Part 23

=721. House Wren= (_Troglodytes aëdon_). L. 4.7; T. 1.7. _Ads._ Above cinnamon brown, sometimes obscurely barred; tail the same, _all_ the feathers barred; below grayish with a brownish wash, lower belly and flanks usually more or less barred. _Notes._ Call, a scolding _krrring_; song, a bubbling, rippling, irrepressible little melody.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds north to Maine, Montreal, and Manitoba; winters from South Carolina and the Lower Mississippi Valley southward into Mexico.

=721a. Parkman Wren= (_T. a. parkmanii_). Similar to No. 721, but less cinnamon above; intermediate in color between No. 721 and No. 721b.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to British Columbia; winters from southern California southward.

=721b. Western House Wren= (_T. a. aztecus_). Similar to No. 721, but much grayer above and paler below; back more frequently barred.

Range.--Western United States from the Sierra Nevada east to the Mississippi Valley; winters south into Lower California and Mexico.

=722. Winter Wren= (_Olbiorchilus hiemalis_). L. 4; T. 1.2. _Ads._ Above cinnamon, much brighter than in No. 721; below pale cinnamon, sides and belly heavily barred with blackish. _Notes._ Call, _chimp-chimp_, resembling call of Song Sparrow; song, tinkling, rippling, full of trills, runs and grace notes. (Bailey.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and northern New York northward, and southward along the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois to Florida.

=722a. Western Winter Wren= (_O. h. pacificus_). Similar to No. 722, but much deeper colored both above and below, and more heavily barred.

Range.--Breeds on the Pacific coast from southern California north to Alaska; east to Idaho; winters south into Mexico.

=722b. Kadiak Winter Wren= (_O. h. helleri_). Slightly larger and paler than No. 722a. (Osgood.)

Range.--Kadiak Island, Alaska.

=723. Alaskan Wren= (_Olbiorchilus alascensis_). Resembling No. 722a, but paler and larger, W. 2.1, B. .6.

Range--Breeds on Kadiak Island, Alaska; winter range unknown.

=723.1. Aleutian Wren= (_Olbiorchilus meligerus_). Similar to No. 723, but darker, less reddish; rump and upper tail-coverts more evidently barred; bars on belly heavier. (Oberholser.)

Range.--"Westernmost part of the Aleutian group, Alaska." (Oberholser.)

=724. Short-billed Marsh Wren= (_Cistothorus stellaris_). L. 4; T. 1.4; B. .4. _Ads._ _Crown_ and back streaked with whitish; breast-band, sides and under tail-coverts rusty; wing-coverts tipped with whitish. _Notes._ Call, like sound produced by striking two pebbles together; song, _chap--chap--chap-chap_, _chap-chap-chap p-p-rrr_. (Seton.) (See next page.)

Range.--Eastern North America, ranging west to Utah; breeds from the Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba; winters from the Gulf States southward.

=725. Long-billed Marsh Wren= (_Telmatodytes palustris_). L. 5.2; T. 1.6; B. .5. _Ads._ Crown and foreback largely black, the latter with white streaks; a white stripe over eye; rump cinnamon; below white, sides washed with cinnamon; outer tail-feathers _black_, broadly barred with pale cinnamon. _Notes._ Call, scolding, a characteristic Wren-like _cacking_; song, a reedy, guttural, bubbling trill often sung in flight.

Range.--Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from the Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba; winters locally from Massachusetts, south into Mexico.

=725a. Tule Wren= (_T. p. paludicola_). Similar to No. 725, but upper tail-coverts barred, middle tail-feathers more distinctly and broadly barred; underparts usually browner.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from southern California to British Columbia: winters from Washington to Guatemala.

=725b. Worthington Marsh Wren= (_T. p. griseus_). Similar to No. 725, but with less black above; upperparts, sides and flanks pale grayish; dark markings of under tail-coverts, flanks, sides and breast, faint, confused and inconspicuous, sometimes practically wanting. (Brewster.)

