Part 22

=558. White-throated Sparrow= (_Zonotrichia albicollis_). L. 6.7. A yellow mark before the eye and on bend of wing. _Ads._ Crown black, a narrow white stripe through its center and bounded by white _behind_ the eye; throat white sharply defined from _gray_ breast; back _reddish brown_ streaked with black. _Yng._ Less yellow before eye, crown browner, its stripe gray; throat grayer, sometimes like breast. _Notes._ Call, a low _tseep_, and sharp _chink_; song, a musical, clearly whistled _sow-wheat peverly_, _peverly_, _peverly_; or _peabody_, _peabody_, _peabody_.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains, casually to the Pacific; breeds from Massachusetts (locally); northern New York, northern Michigan, and eastern Montana, north to Labrador and West Hudson Bay region; winters from Massachusetts (rarely) and Illinois south to the Gulf.

=561. Clay-colored Sparrow= (_Spizella pallida_). L. 5.4. No reddish brown. _Ads._ Above grayish _brown_ streaked with black; sides of crown _largely-black_, a grayish line through its center; sides of head _brownish_; below white. _Notes._ Song, three notes, and a slight trill. (Coues.)

Range.--Interior of North America, from Illinois to the Rockies; breeds from eastern Colorado, and northwestern Illinois north to Saskatchewan; winters from southern Texas into Mexico.

=562. Brewer Sparrow= (_Spizella breweri_). L. 5.4. _No_ reddish brown. _Ads._ Back and _crown_ brownish _gray_, uniformly and narrowly streaked with black; sides of head _grayish_; below white. Grayer than No. 561, the sides of the crown _not_ largely black. _Notes._ Call, _chip_; song, a reedy warble resembling in tone that of a Long-billed Marsh Wren.

Range.--Western United States, from the Rockies to central California; breeds from Mexican border States north to British Columbia; winters from southern California south into Mexico.

=574. Bell Sparrow= (_Amphispiza belli_). L. 6.1; W. 2.7. _Ads._ Sides of throat with black streaks; center of breast with black spots; above grayish _brown_, usually _without_ distinct streaks, no white in tail.

Range.--Pacific coast, from northern Lower California northwest of Sierras, to Warren county, California; resident.

=574a. Sage Sparrow= (_A. b. nevadensis_). Similar to No. 574, but larger, W. 3.1; back brownish gray, usually finely but distinctly streaked with black; less black at sides of throat, usually a white stripe _over_ the eye. _Notes._ Call, a chipping twitter; song, feeble, but sweet and sad. (B. B. & R.)

Range.--Great Basin region; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California north to Idaho and eastern Oregon; winters south to western Texas and southern California.

=574b. Gray Sage Sparrow= (_A. b. cinerea_). Similar to No. 574, but paler above, throat-stripes narrower, more interrupted, breast-spot smaller, both stripes and spot dull grayish instead of blackish. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Lower California.

=564. Worthen Sparrow= (_Spizella wortheni_). Resembles No. 563a, but sides of head plain gray, no brownish streak behind eye; tail shorter, 2.5.

Range.--Southern New Mexico (Silver City), southward over eastern border of Mexican plateau to southern Puebla; breeding from Tamaulipas northward. (Ridgw.)

EASTERN SONG SPARROW GROUP.

=581. Song Sparrow= (_Melospiza cinerea melodia_). L. 6.2. _Ads._ Above reddish brown and gray with black streaks; tail with a decided rufous tinge; black streaks below conspicuously margined with reddish brown, those of center of breast forming a patch. _Notes._ Call, a characteristic _chimp_ or _trink_; song, too variable in form to admit of brief description but unmistakable in tone throughout the whole group.

Range.--Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from Virginia and northern Illinois north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters from southern Illinois and Massachusetts to Gulf States.

=581b. Mountain Song Sparrow= (_M. c. montana_). Similar to No. 581, but grayer; reddish brown not so bright; bill smaller.

