Part 20

=464.2. Santa Barbara Flycatcher= (_Empidonax insulicola_). Similar to No. 464, but above darker and browner; below paler. (Oberholser.)

Range.--Santa Barbara Islands, California.

=465. Green-crested Flycatcher= (Empidonax virescens). L. 5.7. _Ads._ Throat and belly _white_, breast grayish; sides, breast and sometimes belly, washed with sulphur; back olive-green, a tint lighter than in No. 463; lower mandible _whitish_; wing-bars buffy. _Notes._ _Spee_ or _peet_ and _pee-e-yuk'_.

Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from the Gulf States to southern Connecticut and Manitoba; winters in Central America.

=646. Orange-crowned Warbler= (_Helminthophila celata_). L. 5. No white in wings or tail. _Ad._ [Male]. Above olive-green more or less washed with grayish; a concealed, reddish orange crown-patch; below dusky yellowish green. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but grayer, crown-patch smaller or wanting. _Yng._ Like [Female], but no crown-patch. _Notes._ Song full and strong, not very high pitched and ending abruptly on a rising scale, _chee_, _chee_, _chee_, _chw'_, _chw'_. (Jones.)

Range.--Interior of North America, breeding from Manitoba and mountains of New Mexico to Alaska; winters in Gulf States and southward; rare in Atlantic states north of South Carolina.

=646a. Lutescent Warbler= (_H. c. lutescens_). Similar to No. 646, but greener above, yellower below; underparts distinctly yellow with a dusky wash.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeding in mountains from southern California to Kenai Peninsula, Alaska; winters from California south into Mexico; east to Colorado in migrations.

=646b. Dusky Warbler= (_H. c. sordida_). Similar to No. 646a, but decidedly darker, bill and feet larger, wing shorter and tail longer. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Breeds in Santa Barbara Islands, California; later occurs on adjoining mainland.

=472. Beardless Flycatcher= (_Ornithion imberbe_). L. 4.5; W. 2.10. _Ads._ Bill small, narrow, upper mandible decidedly curved; above gray tinged with olive, below grayish white with a yellow tinge.

Range.--Central America; north in spring to Lower Rio Grande Texas.

=472a. Ridgway Flycatcher= (_O. i. ridgwayi_). Similar to No. 472, but larger, W. 2.2; grayer, little if any sulphur tinge on underparts. (Ridgw.) _Notes._ Call, a shrill _piér_ repeated; song, from the tree-tops, _yoop_, _yoop_, _yoopeédeedledee_. (Stephens.)

Range.--Southern border of Mexican tableland north in spring to southern Arizona.

=616. Bank Swallow= (_Riparia riparia_). L. 5.2. _Ads._ Below white, a broad grayish brown band across the breast; above grayish brown. _Yng._ Similar, but brown areas more or less tipped with rusty.

Range.--Northern hemisphere: in America, breeds from northern New Jersey, Kansas, and southern California, north to Labrador, and Alaska; winters south to Brazil.

=617. Rough-winged Swallow= (_Stelgidopteryx serripennis_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ Above grayish brown; below grayish white, whiter on belly; barbs on outer vane of outer primary recurved. _Yng._ Plumage more or less tipped with rusty.

Range.--United States; breeds from Mexico north to Massachusetts, Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central America.

=623. Black-whiskered Vireo= (_Vireo calidris barbatulus_). L. 6. _Ads._ _A dusky streak on either side of the throat_, crown slate _without_ a black border; back olive-green; below white, lower belly, under tail-and under wing-coverts yellowish; no wing-bars. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 624 but song more emphatic and hesitating.

Range.--Breeds in Cuba, Bahamas and southern Florida; winters in Central America.

=624. Red-eyed Vireo= (_Vireo olivaceus_). L. 6.2. _Ads._ Crown slate, on either side a narrow black border; a white line over eye; above olive-green; below white; under wing-coverts sulphur; no wing-bars; no dusky streaks on throat. _Notes._ Call, a petulant, complaining _whang_; song, a broken, rambling recitative "you see it--you know it--do you hear me?--do you believe it?"

Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Rockies and British Columbia, east of Cascades; breeds from the Gulf States to Labrador, Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central and South America.

=632. Hutton Vireo= (_Vireo huttoni_). L. 4.6. _Ads._ Underparts dusky grayish white with a faint yellow tinge; above dusky olive-green; lores and eye-ring grayish, not conspicuous; two white wing-bars. _Notes._ A piping whistle like the call of a young bird, _peé-yer_, _peé-yer_; and a hoarse whistle _oh-my'_, _oh-my'_, _oh-my'_.