Range.--Coast of South Carolina and Georgia.

=725c. Interior Tule Wren= (_T. p. plesius_). Similar to No. 725a, but paler.

Range.--"Western United States, except the Pacific coast; north to British Columbia and Alberta, east to the Rocky Mountains and Texas, south into Mexico." (Oberholser.)

=725.1. Marian Marsh Wren= (_Telmatodytes marianæ_). Similar to No. 725, but upperparts darker; sides and flanks of about same color as rump; under tail-coverts and sometimes breast barred or spotted with black.

Range.--Gulf coast of Florida.

=726. Brown Creeper= (_Certhia familiaris americana_). L. 5.6; B. .63. Tail-feathers stiffened and pointed. _Ads._ Rump _rusty_; a _buffy white_ band in the wing; back and crown streaked with whitish, black and rusty; below white. _Notes._ Call, a faint, high, thin _tseep_; song, "an exquisitely pure, tender song of four notes." (Brewster.)

Range.--Eastern North America: breeds from Maine and Minnesota (casually Missouri) northward; winters from about the southern breeding limits to the Gulf States.

=726a. Mexican Creeper= (_C. f. albescens_). Similar to No. 726, but rump rich rusty brown, back black, crown _black_ streaked with white, band in wing white.

Range.--Mexican plateau region north to southern Arizona.

=726b. Rocky Mountain Creeper= (_C. f. montana_). Similar to No. 726, but bill longer, .7; band in wing averaging whiter.

Range.--Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Arizona northward to Alaska.

=726c. Californian Creeper= (_C. f. occidentalis_). Similar to No. 726, but much rustier; prevailing color of upperparts yellowish rusty.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from Santa Cruz Mountains, California, northward to Alaska.

=726d. Sierra Creeper= (_C. f. zelotes_). Similar to No. 726c, but colors more dusky and less rufescent; similar to No. 726b, but much darker; light centers of feathers on head and back much reduced. (Osgood.)

Range.--"Southern Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Sierra Nevada of California." (Osgood.)

=756. Wilson Thrush; Veery= (_Hylocichla fuscescens_). L. 7.5. _Ads._ Above, wings and tail, _uniform_ cinnamon brown; below white, sides grayish, breast and throat buff rather faintly marked with triangular spots the color of the back. _Notes._ Call, a clearly whistled _wheé-you_ and a softer _too-whee_; song, a weird, _spiral_ of blended alto and soprano tones largely on one note.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey, the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois north to Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters in Central America.

=756a. Willow Thrush= (_H. f. salicicola_). Similar to No. 756, but more olive above.

Range.--Rocky Mountains north to British Columbia, east to Dakota; in migration, casually to Illinois and South Carolina; winters as far south as southern Brazil.

=759. Alaskan Hermit Thrush= (_Hylocichla guttata_), L. 6.5. W. 3.5; tail _rufous_, _much_ brighter than back. _Ads._ Eye-ring whitish, not deep buff; back olive-brown; breast tinged with buff and heavily spotted with large, wedge-shaped marks.

Range.--Breeds in northwest coast region from British Columbia to Alaska; in winter south to Mexico.

=759a. Audubon Hermit Thrush= (_H. g. auduboni_). Similar to No. 759, but larger, W. 4; back grayer, tail paler, flanks less heavily washed with gray.

Range.--Rocky Mountain region of United States south to Guatemala.

=759b. Hermit Thrush= (_H. g. pallasii_). Similar to No. 759, but back and sides browner. _Notes._ Call, a low _chuck_; song, highly musical and probably exceeding in spiritual quality that of any of our birds.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Michigan, Alleghanies in Pennsylvania, Catskills, higher mountains of Massachusetts (rarely at sea level), north to Labrador; winters from New Jersey to Gulf States.