Range.--Rocky Mountain district of United States west to, and including Sierra Nevada in California; north to eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and southern Montana; south in winter to western Texas and northern Mexico. (Ridgw.)

=581k. Merrill Song Sparrow= (_M. c. merrilli_). Similar to No. 581b, but slightly darker and more uniform above, with grayish edgings to interscapulars and scapulars less strongly contrasted with the darker mesial streaks, the latter usually with more brown than black. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Breeds from northern California (Shasta County) in mountains and through Oregon and Washington east of Cascade Mountains, to northwestern Idaho; winters south into Mexico. (Ridgw.)

=581j. Dakota Song Sparrow= (_M. c. juddi_). Similar to No. 581, but above paler, especially line over eye and sides of neck; white below clearer; interscapulars with black center broader, reddish brown portions narrower; dark markings on breast restricted and more sharply defined. (Bishop.)

Range.--"Turtle Mountains and vicinity, North Dakota." (A.O.U.)

DESERT SONG SPARROWS.

=581a. Desert Song Sparrow= (_Melospiza cinerea fallax_). W. 2.5. Above reddish brown and gray; below white with _reddish brown_ streaks; usually _no black_ in plumage.

Range.--Lower Sonoran district of southwest Arizona, southern Nevada, southeast California and northwest Lower California and Sonora. (Ridgw.)

=581g. Brown Song Sparrow= (_M. c. rivularis_). Similar to No. 581a, but larger, W. 2.7, with longer, more slender and more compressed bill; still less strongly contrasted markings, and duller, less rufescent colors. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Mountain districts of southern Lower California. (Ridgw.)

CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.

=581c. Heermann Song Sparrow= (_Melospiza cinerea heermanni_). L. 6.5; W. 2.5. _Ads._ Above _chestnut_ olive-gray with usually distinct black streaks; tail _without_ a decided rufous tinge; black streaks below not conspicuously bordered by rufous.

Range.--Central valleys of California including lower levels of Sacramento and San Joaquin basins. (Ridgw.)

CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.

=581m. San Diego Sparrow= (_M. c. cooperi_). Similar to No. 581c, but slightly smaller, W. 2.4, much lighter and grayer.

Range.--Southern coast district of California north to Monterey Bay, east to Ft. Tejon, San Bernardino, etc., and north Pacific coast district of Lower California south to San Quentin Bay. (Ridgw.)

=581d. Samuels Song Sparrow= (_M. c. samuelis_). Similar to No. 581c, but smaller, W. 2.4, bill more slender.

Range.--Coast slope of central California (except salt marshes of San Francisco Bay), from Santa Cruz County to Humboldt County, north, at least in winter, to Humboldt Bay. (Ridgw.)

=581l. Alameda Song Sparrow= (_M. c. pusillula_). Similar to No. 581a, but smaller, W. 2.3, less rusty, underparts more heavily streaked, usually more or less suffused with _yellowish_.

Range.--Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. (Ridgw.)

=581i. San Clemente Song Sparrow= (_M. c. clementæ_). Similar to No. 581m, but larger and grayer.

Range.--San Clemente, San Miguel, and Santa Rosa Islands, Santa Barbara Group, California; Coronados Islands, Lower California. (Ridgw.)

=581h. Santa Barbara Song Sparrow= (_M. c. graminea_). Similar to No. 581i, but much smaller, W. 2.4.

Range.--Santa Barbara Islands, California mainland in winter.

NORTHWEST COAST SONG SPARROWS.

=581e. Rusty Song Sparrow= (_M. c. morphna_). W. 2.7. _Ads._ Above without clear gray and _not_ distinctly streaked; prevailing color dark reddish brown; below _heavily_ streaked with same.

Range.--Northwest coast region, Oregon to British Columbia; south in winter to southern California.

=581f. Sooty Song Sparrow= (_M. c. rufina_). Similar to No. 581e, but larger, W. 2.9, more sooty above and below, underparts more heavily streaked.