Range.--California, west of Sierra; resident.

=632a. Stephen Vireo= (_V. h. stephensi_). Similar to No. 622, but grayer above, whiter below, wing-bars broader.

Range.--Mexican boundary from western Texas to southeastern California.

=632c. Anthony Vireo= (_V. h. obscurus_). Similar to No. 632, but darker, and averaging slightly smaller.

Range.--"Pacific coast, from Oregon to southern British Columbia; south in winter to California." (A.O.U.)

=647. Tennessee Warbler= (_Helminthophila peregrina_). L. 5. No wing-bars; little or no white in tail. _Ad._ [Male]. Head bluish gray; a whitish line over eye; back olive-green; below grayish white. _Ad._ [Female]. Gray of head with more or less olive-green; stripe over eye and underparts yellower. _Yng._ Similar to [Female], but entirely bright olive-green above; yellower below. _Notes._ Song scarcely distinguishable from that of the Chipping Sparrow, but first two syllables _twip_ instead of _chip_. (Jones.)

Range:--Eastern North America, west in migrations to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from New Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York, and Minnesota, north to Quebec and Alaska; winters in Central and northern South America.

=747. Kennicott Willow Warbler= (_Phyllopseustes borealis_). L. 5. _Ads._ Above olive-green; below white tinged with yellowish, sides greenish; a whitish line over eye; a narrow whitish wing-bar; no white in tail. _Notes._ Call, a monotonous _dzit_; song, resembles trill of Redpoll. (Seebohm.)

Range.--Asia, east to western Alaska.

=625. Yellow-green Vireo= (_Vireo flavoviridis_). L. 6.4. Resembling No. 624, but greener above, the sides heavily washed with greenish yellow.

Range.--Northern South America, north to the Lower Rio Grande.

_626. Philadelphia Vireo_ (_Vireo philadelphicus_). L. 4.8. _Ads._ No distinct crown-cap; above olive-green; below yellowish; a whitish line over eye; no wing-bars. _Notes._ Resemble those of the Red-eyed Vireo but generally higher pitched; also a very abrupt, double-syllabled utterance with a rising inflection which comes in with the song at irregular intervals. (Brewster.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Maine, New Hampshire and Manitoba northward; winters in the tropics.

=627. Warbling Vireo= (_Vireo gilvus_). L. 5.4; W. 2.8. _Ads._ Above grayish olive-green, crown slightly grayer but without distinct cap as in No. 624; a whitish line over eye but no black line above it; below white, the sides washed with yellowish; no wing-bars. _Notes._ Call, resembles that of the Red-eyed Vireo; song; a rich, firm, unbroken warble with an alto undertone.

Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Gulf States north to Hudson Bay region; winters in Mexico.

=627a. Western Warbling Vireo= (_V. g. swainsoni_). Similar to No. 627, but averaging smaller, W. 2.6, the bill more slender; upperparts, particularly crown, grayer.

Range.--Western United States, east to the Rockies; breeds from Mexico to British Columbia; winters in Mexico.

=631. White-eyed Vireo= (_Vireo noveboracensis_). L. 5; W. 2.4.; B. .4. _Ads._ Eye-ring and lores yellow; iris white; above olive-green more or less washed with grayish; Below white, sides yellowish; two whitish wing-bars. _Notes._ Calls, varied, often harsh and scolding; song, an emphatic whistle _who are you, eh_? or _what's that you say?_, and a low medley often including imitations of the notes of other birds.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas north to New Hampshire and Minnesota; winters from Florida to Central America.

=631a. Key West Vireo= (_V. n. maynardi_). Similar to No. 631, but bill heavier, sides averaging less yellow.

Range.--Southern Florida; resident.

=621b. Bermuda White-eyed Vireo= (_V. n. bermudianus_). Similar to No. 631, but wing shorter, 2.30; no yellow on sides. (Bangs and Bradlee.)

Range.--Resident in Bermudas.

=631c. Small White-eyed Vireo= (_V. n. micrus_). Smaller than No. 631, W. 2.2; averaging grayer above; sides with less yellow.

Range.--Northeastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas.

=629. Blue-headed Vireo= (_Vireo solitarius_). L. 5.5; W. 2.9; B. .4. _Ads._ Lores and eye-ring white; crown and cheeks bluish slate-color; back olive-green; below white, sides washed with greenish yellow; two whitish wing-bars. _Notes._ Resembling in form those of Red-eyed or Yellow-throated Vireos but more varied, sometimes a continuous warble; a musical chatter, like that of the Yellow-throated and a trilled whistle. (Torrey.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut (and south along Alleghanies) north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Florida to Central America.