=759c. Dwarf Hermit Thrush= (_H. g. nana_). Similar to No. 759, but smaller, W. 3.2, back slightly browner.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from Washington south through Sierra Nevadas; east, in migrations, to Nevada and Arizona; south to Lower California and western Mexico. (A.O.U.)

=757. Gray-cheeked Thrush= (_Hylocichla aliciæ_). L. 7.5; W. 4. _Ads._ Tail and back the _same_ color, olive without brownish tinge; eye-ring and lores _whitish_, cheeks and breast only _slightly_ tinged with buff, breast with wedge-shaped spots. _Notes._ Doubtless like those of No. 757a.

Range.--Breeds in Labrador and west to Alaska: migrates through eastern North America and winters in Central America.

=757a. Bicknell Thrush= (_H. a. bicknelli_). Similar to No. 757, but smaller, L. 7; W. 3.5. _Notes._ Calls, _pheu_ like that of Veery; a low _cluck_ like that of Hermit Thrush, and rarely, a pip or _peenk_ like that of Olive-backed Thrush; song, like that of Veery but more interrupted. (Brewster.)

Range.--Breeds in the high parts of the Catskills and north to White Mountains and Nova Scotia; winters in tropics.

=758. Russet-backed Thrush= (_Hylocichla ustulata_). L. 7.2; W. 4. Tail _not_ decidedly more rufous than back. _Ads._ Eye-ring, cheeks, sides of neck and breast _distinctly buffy_; breast with wedge-shaped spots; back and _flanks_ olive-brown; tail slightly browner. The most deeply colored bird of the _ustulata_ group.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon to Alaska; winters south to Guatemala.

=758a. Olive-backed Thrush= (_H. u. swainsonii_). Similar to No. 758, but back, tail, and flanks without brownish or rufescent tinge. _Notes._ Call, a liquid _puit_; song, suggesting both that of Hermit Thrush and the Veery.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds in Alleghanies from Pennsylvania and the Catskills, north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters in Central and South America.

=758b. California Olive-backed Thrush= (_H. u. œdica_). Differs from 758 and 758a, in more rufescent coloration on the flanks; sides and upper surface usually paler than No. 758. (Oberholser.)

Range.--California, except north coast; north in interior to southern Oregon; south, in winter to Arizona and southern Mexico. (Oberholser.)

=758c. Alma Thrush= (_H. u. almæ_). Similar to No. 758a, but back and flanks grayer. The palest bird of the _ustulata_ group.

Range.--Alaska, except Yukon Basin, south in Rocky Mountain region, and west to Utah and eastern Nevada. (A.O.U.)

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

GRAY-HEADED JUNCOS.

=566. White-winged Junco= (_Junco aikeni_). L. 6.5; W. 3.30. _Ads._ Resembling No. 567, but larger, paler, wings generally with two white bars; _three_ outer tail-feathers mostly or entirely white; fourth partly white.

Range.--Breeds in Wyoming and western North Dakota; winters in Colorado, western Kansas, casually to Indiana and Wisconsin. (Ridgw.)

=567. Slate-colored Junco= (_Junco hyemalis_). L. 6.2. W. 3. _Ad._ [Male], _summer_. Head and back gray, the crown sometimes slightly darker, the feathers usually more or less tipped with brownish; breast and sides _gray_; belly white; third outer tail-feather with white. _Ad._ [Female], _summer_. Similar, but brown wash stronger. _Ads., winter._ Brown tips to feathers longer, sides sometimes brownish. _Notes._ Calls, a sharp, kissing note and a rapid _chew-chew-chew_, song, a simple, twittering trill.

Range.--Eastern North America, breeds from northern New England, northern New York, and northern Minnesota north to Labrador and northwest to Alaska; and southward along the Alleghanies to Pennsylvania; winters south to the Gulf States.

=567e. Carolina Junco= (_J. h. carolinensis_). Similar to No. 567, but slightly larger, W. 3.2, the upperparts and breast uniform slate-gray _without_ a brownish wash the bill horn color.

