; ripens in autumn.

General: _Bark_ gray-brown with characteristic warty projections or irregular ridges. A _small_ tree. “Witches-brooms” are common. Most common on limestone soils in moist locations. Sometimes mistaken for elm. _Wood_ used principally for furniture, boxes and other containers.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, 1½″-3″ in diameter, light green, smooth above and below, nearly circular; margins with fine teeth; leaf-stems thin and flattened, causing the leaves to tremble in the slightest breeze. Yellowish-green when unfolding in spring.

Twigs: Slender, reddish brown, smooth, shiny. _Pith_ star-shaped, white. _Buds_ sharp-pointed, smooth, shiny, often curved inward.

Fruit: A small (¼″ long) _capsule_ containing 10-12 seeds; capsules spirally arranged on a 4″ long drooping stalk, maturing in early summer. Each tiny cottony seed surrounded by long silky threads.

General: _Bark_ thin, pale yellow-green to silvery gray when young, eventually becoming dark brown or gray and rough. A _small_ to _medium_-sized tree, of rapid growth but short-lived. Often one of the first forest trees to become established on recently burned areas; the most widely distributed tree of North America. Most common in northern Pennsylvania. _Wood_ used chiefly for paper pulp.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, 3″-4″ long, dark green above, paler below, margins with coarse teeth; _leaf-stems_ flattened; silvery when unfolding in spring.

Twigs: Rather stout, brownish gray, sometimes with a coating of pale, wooly down. _Buds_ blunt-pointed, dull, seldom curved, _often wooly_.

Fruit: Similar to quaking aspen. _Flowers_, in the form of hanging catkins, appear before the leaves in the spring, as is the case with quaking aspen.

General: _Bark_ similar to that of quaking aspen, but usually darker. A _small_ to _medium_-sized tree; short-lived. Most common in southern Pennsylvania. _Wood_ used chiefly for paper pulp.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, long and narrow, short-stemmed, sharp pointed, fine teeth on the margin, average length 3″; dark green above, much lighter below. The _stipules_ (“small leaves” at the base of leaf-stems of the main leaves) remain through most of the summer.

Twigs: Slender, brittle at the base, bright reddish brown to orange-green. _Buds_ covered by a single scale, small, cone-shaped, sharp-pointed.

Fruit: Small brown _capsule_, ¼″ long, borne in long hanging clusters; ripens in May or June. Each tiny _seed_ surrounded by tufts of long silky hair.

General: _Bark_ thick, dark brown, separating into broad, flat plates or ridges as the tree grows older. A _small_ to _medium_-sized tree. Only native willow which grows to a fair size. Found mainly in moist situations. Often several trunks arise from the same root system. Weeping willow (S. babylonica) and brittle willow (S. fragilis) are introduced trees often planted for ornamental purposes.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, narrow, with tapering tip, shiny above, paler below and usually with reddish brown hairs near the base; 2″-5″ long, margins with short incurved teeth.

Twigs: Smooth, reddish brown, often covered with a thin gray coating which peels or rubs off easily; bitter when chewed; with minute, rounded gray lenticels. _Buds_ smooth, shiny, sharp-pointed, same color as twigs but often tinged with green.

Fruit: Round, black with a purplish tint, ⅓″-½″ in diameter, containing a single round, stony seed. Arranged in hanging clusters. Flowers white, in 4″-long upright clusters in June.

General: _Bark_ on young trunks smooth, dark red-brown, marked with numerous raised horizontal lines (lenticels), somewhat resembling that of sweet birch; later breaking into thick irregular plates with upturned edges. A _large_ tree in the northern part of the State; _medium_-sized in the southern counties. _Wood_ used chiefly for quality furniture and interior finish.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, 2″-4″ long, entire or wavy margin; dark green and shiny above, often downy on the underside; turning a vivid red in early autumn.

Twigs: Smooth, grayish to reddish brown; the white pith separated by dark lines. _Buds_ rounded in cross section, pointed, reddish brown, ¼″ long.

Fruit: Cherry-like, ⅓″-⅔″ long, dark blue, 1-seeded, with thin flesh; borne singly or in 2’s or 3’s in a cluster; ripens in autumn.

General: _Bark_ on young trees smooth or scaly, light gray; on older trunks dark gray, broken into blocks and resembling alligator hide. A _medium_-sized tree, often flat-topped, with horizontal branches and short spur-like twigs. Grows mainly on swampy lands, but found elsewhere. _Wood_ very difficult to split; used chiefly for boxes, fuel and railroad ties.