=629a. Cassin Vireo= (_V. s. cassini_). Like No. 629, but back washed with the color of the head; white on breast and throat less pure.

Range.--"Breeds from British Columbia and Idaho south along Pacific coast region and Nevada to Lower California; migrates to Arizona, New Mexico; and northern Mexico." (Bailey.)

=629b. Plumbeous Vireo= (_V. s. plumbeus_). Above wholly plumbeous-gray with scarcely, if any, olive tinge, below white, the sides gray _faintly_ tinged with greenish yellow; size of No. 629c.

Range.--Rocky Mountain region; breeds from northern Mexico north to southwestern Dakota and Wyoming; winters south to southern Mexico.

=629c. Mountain Solitary Vireo= (_V. s. alticola_). Larger than No. 629, W. 3.15, B. .46; head darker, its color extending over most of the back.

Range.--Breeds in Alleghanies from North Carolina to Georgia; winters in Florida.

=629d. St. Lucas Solitary Vireo= (_V. s. lucasanus_). Smaller than No. 629a, but bill longer and stouter, sides and flanks much yellower; young without brownish below, and resembling young of No. 629.

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

=633. Bell Vireo= (_Vireo bellii_). L. 5. Above olive-green, crown grayer; lores and eye-ring white; two inconspicuous whitish wing-bars; below white, sides tinged with yellowish. Most like No. 627, but back greener, no white line _back_ of eye. _Notes._ Resemble those of the White-eyed Vireo, but less harsh, song less emphatic. (Goss.)

Range.--Interior states from Illinois west to Plains; breeds from Texas to Minnesota; winters in Mexico.

=633.1. Least Vireo= (_Vireo pusillus_). L. 4.8. _Ads._ Above gray, slightly tinged with greenish toward rump; below white, sides with little if any greenish tinge; one inconspicuous whitish wing-bar; lores and eye-ring inconspicuously grayish.

Range.--Northwestern Mexico and northern Lower California; breeds north to Arizona and middle California.

=634. Gray Vireo= (_Vireo vicinior_). L. 5.5. Above slaty gray; below white tinged with grayish; one inconspicuous wing-bar; lores and eye-ring gray; bill short. _Notes._ Song may be compared with the finest efforts of the Blue-headed Vireo with the added charm and mellowness of the song of the Yellow-throated Vireo. (Henshaw.)

Range.--Northern Mexico, north to western Texas, southeastern California, and southern Nevada; winters in Mexico.

=749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet= (_Regulus calendula_). L. 4.4. A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. _Ad._ [Male]. A more or less concealed crown-patch; back olive-green; underparts soiled whitish more or less tinged with buffy; two white wing-bars. _Ad._ [Female] and _Yng._ (Here figured.) Similar, but no crown-patch.

Range.--North America; breeds from the northern border of the United States northward, and south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona, and in the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from south Carolina and Oregon southward to Central America.

=749a. Sitkan Kinglet= (_R. c. grinnelli_). Similar to No. 749, but more olive-green above; more buffy below.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds in southern Alaska; winters southward to California.

=470a. Buff-breasted Flycatcher= (_Empidonax fulvifrons pygmæus_). L. 4.7. _Ads._ Below rusty buff; above grayish brown.

Range.--Western Mexico; north in spring to southwestern New Mexico and Arizona.

=586. Texas Sparrow= (_Arremonops rufivirgata_). L. 6.5. _Ads._ Above olive-green, sides of crown brownish, its center grayish; below whitish; bend of wing _yellow_. _Notes._ Song resembles that of the Chipping Sparrow but with somewhat of the sweetness and modulation of that of the Yellow Warbler.

Range.--Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas; casually to Louisiana.

=638. Swainson Warbler= (_Helinaia swainsonii_). L. 5. Bill large; no white in wings or tail. _Ads._ Crown brown, back, wings and tail olive-brown; a whitish line over eye; below whitish tinged with yellow. _Notes._ Song, "a series of clear, ringing whistles, the first four uttered rather slowly and in the same key, the remaining five or six given more rapidly and in an evenly descending scale." (Brewster.)

Range.--Southeastern United States; breeds from Gulf States north to southeastern Virginia, southern Indiana and southern Missouri.

=639. Worm-eating Warbler= (_Helmitheros vermivorus_). L. 5.5. Bill large; no white in wings or tail _Ads._ Crown black with three buff stripes; back, wings and tail olive-green; below buffy white deeper on breast. _Yng._ Buff everywhere richer. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chip_; song, resembles that of Chipping Sparrow but is somewhat weaker.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut, southern Illinois and southern Wisconsin; winters south of United States.