Range.--Alleghanies from Virginia to Georgia.

=568. Pink-sided Junco= (_Junco mearnsi_). L. 6.2. _Ad._ [Male], _summer_. Sides _broadly_ brownish pink, center of belly white; breast pale slate-gray, crown darker, back washed with brownish. _Ad._ [Female] in _summer_. Similar to the [Male], but with less pink on sides, the crown washed with gray. _Ads. winter._ Similar to summer Ads., but with more brownish.

Range.--Breeds in southern Idaho and south-central Montana; winters south through Wyoming and Colorado to northern Mexico.

=567.1 Montana Junco= (_Junco montanus_). Similar to No. 568, but with less pink on the sides, the throat and breast darker slate.

Range.--Breeding from northwestern Montana and northern Idaho north to northwest Territory and Alberta; in winter south to Mexico, east more or less irregularly to the Mississippi, Massachusetts, and Maryland. (Ridgw.)

=571. Baird Junco= (_Junco bairdi_). Back and sides rusty cinnamon, head gray, throat and breast grayish white, belly white.

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

=572. Guadalupe Junco= (_Junco insularis_). Similar to mearnsi but smaller, W. 2.7, bill longer, head and breast darker.

Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

=571.1. Townsend Junco= (_Junco townsendi_). Similar to No. 567.1, but with the back grayer, the brownish wash much reduced.

Range.--San Pedro Martir Mountains, northern Lower California.

GRAY-HEADED, BROWN-BACKED JUNCOS.

=569. Gray-headed Junco= (_Junco caniceps_). L. 6.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.9. _Ads._ Head, breast and _sides_ gray; back reddish brown; _no_ reddish brown on wings; three outer tail-feathers with white; _upper_ and lower mandibles pinkish.

Range.--Breeds in mountains of southern Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and northern New Mexico. (Ridgw.)

=570. Arizona Junco= (_Junco phæonotus palliatus_). L. 6.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.9. _Ads._ Head gray; underparts _grayish white_; back, and to a greater or less extent, _wing-coverts_ and _tertials_, reddish brown; three outer tail-feathers with white; iris _yellow_; upper mandible blackish, lower _yellowish_. _Notes._ Calls, resemble those of No. 567; song suggests that of Song Sparrow.

Range.--Breeds in mountains of southern Arizona and southward.

=570a. Red-backed Junco= (_Junco dorsalis_) L. 6.7; W. 3.3; T. 3. _Ads._ Head gray; underparts _grayish white_; back reddish brown; _no_ reddish brown on wings; three outer tail-feathers with white; upper mandible blackish, lower _flesh-color_; iris "brown."

Range.--Breeds on high mountains of New Mexico and central Arizona; winters south to northern Mexico and western Texas.

BLACK-HEADED JUNCOS.

=567a. Oregon Junco= (_Junco oreganus_). L. 6.2; W. 3. _Ad._ [Male], _summer_. Head, neck, throat and breast black sharply defined from the mahogany brown back, third outer tail-feather with little or no white; sides washed with pinkish brown. _Ad._ [Female], _summer_. Head and breast grayer, back paler. _Ads. winter._ Back deeper, the head and neck more or less tipped with brown, the breast with gray, these areas less sharply defined from the back and belly.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from northern British Columbia to Alaska; winters south to California.

=--Shufeldt Junco= (_J. o. shufeldti_). Similar to No. 567a, but larger, W. 3.1, brown of back less intense.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon north to British Columbia (and eastward in humid regions to Montana?); winters south to northern Mexico.

=567b. Coues Junco= (_J. o. connectens_). Similar to _shufeldti_, but back paler, brownish gray, breast grayer, sides with less pinkish brown, head and breast still sharply defined from adjacent areas.

Range.--Breeds in the interior of British Columbia and probably in arid districts southward (breeding areas not definitely known); winters southward doubtless to Mexican boundary.

=567c. Thurber Junco= (_J. o. thurberi_). Similar to No. 567, but back much paler, a bright pinkish brown; head and breast black as in No. 567.