Range.--Pacific coast region from British Columbia north to southern Alaska.

=581n. Yukutat Song Sparrow= (_M. c. caurina_). Similar to No. 581f, bill longer and more slender, color grayer.

Range.--Coast of Mt. St. Elias district of Alaska, from Yakutat Bay to Lituya Bay.

=581o. Kenai Song Sparrow= (_M. c. kenaiensis_). Similar to No. 582, but smaller, W. 3, plumage darker, more sooty, less rufous.

Range.--Coast of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, from east side of Cook Inlet to Prince William Sound. (Ridgw.)

=581.1. Kadiak Island Song Sparrow= (_M. c. insignis_). Similar to No. 581o, but larger, W. 3.2, bill longer, color grayer.

Range.--Kadiak Island and opposite coast of Alaska. (Ridgw.)

=582. Aleutian Song Sparrow= (_Melospiza cinerea_). Similar to No. 581.1, but larger and grayer; largest and grayest bird of group; L. 8; W. 3.4.

Range.--"Western portion of Alaska Peninsula (Stepovak Bay, opposite Shumagin Islands), Shumagin Islands, and Aleutian Islands, from Unalaska to Atka, Adak, and Attu." (Ridgw.)

=585. Fox Sparrow= (_Passerella iliaca_). L. 7.2. Back _streaked_, gray and reddish brown; tail and spots below bright reddish brown. _Notes._ Call, a weak _tseep_; song, loud, sweet, varied, ringing and joyous.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Magdalen Islands and Manitoba, northwest to Alaska; winters from Virginia to the Gulf States.

=585a. Shumagin Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. unalaschensis_). Back _not_ distinctly streaked, much paler than No. 585; spots below grayish brown; palest of present group.

Range.--Alaska, Shumagin Islands, and Alaskan Peninsula to Cook Inlet.

=--Kadiak Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. insularis_). Similar to No. 585a, but browner above and below; tail nearly same as back; breast spots larger.

Range.--"Kadiak Island, Alaska, in summer; in winter south along the coast slope to southern California." (Ridgw.)

=--Sooty Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. fuliginosa_). _Ads._ Above, including wings and tail, uniform brownish umber, _unstreaked_; below heavily spotted with same.

Range.--Coast of British Columbia and northwest Washington; south in winter to San Francisco, California. (Ridgw.)

=--Townsend Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. townsendi_). Similar to _fuliginosa_ but more rufous.

Range.--Southern Alaska north to Cross Sound; south in winter to northern California. (Ridgw.)

=--Yakutat Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. annectens_). Similar to _townsendi_ but less rufous; very near _fuliginosa_, but not quite so deeply colored.

Range.--Coast of Alaska, from Cross Sound to Prince William Sound (to Cook Inlet?); in winter, south to California. (Ridgw.)

=585b. Thick-billed Sparrow= (_P. i. megarhyncha_). L. 7.3; W. 3.3; depth of B. at base, .4. _Ads._ Above and spots below _gray_; wings and tail light brown; bill large. _Notes._ Song, resembles that of No. 585, but is recognizably different.

Range.--Breeding in the Sierra Nevada (both slopes) from Mt. Shasta southward; in winter beyond Sierras as far as Los Angeles County, California. (Ridgw.)

=585c. Slate-colored Sparrow= (_P. i. schistacea_). Similar to No. 585b, but smaller, bill smaller; W. 3.2; depth of B. at base, .35.

Range.--Rocky Mountain district of United States and British Columbia; breeds from more eastern ranges of Colorado west to White Mountains in southeastern Colorado, mountains of northeastern California and eastern Oregon; north to interior of British Columbia; in migrations, New Mexico, Arizona, western slopes of Sierra Nevada, western Kansas. (Ridgw.)

=585d. Stephens Sparrow= (_P. i. stephensi_). Similar in coloration to No. 585b, but larger, the bill conspicuously so; W. 3.4; depth of B. at base .6. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Breeding on San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; southern California. (Ridgw.)