=742. Pallid Wren-tit= (_Chamæa fasciata_). L. 6.7; T. 5.4. Outer tail-feathers shortest. _Ads._ Above brownish gray; below buffy obscurely streaked with gray. _Notes._ Song wooden and unmusical, beginning deliberately and ending in a roll, _chick_: _chick_; _chick_, _chick-chick-chick-chick-chick-chick_.

Range.--"Interior of California, including the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, from the head of the Sacramento Valley south to northern Lower California." (A.O.U.)

=742a. Coast Wren-tit= (_C. f. phæa_). Similar to No. 742, but much browner above and deeper more pink below; sides as dark as back.

Range.--Pacific Coast from Monterey County, California, north to southern Oregon.

=707. Curve-billed Thrasher= (_Toxostoma curvirostre_). L. 11.2. _Ads._ Above brownish gray; below mottled with brownish gray; lower belly buffy; four outer pairs of tail-feathers _tipped with white_; two narrow white wing-bars. _Notes._ Call, a sharp, _whit-whit_; one of the most silent of song Thrushes. (Merrill.) Song, remarkably melodious and attractive. (Couch.)

Range.--Mexican boundary region of Texas and New Mexico south over the Mexico tableland to Oaxaca.

=707a. Palmer Thrasher= (_T. c. palmeri_). Similar to No. 707, but wing-bars less evident; outer tail-feathers _without_ white tips.

Range.--"Southern Arizona, from about fifty miles northwest of Phoenix, south to Guaymas, Sonora." (A.O.U.)

=708. Bendire Thrasher= (_Toxostoma bendirei_). L. 10.2. _Ads._ Above brownish ashy; below soiled whitish washed with buffy and lightly spotted with dusky, chiefly on breast; outer tail-feathers narrowly tipped with whitish. _Notes._ Call, _tirup_, _tirup_, _tirup_. (Brown.)

Range.--Desert regions of southern Arizona south into Sonora, Mexico; west rarely to southeastern California; resident except at extreme northern limit of its range.

=709. St. Lucas Thrasher= (_Toxostoma cinereum_). L. 10. _Ads._ Above grayish brown; below white with numerous wedge-shaped spots; outer tail-feathers tipped with white.

Range.--Southern Lower California.

=709a. Mearns Thrasher= (_T. c. mearnsi_). Differs from No. 709 in much darker upperparts, more rusty flanks and crissum, much larger and more intensely black spots on lower parts and less curved bill. (Anthony.)

Range.--Northern Lower California, south to about Lat. 30° 30'.

=710. Californian Thrasher= (_Toxostoma redivivum_). L. 12. _Ads._ Above grayish brown; belly distinctly buff; breast grayish, throat whitish, washed with buff; no white in wings or tail. _Notes._ Song suggesting both that of the Brown Thrasher and the Mockingbird.

Range.--California west of the Sierra Nevada, north of about Lat. 35°; south into Lower California.

=710a. Pasadena Thrasher= (_T. r. pasadenense_). Similar to No. 710, but grayer above; belly paler, throat whiter.

Range.--Southern California.

=711. Leconte Thrasher= (_Toxostoma lecontei_). L. 10.5. _Ads._ Above brownish ashy, below creamy white, under tail-coverts buff. _Notes._ Call, a sharply reiterated _whit_ or _quit_; song, remarkable for its loud rich tone; can be heard distinctly for more than a mile. (Mearns.) Call, low and musical, _hueé-e_, whistled through the teeth. (Stephens.)

Range.--"Desert region of southern California, Nevada, and extreme southwestern Utah, from Benton, Cal. (Lat. 38°), southeastward through Arizona to Sonora (Lat. 30°). Local in San Joaquin Valley." (A.O.U.)

=711a. Desert Thrasher= (_T. l. arenicola_). Differing from No. 711 in having upperparts darker and grayer, tail blacker, and breast gray. (Anthony.)

Range.--Northern Lower California. (Rosalia Bay.)

=712. Crissal Thrasher= (_Toxostoma crissalis_). L. 12. _Ads._ Under tail-coverts reddish _chestnut_; upperparts brownish gray; underparts ashy, chin white. _Notes._ No loud call note; song of remarkable scope and sweetness. (Mearns.)

Range.--"Southwestern United States, from western Texas to the Colorado Desert, California, and northern Lower California; north to Charleston Mountains, Nevada, and St. George, Utah." (A.O.U.)

