Part 21

=--English Sparrow= (_Passer domesticus_). L. 6.3. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and upper breast black; crown _slate_; band behind eye and on nape chestnut. _Ad._ [Female]. Below dirty white; crown and rump dingy grayish brown; back streaked with black and rusty brown; a buffy stripe behind eye. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to Ad. but throat and head tipped with brownish gray. _Notes._ Harsh and discordant.

Range.--Introduced into America from Europe in 1851 and later dates; now distributed throughout the greater part of the United States.

=537. Smith Longspur= (_Calcarius pictus_). L. 6.6. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; _two_ outer tail-feathers mostly white. _Ad._ [Male]. _Throat_, _breast_ and belly buff; nape buff; crown and cheeks black; ear-coverts and line over eye white; lesser wing-coverts black margined with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above brownish black margined with buff and rusty brown; below pale buff, sides of breast and flanks streaked with brown. [Male] _in winter_. Like [Female] but lesser wing-coverts black and white. _Notes._ Call constantly _chirrup_ as they fly. (Goss.)

Range.--Middle western United States; breeds in northern British. America; winters south over the plains and prairies to Texas; east to Illinois.

=579. Rufous-winged Sparrow= (_Aimophila carpalis_). L. 5.7. Outer tail-feathers shortest. _Ads._ Lesser wing-coverts bright reddish brown; crown reddish brown or chestnut margined with gray; back streaked with black and margined with _grayish brown_; below whitish; _two_ black streaks from either side of the base of the lower mandible. _Notes._ Call, _zib_, _zib_, _zib_. (Bendire.)

Range.--Southern Arizona, north to Tucson and Camp Lowell and south through Sonora to northern Sinaloa. (Ridgw.)

=580. Rufous-crowned Sparrow= (_Aimophila ruficeps_). L. 4; T. 2.6. No yellow at bend of wing; outer tail-feathers shortest. _Ads._ Above reddish brown margined with buffy gray (no black streaks); below, including middle of belly, brownish; sides of throat with black lines. _Notes._ Song, very sweet, resembling that of Lazuli Bunting, but distinguishable. (C. A. Allen.)

Range.--Northern Lower California north to Marin County and Sacramento Valley, California; local.

=580a. Scott Sparrow= (_A. r. scottii_). Similar to No. 580, but above brighter reddish brown, the margins to the feathers grayer, the underparts much paler, the breast grayish, the throat and middle of the belly whitish.

Range.--Northwestern portion of Mexican plateau and adjacent portions of Arizona, New Mexico and western Texas (El Paso Co.) (Ridgw.)

=580b. Rook Sparrow= (_A. r. eremœca_). L. 6. _Ads._ Crown reddish chestnut, back olive-brown margined with gray. Similar to No. 580a, but back of a different color from crown, the grayish margins wider.

Range.--Limestone Hill districts of middle Texas, from Kinney and Maverick counties on the Rio Grande, northeastward to Cook County and westward at least to Tom Green County; south in winter to Mexico. (Ridgw.)

=580c. Laguna Sparrow= (_A. r. sororia_). Similar to No. 580a, but bill somewhat stouter, reddish brown above averaging brighter and wider.

Range.--Southern Lower California.

=540. Vesper Sparrow= (_Poœcetes gramineus_). L. 6.1. Outer tail-feather mostly white; hind toe-nail not longer than toe; _lesser_ wing-coverts reddish brown. _Ads._ Above grayish brown streaked with black and chestnut; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with black and chestnut. _Notes._ Call, _chip_. Song, loud and musical _Look-look_, _see-see_, _me-me-me-me-me-me-sing_, followed by a confusion of notes.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Illinois and Missouri north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico.

=540a. Western Vesper Sparrow= (_P. g. confinis_). Similar to No. 540, but paler, less black above; bill somewhat more slender.

Range.--Western United States from the Plains to the Sierra; breeds from Arizona and New Mexico north to the Saskatchewan and British Columbia; winters south into Mexico.

=540b. Oregon Vesper Sparrow= (_P. g. affinis_). Similar to No. 540a, but smaller, W. 3; bill still more slender; plumage browner, more buffy; browner even than No. 540, the underparts, including belly, suffused with buff.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds in western Oregon (and north?); winters southwest of the Sierra to San Diego, California.

=575. Pine-woods Sparrow= (_Peucæa æstivalis_). L. 5.8; T. 2.5. Bend of the wing yellow; outer tail-feathers much shorter than the middle pair. _Ads._ Above reddish chestnut, _head_ and back streaked with black and margined with gray; below whitish, breast faintly tinged with buff. _Notes._ Song, exceedingly sweet and plaintive.