=674. Oven-bird= (_Seiurus aurocapillus_). L. 6.1. _Ads._ No wing-bars; no white in tail; above brownish olive-green; crown orange-brown bordered by black; below white streaked with black. _Notes._ Call, a weak _cheep_; song, a crescendo _teacher_ repeated about five times; also a wild, ecstatic flight song.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from Virginia and Kansas north to Labrador and northwest to Alaska; winters from Florida south to West Indies and Central America. (Said to breed in Bahamas.)

=675. Water-Thrush= (_Seiurus noveboracensis_). L. 6; W. 3. A whitish line over eye; above olive; below pale _sulphur yellow_ heavily streaked with blackish; _throat spotted_; no wing-bars or tail-patches. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chink_; song, a high-pitched, liquid whistle, _sweet_, _sweet_, _sweet_, _chu-chu-wee chu_. (Jones.) Also a flight song.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and northern Illinois, north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay, and south along the Alleghanies to West Virginia; winters from Florida to northern South America.

=675a. Grinnell Water-Thrush= (_S. n. notabilis_). Similar to No. 675, but larger, W. 3.1; upperparts darker, less olive; underparts less yellow.

Range.--Western North America; breeds from Minnesota, western Nebraska, and probably more northern Rocky Mountain district of United States, north to Alaska; winters from southern United States southward; in migration east to Mississippi valley, rarely to Atlantic States from New Jersey southward.

=676. Louisiana Water-Thrush= (_Seiurus motacilla_). L. 6.2. _Ads._ A _white_ line over eye; above grayish olive; below _buffy_ white; breast and sides streaked; _no_ spots on throat; no wing-bars or tail-patches. _Notes._ Call, a sharp, metallic _chink_; song, a sudden outburst of loud wild, ringing notes; also a flight song.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States to Connecticut, lower Hudson Valley, and Minnesota; winters in tropics.

=697. American Pipit: Titlark= (_Anthus pensilvanicus_). L. 6.4. Hind toe-nail much the longest. _Ads._ Outer tail-feather largely white; next one only tipped with white; upperparts grayish brown indistinctly streaked; underparts rich buff, breast and _sides_ streaked with blackish. _Yng. and Ads. in Winter._ Less gray above, paler below. _Notes._ Call, a soft _dee-dee_ usually uttered in flight; a flight song.

Range.--North America breeding in Arctic regions and in the higher parts of the Rockies from Colorado northward (also on Mt. Shasta?); winters from southern California, Nevada and Gulf States south through Mexico to Central America.

=700. Sprague Pipit= (_Anthus spraguei_). L. 6.2. Hind toe-nail much lengthened; two outer tail-feathers _largely_ white. _Ads._ Above streaked with buff and blackish brown; below white tinged with buff; breast streaked. In winter, similar, but less brown above, less buff below. _Notes._ Song, uttered on the wing when several hundred feet above the earth, sweet and far reaching, resembling at beginning song of Skylark.

Range.--"Interior plains of North America, breeding from plains of the Yellowstone northward to Saskatchewan district and from the Red River westward (probably to the Rocky Mountains); south in winter on the tablelands of Mexico to Puebla; accidental in South Carolina."

=702. Sage Thrasher= (_Oroscoptes montanus_). L. 8.7. _Ads._ Above brownish gray; below whitish heavily streaked with blackish; outer tail-feathers _tipped_ with white. _Notes._ Call, a low chuck; song, deficient in power but possessing sweetness, vivacity and variety; resembling song of Ruby-crowned Kinglet. (Ridgway.)

Range.--"Western United States from western South Dakota, western Nebraska and eastern Colorado, north to Montana, west to the Cascades and Sierra Nevada, south into northern Mexico and Lower California." (A.O.U.)

=705. Brown Thrasher= (_Toxostoma rufum_). L. 11.5; W. 4.1; B. .95. _Ads._ Above, wings and tail rufous or rusty brown; below white heavily streaked with blackish; two white wing-bars. _Notes._ Calls, a sharp kissing note and a clearly whistled _wheéu_; song, loud, musical, varied, finished and rich in tone.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north to Maine and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and the lower Mississippi Valley southward.

=706. Sennett Thrasher= (_Toxostoma longirostre sennetti_). L. 11.5; W. 4; B. 1.1. _Ads._ Similar to No. 705, but wing shorter, bill longer, upperparts less bright, streaks below blacker. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 705, but song even finer.

Range.--Southeastern Texas from Corpus Christi south into northeastern Mexico.

=713? Texan Cactus Wren= (_Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi_). L. 8.5. Largest of our Wrens. _Ads._ Above brown, head darker, back streaked with white; below, _including chin_, heavily marked with black. _Notes._ A loud, harsh _cack-cack-cack-cack_.

Range.--"Rio Grande region of Texas and adjoining Mexican states, west to the eastern Desert Tract, south over the Mexican tableland." (Mearns.)

=713a. Bryant Cactus Wren= (_H. b. bryanti_). Differs from No. 713b, in heavier spotting below, and in perfectly barred tail and slight wash of rufous on belly and flanks. (Anthony.)

Range.--"Northern Lower California and southern California, west of the Coast Range." (Mearns.)

=713b. St. Lucas Cactus Wren= (_H. b. affinis_). Resembling No. 713c, but all the tail-feathers, except middle pair, barred with white for their whole length; flanks white or very pale buff, with large rounded or tear-shaped spots. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Southern Lower California.

=713c? Desert Cactus Wren= (_H. b. anthonyi_). Similar to No. 713, but paler above; chin _without_ spots.

Range.--Interior deserts of the southwestern United States, south into Mexico and northeastern Lower California. (Mearns.)

=755. Wood Thrush= (_Hylocichla mustelina_). L. 8.2. _Ads._ Above bright cinnamon, _brightest on head_; below white with _large_, _rounded_ black spots. _Notes._ Calls, a sharp _pit-pit_, a liquid _quirt_, and a soft _tut-tut-tut_; song, both flute-like and bell-like; sung with frequent pauses and low notes.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Virginia and Kansas to Vermont, Quebec, and Minnesota; winters in Central America.

=715. Rock Wren= (_Salpinctes obsoletus_). L. 5.7. _Ads._ Rump rusty; tail tipped and _outer_ feathers barred with pale rusty; above grayish brown lightly speckled with blackish; below, including belly, whitish; breast obscurely streaked with brownish. _Notes._ Calls, Wren-like; song, sweet, varied and Mockingbird-like.

Range.--"Western United States, from the western border of the Plains to the Pacific, north to Dakota, Montana, and British Columbia; south on the tablelands of Mexico and Guatemala to Salvador; breeds throughout its range, and is resident from about the southern, border of the United States southward." (A.O.U.)

=716. Guadalupe Rock Wren= (_Salpinctes guadeloupensis_). Resembling No. 715, but darker and browner, with chest, etc., more distinctly speckled; wings and tail shorter; bill and tarsi longer; W. 2.6; T. 2.2. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

=717. White-throated Wren= (_Catherpes mexicanus albifrons_). L. 6; W. 2.7. _Ads._ _Belly_, rump, and _all_ tail-feathers rusty; tail barred with black; throat white; back rusty brown.

Range.--Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into northeastern Mexico.

=717a. Canon Wren= (_C. m. conspersus_). Similar to No. 717, but smaller, W. 2.3; tail-bars narrower. _Notes._ Call, a "ringing _dink_;" song, a series of about seven, loud, ringing whistles uttered in a regularly descending scale.

Range.--"Great Basin and Rocky Mountain region, from the Sierra Nevada and Cascades eastward to southern Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado and western Texas: south on the tableland of Mexico to Aguas Calientes; breeds nearly throughout its range; resident in southern parts of its United States distribution." (A.O.U.)