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

=538. Chestnut-collared Longspur= (_Calcarius ornatus_). L. 6.2. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; all but middle pair of tail-feathers (and sometimes these) with white, _two_ outer pairs white _to the tip_. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and cheeks buff; breast and belly black; crown black, nape chestnut; lesser wing-coverts black tipped with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above grayish brown streaked with black; below pale buff. [Male] _in winter_. Like summer [Male] but black and chestnut areas more or less tipped with grayish brown. _Notes._ Song, short, shrill, but very sweet, often uttered on the wing. (Allen.)

Range.--Great Plains: breeds from central Kansas and eastern Colorado north to the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado and Nebraska south into Mexico.

=539. McCown Longspur= (_Rhynchophanes mccownii_). L. 6. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; all but middle pair of tail-feathers with white, the outer _one_ white _to the tip_, the others tipped with black; lesser wing-coverts _chestnut_. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and belly white, breast and crown black; back grayish brown streaked with black. _Ad._ [Female]. Below white washed with brownish; above grayish brown streaked with black. [Male] _in winter_. Like [Female] but a partly concealed black breast patch; tail with more white. _Notes._ Call, a _chip_ at each stroke of the wing; song, of soft, twittering, pleasing notes. (Goss.) "A twittering, hurried chant, suggestive of the Horned Lark's performance, but terminating in decreasing power." (Silloway.)

Range.--Great Plains; breeds from northwestern Kansas to Montana and the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado and Kansas south into Mexico.

=552. Lark Sparrow= (_Chondestes grammacus_). L. 6.2; _Ads._ Sides of the crown and ear-coverts chestnut; all but middle tail-feathers tipped with white; back broadly streaked with black; sides of throat and spot on breast black. _Notes._ Song, loud and musical suggesting both a Song Sparrow's and a Canary's.

Range.--Interior of North America from the Plains east to Illinois; casually east of the Alleghanies; breeds from Texas to Manitoba; winters south into Mexico.

=552a. Western Lark Sparrow= (_C. g. strigatus_). Similar to No. 552, but streaks on upperparts generally narrower.

Range.--Western United States from the Plains to Pacific; breeds from Mexico to Manitoba and British Columbia; winters south to Central America.

=536. Lapland Longspur= (_Calcarius lapponicus_). L. 6.2 Hind toe-nail as long as or longer than toe; two outer tail-feathers with white _at the end_. _Ad._ [Male], _summer_. Nape chestnut; crown, cheeks, throat and upper-breast black; back black margined with _rusty brown_. _Ad._ [Female], summer. Crown and back black margined with rusty; nape brighter; below whitish; breast feathers dusky at base; sides streaked with blackish. _Winter_, [Male]. Black areas and nape veiled with whitish or buffy tips; [Female], like [Female] in summer.

Range.--Breeds in northern Europe and northeast North America south to northern Labrador; in America, winters south, irregularly, to South Carolina, Kentucky, Kansas, Texas; west to Manitoba. (Ridgw.)

=536a. Alaskan Longspur= (_C. l. alascensis_). Similar to No. 536, but margins to back feathers much paler, brownish gray or buffy; nape in winter more buffy. _Notes._ Song, uttered on wing as bird with up-stretched wings floats downward, sweet, liquid, tinkling, of same general character as that of Bobolink, but shorter, less powerful. (Nelson.)

Range.--Breeds in Alaska, Aleutian and Pribilof Islands east to Fort Simpson; winters south to eastern Oregon, Colorado, and western Kansas. (Ridgw.)

=553. Harris Sparrow= (_Zonotrichia querula_). L. 7.5. _Ads. summer._ Throat and crown black; nape chestnut, cheeks brownish; two white wing-bars. _Ads. winter._ Throat mottled with white, crown tipped with grayish. _Notes._ A queer, chuckling note; song of pleasing, plaintive whistling notes in musical tone like those of No. 558, but delivered in a different song. (Cooke.)

Range.--Interior of North America; from Illinois west to the Dakotas; in summer, the region west of Hudson Bay (exact breeding range unknown); south in winter to Texas (and Mexico?); accidental in British Columbia, Oregon and California.

=565. Black-chinned Sparrow= (_Spizella atrogularis_). L. 5.7. Below slaty gray. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and front of face _black_; rest of head and underparts slaty gray, the belly whitish; back reddish brown narrowly streaked with black. _Ad._ [Female], Throat with little or no black; crown washed with brownish. _Yng._ Similar to Ad. [Female], but never with black on throat; crown more heavily washed with brownish. _Notes._ Song said to resemble that of No. 563. (Bailey.)

Range.--Mexico and southwestern United States; breeds from southern New Mexico and southern California southward; winters south into Mexico and southern Lower California.