Range.--Breeds in mountains from southern Oregon south to southern California; east to western Nevada.

=567d. Point Pinos Junco= (_J. o. pinosus_). Similar to No. 567c, but throat and breast slate-color.

Range.--Santa Cruz district of California; breeds from King Mountain, south at least to Point Sur, County; wanders eastward in winter into Santa Clara and San Benito Valleys. (Grinnell.)

=733. Plain Titmouse= (_Bæolophus inornatus_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ Head crested; above grayish _brown_; below grayish _white_, belly white, sides often buffy. _Notes._ Similar to those of the Tufted Titmouse, but weaker and less varied. (Ridgw.)

Range.--California, west of the Sierra; north to Oregon.

=733a. Gray Titmouse= (_B. i. griseus_). Similar to No. 733, but above _gray_, below whitish _gray_, no buff on sides.

Range.--Southwestern United States: from southeastern California and Nevada to Colorado and New Mexico.

=733b. Ashy Titmouse= (_B. i. cineraceus_). Similar to No. 733a, but underparts grayish _white_, not whitish _gray_.

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

=743. Bush-Tit= (_Psaltriparus minimus_). L, 4.2; T. 2.1. _Ads._ Crown _sooty_ brown; back grayish brown; below brownish white, sides darker.

Range.--Pacific coast from northern California to Washington.

=743a. California Bush-Tit= (_P. m. californicus_). Similar to No. 743, but crown much lighter, brighter brown, quite different from the brownish gray back; underparts paler. _Notes._ When feeding, a faint _tsit_, _tsit_, _tsit_, _tsit_, when moving about, _tsit_, _tsit_, _tsit_, _sre-e-e-e_; _tsit_, sre-e-e-e; when a bird is separated from its companions, same as last but uttered more hurriedly; alarm note, a greatly intensified _tsit''_; _tsit'_; _tsit'_; _tsit'_: in presence of Hawk or Owl a shrill, quavering trill, _sre-e-e-e-e-e_. (Grinnell.)

Range.--California, except the north coast region.

=743b. Grinda Bush-Tit= (_P. m. grindæ_). Similar to No. 743, but back bluish ash-gray. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

=744. Lead-colored Bush-Tit= (_Psaltriparus plumbeus_). L. 4.5. _Ads._ _Crown_ and back bluish gray, sides of head brownish; below dingy white with a buffy tint on belly.

Range.--Western United States from eastern Oregon and eastern California east to Wyoming, Colorado, and western Texas.

=744.1. Santa Rita Bush-Tit= (_Psaltriparus santaritæ_). Similar to No. 744, but smaller, sides of head paler, male with a more or less distinct blackish line along sides of head as in female of No. 745. (Ridgw.) (Now considered the same as 745.)

Range.--Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona.

=745. Lloyd Bush-Tit= (_Psaltriparus lloydi_). L. 4.2. _Ad._ [Male]. Sides of head shining black, crown blue-gray, back browner; chin blackish, underparts whitish, the belly and sides buffy. _Ad._ [Female]. Sides of head brownish, ear-coverts bordered above by a narrow black line; no black on chin. _Yng._ Similar to [Female], but no black in head.

Range.--"Mountains of western Texas, between the Pecos and Rio Grande Rivers" (Sennett), south into Mexico.

=731. Tufted Titmouse= (_Bæolophus bicolor_). L. 6. _Ads._ Head crested; forehead _black_; above gray; below whitish, sides rusty. _Notes._ A clearly whistled _péto_, _péto_, and a hoarse _de-de-de_.

Range.--Eastern United States; resident from the Gulf States north to northern New Jersey and southern Iowa; straying somewhat further north in summer after breeding.

=731a. Texan Tufted Titmouse= (_B. b. texensis_). Similar to No. 731, but forehead rusty, upperparts paler.

Range.--Southeastern Texas.