Range.--Florida and southern Georgia; winters in southern Florida.

=575a. Bachman Sparrow= (_T. æ. bachmanii_). Similar to No. 575, but above brighter reddish chestnut, black speaks fewer and usually confined to back; breast and sides deeper buff.

Range.--Lower Mississippi Valley, west to southern Indiana and southern Illinois, east to Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (rarely); west to Concho County, Texas; winters south in Atlantic States, to southern Florida.

=576. Botteri Sparrow= (_Peucæa botteri_). L. 6; T. 2.8. Bend of wing yellow; outer tail-feathers shortest. _Ads_. Above bright rusty brown (about the color of a Field Sparrow), head and back streaked with black and margined with gray; below buffy, the center of the belly whitish. _Notes._ Song, begins with a faint trill followed by a succession of disjointed syllables, _cha_, _cheewee_, _wee_, _wee_, _wee_, _wir_. (Henshaw.)

Range.--Entire plateau of Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southern Arizona. (Ridgw.)

=578. Cassin Sparrow= (_Peucæa cassini_). L. 6; T. 2.8. Bend of wing yellow, outer tail-feathers shortest, their ends with distinct _grayish_ patches. _Ads._ Above _gray_ streaked with _dull_ reddish brown and _spotted_ or _barred_ with black; below grayish white. _Notes._ Song, lengthened and pleasing, usually sung on wing.

Range.--Texas and southern Kansas west to southern Nevada and Arizona south into Mexico.

=559. Tree Sparrow= (_Spizella monticola_). L. 6.3. A black spot in the center of the breast. _Ads._ Cap reddish brown, no black on head; two white wing-bars, back streaked black, reddish brown and buff; below whitish; upper mandible black, lower yellowish. _Notes._ Call, a musical, tinkling, _too-lay-it_, song, "a loud, clear and powerful chant."

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds in Labrador and region west of Hudson Bay; winters south to South Carolina, Tennessee and Indian Territory.

=559a. Western Tree Sparrow= (_S. m. ochracea_). Similar to No. 559, but back with much less reddish brown, largely brownish buff streaked with black.

Range.--Western North America east to the Plains; breeds in Alaska; winters south to Mexican border.

=560. Chipping Sparrow= (_Spizella socialis_). L. 5.3. _Ads._ Crown reddish chestnut, forehead _blackish_; a black line from eye to nape; back streaked with black, _reddish brown_ and grayish brown; wing-bars not conspicuous; below grayish white; bill largely black. _Yng._ Crown like back; cheeks brownish. _Notes._ Call, _chip_; song, an unmusical _chippy_, _chippy_, _chippy_, repeated.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Gulf States to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters in the Gulf States and Mexico.

=560a. Western Chipping Sparrow= (_S. s. arizonæ_). Similar to No. 560, but much grayer above; back with little or no reddish brown.

Range.--Western North America; breeds from Mexican border states to Alaska; winters from California and Mexican border states to southern Mexico.

=563. Field Sparrow= (_Spizella pusilla_). L. 5.6; T. 2.5. Bill entirely pinkish brown. _Ads._ Crown _reddish_ brown, a gray line over the eye, a reddish brown stripe from behind it to nape; back _reddish_ brown streaked with black; below whitish, _no_ streaks, breast washed with buffy; two white wing-bars. _Notes._ Call, _chip_; song, a musical whistle, _cher-weé_, _cher-weé-cher-weé_, _cheé-o_, _dee-e-e-e-e_; with many variations but usually ending in a trill.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from South Carolina, Alabama and central Texas north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and Illinois to Gulf States.

=563a. Western Field Sparrow= (_S. p. arenacea_). Similar to No. 563, but much paler above; crown largely grayish; back with but little reddish brown, breast with little or no buff; tail longer, 2.7.

Range.--Great Plains of interior; breeds from Nebraska and South Dakota to eastern Montana; winters south to northeastern Mexico; casually to Louisiana. (Ridgw.)

=584. Swamp Sparrow= (_Melospiza georgiana_). L. 5.8. _Ads._ Forehead black with a gray median line; crown bright chestnut; below grayish white; _sides brownish_, nape gray; back grayish, black, and buff. Yng. Crown streaked chestnut and black; gray line over the eye sometimes tinged with yellow; other parts deeper in color. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _cheep_; song, a simple _tweet-tweet-tweet_, etc., all on one note.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters from Kansas, southern Illinois, and Massachusetts to Gulf States.

=542. Sandwich Sparrow= (_Passerculus sandwichensis_). L. 5.7; W. 2.9 A yellow line from the bill passing _over_ the eye; bend of wing usually tinged with yellow. _Ads._ Above streaked with black, chestnut and brownish gray; below white, (buffy in fall and winter), breast and sides streaked with black, the streaks narrowly margined with chestnut. _Notes._ Doubtless resemble those of No. 542a.

Range.--Northwest coast; breeds in western Alaska; winters south to northern California.

=542a. Savannah Sparrow= (_P. s. savanna_). Similar to No. 542, but smaller, W. 2.7; yellow line over eye shorter and less pronounced; bill smaller. _Notes._ Call a sharp _tsip_, frequently uttered; song, a weak, musical little trill following a grasshopperlike introduction, _tsip_, _tsip_, _tsip_, _sē-e-e-s'r-r-r_. (Dwight.)

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New Jersey (rarely), eastern Long Island, and Missouri north to Labrador and western Hudson Bay; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Cuba and Mexico.

=542b. Western Savannah Sparrow= (_P. s. alaudinus_). Similar to No. 542a, but bill more slender, color averaging paler, the yellow line not passing _over_ the eye, less evident before it and often wholly wanting.

Range.--Western North America from the Plains west to the Sierra; breeds from Mexico City north to Alaska; winters from southern California southward.

=542c. Bryant Marsh Sparrow= (_P. s. bryanti_). Similar to No. 542b, but smaller, W. 2.6; colors much darker, streaks below heavier; yellow over eye more pronounced. A darker bird even than No. 542a, but with the bill slender as in No. 542b.

Range.--Resident in salt marshes about San Francisco and Monterey Bay; winters south to San Pedro (Grinnell); casually to Mexico City. (Ridgw.)

=543. Belding Sparrow= (_Passerculus beldingi_). L. 5; W. 2.5. _Ads._ Similar to No. 542c, but somewhat smaller, above darker and with a slight olive caste; underparts more heavily streaked.

Range.--Pacific Coast; salt marshes from Todos Santos Island, Lower California, north to Santa Barbara.

=544. Large-billed Sparrow= (_Passerculus rostratus_). L. 5.5; W. 2.6. Bill stout, upper mandible _curved_; no yellow before eye or on bend of wing. _Ads._ Above grayish brown marked with brown and blackish but _without_ well-defined streaks; below white, breast and sides streaked with grayish brown, the streaked feathers centrally blackish.

Range.--Coast of southern California north to Santa Barbara; winters south to Cape St. Lucas and northwestern Mexico.

=544a. St. Lucas Sparrow= (_P. r. guttatus_). Similar to No. 544, but smaller, W. 2.5; bill more slender; upperparts brownish gray with an _olive tint_ and streaked with darker; similar to No. 544c, but smaller, upperparts more olive and more widely, but less sharply streaked.

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California in winter; breeding range unknown.

=544b. Lagoon Sparrow= (_P. r. halophilus_). Similar to No. 544a, but larger, W. 2.7, and darker; streaks on chest with little if any brown edging; differing from No. 543, in more uniform coloration of upperparts, in less narrow and decidedly blackish streaks on chest, etc.

Range.--Salt marshes, Abreojos Point, Lower California.

=544c. San Benito Sparrow= (_P. r. sanctorum_). Similar to No. 544, but bill more slender; above grayer (brownish _gray_) distinctly streaked with blackish, the streaks margined with brown; below streaked with _black_, the streaks narrowly margined with brownish.

Range.--Breeds on San Benito Island, Lower California; in winter to Cape Region of Lower California.

=545. Baird Sparrow= (_Coturniculus bairdii_). L. 5.7. Tail-feathers pointed, middle ones shortest. _Ads._ Crown yellowish brown, streaked with black; back black margined with chestnut and grayish; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with black. In fall and winter, colors richer. _Notes._ Song, "_trick-e-trik-eeeee-chiky-le-roit_, with a peculiar tinkling utterance."

Range.--Great Plains; breeds from western Minnesota, North Dakota, eastern Montana, north to Manitoba and Assiniboia; winters south to Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. (Ridgw.)

=546. Grasshopper Sparrow= (_Coturniculus savannarum passerinus_). L. 5.3. Line before eye orange; bend of wing yellow; tail-feathers pointed. _Ads._ Crown black with a buffy central stripe; nape _chestnut and gray_; back black, chestnut buff and gray; below buffy, unstreaked, belly whiter. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chip_; song, a weak, insect-like _pit-tuck_, _zee-e-e-e-e-e-e_.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from the Gulf States to Massachusetts, Vermont, and Minnesota; winters from North Carolina to Cuba and Mexico.

=546a. Western Grasshopper Sparrow= (_C. s. bimaculatus_). Similar to No. 546, but paler below and with less black and more chestnut above.

Range.--Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds from Mexican border states north to Montana and British Columbia; winters south into Mexico.

=546b. Florida Grasshopper Sparrow= (_C. s. floridanus_). Similar to No. 546, but smaller, W. 3; darker above, paler below; sides of crown almost solid black; chestnut above largely replaced by black.

Range.--Kissimmee Prairies, Florida.

=547. Henslow Sparrow= (_Ammodramus henslowii_). L. 5. Bend of wing yellow; tail-feathers pointed, the outer ones much the shortest. _Ads._ Crown and nape pale _olive-green_ streaked with blackish; back bright reddish brown streaked with black and gray; below white; breast and sides washed with buff and streaked with black. _Notes._ Call, _tee-wick_; song, _sis-r-r-rit-srit-srit_. (Jouy.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds locally, from Virginia and Missouri, north to New Hampshire, southern Ontario and Minnesota; winters from Virginia and Missouri south to the Gulf of Mexico.

=547a. Western Henslow Sparrow= (_A. h. occidentalis_). Similar to No. 547, but paler, in summer little or no buff below.

Range.--Central western states; breeding, so far as known, in South Dakota; in winter south to Texas.

=548. Leconte Sparrow= (_Ammodramus lecontei_), L. 5. No yellow on wing; tail-feathers pointed, outer ones much the shortest. _Ads._ Broad line over eye, throat, breast and sides rich buff; nape chestnut and gray; back black narrowly margined with chestnut and, at the sides, broadly with buff; sides streaked; breast rarely with a few streaks. _Notes._ Call, a thin, sharp, _tweet_, and a long-drawn _bizz_; song, a tiny, husky, _reese_, _reese_. (Seton.)

Range.--"Great Plains and more western prairies; breeding from Dakota, Minnesota, etc., to Manitoba, migrating south and east, in winter, through Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, etc., to South Carolina and Gulf States from Florida to Texas." (Ridgw.)

=533. Pine Finch= (_Spinus pinus_). L. 5. Bill sharply pointed; a tuft of bristly feathers over the nostril; tail slightly forked. _Ads._ Base of tail, of inner wing-feathers and outer edges of primaries yellow; above brownish; below whitish streaked with black. _Notes._ Call, a metallic note; song, tinkling and musical often sung on the wing as with No. 529, the song of which it resembles.

Range.--North America; breeds from northern boundary states to Alaska; in the Alleghanies south to North Carolina; and in the Rockies and Sierra south to Mexico; winters from the northern states to Gulf states and Lower California.

=541. Ipswich Sparrow= (_Passerculus princeps_). L. 6.2. _Ads._ Above _pale_ brownish gray streaked with brown; below white, breast and sides streaked with _brownish_; spot above eye and bend of wing often pale sulphur yellow. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 542a.

Range.--Breeds on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, winters south along coast, regularly to Virginia, rarely to Georgia.

=549. Sharp-tailed Sparrow= (_Ammodramus caudacutus_). L. 5.8. Tail-feathers sharply pointed, outer ones shortest. _Ads._ Below white, breast and sides washed with buff and distinctly _streaked with black_; nape olive-green; cheeks orange-buff; ear-coverts gray; crown olive-chocolate with a blue-gray central line; back olive, buff, black and gray. _Notes._ Call, _chip_; song, an unmusical, short, "husky," "gasping" effort, uttered from a perch or on fluttering wings above the reeds.

Range.--Atlantic coast; breeds from South Carolina to New Hampshire; winters from North Carolina to Florida.

=549.1. Nelson Sparrow= (_Ammodramus nelsoni_). L. 5.5. Tail-feathers pointed, outer ones shortest. _Ads._ Similar to No. 549, but breast and sides much deeper buff, the former with few or no streaks; upperparts more richly colored. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 549.

Range.--Breeds in interior from northern Illinois to Manitoba and South Dakota; migrates east to New York and winters south to South Carolina and Texas; accidental in California.

=549.1a. Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow= (_A. n. subvirgatus_). Similar to No. 549.1, but breast and sides paler, the former lightly but distinctly streaked with grayish; upperparts less richly colored.

Range.--Atlantic coast; breeds in marshes of eastern Maine, southern New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island; winters south to South Carolina.

=550. Seaside Sparrow= (_Ammodramus maritimus_). L. 6: W. 2.5. Tail-feathers pointed, the outer ones shortest; spot before eye and bend of wing yellow. _Ads._ Above olive-green and gray (no black); below white, breast and sides grayish and, in first plumage, streaked with buff. _Notes._ Similar in character to those of No. 549.

Range.--Atlantic coast; breeds in salt marshes from North Carolina to southern Massachusetts; winters from Virginia to Georgia.

=550a. Scott Seaside Sparrow= (_A. m. peninsulæ_). Similar to No. 550, but smaller, W. 2.3; above black margined by olive-brown and olive-green; below whitish, breast and sides heavily streaked with blackish.

Range.--Atlantic coast from northeastern Florida to South Carolina; Gulf Coast of Florida.

=550b. Texas Seaside Sparrow= (_A. m. sennetti_). Similar to No. 550, but greener above; the feathers of head and back usually, those of nape always, with black centres.

Range.--Coast of Texas.

=550c. Fisher Seaside Sparrow= (_A. m. fisheri_). Similar to No. 550a, but darker above, the breast and sides heavily washed with rusty buff and streaked with black.

Range.--Coast of Louisiana, south in winter, at least as far as Corpus Christi, Texas; casual on Gulf coast of Florida.

=550d. Macgillivray Seaside Sparrow= (_A. m. macgillivraii_). Similar to No. 550c, but above grayer, less black, breast and flanks but faintly washed with buff and streaked with dusky grayish. Grayer above than No. 550a, and less heavily streaked below.

Range.--Local on coast of South Carolina.

=551. Dusky Seaside Sparrow= (_Ammodramus nigrescens_). L. 5.9. Above _black_ lightly margined with gray; below white heavily streaked with black; spot before eye and bend of wing yellow. _Notes._ Similar in character to those of No. 550.

Range.--Marshes at head of Indian River, Florida, from Banana River to Haulover Canal.

=583. Lincoln Sparrow= (_Melospiza lincolnii_). L. 5.7. _Ads._ _A broad buff band across the breast_; center of crown with a _gray_ stripe, its sides striped chestnut and black; back grayish brown streaked with black and chestnut, below streaked with black except on middle of white belly. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chirp_; song, suggests bubbling, guttural notes of House Wren combined with rippling music of the Purple Finch. (Dwight.) (See, also, Brewster, Bird-Lore II, P. 111.)

Range.--North America; breeds from northern New York, northern Illinois and higher parts of Rockies and Sierra north to Alaska; winters from southern Illinois and southern California into Mexico; rare east of Alleghanies.

=583a. Forbush Sparrow= (_M. l. striata_). Similar to No. 583, but browner above, crown-stripe and line over eye more brown than gray.

Range.--Pacific coast from British Columbia to California; breeding range unknown.

=554. White-crowned Sparrow= (_Zonotrichia leucophrys_). L. 6.9. No yellow before eye. _Ads._ White stripe over eye _not_ reaching to bill; lores black; breast gray, throat but little paler; back _gray_ streaked with brown, rump browner, _Yng._ Black crown-stripes replaced by chestnut, the white ones by buff; back much browner, no gray. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chip_; song, a plaintive, musical whistle usually of five or six notes, the first two longest.

Range.--North America; breeds from northern New England and (in the higher Rockies and Sierra) New Mexico, Arizona, and California north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters from southern United States into Mexico.

=554a. Intermediate Sparrow= (_Z. l. gambeli_). Similar to No. 544, but the lores wholly gray or whitish, the white line over the eye reaching the bill.

Range.--Western North America; breeds from Montana and eastern Oregon northeast of Coast Mountains, to lower Mackenzie and northern Alaska: winters from southern United States into Mexico; casual in migrations east to Mississippi River States.

=554b. Nuttall Sparrow= (_Z. l. nuttalli_). Similar to No. 554a, but smaller, L. 6.5, margins to feathers of back browner, underparts browner, bend of wing yellow.

Range.--"Pacific coast district, breeding from Monterey, California, to Mt. Simpson, British Columbia, south in winter to San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California." (Ridgw.)

=557. Golden-crowned Sparrow= (_Zonotrichia coronata_). L. 7.2. _Ad._ [Male]. Center of crown yellow, its sides black; below grayish white, sides brownish; back brown streaked with black; two white wing-bars; bend of wing yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. Crown like back; its front tinged with yellow; breast washed with brownish.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds in Alaska; winters from Oregon south to northern Lower California.