=717b. Dotted Canon Wren= (_C. m. punctulatus_). Similar to No. 717a, but darker; more nearly resembling No. 717 in colors, but smaller in size.

Range.--Pacific coast from Lower California north to Oregon; resident.

=718. Carolina Wren= (_Thryothorus ludovicianus_). L. 5.5; W. 2.3; B. .6. _Ads._ Above bright rust-brown; below washed with same, throat and line over eye white. _Notes._ Calls, Wren-like; song, a great variety of loud, musical whistles, _whee-udel_, _whee-udel_, _whee-udel_ or _tea-kettle_, _tea-kettle_, _tea-kettle_, etc.

Range--Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States north to the lower Hudson Valley (and casually Massachusetts), northern Illinois, and southern Iowa; resident.

=718a. Florida Wren= (_T. l. miamensis_). Similar to No. 718, but darker above, more deeply colored below; larger, W. 2.4; B. .7.

Range.--Florida, from Pasco and Brevard counties southward.

=718b. Lomita Wren= (_T. l. lomitensis_). Similar to No. 718, but browner, less rufous above, rump with more white spots; below paler, the flanks usually barred.

Range.--Southeastern Texas.

=719. Bewick Wren= (_Thryomanes bewickii_). L. 5; W. 2.2; T. 2.1. _Ads._ Above rich, dark cinnamon-brown, tail grayer; below grayish white; all but middle pair of tail-feathers _black_, outer ones barred, others tipped with grayish. _Notes._ Call, "a soft, low, _plit_;" song, strongly suggesting that of Song Sparrow.

Range.--Mississippi Valley west to the Plains, north to Lat. 40°, east to Alleghanies and locally to Atlantic States from southern New Jersey to Georgia.

=719a. Vigors Wren= (_T. b. spilurus_). Similar to No. 719, but smaller, W. 2; upperparts less cinnamon or reddish.

Range.--California, west of Sierra Nevada and south to Santa Cruz Island. (Bailey.)

=719b. Baird Wren= (_T. b. leucogaster_). Similar to No. 719c, but upperparts grayer.

Range.--"Western Texas to southeastern California, and from southern Nevada Utah, and Colorado south over tablelands of Mexico to Zacatecas." (Bailey.)

=719c. Texas Bewick Wren= (_T. b. cryptus_). Similar to No. 719, but grayer, brown of upperparts not so rich; slightly larger, W. 2.3.

Range.--"Texas, except the extreme western corner, states of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, in Mexico, with probably Kansas, Indian Territory and Oklahoma; migratory north of Texas." (Oberholser.)

=719d. Southwest Bewick Wren= (_T. b. charienturus_). Similar to No. 719b but flanks and upper surface darker, eye-stripe rather broader, under tail-coverts more heavily barred, wing shorter, 2. (Oberholser.)

Range.--Coast region of southern California, north to about Pasadena, south to Lat. 28°, Lower California, Santa Catalina Island; resident. (Oberholser.)

=729e. Northwest Bewick Wren= (_T. b. calophonus_). Similar to No. 719a, but bill larger, upper surface usually rather deeper and richer brown, flanks somewhat more rufescent; W. 2.1; B. .6. (Oberholser.)

Range.--Pacific slope from Oregon north to southern Vancouver Island, valley of the Fraser River, and slightly farther along the mainland coast; probably resident. (Oberholser.)

=719.1. San Clemente Wren= (_Thryomanes leucophrys_) Similar to No. 719d, but flanks and upperparts rather grayer and paler, bill longer, under tail-coverts less heavily barred. (Oberholser.)

Range.--San Clemente Island, California.

=720. Guadalupe Wren= (_Thryomanes brevicauda_). L. 4.5; W. 1.9. _Ads._ Resembling No. 719a, but rump with few or no concealed white spots; tail dull grayish brown, narrowly and indistinctly barred with dusky, two or three outer feathers with brownish gray tips. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California.