=732. Black-crested Titmouse= (_Bæolophus atricristatus_). L. 6.1. _Ads._ Head with a _black_ crest; forehead white or tinged with rusty; back gray; below whitish, sides rusty. _Notes._ An abbreviation of the call of No. 731, _pete-pete-pete-pete_. (Bailey.)

Range.--"From southeastern Texas west to El Paso, south to eastern Mexico." (Bailey.)

=751. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher= (_Polioptila cærulea_). L. 4.5; T. 2. Outer tail-feathers with white, white tip of next to outer one at least 1.00 long. _Ad._ [Male]. Above bluish gray, forehead narrowly black; below grayish white. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but lighter gray; no black on forehead. _Notes._ Call, a twanging _ting_; song, sweet and varied but of small volume.

Range.--Eastern United States, west to Colorado; breeds from the Gulf States north to southern New Jersey, and Ontario; wanders casually as far north as Maine and Minnesota; winters from the Gulf States southward.

=751a. Western Gnatcatcher= (_P. c. obscura_). Similar to No.. 751, but slightly grayer above; white tip to next to outer tail-feather _less_ than 1.00 long.

Range.--Western United States from western Texas west to California and Lower California.

=752. Plumbeous Gnatcatcher= (_Polioptila plumbea_). L. 4.4. Outer web of outer tail-feather _wholly_ white, inner web black except at tip. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown shining black, back blue-gray; underparts grayish white. _Ad._ [Female] _and Yng_. [Male]. Similar, but no black on head. Yng. [Female]. Back and sides with a brownish wash. _Notes._ Call, a faint mew; song, "a harsh ditty of five notes, something like a Wren's song with notes like those of a Swallow." (Cooper.)

Range.--Mexican boundary region, from western Texas to southeastern California and Lower California.

=753. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher= (_Polioptila californica_). L. 4.5; T. 2.1. Similar to No. 752, but outer vane of outer tail-feather _black_ margined with white; back darker, underparts much grayer, flanks brownish.

Range.--Pacific coast region of southern California and northern Lower California.

=734. Bridled Titmouse= (_Bæolophus wollweberi_). L. 5.2. _Ads._ Head crested, black and gray; throat black; hind neck with a white band bounded by black; back olive-gray; below whitish. _Notes._ Chickadee-like but fainter. (Henshaw.)

Range.--Tableland of Mexico north to western Texas and southern Arizona.

=738. Mountain Chickadee= (_Parus gambeli_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ A white line over the eye and a black through it; back gray; belly whitish. _Notes._ A hoarse, _dee-dee-dee_, a two or three-noted _phe-be_ whistle exactly like that of the Chickadee and an exceedingly sweet three-noted whistle of regular intervals, _d_, _c_, _a_.

Range.--"Mountainous portions of the western United States from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, north to British Columbia, Idaho, etc., and south to northern Lower California." (A.O.U.)

=740. Hudsonian Chickadee= (_Parus hudsonicus_). L. 5.2; W. 2.6. _Ads._ Crown hair-brown, back a more yellow brown; sides of head and neck grayish white; throat black, belly white, sides rusty. _Notes._ _Tscha-dee-dee-dee-dee_; the _dee-dee_ notes repeated with almost incessant volubility. (Brewer.)

Range.--British America, from the west side of Hudson Bay northwestward to the Lower Yukon.

=740a. Kowak Chickadee= (_P. h. stoneyi_). Similar to No. 740, but larger, W. 2.7. above grayer, crown much paler.

Range.--Kowak River region, Alaska.

=740b. Columbian Chickadee= (_P. h. columbianus_). Similar to No. 740, but grayer above, crown slaty-drab.

Range.--Rocky Mountains from Montana northward; Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.

=--Canadian Chickadee= (_P. h. littoralis_). Similar to No. 740, but smaller, W. 2.5, crown duller brown.

Range.--British America east and south of Hudson Bay; northern New York, northern New England, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia.